Anth.310 Documentary response sheet-7: PBS: Egypt’s Golden Empire parts 1-3 (Imperial & Post-Imperial Egypt, 1550 - 332 BC; by G. Mumford 2014)

Doc.-3.a: PBS: Egypt’s Golden Empire. (160 minutes); questions following viewing sequence:

Student: _____________________________ Parts 1-3 value =4% each (plus attendance)

Part-1: First third (52 minutes). (4%) START at chp. “Warrior Pharaohs” [2:15 minute point] to end of “Thutmose III” [54 min. point] Warrior Pharaohs: Q.1: Who/what people invaded the delta of Egypt from the north? - The Hyksos

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Q.2. Who were the two Theban princes who rebelled against the Hyksos? - Ahmose and Kamose Q.3. What monument survives and records Kamose’s assessment of the political situation? - The Kamose Stela Q.4. What did Kamose’s troops intercept in the Western Desert? - A message from the Hyksos to Nubians/Kushites asking for an alliance. Q.5. Who succeeded Kamose? When did he take eventually take up his brother’s fight/goal? - Ahmose; 10 years later. Q.6. What private official records more detail –in his tomb-- on the defeat of the Hyksos? - Ahmose son of Abana Q.7. What did the re-unification under Ahmose signify? To which deity is victory ascribed? - A new beginning; the empire; Amun-Re. Hatshepsut: ______ . Q.8. What monuments “define” the New Kingdom (according to the narrator)? (actually appear in MK) - Obelisks Q.9. Who is credited (in this documentary) with first finding the name of Hatshepsut? - Howard Carter in 1923 Q.10. What ideas did various scholars propose behind Hatshepsut’s bid for the kingship? - O’Connor believes she did it in a bid for power. Q.11. What is the usual title for a typical Ancient Egyptian woman? - Mistress of the House Q.12. What are the varying translations of the Ancient Egyptian concept “Maat” mean? - Order of the cosmos, etc. Q.13. How did Hatshepsut legitimize her claim to the throne? - She emphasized her relationship to her father, Thutmose I - The god Amun made love to her mother and she was of divine birth (daughter of Amun-Re) Q.14. How did Hatshepsut secure her position? - She appointed new officials who were beholden to her: e.g., Senenmut. Q.15. What major feat did Hatshepsut design for Thutmose III and with what goal in mind? - Expedition to Punt in year 9 to get incense for the gods; divert T-III’s energies.

Q.16. What is portrayed on the walls of Hatshepsut’s Deir el-Bahri mortuary temple? - The voyage to Punt; magnificent animals, the wonders of Punt, slaves, children, etc. Thutmose III: ______ . Q.17. What did Thutmose III do regarding Hatshepsut after ascending the throne as sole ruler? - He broke-up her images, statuary; erased her name; defaced her statues; etc. Q.18. What was the ancient Egyptian belief behind defacing someone’s image and name? - Removing them from an afterlife. Q.19. What happened in Canaan/Syria-Palestine after Hatshepsut died? - A rebel coalition formed at Megiddo. Q.20. What did Thutmose III command that his scribes do whilst on campaign? - They recorded day-to-day events, which were placed on the wall of Karnak Temple. Q.21. What is the significance of Thutmose III’s conquering of Megiddo? - Defeating a rebel coalition all at one place; capturing 1000 cities and getting oaths of allegiance at once. Q.22. What major gamble did Thutmose III take during his approach to Megiddo? - Thutmose III decided to take the central, narrow and potentially most dangerous route. Q.23. How did Thutmose III actually defeat Megiddo? - He starved it out in a 7-month siege. Q.24. What official is placed in charge of Nubia? - The viceroy of Kush. Q.25. What apparent “new/modified concept” did Thutmose III introduce during his reign? - Forging an empire spanning different peoples, states, and faiths.

STOP around 54:00-minute point (i.e., 52 minutes after beginning)

Doc.-3.b: PBS: Egypt’s Golden Empire. (160 minutes); questions following viewing sequence:

Student: _____________________________ Parts 1-3 value =4% each (plus attendance)

Part-2: Middle third (52 minutes) (4%) START at chp. “Pharaohs of the sun” [56:08 min. point] to end of “Tutankhamun” [54 min. point] Amenhotep III: Q.26. What pharaoh ascended the throne around 1390 BC? What challenge did he face? - Amenhotep III: to rule a vast empire.

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Q.27. What potential threats lay on the horizon? - The growth of the kingdoms of Mitanni, Assyria, and perhaps Babylonia. Q.28. How did Amenhotep III control his empire, especially securing peace with neighbours? - International correspondence, diplomacy, gift-giving and tribute. Q.29. What item/material did Amenhotep III comtrol that was rare elsewhere in the Near East? - Gold. Q.30. What did Amenhotep III get in return for gold? - Foreign princesses, a rich dowry, and retinue of servants. Q.31. Did Egypt send any Egyptian princesses abroad? Why/why not? - No; an apparent fear that a foreigner might obtain a claim to the Egyptian throne. Q.32. How did pharaohs display their power? i.e., via material means. - Building projects Q.33. How did the king gain the support of Amun-Re? - The king gave riches to the cult of the gods; the priests got more powerful. Q.34. How did Amenhotep III communicate directly with his subjects in Egypt and the empire? - Via portable scarabs bearing news of his achievements. Q.35. What was unusual about Queen Tiye? i.e., in relation to other queens in Ancient Egypt. - She was elevated to being a virtual equal to Amenhotep III: e.g., royal cult temple built for Tiye. Q.36. What did many lands desire from Egypt? How do we know this? i.e., What is the evidence? - Gold –as is preserved via the Amarna letters. Q.37. How much of Egypt’s wealth is estimated to be controlled by the Amun cult/priesthood? - 33% (arable land and wealth, etc.) Q.38. How did Amenhotep III begin to shift power away from Amun-Re and the priests? - Amenhotep III initiated the worship of the Aten/sun-disk as a private cult (alongside Amun-Re). Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten _____ . Q.39. What radical new components initially emerged first under Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten)? - He changed the art style, beginning with a new way of depicting the royal family (year 2+) Q.40. What significant things did the documentary narrator say Amenhotep IV did in year 2+? - Close down temples of Amun-Re; promoted the Aten (sun); became sole priest; new name: Akhenaten

Q.41. What and why did Amenhotep IV build at Tell el-Amarna? - A new city,Akhetaten: “Horizon of the Sun” - The sun-god is said to have directed him to move his residence here - He could escape the influence of the Amun cult and high priests Q.42. What real/actual impact did this move have upon Thebes? Memphis? The royal court? Etc. - The entire government and retainers had to pack-up and move, leaving their houses, tombs, etc. Q.43. What prominent/unusual features did the new city contain? - A widespread and open city; temples open to the sun; openness and freedom. Q.44. Who discovered the bust of Nefertiti? When? Where? - L. Borchardt discovered the bust of Nefertiti at Amarna in 1912. Q.45. What new role(s) did Nefertiti play in Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten’s new regime? - She was a virtual equal to Amenhotep IV; she is shown smiting foes; a major part of the new religion. Q.46. Who else composed the royal family at Amarna and how were they portrayed publicly? - Six daughters; shown in family scenes, displaying affection, etc. Q.47. What literary composition did Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten write? Why is it significant? - The Great Hymn to the Aten; parts of it appear later in Psalms; Aten is promoted as a universal deity; - all life is said to come from the sun-god and be distributed equally among all states, peoples, animals Q.48. What happens to the royal family members around year 12? What does Akhenaten do now? - Many royal family members die (from a plague). - Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten begins to attack other cults more vigorously, removing the name of Amun-Re from every monument that can be found, including his own father’s name AMUN-hotep. Q.49. What was the outcome of Akhenaten focusing almost entirely on the Aten/internal affairs? - The beginning of the break-up of the empire; the country in economic and moral crisis; etc. Q.50. How did the death of Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten affect the Aten cult? Initially? Later? - All work appears to have stopped on private tombs in-progress at Amarna, and other projects. - People began to abandon Amarna at least as early as Tutankhamun’s reign. STOP around 1:38-minute point (i.e., 44+? minutes after beginning)

Doc.-3.c: PBS: Egypt’s Golden Empire. (160 minutes); questions following viewing sequence:

Student: _____________________________ Parts 1-3 value =4% each (plus attendance)

Part 3: Last third (52 minutes) (4%) START at chp. “The last great pharaoh” [2:06 min. point] to end of “Thutmose III” [56 min. point] Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun _____ . Q.51. What major item did Tutankhaten change at the advent of his reign? What did it become? - His name; it became Tutankhamun. Q.52. Want things and various changes did Tutankhamun’s official edict outline? - It discussed the chaos throughout Egypt (caused by Akhenaten); it noted the re-introduction of the Amun cult and restoration of order; the Aten returns to being a minor deity. Q.53. What theories have emerged regarding the cause(s) of Tutankhamun’s death? - He was possibly murdered –via a blow to the head. Q.54. What did Carter’s rediscovery of Tutankhamun signify? i.e., to Egyptology? - It yielded over 32,000 artifacts and illuminated a New Kingdom royal burial and little known king. Q.55. How was Tutankhamun’s tomb abnormal from what little we know of over royal tombs? - It retained vestiges of Amarna art and artifacts alongside traditional art and artifacts. - The tomb is much smaller and non-royal in design, suggesting a quick burial and cache of many leftover items from the Amarna period. Q.56. What happened to the Aten cult following Tutankhamun’s death? - Ay/Horemheb ordered the erasure of all traces of the Aten, Akhenaten, and Nefertiti, etc. - The only reference that is made later to Akhenaten is “that heretic” Ramesses II (the Great)____ Note: Dvd resets to 0000 Q.57.What enemy did Ramesses II need to face shortly after ascending the throne? - The Hittites Q.58. What city formed a key site in the contestation of control between Egypt and Hatti? Why? - Kadesh/Qadesh; it lay at the cross-roads of trade between the East Mediterranean & Syro-Mesopotamia Q.59. What physical traits (are claimed to have) set Ramesses II apart from most Egyptians? - Being 5’ 8” tall and having red hair (note: the red colouration has been said to be a reaction to the mummification process –need to confirm this one way or another). Q.60. What major error did Ramesses II commit in approaching and initially camping at Qadesh? - He did not obtain sufficient military intelligence and entered the region with only an advance guard. Q.61. How did Ramesses II (claim to) react to the Hittite army’s surprise attack? - Ramesses II claims to have held off the entire Hittite forces by himself, whilst his troops gradually caught up with him and provided reinforcements. Q.62. What appears to have saved Ramesses II’s forces, and possibly his life, at the last moment? - The arrival of his military troops, especially a division dispatched separately from the coast. Q.63. What appears to be the real outcome of the Battle of Qadesh? i.e., Who really won the war? - The battle was a stalemate at best for Ramesses II, but he actually did not regain Qadesh. - Hence, the Hittites technically won, retaining Qadesh. Q.64. How did Ramesses II portray his role at Qadesh to the Egyptian populace and deities? - Ramesses II portrayed the Battle of Qadesh as an Egyptian victory, illustrating it on many wall faces on temple throughout Egypt and Nubia. He claimed he had personally saved the day single-handed.

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Q.65. What finally emerged between the Hittites and Egyptians regarding who owned Qadesh and the region of Amurru? - A peace treaty and alliance was established in year 21 of Ramesses II, creating a lasting peace and benefiting both sides. - The treaty led to a later diplomatic marriage between a Hittite princess and Ramesses II. Q.66. Where was the new Ramesside royal residence (“capital”) located? What was its name? - It lay in the northeast delta, near Avaris (Tell ed-Dab‘a), and was called Per-Ramesse (“House of Ramesses”) Q.67. How do propagandistic texts describe Per-Ramesse? What features are noted? - It is described as a beautiful place, with pools, lakes, gardens, fruit at the river, etc. - In essence, it is described as an idyllic city (in the genre of texts praising various cities). Q.68. How did Egypt secure the king’s tomb & its builders against robbing the Valley of the Kings? - The state kept the workmen’s village isolated, with limited traffic to and from it, and strict policing of both the villagers and the Valley of the Kings. Q.69. Which queen received a tomb beyond regular magnificence? What is her specific status? - Nefertari, who was the chief queen of Ramesses II. Q.70. What types of documents did the tomb builders leave at Deir el-Medineh? - Love letters, laundry lists, attendance sheets, etc. on ostraca. All types of documents. Q.71. How did the workmen decorate their tombs in contrast to royal tombs? - Their workmen’s tombs yielded scenes of idealized life in the afterlife versus royal religious scenes. Q.72. What did the villager Paneb do according to records from Deir el-Medineh? - He caused all sorts of scandals, including rape, assault, etc. Q.73. How many sons and daughters is Ramesses II believed to have fathered? Via various wives. - 80 sons and 60 daughters. Q.74. Describe Ramesses II’s building program, including the significance of Abu Simbel. - Ramesses II is know for an exceptionally prolific building program: e.g., Great Hypostyle Hall (69 ft.) - He commissioned massive rock-cut temples to his cult and Nefertari’s cult at Abu Simbel in Nubia. Q.75. What legacy did Ramesses II leave to his successors? How did they regard him? - Ramesses II left an especially great legacy, such that his successors tried to imitate him, with Ramesses III-XI even adopting his name in a vain effort to reflect a lost era of magnificence. Q.76. What major threat originated from the Mediterranean (in early Dynasty 20)? What did it do? - The Sea Peoples; they destroyed the Hittite empire, disrupted trade, etc. Q.77. How did the late New Kingdom decline materialize in post-Ramesses II’s Egypt? Esp. Dyn.20. - Pay shortages, workmen’s strikes, tomb robbery, economic decline. Corruption, etc. Q.78. What did the late Dynasty 20 loss of Nubia mean to Egypt? Economically and politically. - Egypt lost access to gold, which in-turn impoverished Egypt, reducing its ability to be a superpower. Q.79. What last resort did the priests of Amun take to safeguard the New Kingdom royal bodies? - In early Dynasty 21 the priests moved the royal bodies to several secret caches.