\'COMMON CAUCASIAN\' AND BASQUE

Климов Г. А. О гипотезе внутреннего родства кавказских языков, Вопросы языкознания, 1968, № 6, с. 20.
Климов Г. А. О гипотезе…, с. 20.
Климов Г. А. О гипотезе…, с. 24.
Basq.-North Cauc. from starling
The reconstruction after: Климов Г.А. Этимологический словарь картвельских языков, М., 1964, с. 258.
Basq.-North Cauc.: starling
Климов Г.А. О гипотезе…, с. 20.
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Ckart%5Ckartet&first=1&off=&text_proto=&method_proto=substring&ic_proto=on&text_rusmean=&method_rusmean=substring&ic_rusmean=on&text_meaning=sow&method_meaning=substring&ic_meaning=on&text_gru=&method_gru=substring&ic_gru=on&text_grmean=&method_grmean=substring&ic_grmean=on&text_egrmean=&method_egrmean=substring&ic_egrmean=on&text_meg=&method_meg=substring&ic_meg=on&text_mgmean=&method_mgmean=substring&ic_mgmean=on&text_emgmean=&method_emgmean=substring&ic_emgmean=on&text_sva=&method_sva=substring&ic_sva=on&text_svmean=&method_svmean=substring&ic_svmean=on&text_esvmean=&method_esvmean=substring&ic_esvmean=on&text_laz=&method_laz=substring&ic_laz=on&text_lzmean=&method_lzmean=substring&ic_lzmean=on&text_elzmean=&method_elzmean=substring&ic_elzmean=on&text_notes=&method_notes=substring&ic_notes=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=proto&ic_any=on
Климов Г. А. О гипотезе…, с. 24.
Климов Г. А. Кавказские языки, М., 1965, с. 71.
Kakha Naveriani's personal communication with O. V. Malovichko.
Климов Г. А. Основы лингвистической компаративистики, М., 1990, с. 106.
Basq.-North Cauc.: starling
Basq.-North Cauc.: starling
Климов Г. А. Кавказские…, с. 71.
Cf.: Климов Г. А. О гипотезе…, с. 24.
Possible class prefix b-.
Old class prefix?
Class prefix.
Cf.: Климов Г. А. О гипотезе…, с. 24.
Cf.: Климов Г. А. Кавказские… , с. 71.
Basq.-North Cauc.: starling
Cf.: Климов Г. А. Кавказские…, с. 71.
Климов Г. А. Этимологический…, с. 269.
North Caucasian-Basque after: Чирикба В.А. Баскский… с. 102.
Basq.-North Cauc.: starling
Kartvelian after: Климов Г. А. Этимологический… – С. 89.
Georg.-Khin.-Basq.: starling
North Caucasian-Basque parallels after: Чирикба В.А. Баскский и северокавказские языки, Древняя Анатолия, М., 1985, с. 102.
Климов Г. А. О гипотезе…, с. 24.
North Caucasian-Basque after: Чирикба В.А. Баскский…, с. 103.
Климов Г. А. Кавказские…, с. 71.
Basq.-North Cauc.: starling
The word after: Марр Н. Я. Избранные произведения, Л., 1933–1937, т. IV, c. 261.
Comments: Дьячок М. Т. Лексикостатистический список С. Е. Яхонтова: проблема верифика-ции, Иностранные языки в научном и учебно-методическом аспектах (Новосибирск, 2008), Вып. 7, с. 14-18, http://www.testsoch.info/dyachok-leksikostatisticheskij-spisok-s-e-yaxontova-problema-verifikacii/


'Common Caucasian' (contact or affinity) and Basque

Iurii Mosenkis

Basque-North Caucasian-Kartvelian relations

Kartvelian and North Caucasian languages demonstrate many parallels in the basic lexicon. It may be interpreted as
1) an evidence of the affinities between two language families which represent two hypothetical macro-families (Nostratic and Sino-Caucasian respectively) or
2) the affinity of the Kartvelian and North Caucasian languages (as members of the same Ibero-Caucasian family or macro-family – N. Marr, A. Chikobava) or
3) a result of contacts (perhaps, between post-Zarzian groups of the R1b ancestors of the Elshan culture and the Near Eastern Kartvelians, e. g. near the Halys = Mingrel ghali 'river' area) which formed common Caucasian 'Sprachbund'.
Basque is mainly Daghestanian-related but it has some Kartvelian-like parallels, especially similar to Mingrelian.
See the Swadesh list evidence:
'that' Proto-Kartvelian *ma- : West Caucasian *m(a)-, East Caucasian *ma-
'not' PK *ma : WC *ma, EC *ma
'two' PK *t'q'u-p- 'twin' : WC *(t')q'w(a)- '2', EC *t'q'wa- '20' : Basque bi '2'
'fish' PK *čxam- : Proto-North Caucasian *χ_wanħV 'fish'
'bird' PK *čxiḳw- 'jaybird' : PNC *č̣āmʁā 'a kind of bird (jackdaw, magpie)'
'dog' Georg.-Zan. *xwad- 'male', PK *xwir- 'male, male dog' > Swan xwir- : PNC *χ_Hwĕje 'dog'
'tree' PK *biga 'big stick' : PNC *bħǝ̄nq̇_V̆ 'stick'; Georgian muxa 'oak-tree' : PNC *mħŏq_we 'oak-tree' : Proto-Basque *moku-r̄ 'log, branch'
'seed' PK *te-s 'to sow' : WC *ta-s 'to seed', EC *ta-s 'to cast'; Proto-Nakh *tas- 'to cast, to sow', PAK *taj(ǝ)sa- 'to sow' : Proto-Basque *hasi 'seed'
'skin' PK *qam-l- 'skin (of goat, sheep)' : WC *txam- 'skin', Daghest. ham, t'om 'skin'; PNC *χʕāmV > PWC *t-q:amǝ 'skin'
'flesh' PK *leγw- 'meat (in Swan), fig' : WC *ly 'meat', EC dik' 'meat'; PNC *rä̆ƛ̣_ɨ̆ 'meat'; Basque lohi 'body'; Basque haragi 'meat'
'horn' Svan. mič'v 'horn', muč'v- 'horn' : PNC *muč̣Ŭ 'stick'
'tail' PK *ḳwad- 'tail' : PNC *ḳwV̆[c]V̆ 'tail'
'feather' PK *ɣlia- 'armpit' : PNC *q_ɨ̆lʔi 'elbow; arm, wing' : Basque (h)egal 'wing'
'hair' PK *c̣wer- 'beard' : PNC *ć̣ħwǝ̄rǝ 'hair' : Basque bi-zar 'beard'
'eye' PK *(ś)twal- 'eye' : PNC *ʡwĭlʡi 'eye,' PNC *ʔiŁ_V 'to look' > Proto-Nakh *t-all-
'mouth' Georg. baga 'lip': PNC *bĕḳwǝ 'a part of face, mouth' (Nakh *bak'a 'mouth,' Lezghian group 'lips and nose') (НС, с. 289) :; PNK *pŭrV 'a part of face under the nose', 'nose' (НС, с. 876) : Georg. piri (< Proto-Karthv.) 'mouth' : Basque beko 'forehead, cheek'
'tooth' PK *cal- 'one thing' : WC *ca 'tooth', EC *cer 'tooth'; PNC *cɨ̆ɫɦV̄ 'tooth' > Proto-Nakh *ca, Proto-Avaro-Andian *colu, PWC *c:A
'hand' PK *qel- 'hand' : PNC *kwīlʡɨ 'hand'; PNC *b[э]cV 'leg, a part of arm or leg' (Avar-And. *bic:V, Tsez. *bisV etc.) (НС, с. 291) : Georg. biča 'branch' : Basq. b-eso 'arm'
'heart' PK *gu-l- 'heart' : PNC *jĕrḳwĭ 'heart' > Proto-Nakh *do-ḳ, PWK *ǵʷǝ : Basq. bi-hotz 'heart'
'sun' PK *d-eɣ- / *d-ɣe- 'day' : (PNC *wirǝ̄q̇_Ă 'sun' < PNC *hwēri 'day' and) *Hwīq̇_ 'day, Sun' : Basque egu- 'sun, day';
'moon' PK *mźe- 'Sun' : PNC *wǝ̆mc̣_ŏ 'moon';
'star' PK *ʒ́egw- 'thorny bush', PK *cxw- 'thorn, arrow', Georg. džvari 'cross', Zan cognates 'stick, prick' (cf. 'arrow' and 'star' in Indo-European) : Basq. isar 'star'; PNC *ʒ_whărī / *ʒ_wăhrī 'star';
'rain' PK *zγwa > чан. zuγa-, Svan zuγwa 'sea' (K. Bouda proposes Proto-Kartv. reconstruction *zuγwa), zγwan 'border' : PNC *ʒ́igV 'hail; rain' (Proto-Germ. *regna- 'rain') : Basque sakon 'deep' (Sequana?)
'earth' Georg. mic'a 'earth' : PNC *mĕlʒ́_V 'place, ground' or rather PNC *mič̣wV̆ 'meadow, hill slope'; Georgian mta 'mountain' : Khinalug (Daghestanian) mɨda 'mountain' : Basque mendi 'mountain' (not < Latin montus – Trask)
'fire' PK *cx1- : PNC *c̣ăjɨ̆ 'fire' : Basque su 'fire';
'yellow' Kartv. *q'w- 'yellow' : WC *γw(a)- 'dry, yellow', EC *q'ur- 'dry'; PNC *=ĕq_wĂ 'yellow' : Basque (h)ori 'yellow'
'night' Georg. γame 'night' : Proto-Lezgi *xIam > Tsakh. xIam 'night', Tabas. xIab- 'evening', Abkhaz -xa 'night' : Basque gau, gaba 'night' (Sino-Tibetan *ɣVm(H) 'dark, shade');
'hot' PK *px- 'warm' : WC *pxa 'warm', EC *px 'warm'
'child' Georgian -šwili 'son' : PNC -ɨ̆šwĔ-rV- 'son, daughter' : Basque osa-ba 'uncle'; Georg. bavšvi, dialectal bovšvi, Megrel boši 'lad' : Abkhaz ba, Abaza pa, Kabardian kua 'child', Proto-Nakh *bader 'child' : Basque -ba in the names of kinship : Sumerian banda 'child'
'knee': PK *muql- 'knee' (< *mu-ql-, cf. Svan mu- and Kartvel. *qel- 'hand'?) : PNC *ḳwĭrV 'leg' : Basque ma-kur 'curved' < kurtu 'kneel'
'kill' might represent common element of Nostratic and Sino-Caucasian macro-familias.
Underlined words are included in the S. E. Yakhontov 35-word list of the most stable words.
If 1) the Kartvelian member of the Nostratic macro-family has a minimal number of lexical parallels with other Nostratic languages, 2) Kartvelian has prefixes while other Nostratic languages, including Proto-Indo-European, has no prefixes, and 3) several prefixes and other grammar features of Kartvelian are similar to the Afro-Asiatic ones (N. Ya. Marr), then Kartvelian may be very archaic intermediate link between Nostratic, Sino-Caucasian, and Afro-Asiatic. In other words, Kartvelian might be the language branch which is closest to 'proto-Nostratic Natufian' language and a language of the PPNA.