Worldwide Panorama of Nuclear Energy - 2014 edition

W dwide World e Pan noram ma o of Nu uclear Ene ergy

N Nove mbe er Ed dition n 2014

c Planning M Management GPL.G – Strategic

W Worldwide Pa anorama of N Nuclear Ene ergy – Nove ember 2014

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Tab ble of C Contentt Introduction - page I e 3 I – Highlightts- page 4 II - World N Nuclear Electricity Generatio on - page 11 III – Reactorss Distribution - pag ge 13 IV - Nuclear Energy Status S in ssome coun ntries/regions ericas -- page 14 ƒ Ame ƒ Euro age 28 ope -- pa ƒ Africa / Midd dle East / African Arabic Co ountries--page 71 a -- page e 82 ƒ Asia ƒ Ausstralia -- page 105 5 V – Some Trrade Agre eements and a Cooperration Acc cords -- page 107 VI - A Few N Nuclear A Application ns – page 123 VII – Environm ment and S Society -- page 12 29 VIII – Fuel ƒ Ura anium -- p page 133 ƒ Tho orium -- p page 137 ƒ Pluttonium -- page 138 8 ƒ MOX X -- pag ge 138 uel, Radia ation and W Waste IX – Spent Fu • Spe ent Fuel -- page 14 40 • Rad diation -- page 141 1 • Nuc clear and Radioactivve Waste -- page 146 X – P Proliferatiion and Riisks for the Security -- pag ge 151 XI – Decommis D sioning-- page 156 6 XII – Conclusion ns -- page e 158 Main Sourrces of inf formation -- page 161 XIII – M No ote: Comm ments will be welcome and ca an be sentt to: Ru uth Soare es Alves - rtalves@e eletronucle ear.gov.br

; and/or

- ruth_salve es@hotma ail.com

This re eport can be reprod duced in whole w or in n part witth due ind dication of f the cred dits. The orig ginal editio on was wrritten in P Portuguese e. GP PL.G – Strattegic Plannin ng Managem ment

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In ntroduc ction No techno ology is more enshro ouded in myth m than nuclear en nergy. The e urgency of addresssing global povverty and reducing emissionss demandss that we consider this techn nology with hout ideologica al blinders.. The basic facts off the technology — both good and bad d — mustt be confronted d. Perhaps the key cha allenge is in representing and communicating unce ertainty – what w is kno own, n and unsu ure in an un ncertain wo orld – to de ecision-ma akers seeking certaintty. Regardless not known of the safe ety concerrns of nuclear powerr, there is n no doubt tthat nuclea ar power iss here to sstay. While som me countrie es have putt in motion plans to phase p out n nuclear pow wer, there are many who w are actively boosting g the growtth of nuclea ar power. As more ccountries lo ook to builld their firsst nuclear power p plan nt, the 'build own ope erate' or B BOO model is seriously being co onsidered for its b benefits, w which inclu ude training, handss-on experience e, and fina ancial supp port. Russia is a nuclea ar power m market established that is ag ggressivelyy trying to explore new n opportunities in nucle ear expand ding marke ets through h Rusatom m Overseass, a subsid diary business o of Russian state-ow wned Rosa atom - Atomic Energ gy Corpora ation, found ded in 201 11 to prom mote Russian n nuclear technology gllobal market. The company inte ends to usse a BOO m model to b build the first nuclear pow wer plant iin Turkey, based on Akkuyu in n southern n Turkey, d due to starrt in 2015. eling has its advanttages and disadvanttages depe ending on the conditions of e each This mode country. It is good if the cou untry need ds energy quickly an nd does not n have tthe necesssary technological and nu uclear skills and/or the t financia al ability of the proce ess involve es. If howe ever the countrry wants to o develop itts own nucclear industry, techno ology and the t indepen ndence or has specific ru ules that ba ar the mod del (case o of the USA A) it is disadvantageo ous. The m most significcant benefit is undoubte edly financcial. Otherw wise, the process ccould be sslower in T Turkey in the on of its first f nuclea ar power plant. BOO O models can be a great se elling pointt for constructio developing g countriess, such as Jordan, Ba angladesh, Vietnam and a Turkeyy.

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Note: es not add dress quesstions of re esponsibilitty, legal or otherwise e, for actss or This publiication doe omissionss by any pe erson. The use of parrticular dessignations of countrie es or territo ories does not imply any judgment by the publisher, EL LETRONUC CLEAR, co oncerning the legal sstatus of su uch countries o or territorie es, of their authoritiess and institu utions or of the delimitation of itts frontiers. mes of speccific compa anies or (w whether or not indica ated as reg gistered) do oes The mentiion of nam not imply any produ uct intended d to infring ge propriettary rights, nor should it be con nstrued as an endorsem ment or reco ommendatiion by ELE ETRONUCLEAR. ent of the ese pagess have be een carefully prepare ed and re eviewed. H However, the The conte ELETRON NUCLEAR does no ot guarantee the accuracy, completen c ess or quality of the information provided d, or that it is up-to-da ate. LETRONUCLEAR in n respect o of material or immatterial dama age Liability cllaims agaiinst the EL caused byy the use e or non-u use of the informatio on offered or by ina accurate or o incompllete information are in prrinciple rule ed out provvided that there is no o provable culpable in ntent or gro oss negligence e on the Company pa art.

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WORL LD PAN NORA AMA O OF NUC CLEAR R ENER RGY I – Hig ghlights s of the e November 2 2014 Ed dition In 2014, up p to Novem mber o 438 nuclear po ower reacttors in ope eration with an insta alled total net capaciity of 375,504

W(e) GW uclear pow o 71 nu wer reactorss under co onstruction (net capaccity of 67,027 MW(e) ons to the g grid Connectio

o o o

Fuqing-1 (1000 M MW(e), PW WR, China) on 20/08/2 2014 Ningde e-2 (1018 M MW(e), PW WR, China) on 04 /01//2014 Atucha a 2 (692MW W(e), PHW WR, Argentiina) on 27 /06/2014 Fangjia ashan-1 (10 000 MW(e), PWR, China) on 04/11/2014 0

o Construction starts

o o o

Carem 25 (25 MW W(e), PWR R, Argentin na) on 8/02 2/2014 Belarusssian-2 (11 109 MW, B Belarus on 26/04/2014 Baraka ah-3 (1345 5 MW, UAE E on 24/09//2014

In 2013: Permanen nt shutdow wns

o o o o

Crysta al River 3 (8 860 MW(e), PWR, US SA) on 5 /0 02/2013 Kewau unee (566 MW(e), PW WR, USA on o 7/05/2013 San Onofre O 2 (10 070 MW(e), PWR, US SA) on 7 /0 06/2013 San Onofre O 2 (10 070 MW(e), PWR, US SA) on 7 /0 06/2013

Connectio ons to the g grid

o o o o

Hongyan nhe-1 (100 00 MW(e), PWR, CHINA) on 18 /02/2013 Hongyan nhe-2 (100 00 MW(e), PWR, CHINA) on 23 /11/2013 Kudanku ulam-1 (917 MW(e), P PWR, India a) on 22 /10/2013 Yangjian ng-1 ( 1000MW(e), PWR, P CHIN NA) on 31 //12/2013

Construction starts

o o o o o o o

Virgil C. Summer 2 (1117 MW W(e), PWR R, USA) on 9 /03/2013 3 W(e), PWR R, USA) on 4 /11/2013 3 Virgil C. Summer 3 (1117 MW 3(1117 MW W(e), PWR, USA) on 1 12 /03/2013 Vogtle-3 Barakah h 2(1345 MW(e), PWR R, UAE) on n 28 /05/20 013 Shin-Hanul-2(1340 0 MW(e), P PWR, KOR REA REP.) on 19 /06/2 2013 Yangjian ng 5 (1000 MW(e), PW WR, China a) on 19 /06 6/2013 Tianwan n 4 (1050 MW(e), M PW WR, China) on 27 /09//2013

•

15 Countries,, representting half off world population bu uild 69 new w reactorss with total net pacity of 66 6,831 MW((e). cap

•

65 Countries holding no o nuclear te echnology have exprressed to tthe IAEA th heir interesst in thiss matter, a as they plan p to build reactorrs and/or to develo op an indu ustrial nucclear cap pability.

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Counttry

AR RGENTINA AR RMENIA BE ELGIUM BR RAZIL BU ULGARIA CA ANADA CH HINA CZ ZECH REPU UBLIC FINLAND FR RANCE GE ERMANY HU UNGARY INDIA IR RAN JA APAN KO OREA, REPU UBLIC OF F ME EXICO NE ETHERLAND DS PA AKISTAN RO OMANIA RU USSIA SL LOVAKIA SL LOVENIA SO OUTH AFRIC CA SP PAIN SW WEDEN SW WITZERLAN ND TA AIWAN, CHIN NA UK KRAINE UN NITED KING GDOM US SA

Tota al

Number o of Operated d Reactors s June 2014

T Total Net E Electrical Cap pacity [MW W]

3 1 7 2 2 19 23 6 4 58 9 4 21 1 48 23

1.627 375 5.927 1.884 1.906 13.500 18.610 3.884 2.752 63.130 12.068 1.889 5.308 915 42.388 20.721

2 1 3 2 33 4 1 2 7 10 5 6 15 16 100

1.330 482 690 1.300 23.643 1.815 688 1.860 7.567 9.474 3.308 5.032 13.107 9.243 99.081

438

3 375.504

R Reactor typ pe

3 PHWR PWR 7 PWR 2 PWR 2 PWR PHWR PWR 6 PWR 2 2PWR e 2 BWR R 58 PWR 7 PWR; 3 BWR R 4 PWR 1 PWR; 2 BWR; 18 P PHWR 1 PWR 24 PWR; 24 BW WR 19 PWR; 4 PHW WR 2 BWR 1 PWR 2 PWR; 1 PHWR R 2 PHWR 1FBR R;17 PWR; 15 L LWGR 4 PWR 1 PWR 2 PWR 1 1BWR e 6 PWR R 7 BWR; 3 PWR R 2BWR; 3 PWR R 2 PWR; 4 BWR R 15 PWR 1 PWR; 15 GCR R 35 BWR; 65 PW WR

438 R Reactors in operation by b type Cou untry - IAEA A – Novemb ber 2014

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BWR - Boiling Light-WatterCooled an nd Moderated Reactor 15; 3%

GCR-Gás ccooled, GraphiteModerateed Reactor

2; 1%

81; 19%

FBR - Fast Breeder Reacctor 15; 3% 9; 11% 49

LWGR-Light-WaterCooled,graaphite-Moderrated Reactor PHWR - Prressurized HeaavyWater-Mo oderated and Cooled Reactor PWR - Preessurized Lightt-WaterModerateed and Cooled Reactor

276; 6 63%

Reac ctors Un nder con nstructiion

-

IAEA - Novem mber 13 3 th, 201 14

Num mber of Rea actors

Tota al Net Elec ctrical Capaciity (MW)

ARGENT TINA

1

2 25

BELARUS BRAZIL CHINA FINLAND D FRANCE INDIA JAPAN KOREA, REPUBLIC C OF PAKISTA AN RUSSIA SLOVAK KIA TAIWAN,, CHINA UKRAINE E UNITED A ARAB EMIRATES UNITED S STATES O OF AMERIC CA

2 1 26 1 1 6 2 5 2 10 2 2 2 3 5

22 218 12 245 25 5756 16 600 16 630 39 907 13 325 63 370 6 630 83 382 8 880 26 600 19 900 40 035 56 633

Total

71

Countrry

Rea actor Typ pe 1 PWR 2 PWR 1 PWR 25 PWR R; 1 HTR 1 PWR 1 PWR 1 PWR; 4 PHWR; 1 FBR 2 BWR 5 PWR 2 PWR 9 PWR; 1 FBR 2 PWR 2 BWR 2 PWR 3 PWR 5 PWR

68,136 MW

71 Reactorrs under construction by type – November N 2 2014

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2; 3% 4; 5%

1; 1% % 4; 6%

BWR - Boilingg Light-WaterCooled and M Moderated Reactor FBR - Fast Breeeder Reactor

HTGR - High-TTemperature Gas-Cooled Reactor 60; 85%

PHWR - Pressurized Heavy-Water-Moderrated and Coo oled Reactor PWR - Pressurized LightWater-Moderrated and Coo oled Reactor

Summa ary of Ana alyses and d Procedures adopted by mos st countrie es after the accident Fukush hima After th he acciden nt at Fuku ushima in Japan in March 201 11, the en ntire nuclea ar industryy mobilized for the evaluation n of the eve ent and ste eps to be taken to en nsure that these t factss would n not repeat in other nuclear pow wer plants. The lesso ons from th he event ge enerated a series of o actions as a result of the evvaluations tthat each ccountry ha as made. T The issues, problem ms and solutions are not commo on to all reactors or to o all countries. me cases it will be necessaryy change tthe regulattory structure of the e countries’ For som regulato ors with the intention n of making g agenciess more inde ependent, but most o of countriess did analyzes foccused on ensuring the reacto ors ability to withsta and extrem me eventss (earthq quakes and d other seissmic eventts, tsunami, floods, w windstorms and hurriccanes) and d the beh havior of ssecurity sysstems and d safe shuttdown of th he plants. They also o evaluated d the pro ocesses an nd planning g for exterrnal respon nse to nucclear emerg gencies an nd SAMG'ss (Severe e Accidentss Managem ment Guide elines) Evaluattions unde ertaken by countrie es and th heir regula ators gene erate prog grams and d procedures to solve any we eaknesses and have e been or are a being d developed.. The main n entrated in areas whe ere there arre potentia al for improvvements: actionss are conce 1. Country C Re egulatory S Structure; 2. Seismic S resistance evvaluation o of each rea actor; 3. Checking C o of Tsunami/flood defe enses; 4. Install I new w emergenccy Diesels; 5. Checking C E Emergencyy cooling p pumps; 6. Evaluation E of Spent F Fuel Pool C Cooling; 7. Checking C o of Instrume entation’s S Spent Fuel Pool; 8. Hydrogen’s H s Recombiiners 9. Containme C ent Vent 10. SAMG’s S (S Severe Acccidents Management Guideliness) 11. Multi-unit M A Analysis Em mergency Response

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The comparison o of nuclear power gen neration in the years 2 2010 to 20 013 showss that some e countrie es have re educed their nuclea ar generation, but m most of the em has inccrease the e energy generated d by this source s from m one yearr to the ne ext. Only JJapan, whicch took off ff of its fleet ffor tests affter the earrthquake a and tsunam mi of March h 2011 and d Germanyy much o have tu urned off some of its reactors sspontaneou usly, had a reduction n in its nucclear powerr generation. 900.0000

800.0000

G Geração nuclearr fonte: IAEAA 2010/ 2011/ 2012/ 2013

700.0000

600.0000

500.0000

400.0000

300.0000

200.0000

100.0000

0

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II - W World N Nuclearr electrricity ge eneratiion With th he global g growth in e energy con nsumption, a lot of efforts e have e been ma ade toward d increassing electricity generrating cap pacity, and d nuclear energy sta ands as one o of the e leading g technolog gies for the e future off the nucle ear power industry. i Itt provides one of the e best he eat genera ation rates among other therma al electricitty generatiion source es, emitting g no gree enhouse gases. g Also o, being de eployable in a small area with a powerfu ul fuel at a highly competitivve price, n nuclear en nergy allow ws large-sscale elecctricity prod duction byy ng as a com mponent off the powe er grid’s basseload flee et. suitablyy functionin So thatt the functiions of mo odern socie ety can be appropriattely perform med (settin ng industryy in motio on, comme erce, proviiding comm munication, health, p public serviices, etc...)) energy iss an esse ential staplle to rely on n, especially electric energy sup pplied in a reliable manner, at a suitable e price. En nergy supp ply and security is cu urrently an n essential requireme ent for anyy countryy, and a key driver forr many of the t strategiic decisions made byy governme ents. Total electricity ge eneration data d has be een furnish hed by the companiess involved, always on n nual basis. In 2013, the Unitted Statess was the country tthat most generated d an ann electriccity from nu uclear pow wer, accoun nting for arround 33% % of the wo orld’s total production n of such h form of energy. Oth her leading electricity producing g countries were: Fran nce (17%), Russia (6,8%), S South Kore ea (5,6%), China (4 4,4%), Canada (4%), German ny 3,91%), e (3,31%). Brazil wa as responssible for 0,58% of the world’s electricity generation n Ukraine from nu uclear pow wer. d its produ uction of nuclear ene ergy in 201 13 that rea ached 405 5,989 GWh h France decreased nger stops in i the perio od. In Japa an, producttion was 13 3,947GWh, primarily due to outages lon uge drop ccompared to 2011 w when it reached 156 6,182 GWh as a result of the e with hu acciden nt at Fukushima Daiiichi. Only two reacto ors were in operatio on in 2013. Germanyy ed 92,141 GWh nett with small reductio produce on comparred to 201 11 and 2012 when itt reached d, respectively, 96,951 and 94 4098 GWh net. According to the e Internatio onal Energ gy Agencyy (IEA), in ‘World En nergy Outlook 2012’ Nuclear energy o output could rise by 5 58 percentt by 2035, but nucle ear’ s share of world d energy generatio on will fall from 13 percent to o 12 perce ent becausse the am mbitions forr een “scaled d back” as a countrie es have re eviewed policies p following the e nuclearr have be acciden nt at Fukusshima-Daiichi. The ca apacity is still s projectted to rise,, led by Ch hina, South h Korea, India and Russia. AEA adopte ed a resolution to en ncourage a and suppo ort the devvelopment of nuclearr The IA applica ations in de eveloping countries c in n order to re educe the existing wiide distancce between n the ave erage annu ual consum mption by de eveloped ccountries (a about 8,600 KWh perr inhabitantt - OECD D) and, for example, that of th he African continent which is 1 170 lower, inasmuch h improviing such indicator is the drriver of prrogress an nd well-be eing of th he needierr populattion. At pressent, 65 co ountries holding no nu uclear tech hnology ha ave expresssed to the IAEA theirr interestt in this m matter, as they plan to build reactors r a and/or to d develop an n industrial

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nuclearr capabilityy. Expandin ng world powers p wan nt to multip ply the num mber of po ower plantss in their territory. after the accident a at the Fu ukushima nuclear n po ower station in Jap pan, manyy Even a governments con nsider the internationa al expansio on of nucle ear energyy an option n to climate e change e and an alternative to o oscillations in the p prices of en nergy produ ucts, and a protection n againstt the uncerrtainties of fossil fuel supply. Th he worldwid de expansiion of nuclear energyy requires that governmentss act resp ponsibly an nd enforce e strict sa afety criterria on the e on of nucle ear facilities. operatio

Tota al Capacity suppllied [GW.h] 2013

C Country UNITED STA ATES OF AM MERICA FR RANCE RUSSIA KO OREA, REP PUBLIC OF CHINA CA ANADA GERMANY UKRAINE UNITED KING GDOM SW WEDEN SP PAIN BE ELGIUM TA AIWAN, CH HINA IN NDIA CZ ZECH REPUBLIC SW WITZERLAND FIINLAND SL LOVAKIA HUNGARY JA APAN BR RAZIL SO OUTH AFR RICA BU ULGARIA MEXICO RO OMANIA AR RGENTINA A SL LOVENIA PA AKISTAN IR RAN, ISLAM MIC REPUBLIC OF NETHERLAN NDS AR RMENIA

790.1 186,82 405.8 898,51 161.7 718,08 132.4 465,24 104.8 837,88 94.2 290,49 92.1 141,57 78.1 166,16 64.1 132,52 63.7 723,40 54.3 313,20 40.6 631,96 39.8 820,26 30.0 008,52 29.0 005,37 24.9 991,83 22.6 673,00 14.6 623,63 14.5 537,51 13.9 947,00 13.7 780,06 13.6 640,61 13.3 316,11 11.3 377,14 10.6 695,75 5.7 735,22 5.0 036,47 4.3 370,93 3.8 893,67 2.7 736,93 2.1 167,63

World C Contribut tion [%] - 201 13 33,50 17,21 6,86 5,62 4,44 4,00 3,91 3,31 2,72 2,70 2,30 1,72 1,69 1,27 1,23 1,06 0,96 0,62 0,62 0,59 0,58 0,58 0,56 0,48 0,45 0,24 0,21 0,19 0,17 0,12 0,09

Particiipation by c country in tthe world nu uclear power generation – 2013

The ma ajor barrie ers to the nuclear op ption have to do with h the safe ety of nucle ear plants, disposa al of radioactive wasstes and p proliferation n of nuclea ar weapon ns, in addition to the e GP PL.G – Strattegic Plannin ng Managem ment

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costs o of construction and m maintenancce. Also to be conside ered is the e difficulty involved in n supplying large-siized nuclea ar components. EA projectss the nece essity for governmentts to mitiga ate the fina ancial riskss Additionally the IE ear constructions an nd projects through sspecific pollicies, such h as by inccluding the e of nucle carbon price in g generation costs, so o that the nuclear so ource’s 37 75 GWe re equired forr g operation ns between 2020 an nd 2030, b both in rep placing old d plants a and in new w starting electriccity generattion projectts can obta ain the ade equate inve estment.

III - D Distribu ution of o Reac ctors Amon ng the largest electricityy generrating flee ets, the following g countrries stand d out: th he United d Statess with 104 units, Fran nce with 59 9 reacto ors and Japan, 53. In 2010, constrruction wass started o on fourteen n new p plants, and d five new ones were e conne ected to the eir grids. B But mention n should d be mad de of the e definitive e closurre of the Phenix (130 0 MW(and), FBR, France) on n 02/01/10. Accord ding to the e World Nuclear N Asssociation - WNA up p to April 2 2014 the experience e e gained all over th he world byy nuclear power p reacctors (sum mmation of all reactorrs’ years off on), was m more than 15,000 ye ears, with the power generatio on of arou und 68,400 0 operatio TWh. Suppliers Genera al Electric - GE Westin nghouse Areva AECL Mitsub bish Toshib ba Genera al Atomics s Eskon

Reacto ors type A ABWR / ES SBWR A AP1000 E EPR A ACR 700 U USA PWR A ABWR G GTMHR P PBMR

hortage off large forgings is a problem m to be ttackled byy the worrld’s majorr The sh constru uctors of n new nuclea ar reactorss. There e exist not many m manu ufacturers of reactorr pressurre vessels, steam ge enerators or o large turrbines. Forr example,, Japan Steel Works, which h holds 80% % of the larrge forging gs market, acknowledges that it has a capacity c forr only 4 vvessels a year. y uclear Engineering In nstitute - NEI warns that the rele evant arrangements should nott The Nu be dela ayed, on p pain of imp pacting the e constructtion schedule of new w plants. O Other large e manufa acturing co ompanies a are China F First Heavyy Industries and Chin na Erzhong g, Russia’ss OMZ Izzhora, Korrea’s Doossan, Francce’s Le Crreusot and d India’s JS SW. All off them are e expand ding their capacities. c The most recent devvelopmentss are in Ge ermany, wh hich set up p a new ffabrication plant at Vö ölklingen and a the Fre ench compa any Alstom m, which op pened up a new fab brication pllant in the United Sta ates to mee et the need ds for large e turbines a and turbine e generators and o other equip pment item ms for gas-- and nucllear-fueled power pla ants in the e U.S. ma arket. Also o, new fabrication plan nts are planned in En ngland, Ind dia and China. house-Tosh hiba, and G GE-Hitachii are vendo ors holding g Consorrtia “Areva//Mitsubishii, Westingh larger production n scale and technolo ogy to cau use real im mpact on the t nuclea ar industry. Mention n should a also be ma ade of Kore ean and Russian R com mpanies. B Because o of the small number of compe etitors, the market is likely to go through a scaling up p of prices in i general.

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Apart frrom small reactors, r th he following are the m main mode els actively being marrketed: • Are eva: EPR, Atmea1, K Kerena • We estinghouse/Toshiba:: AP1000, A ABWR • GE E Hitachi: ABWR, A ESB BWR, PRIS SM • KH HNP: APR1400 • Mittsubishi: AP PWR • Ro osatom: AE ES-92, AES S-2006, VV VER-TOI ettc • Ca andu: EC6 • CN NNC & CGN N: Hualong g One (from m 2014) • SN NPTC: CAP P1400 (from m 2014) Up to A August 2013, accord ding to the IAEA, 82.7 7% of the operating o rreactors (35 59) around d the world had be een active for more th han 20 years. Of the ese, 183 u units had b between 20 0 and 30 0 years, an nd 176 havve more th han 30 yea ars of activvity. Such fleets f will have h to be e replace ed by new reactors o or by anoth her energy generation n source. P Part of the solution iss to extend the exissting plants’ useful liffetime, pusshing the p problem off energy su upply on to o the futu ure. Accord ding to the e WNA, byy 2030, 143 3 are expe ected to be e closed, as a they will reach the end of ttheir useful lifetime. o após o accidente da usina de F Fukushima muitos pa aíses contin nuam conssiderando a Mesmo fonte nuclear com mo uma op pção às mu udanças cclimática e à instabilid dade dos p preços doss a geração de energia a elétrica. A expansã ão da geraçção nuclea ar depende e combusstíveis para também m que govvernos ajam m com ressponsabilidade e se ccomprome etam com o os critérioss de segu urança de operação de suas ce entrai. Even a after the accident a at the Fu ukushima nuclear n po ower station in Jap pan, manyy governments con nsider the internationa al expansio on of nucle ear energyy an option n to climate e change e and an alternative to o oscillations in the p prices of en nergy produ ucts, and a protection n againstt the uncerrtainties of fossil fuel supply. Th he worldwid de expansiion of nuclear energyy requires that governmentss act resp ponsibly an nd enforce e strict sa afety criterria on the e operatio on of nucle ear facilities.

Age of o Reactors in operation Sou urce: IAEA Jun ne 2014

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IV - Currrent S Situation off Nucllear E Energy y in So ome C Counttries / Regio ons A - Ame ericas

Nuclear Power plant position n in North Ame erica

A A1 – No orth Am merica da Canad Country y

Reactors in i operation n

Canada

19

installed capacity (M MW)

13,500

Reacto ors under consttruction

c capacity under co onstruction (MW W)

generated energy 2013 (T TWH)

% off total energy gene erated in 2013

0

0

96,9 97

16

Canada a’s total n nuclear insstalled cap pacity up to t 2013 was w 13,500 0 MW. Th he sourcess comprissing a mixx of hydro,, thermal and a nuclea ar sources, in additio on to otherrs such ass wind, b biomass, biogas and solar. Can nada has 19 operatin ng nuclearr power pla ants (17 off them in n Ontario) which generated 96,97 TWh or 16% of the countryy’s electricity in 2013. All reacctors are PHWR type -pressurizzed heavy water w reacctor (CAND DU). In Septtember 201 12 followin ng a processs of refurb bishing and d reconnecction of Brruce Powerr Plant (4 4 PHWR U Units), the Bruce-2 ((772-MW) was synch hronized to o the grid. The plantt located d in Ontario returning g to servicce after ha aving been n shut sincce 1995. Unit U 4 wass restarte ed in late 2 2003 and unit u 3 in early 2004. T The Unit 1 is expecte ed to return n to service e the fou urth quarte er of 2012. The Poin nt Lepreau u plant is also being g refurbish hed and in n Octobe er, 2012 it was w grid-re econnected d. The lon ng-term en nergy plan published in Novem mber 2010 contempla ates at leasst two new w nuclearr plants (to otal capacity 2,000 M MW) in the e Ontario region (Da arlington, where w fourr other plants alrea ady exist) a and refurbisshing otherr 10 by 202 20. In June e 2013 the e Ontario Power P Generation (O OPG) has received detailed co onstruction n plans, schedules and cost estimates for two potential nu uclear reacctors at Da arlington in n Ontario o. GP PL.G – Strattegic Plannin ng Managem ment

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The prroposals w were by Westingho ouse Electtric Canad da (AP1000) and SN NC-Lavalin n Nuclear / Candu Energy. Co ompleted ssubmission ns will be re eviewed byy a team of OPG and d the Miinistries off Energy, Finance and Infra astructure Ontario. The T Nucle ear Safetyy Canada hass also gran nted a license to pre epare the ssite, but no o work wass Commiission of C done on site. anadian Nu uclear Safe ety Commisssion has renewed th he operatin ng license for Ontario o The Ca Power Generatio on's Pickerring A and d B stations, comprrising six u units, for ffive years, through h August 3 31, 2018. In 2013 A Alstom has been se elected to refurbish ffour steam m turbine generato or units off 3,512 MW M Darlin ngton pow wer plant in Ontario o, with an n approximate pow wer capacitty of 900 MW M each, for Ontarrio Power Generation n’s (OPG). This long-term se ervice con ntract is wo orth appro oximately € €265m (US S$340m). Alstom A will bines and generators units, and the associated d auxiliaryy refurbissh four stteam turb equipm ment. The fiirst planned outage to o start thiss moderniza ation is sch heduled fo or the fall off 2016 and a comple etion of the e entire re efurbishment project is expecte ed in late 2 2024. Thiss mid-life e refurbishm ment will be b one of the largest capital inffrastructure e projects iin Canada, creating g significan nt long-term m benefits for 25 to 30 3 additiona al years be eyond the e existing life e cycle. In 2011 1 Canada became th he first cou untry to announce it w would with hdraw from m the Kyoto o protoco ol on climatte change since it willl not able to t reach go oals becau use the exp ploitation off oil rese erves in Ca anada and North America could d increase global atm mospheric C CO2 levelss by as m much as 15%. As th he country is the larg gest supplier of oil an nd natural gas to the e United States and d is keen tto boost ou utput of cru ude from A Alberta's oil sands - also a known n as tar ssands - which are cen ntral to Can nada's ene ergy strateg gy. The AE ECL develo ops the Ad dvanced C Candu Rea actor (Generation III)), fueled by enriched d uranium m or thorium m, but therre are no b built units using such design. own reacttor design (CANDU)) Canada has its o acked by tthe government, whicch recentlyy partly ba (May 2 2010) deccided to withdraw from the e businesss, after ha aving alloccated nearrly 2 billion n dollars to compa any AECL for deve eloping the e g since 20 006. Such h CANDU’s new generation, n is due to the size o of the AEC CL reactorss decision division,, not big en nough to co ompete in the markett with succh giants off the size o of AREVA or Toshiba a and Gen neral Electric. NRU at Ch halk River – Canada (photo AECL)

Specialists have vowed tha at, withoutt the particcipation off the Cana adian gove ernment, itt would b be difficult for the CA ANDU techn nology to ssurvive; butt in June 2011 2 the SN NC-Lavalin n Group signed a p purchase agreement a for taking up the go overnment’s share in the AECL L n Canada and worlldwide, the e National reactorrs division. Of vital importancce both in Researrch Universsal Reacto or – NRU, located o on Chalk R River betwe een the Quebec and d Ontario o provinces, is operrated by tthe Atomicc Energy of Canada Ltd - A AECL, and d ed – for so produce ome time – half of the e world’s medical isoto opes. GP PL.G – Strattegic Plannin ng Managem ment

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On acccount of m maintenance e problemss associated with electrical fla aws and he eavy waterr leaks, it was shutt down on 05/14/2009 9. Necessa ary correcttive and ma aintenance e work wass perform med for fifte een month hs. On Aug gust 17, 20 010, after the t repairs, the regulatory bodyy authorizzed the re eactor to be restore ed into service and the resum mption of world-level producttion of rad dioisotopess. On Octo ober 2011,, the NRU U reactor, which w also o producess neutron n-based n nuclear re esearch m materials, was give en authorrization to o continue e radioiso otope prod duction up to 2016. Such S facilityy is the wo orld’s oldesst of its kin nd and hass been in n operation n since 195 53. Canada a is one o of the large est uranium produce ers in the world. The e companyy Cameco o owns several s min nes whose production n is exporte ed to manyy countriess. As an exxample we e can me ention the cooperatio on agreem ment signed with Ind dia for sup pply of Indian NPPs, which entered e into o force in 2013. 2 Nuclea ar wastes Canada a contemplates a De eep Geolog gic Reposittory (DGR)) for low- and interme ediate-level radioacctive waste es. Site cle earing and constructiion work a and operation are pro oposed forr the Tivverton regio on near th he site of B Bruce nuclear powerr station. S Such nucle ear wastess storage e facility is planned to o serve all nuclear po ower reactors at the Bruce, Picckering and d Darling gton power stations. 7, after reviiewing the options, th he Canadia an governm ment decide ed that all o of its spentt In 2007 fuel wo ould be sea aled into sa afe contain ners and sttored in un nderground d rock repo ositories forr use in the future.. Such facilities will b be a mega aproject with planned d expenditu ures of the e of 20 billion n dollars over o an are ea of 10 hectares on n the surfa ace and ga alleries 500 0 order o meters below ground level. es have e expressed interest iin the pro oject, with three being in the e Eight ccommunitie Saskatcchewan (P Pinehouse, Patuanakk and Creig ghton) regiions and five in Onta ario. These e commu unities are in the learning stage with respect to nu uclear wasttes, which may be a heritage e for future genera ations to u use new nuclear n te echnologiess in recovvering and d recyclin ng fuel exp pected to be e develope ed over the e forthcoming 100 yea ars. a’s regulatory body - Canadian n Nuclear S Safety Com mmission (CNSC) wo orked out a Canada plan of action for operators of any nucclear facilitties in Can nada to gett them to review theirr safety stances a and criteria a in the liight of the e Fukushim ma eventss, with em mphasis on n defense e-in-depth principle es and m mechanism ms for prevention and mitigation off conseq quences fro om adverse e and seve ere events in generall. Under the plan, succh external risks ass seismic e events, floo ods, fire, h hurricanes, etc. must be considered and e emergencyy plans updated. u The revvitalization n plans for Bruce po ower station e n’s units (in Ontario) continue within the same e established d schedule, noting tha at Unit 2 iss expected to be back in operattion by late e 2011 and Unit number 1 by early 2012 2. The final cost will b be US$ 5 b billion. Worrk activitiess on the remaining 6 plants arre to start b by 2015.

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Mexic co Countrry

Reactorrs in operattion

installed d capacity y (MW)

Reac ctors under con nstruction

Mexic co

2

164 40

0

c capacity unde er generated e energy construction 2013 (TW WH) (MW)

0

11,37 77

% of total energy generrated in 2013

4.6

Mexico o has a nucclear powerr station wiith 2 BWR operating plants (Lag guna Verde e-1 and -2, 820 MW W, each) located in Vera Cruzz, whose e electricity p production in 2013 was w 11,377 7 TWh orr 4.6% of the t countryy’s electricc power. Th he power station’s s ow wner and operator iss the statte-run entitty Comision Federal de Electriccidad (CFE E) which ho olds around d 2/3 of the e Mexica an power grid’s installled capacitty, including transmisssion and p part of the d distribution n networkk. ong outages for 20% % power u uprate and d The lo other maintena ance activvities, com mpleted in n Augusst 2010 on the two pllants (Lagu una Verde-1 and d -2) broug ght down the t percen nt share off nuclea ar energy in the cou untry’s total electricityy generration. Mexico has plans to build new w plantss over the fforthcomin ng years, th he first one e to be e on the g grid by 20 021. The ffuture (ten n planne ed) plants are reporrted to be 1,300 and d 1,600 MW, using g technology yet to b be defined. Laguna Verde V – Mexico o (Image Comision Federral de Electriciidad -CFE)

South Korea hass plans to participate e in this Me exican devvelopment through a agreementss nt venturess inasmuch h as Mexicco intends tto reach 35 5% capacity in clean energy byy and join 2024 (nuclear ne ew-build in ncluded). The T counttry also ha as researcch reactorss and hass signed a cooperation agreem ment with Canada C in the area o of research h and devellopment. ectricity mixx is well divversified, w with gas su upplying ap pproximate ely 49%, oill 20%, coal The ele 12.5%, hydro 10.5% and n nuclear 4.7 7% in 2007, accordin ng to data a from the WNA. Perr e is 1 1,800 kWh h/year. Me exico is the e world’s sseventh larrgest oil exxporter, butt capita energy has no uranium m mines in op peration. All nucclear fuel in n Mexico is propertyy of the go overnment, which is also responsible forr waste manageme m ent. In the case of th he Laguna Verde pow wer station n, the waste is being g stored o on the plan nts’ own sitte. Antonio Me eade - Mexxico’s Seccretary of E Energy, Ja avier Duartte - Goverrnor of the e Jose A Veracru uz State (w where Lag guna Verde e-1 and -2 are locate ed), and re epresentatives of the e Comisió ón Federal de Electrricidad, tog gether with technical staff members of the e Comisión n Nationa al de Seguridad Nuclear y Safeguards (CN NSNS) con nducted a g general insspection on n the two o Mexican n plants. Their T reporrt held tha at the nucclear powe er station’ss operating g conditio ons called for no m major preca autions and that nucclear enerrgy in Mexxico has a promisiing future; still, no p plans existt to actuallly build a new nucle ear plant in n the nearr future. GP PL.G – Strattegic Plannin ng Managem ment

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According to the Secretary, nuclear te echnology has been ffunctioning g smoothly in Mexico, in spite e of the co ountry’s history of ea arthquakess which, he argues, can be ta ackled with h feasible e technicall solutions,, stressing that it is m more difficu ult to deal with the m matter from m the poliicy’s persp pective of th he issue. The En nergy Minisster Jordy Herrera is recommen nding expa anding nucclear capaccity as partt of its sttrategic energy plan through t 20 026. Due to o the counttry’s rising gas reservves and itss lower p prices, the nuclear op ption is now w less attra active and it will be d delayed forr over than n three yyears. The Mexican congresss backs nuclear technology t y in varyiing levels, depend ding on the e political party.

d States United Cou untry

Re eactors in o operation

United States

100

ins stalled capacity (M MW)

9 99,081

Rea actors under capacity und der co onstruction c construction (M MW)

5

5,633

generate ed energy 2013 ((TWH)

% of total energy y generated in 2013 3

790.186

19.4

The Un nited State es are the owner of the t world’ss largest nuclear n flee et, with 104 4 plants in n operatio on (69 PW WRs and 35 5 BWRs), w which corre espond to a an installed d capacity of 107,714 4 MW in 2012; and d in 2012 they produ uced 769,3 331 TWh(e e). This fig gure corressponded to o more th han 32,8% % of the wo orld’s entire e nuclear e energy and d around 19% 1 of tha at country’ss energy. Such am mount is a also approximately 7 70% of the e electricitty generated withoutt greenhouse gas e emissions. The US S has a to otal installe ed nuclear capacity o of 98,560 MW as of June 2013 with 100 0 units in n operation n, after th he perman nently shutt of 4 re eactors in 2013 (Ke ewaunee in n Wiscon nsin; Crysta al River-3 in Florida a and San On nofre-2 and d -3 in Sou uthern California) due e econom mic situatio on. esumed co onstruction of the W Watts Bar-2 2 plant in Tennessee e (PWR 1 1,160 MW)) The re . orkers of th he TVA Co. (Tennesssee Valley Authority Company) C currenttly employss 3,300 wo Projectt was expe eriencing cost c overruns and schedule s d delays, butt the delivvery of the e nuclearr fuel from m Westingh house has already been autho orized by th he NRC and start off operatio on is plann ned for 201 15. The be eginning of 2013 wass by the sta art of construction of the first AP1000 A mo odels in the e United States with h plants V Vogtle 3 an nd 4, in the e state of G Georgia, th he first new w American n units in n more than n 30 yearss. They are e scheduled to come in operation in 2018 8 and 2019 9 respecttively. It fo ollows in th his contextt of new co onstruction n the two new n units in Central Summe er with two o (2) AP10 000 reactorrs (operato or SCE & G G), in South h Carolina the first to o go into operation in 2017 an nd the seco ond in 2019. Thus we e have until June 201 13 five new w reactorrs under co onstruction with grosss installed ccapacity off 6,218 MW W. In the U United Stattes, the insstalled cap pacity has been b grow wing significcantly in re ecent yearss due to the capacity expansion of nuclear plantss, which fig gure reache ed 6.862 M MW in Mayy a no o new unitt had been n built. Thiss representts more tha an fourfold d the future e 2013, although Angra 3 plant (1,4 405 MW) under u consstruction in Brazil. In this processs, some p plants have e come tto increase e their pow wer outputt on severa al occasions, and 14 48 applica ations have e P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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alreadyy been revviewed. Ass the NRC C reported in July 20 013, an ad dditional 14 4 requestss (1000 MW) M are pe ending review and other 3 may add 180 M MW to the g grid by 2017. n should also be mad de of the se election prrogram for the siting o of new nucclear powerr Mention plants iin the Unite ed States (“Nuclear ( P Power 2010”). In this connection, there exxist 30 new w plants in the lice ensing pro ocess, with h their COL (Constru uction and d Operation License)) under review r by the licensin ng body – the NRC. er relevantt fact to be e Anothe underliined is the e increase e in th he plantss’ useful lifetime e, which is being g extend ded to 60 years. In n this ca ase, 74 u units now w have their usefful lifetime e extend ded, which is equal to o 67,935 5 MW funcctioning forr more ttwenty yea ars, with no o capital costs in nvolved in n constru uction. In n addition, the NRC – Nuclearr Regula atory Com mmission iss review wing lifetime e extenssion appliccations forr 17 pllants, and d for an n additio onal 9 otthers thatt have already sstarted the e applica ation process but have yett to complete the submissiion of alll relevantt docume entation. F From this vviewpoint, over the past recen nt 10 yearrs, the Uniited Statess have added a ca apacity equ uivalent to more than n 30 new large reactors opera ating for 40 0 years. On Aug gust 18, 20 011 TVA's board apprroved the rresumption n of constru uction of Unit 1 (1260 0 MW - PWR) of Central Bellefonte in Alabama a Work on the Belllefonte rea actors wass suspen nded in the e 1980s wh hen unit 1 was 90% complete and unit 2 was 58% % complete. The co onstruction was halte ed due to tthe drop in n energy d demand an nd costs. The T currentt estimatted cost iss 4.9 billio on dollars. The reacttor is a PW WR manufacturing B Babcock & Wilcox and ARE EVA has been alre eady conttracted for engine eering serrvices and d constru uction. The e plant works are at about 50% % complete e should be e complete ed between n 2018 and a 2020, and the current worrks only sttart when tthe fuel W Watts Bar-2 2 (currentlyy under constructiion) is lo oaded, no ot to acccumulate constructtion of tw wo plantss simulta aneously. A Are alreadyy working o on this pro oject 300 employees of AREVA A, all based d in the U United Stattes. Anoth her America an concern n is fuel su upply for itss nuclear flleet. In thiss connecction the NRC has au uthorized th he operatio on (June 20 010) of the e additional cascadess of Uren nco’s New Mexico enrichment plant. p This is i the first U.S. enrich hment plan nt using the e gas cen ntrifuge pro ocess.

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In 2012 2 some 48 8 million po ounds or 8 83% of the e total uran nium purch hased by US U nuclearr power plants wass of foreign n origin, acccording to o figures frrom the US S Energy Information n Adminisstration. In n addition, o over a third d (38%) of the enriched uranium m needed tto fabricate e fuel for US reacto ors was sup pplied by fo oreign enrichers. of foreign--supplied uranium ccame from m Canada a, Russia, Australia, In 2012, 84% o hstan, and Namibia. The rest ccame from m Uzbekista an, Niger, South Afrrica, Brazil, Kazakh China, Malawi, an nd Ukraine e, EIA said. Also 2012, a total of o 52 millio on pounds of uranium m hexaflu uoride (UF6 6) was dellivered to e enrichers in China, F France, Ge ermany, Ne etherlands, Russia, United Kingdom, an nd the Uniited Statess. Enricherss in the Un nited State es received d he remaining 38% we ent to foreign enriche ers. 62% off the deliveries, and th In 2012 2, the averrage price per SWU (separativve work un nit) was $ $141.36, a and ownerss and op perators of US comm mercial nucllear powerr reactors p purchased enrichmen nt servicess totalling g 16 millio on SWU, EIA said. This reprresents a total cost to the ow wners and d operato ors of US ccommercial nuclear p power reacttors of abo out $2.3 billion.

Welding at Watts Bar 2 Steam Generator Position of o American Nuclear N Power plant in opera ation

Plans also include using mixed ura anium and d plutonium oxide ffuel withdrawn from m disman ntled nuclear warheads (there e exist aroun nd 7 tons o of plutoniu um available for such h purpose der way att the Brown ns Ferry p plant owned d by TVA, which hass e), and tessts are und been subsidized by the U.S S. Departm ment of Ene ergy (DoE) for using g such matterial on itss nuclearr power pla ants. nment forresees a 5 50 GW inccrease in tthe nuclea ar share off electricityy The U..S. Govern generation by 202 20, and Obama adm ministration has annou unced a sttrategic pla an to boostt the restart of the nuclear in ndustry, witth governm ment-backe ed loan gua arantee be eing one off at plan. the faciilities of tha The pla an contem mplates loan guarante ees in the amount o of US$ 54 billion, folllowing the e committment asssumed byy President Obama a who a asked Congress to o pass a compre ehensive bill b on electtricity gene eration and d climate cchange (w whereby a 2 28% fall in n greenhouse gas e emissions is expected d to occur by 2020), w with incenttives for cle ean energyy to beco ome profita able. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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The U.S S. Government says po ower plantss burning co oal, oil and g gas are the largest majo or source off emissions in the US, togetherr accounting g for roughlyy 40 percen nt of all dom mestic greenhouse gass pollution n. The US S will make e continued d progress in reducing g pollution n from fossil fuel power plants by leading the e way in th he developm ment of clea an energy te echnologiess such as efficient na atural gas, rrenewables, clean coa al technolo ogy and nuclear, n a climate a action plan n released d by the White House ssays. The acccident of F Fukushima seems nott to have much afffected the people’s mood in th he United States; rather, it h has just bo oiled down to safety reviews that reporte edly all concerned cou untries are conductiing. Central de e Vogtle3

Results of opinion polls of ressidents livin ng near nucclear powerr plants sho owed that respondents r s continue ed to be mu uch in favorr (80%) of n nuclear plan nt activities.. Out of the e population n in general, 67% of the Americcans consid der the safe ety of the co ountry’s nuclear power plants as high. Such h figures are expecte e report fro ed to grow even more favorable u upon the re elease of the om the NRC C and the e Sandia National Lab boratories (u under evalu uation by in ndependentt auditors) with a new w mathem matical apprroach to ra adiation disssipation on American nuclear po ower plants in case off reactor core melt-down. e environment and the The datta shows m much lower rradiation rates (of the order of 30 0 to 1) to the e public in n general, b being estima ated to conccentrate on tthe plant’s a area. Constru uction and pre-construc p ction for new reactors are under way on 5 ssites, it bein ng expected d that the installed ca apacity will surpass the e 101 GW b by 2010 and d reach 109 9 GW by 2020. Anotherr example e is the agreement sig gned by Ba abcock & W Wilcox Com mpany and TVA, where e plans are e defined for the dessign, NRC licensing an nd constructtion of up to o 6 modula ar reactors ((SMR-Small Modularr Reactor) o on the Clincch River site e - Roane Co ounty, by 20 020. Accorrding to the president off the Laccy Consultin ng Group (B Bruce Lacy)), the bigge est challeng ges for nuclear power in the U.S. continue e to be the cconstruction n time, finan ncing costs, and the competitive ga as price.

Nuclea ar wastes s nited Statess has foreccast a large e definitive repositoryy for the diisposal of high-activityy The Un radioacttive wastess that would d meet, and guard off the fuel u used in pow wer plants tto generate e electricity, all the fu uel used byy the reacto ors of subm marines, airccraft carries, and any o other civil orr ar reactors. This reposittory would b be in Yucca a Mountain, Nevada. In n military installation with nuclea he NRC deccided to ab bandon the project (afte er spending g more than n $ 9 billion). The NRC C 2010, th has dettermined tha at such waste can be stored safe ely in their own place of power p plants for at least an nother 60 ye ears after the end of the e useful life time of the plant. In Au ugust 2013 the Court off Appealss for the District of Co olumbia ordered the NRC to resu ume the revview of the abandoned d license application to build an nd operate tthe nuclear waste site at Yucca M Mountain, ass requested d by the D DoE. With th his is still pe ending the d decision of h how and wh hen the coun ntry will solvve the issue e of its n nuclear wasste. The Am merican go overnment policy p may be headin ng for repro ocessing off irradiate ed material.

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A A2 – So outh Am merica

Location n of South Ame erican Nuclearr Power plant in operation

Argen ntina Country Argentiina

Reactorrs in installe ed operation capacity (MW) 3

1627

Rea actors un nder consttruction

capacity unde er c construction (MW)

generatted energy 2013 (TWH))

% of ttotal energy gen nerated in 2013

1

25

5,735 5

4.4

Argentiina has 3 operating nuclear po ower plantss - Atucha 1 (PHWR R, 335MW)), Atucha 2 (PHWR R 692MW) and Emba alse (PHW WR, 600 MW W), whose e electricityy productio on in 2013, was 5.7 735 TWh o or 4.4% of tthe countryy’s electricity grid. On n the same e Atucha 1 and 2 site, in Lima a, nearly 1 100 km aw way from B Buenos Aires, CARE EM25 (PW WR 25 MW W) is underr constru uction. Embalsse PHWR is supplie ed by Can nada (CAN NDU desig gn) and A Atucha-1 a and -2 are e supplie ed by Germ many (KWU/Siemenss and succcessors). Constructio C on work on n Atucha-2 2 began in 1981, w were suspended in 19 987 and re esumed in 2 2006. Com mpletion wa as reached d in Septtember 201 11 and the plant rema ained in the pre-operrational tessting phase e until June e 2014. In July 201 14 Atucha 2 (rename ed ‘Kirchne er’) was co onnected to o Argentine e Grid and d sent itss first rated power to tthe electriccity grid. The co onstruction of reacto or CAREM25 - Centtral Argenttina de Elementos M Modulares, began in Februarry 2014. It is an Arge entina proto otype reacttor design proposed by INVAP, a techn nology com mpany, whicch can be used as a generator of electricity (25 MW W) research h reactorr with up 100MWt 1 orr desalinattion with p power up tto 8 MW iin cogenerration. The e CAREM M prototype e is expecct to cost $446 million n. It is sch heduled to begin cold d testing in n 2016 and receive e its first fu uel load in the second half of 2 2017. It relies on passive safetyy system ms, with the e entire prim mary coola ant system in a single e self-presssurised vessel, using g free convection to o circulate tthe coolant. On September 3 3rd 2014, a commerrcial frame ework conttract for th he constru uction of a eactor at the t Atucha site has b been signed between n Nucleoelé éctrica Arg gentina and d third re China N National Nuclear Corrporation (C CNNC). In the contra act CNNC will provide e technical supportt, services, equipment and instrumentatio on under a $2 billion n long-term m financing g arrange ement. In a addition, China C will a also supplyy materials needed byy Argentina a to locallyy P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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produce e compon nents for the unit. Through the conttract, the parties a agree thatt Nucleoeléctrica, a as the reacctor ownerr and architect engin neer of the project, w will conductt oject, desig gn, constru uction, com mmissionin ng and op peration off the new 800 MWe e pre-pro Candu 6. as five ressearch reacctors (RA0 0, RA1, RA A3, RA4, RA6) R for ap pplications, Argentiina also ha training g of manpo ower, materials irradia ation and ra adioisotope e productio on. It has sstill the RA-10 (30 MW) proje ect that willl reset the RA3 (from m 1967), be esides prod ducing radioisotopes, peration forreseen for 2018. 2 with op Jun 14, 2012 - A Argentina's Neuquen plant has completed c production n of 600 m mt of heavyy water ffor the inittial load of o the Atuccha-2 PHW WR, the co ountry's Planning Ministry hass informe ed. In Augu ust 2011, the govern nment of Argentina A ssigned an agreement with Canada (SNS-Lavalin n- Candu E Energy) for activities tto expand by more th han 30 yea ars the use eful lifetime e of the Embalse plant, which started d commerrcial opera ation in Ja anuary 1984. Seven n agreem ments in the e amount o of 444 millio on dollars are involve ed (US$ 24 40 million financed byy Corpora ação Andina de Fom mento-CAF F), comprissing transfe er of Cana adian techn nology and d develop pment of the t local in ndustry forr nuclear ccomponent fabrication n. The pro oject’s total cost is US$1.366 million (no oting that the differen nce will be allocated ffor contraccting on the e here are p plans to upgrade the plant’s generating g Argentiinean marrket). In addition, th capacitty. Along th his line, in A August 2010, Canadian L-3 Ma apps was e engaged th he supply a full-sco ope operato or training simulatorr for Emba alse, a devvelopment associate ed with the e planned d expansio on of the plant’s usefu ul lifetime. In addition, the country, in advance e of startiing an intternational competitivve bidding g processs, is holdiing contaccts with se everal sup ppliers (Ca anada, Fra ance, Russsia, China, Japan and USA A) intended d to define e the tech hnology and/or time e schedule es for two o addition nal nuclearr power rea actors, one e of them probably p on n the Atuch ha site. The Ro osatom Co. said on October 10 0, 2012 tha at it will "definitely" participate p in a tenderr to build d Argentina a's Atucha-3, Kirill Komarov, dep puty directo or general for develo opment and d internattional busin ness at the e Russian sstate nucle ear corpora ation. ersification n has strongly reduce ed the oil de ependence e The country’s policy of enerrgy mix dive evailed in the 1970’ss, down fro om 93% to o 42% in 1 1994 and currently sstanding att that pre around 52%. at the Pro ovince of F Formosa th he constru uction is p planned of the Small In this context, a ar Nuclearr Reactor CAREM ((Central A Argentina d de Elemen ntos Modu ulares), an n Modula Argentiinean desiign prototyype reactor proposed d by techn nology com mpany INV VAP. Such h plant iss capable of being u used as an n electricityy generator (27MWe)), a researrch reactorr with up p to 100MW Wt or a dessalination p plant with a an output of o up to 8 M MWe in co--generation n mode. Energyy exchange e, mainly w with Brazil,, occurs acccording to o each cou untry’s ava ailability forr input su upply. As repo orted by the Minister of Defense e Nilda Ga arré in June e 2010, the ere are alsso plans forr

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the con nstruction of a nucle ear-powere ed submariine using tthe same modular te echnology, which could c be b brought intto operatio on as earlyy as 2015 5 (5 years before the e Brazilian n project)). Operato ors from A Atucha-1 arre trained o on Eletronuclear’s sim mulator at Mambucaba - Angra a dos Re eis and tho ose from Em mbalse are e trained on o Hydro-Q Quebec’s simulator att Gentille-2 2 nuclearr power sta ation in Can nada. In May, 2013 wass signed th he agreem ment betwee en Argentina (INVAP P) and Brazil (CNEN)) for the constructtion of the e research h reactor RMB (Bra azilian Mu ulti-proposa al reactor). ngineering for the reactor that will be sim milar to the e research h INVAP will supply basic en reactorr OPAL, in Australia. uary 2014, Argentina a was cho osen to be e the president of th he Nuclearr Supplierss In Janu Group - NSG (N Nuclear Su uppliers Group) for the period d 2014-2015. The N NSG is an n organizzation of 4 48 countrie es focused d on contrrolling the spread off nuclear ttechnologyy through h trade, thu us preventing the proliferation o of nuclear w weapons. Japane ese accident and its conseque ences are being care efully exam mined and compared d againstt plant dessigns in Arg gentina as part of the e process of continuo ous improvvement, ass informe ed by the n national reg gulatory bo ody Autorid dad Regula atoria Nucle ear Argenttina (ARN), which is considerring the ado option of a any change e it may deem approp priate. In viiew of theirr location n, Argentin na’s plants are not su ubject to th he events tthat hit Jap pan, accorrding to the e ARN.

Brazill Counttry

Brasiil

Reactorrs in installed d operattion capacity y (MW)

2

1,9 990

Rea actors under construction

capacity under construction ((MW)

1

1,405

generate ed energy % of total energy y 2013 (TWH) gen nerated in 2013 3

14..640

2.78

Brazil iss the world d’s tenth larrgest energ gy consum mer and eig ghth econom my in terms of Grosss Domesstic Productt, being the e second n not belongin ng to the OECD, O just behind Ch hina. Brazil h has two nuclear powe er plants in n operation n (Angra-1, PWR, 640 0 MW and Angra-2, PWR, 1 1350 MW) whose ele ectricity pro oduction in n 2012 wass 16.086 T TWh or 3,2 2% of the countryy’s electric Power, an nd one plant under construction n (Angra-3, PWR, 14 405 MW), whose constructiion work sstarted in 2010, following extensive negotiations with the dos Reis to own hall in n connectio on with the soil use liccense and the enviro onmentalAngra d social compensa ation plan, whose in nvestment amount comes to 317 million reals (around d US$175 millions). ptember 28 8, 2013, it was 13 ye ears since the Angra a-2 plant re eached 100% of its On Sep rated p power. The e plant’s ele ectricity pro oduction in n that perio od was mo ore than 11 15 million MWh. S Such amount of elecctric power would be e enough tthe supplyy the city o of Rio de Janeiro o for nine yyears; Sao Paulo, for six; and B Brasília, forr more than n two deca ades. The operatio on is foreseen for 2018. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Brazil a also has four research reactors,, two in Sa ao Paulo Sttate, one in n Minas Ge erais State e and one in Rio de Janeiro State. The e largest off them pro oduces radioisotopes for use in n industryy and in m medicine. A Among the e different medical a applicationss of these elements, mention n is made o of markerss in diagnosstic examin nations tho ose for trea ating tumorrs. Brazil iss not self-ssufficient in n radiopharrmaceutica als, importin ng part of w what it nee eds, mainlyy molybd denum-99. The supp ply is curre ently unce ertain, with h only thre ee major producers: p Canada a, Netherrlands an nd South Africa. Argentiina can also supply this materia al for Braziil, reaching g as much as 30% % of Brazilia an requirem ments. The Brrazilian Mu ultipurpose e ReactorRMB, currently in the cconceptual design phase, willl be locate ed at Iperó beside e the Village,, Aramar Experim mental Center, wiill be a solution n to this prroblem, according to CNEN. Ang gra 3 –Reacto or Building S Status (photo Elletronuclear)

The co ountry’s ele ectricity pro oduction is primarily supplied s by hydropow wer; such generation n accoun nted for mo ore than 90 0% of the total t in 2012. A strong economiic growth iss expected d until 20 030, and accordingly, a large e increase in electriccity consumption. Besides the e constru uction of po ower plantts with othe er fuel sou urces, plans to diverssify Brazil’ss electricityy mix (ass per data ffrom the en nergy research entityy Empresa de Pesquiisa Energética - EPE)) contem mplate the constructio on of 4 to 8 nuclear power plants within a time horrizon up to o 2030, lo ocated in N Northeast and Southeast Brazil. Site definitions, rea actor typess and otherr matterss are underr study at Eletrobras E ear and EP PE. Eletronucle In term ms of fuel iin Brazil, e estimates o of Santa Quitéria Q reserves (Ce eará) come to 142.5 5 thousan nd tons of uranium. A Also in ope eration is th he Caetité m mine (Bahia), whose production n capacitty is being expanded d. Prospectting the Brrazilian terrritory is the e challenge e yet to be e met, bu ut the prosp pects are p promising. In Sep ptember 20 010, the Internation nal Atomicc Energy Agency (IIAEA) app proved the e proposa al from th he Radioph harmaceutticals Divission of Insstituto de Engenharria Nuclearr (IEN), in Rio de Janeiro, tto study th he feasibility of an a alternative,, more cosst-effective e d for production of iodine-124 4. Such ra adioisotope e has been n under re esearch in n method severall countriess for use in n positron emission ttomograph hy (PET), cconsidered d to be the e most ad dvanced im maging exa am currentlly available e. In the area a of sp pecialized p personnel training, th he Universsity of Sao Paulo - U USP will be e creating g by 2012 2 (classes to start in n 2013) a nuclear e engineering g course in n the area a neighbo oring the RMB. R This is the seco ond nuclear engineeriing course at a publicc universityy in Brazzil, the first one wass created a at the UFR RJ in 2010 0. Such co ourses covver nuclearr P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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technollogy as a w whole, and d not only nuclear en ngineering. UFRJ’s C COPPE alsso offers a graduate course [British terrminology, post-gradu uate] in nuclear engin neering. Th he Federal Universsity of Pernambuco (UFPE) p provides a course iin energy studies, w which also o addressses the nuclear part of o electricitty generation. Brazil and a Argen ntina in 20 011 decide ed to expa and their n nuclear coo operation agreementt signed in 2008 to o include tthe construction of ttwo researrch reactorrs. These will be the e multipu urpose type e and used d for radioissotope prod duction, fuel and matterial irradia ation tests, and neutron resea arch. ed the bassic engine eering pro oject of th he Brazilia an Nuclearr In Julyy 2012 was initiate Subma arine Propu ulsion - SN N BR. Thiss basic dessign should d take thre ee years, a after which h begins the phase e of detaile ed design, together w with the co onstruction of the submarine in n RJ). The co ontract is a about 21 b billion realss 2016, in the Navyy yard being built in Itaguaí (R billion dolla ars). The ccompleting constructiion for the e experime ental opera ation of the e (10,2 b reactorr and its nuclear p propulsion plant (LA ABGENE) is estima ated for 2 2014. The e comple etion of the construction of the fiirst SNBR is planned for 2020. Brazilia an governm ment appro oved in Aug gust 2012 a plan to set up a state-owned d companyy to oversee production of the country's first n nuclear su ubmarine. The comp pany, Blue e Amazon Defense e Technolo ogies or Am mazul, will be in cha arge of "promoting, d developing, absorbing, transfe erring and maintaining" technolo ogies need ded for Bra azil's nuclea ar program m uclear power-related activities o of the Brazzilian Navyy, including g the consstruction off and nu Brazil'ss first nucle ear-powere ed submariine. Amazu ul will also help create new com mpanies in n Brazil'ss nuclear sector, offfering them m technica al assistan nce if neccessary. T The sub iss currenttly under constructio c on in Itagu uaí, Rio d de Janeiro o State, an nd Amazu ul is to be e headqu uartered in Brazil's largest city o of Sao Pau ulo, also in n the south heast. With respect to o conseq quences off nuclear a accident in Fukushim ma, after te echnical re eviews the Brazilian’ss Utility, Eletronucle E ear that construct and d operatess Nuclear Power P Plan nts has beg gun actionss to reduce any riskks which th he domesticc nuclear plants p could d be subject to in the e event of a severe accident. he current knowledge k e, an event similar to that in Jap pan could n not occur in n On the basis of th because off its location, far awayy from the edges of the tectonicc plate und derlying the e Brazil b Brazilia an territory;; the South h Atlantic plates p move e apart from m each oth her, whereas Japan’ss tectonicc plates co ollide with each othe er; and a South S Atla antic type earthquake e e does nott cause ttsunamis.

Chile Chile imports 70 0% of its power con nsumption,, the grea ater part b being produced from m hydroca arbons. Th he countryy has two o research reactors but no nu uclear pow wer plants. Studiess have bee en develop ped to assess the po ossibility off building a nuclear generating g plant; in addition n, under ccooperatio on arrange ements witth the IAE EA, self-assessmentt program ms are bein ng conductted as a prreparatory step for ne ew constructions. In Febrruary 2011, a nuclear cooperattion agreem ment was ssigned with h France, ffocused on n nuclearr training ffor Chilean n scientistss and proffessionals, including design, co onstruction n and op peration of nuclear po ower plantss. The agrreement also includes uranium mining forr supplying French reactors. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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The Minister of Mines M and E Energy, La aurence Go olborne, de eclares tha at Chile willl double itss energy requireme ents over the forthccoming 12 years. Th he countryy has been n trying to o balance e its sourcces of ene ergy, which h in the 19 990’s, wass based on n hydro po ower. Such h sourcess need to be b diversiffied mainly on accoun nt of the drroughts occcurred in p past recentt years ((empty resservoirs) w which caused instabillity in elecctricity supply. The n natural gass solution n failed to m meet this n need, and C Chile is now w looking tto nuclear e energy. After th he March accident a in Japan, Ch hile has nott changed its mind on n nuclear e energy and d understtands, as expressed by its pre esident - S Sebastián Piñera P thatt nuclear e energy and d earthqu uakes are not mutually exclusivve. This go overnmenta al position can be exxplained byy the cou untry’s stro ong concerrn about energy shortage and by the exp perience g gained with h the ope eration of two resea arch reacto ors (since the 1970’ss) which a are used for f medical studiess. Such rea actors resissted the sttrong earth hquakes th hat ever hit Chile. Ne ew nuclearr energy studies arre going on n. Most off Chile’s po opulation d does not su upport this position.

Venez zuela Althoug gh Venezu uela has no nuclea ar power p plants, the e nuclear field is not n entirelyy unknow wn to it. Th he Venezuelan Institu ute for Scie entific Ressearch (Insstituto Vene ezolano de e Investig gaciones C Científicas - IVIC) ope erated a 3MWt resea arch reacto or from 196 64 to 1994 4 for the production n of radioiso otopes for industry, m medicine an nd agriculture. In Nove ember 2010, the coun ntry’s Natio onal Assem mbly ratified d a cooperration agree ement with h Russia for workin ng a researrch reactorr and a pow wer reactorr. The agre eement con ntemplatess opment thrrough train ning progra ams in sa afety, envirronmental protection, personnel develo afeguards, but for no ow the cou untry show ws no otherr regulation, radiatiion protecttion and sa ar energy. interestts in nuclea

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B - Europe E e

Position of E European Nucllear Power pla ant in operatio on

In the E European Union as a whole, n nuclear ene ergy repressents 30% % of electriccity supply. The nu uclear policcy differs frrom a country to ano other, and in some (ffor example, Austria, Ireland, Estonia) there is n no nuclearr generatin ng plant in n operation n. As a co omparison, France has a larrge numbe er of plants in 19 different site es. Europ pe has no significantt sourcess of uranium and 8 80% the European p plants’ feed d material come fro om Russia, Kazakh hstan, Can nada, Austtralia and Niger. The e EU impo orts 40% o of the nucclear fuel itt consum mes and 95 5 percent o of the uranium require ed for fuel p production. The Eu uropean Council C hass adopted a policy d directive concerning the mana agement off radioacctive waste e from any source as well as sp pent fuel, and requestted membe er states to o inform a about theirr respective e national programs p sset up to deal with the e issue up to 2015. Countriess will be re equired to define wh hether and d how theirr wastes w will be storred or rep processed, how mucch will thatt cost, etc., and the "wait-and--see" postp ponement policy thatt has preva ailed so fa ar will no lo onger be acceptable. a . Countriess could uniite to find a joint solution, but this will h have to be e verified and a appro oved by th he IAEA. Moreover, exporting g radioactivve wastess to coun ntries havving no appropriate a e repositories or to A African, Pacific, Carib bbean countries, and d to Antarcttica will nott be allowe ed. (http://e ec.europa.e eu). Europe e has 196 o operating n nuclear rea actors in 14 4 countriess and manyy of them a are seeking g to exte end their u useful livess. After the Fukushima accide ent, the European U Union (UE)) through h several e entities esta ablished a safety asssessment p plan for nuclear powe er plants in n the Eurropean blocc intended to preservve energy ssecurity. Tests b began in Ju une and co onsist of thrree phasess: 1) Pre e-assessm ment by th he nuclea ar power plant ope erator itse elf answering a EU U questio onnaire; 2) The e answers a are checke ed by the co ountry’s re egulatory bo ody; 3) A re eview is done by an in nternationa al committe ee of experrts. The qu uestions ha ave to do with: abilitty to resistt such nattural disastters as ea arthquakes, tsunam mis, floods or other extreme n natural conditions; a ability to w withstand man-made e events,, whether by terrorrism or ne eglect (bla asts, airpla ane crash hes, fire); and whatt P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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preventtive measu ures are ta aken to avo oid and/or mitigate su uch eventss. There a are 19 new w reactorrs under co onstruction in the conttinent. ORATOM, trade asssociation fo or the nuclear energyy industry in Europe, In June 2011, FO h in the con ntinent the basis for a secure, competitive c e issued a study report to help establish w greenhou use gas-em mitting ene ergy mix ovver the com ming 40 yea ars. It conccluded thatt and low whatevver the sce enario for achieving the low-e emissions objective in such time frame, nuclearr energy sh hould be in ncluded in a all electricitty generation plans. 2012 The European n Commission post--Fukushima a report liisted main n On Occtober 4, 2 recomm mendationss for impro ovement o of EU nucclear powe er plant sa afety, stem mming from m stress tests cond ducted. In n its reporrt to the E European Council and a Parliam ment were e arized resu ults of 18 m months of comprehe ensive risk and safetyy assessm ments at all summa nuclearr power un nits in the EU, and o outlined pla ans for folllow-up acttions. Nuclear powerr plant operators o w will have tto spend a total of between Eur10 E billio on and Eu ur25 billion n (curren ntly $13 billion and $3 32.5 billion)) to make ssafety upgrades reco ommended by the EU U post-Fu ukushima reactor r stre ess test and peer reviiew processs The reccommenda ations are the t followin ng: s with an o • N Nuclear sitte seismic analysis should be b based on earthquake e occurrence e p probability of less than once in n 10,000 yyears, taking into co onsideration n the mostt ssevere earrthquake ovver that pe eriod. • T The same 10,000-yea ar approacch should b be taken fo or severe flo ooding. • S Seismic rresistance should b be calcula ated using g a miniimum pea ak ground d a acceleratio on of 0.1 g, g and plan nt design m must be ab ble to withstand an e earthquake e p producing tthat accele eration. Thiis is a reco ommendation of the IA AEA. • E Equipmentt needed to o cope witth accidentts should be b stored in places adequately a y p protected a against extternal even nts. • O On-site seiismic instru umentation n should be e installed or o improve ed. • P Plant desig gn should give operrators at le east one hour to resstore safetyy functionss a after station blackout and/or ultiimate heat sink. • E Emergencyy operating g procedure es should ccover all plant states. • S Severe acccident man nagement g guidelines also should d cover all plant state es. • P Passive m measures such as passive autocatalyticc recombiiners (H2) “or otherr rrelevant altternatives”” should be e in place tto prevent explosion of hydroge en or otherr ccombustiblle gases in n case of se evere accid dents. • C Containme ent filtered vventing sysstems shou uld be in place. • A backup emergencyy control rroom shou uld be avaiilable in ca ase the main control rroom beco omes inhab bitable due to radiation, fire or exxtreme extternal haza ards.

Armenia Country

Armen nia

Reactors in opera ation

1

installe ed capacitty (MW)

37 75

Reac ctors under con nstruction

0

capacity und der construction (MW)

0

generatted energy % of total energy y 2013 3 (TWH) ge enerated in 2013

2,1 167

29.2

Armeniia is an ex--soviet rep public with around 3.2 2 million inhabitants. The counttry has one e plant in n operation - Armenia a 2 (PWR, 375MW) 3 and anotherr one perm manently clo osed 1989, after an n earthquake. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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In 2013 3 its sole plant in ope eration prod duced 2.16 67 TWh of electricity,, which acccounted forr ntry’s electtricity gene 29.2% of the coun eration. Arm menia is pa articularly d dependentt on Russia a for trad de and ene ergy distrib bution, its only o compa any was bo ought by R Russian RA AO-UES in n 2005. Natural ga as is mainlly imported d from Russsia, but th he construction of a pipeline to o deliver natural gas from Iran n to Armen nia was com mpleted in Decemberr 2008, and d deliveriess of gas expanded e in April 2010 after the e completio on of the Y Yerevan Th hermal Pow wer Plant. The country has cconducted the same safety testts as the EU nations, although n not being a membe oc. er of the Blo

Austrria Country

Reactors s in operatio on

installed d capacity y (MW)

Reac ctors under con nstruction

c capacity unde er co onstruction (MW W)

generated d energy 2013 (T TWH)

% of total energy y generated in 2013 3

Áustria

0

70 00

0

0

0

0

Austria has a read dy plant that never operated du ue to a pop pulation refferendum w with narrow w decision (50.47%) where it w was define ed that the country wo ould not usse nuclear energy forr electriccity generation. Accordingly, the e Zwenten ndorf plant (BWR-700 0 MW) wass canceled d in Nove ember 1978. The de esign and construction compa anies were e dissolved d and the nuclear fuel f supplyy agreem ments with EXPORT T (USSR) and the U U.S. Deparrtment of Energy (D DOE) were e cancele ed as well as the agre eement forr reprocesssing of spent fuel with h French C COGEMA. Nuclear P Power Station Zwentendorf, Áustria (Close ed)

In Austtria about 60 6 percentt of electriccity producction is from m domestiic hydropow wer. It hass oil and ga as, but it is well-know wn that theyy use nucle ear electriccity from n neighboring g countries and it is estimated to o be five to o 10 perccent of total con nsumption. Officially, nothing iss said abou ut that, butt the counttry does use nuclearr electricityy buying it from Germ many and the Czech h Republic. They use u cheap nuclearr night tarifff to pump p electricityy or the n gh in the e water to pump-storage hig e mountainss during the night and use expensive e, peak-lo oad electrricity from m hydropow wer stations for their t own n consumpttion or for export e to n neighboring g countries.. It is a magic transfer from m nuclearr electricityy to ‘green’’ electricityy, according g to Prof. Helmuth B Böck, presid dent of the e Austrian Nuclear Society. Academ mic training in the n nuclear arrea in Ausstria is a rather r devveloped acctivity, with h emphassis on nucclear knowlledge man nagement p provided by the Atom minstitute (A ATI) which h develop ps research, training and educa ation progra ams on its Triga reacctor. The co ountry also o hosts th he Internattional Atom mic Energy Agency – IAEA’s he eadquarterss and unitss dedicated d to training and ed ducation in the fields o of science and techno ology. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Belgiu um Country y

Reactors s in operatio on

Belgium m

7

installed capacity ((MW)

6212

Reacttors under cons struction

c capacity unde er co onstruction (MW)

generated d energy 2013 (T TWH)

%o of total energy gene erated in 2013

0

0

40,6 631

52,1

Belgium m has two o nuclear power sta ations, Doe el with 4 p plants (PW WR, 2,963 MW) and d Tihange e with 3 units u (PWR R, 3,129 M MW). The plants havve been op perating fo or 28 to 39 9 years a and are lice ensed for 4 40 years. T The Belgia an Cabinet on July 4,2 2012 voted d to extend d operatio on of the three old dest plantss Doel-1 (412-MW), ( Doel-2(45 54-MW) e Tihange-1 1 (1.009--MW) that have their useful lifetime e extended for f more 10 1 years, until 2025 5 (operattion during 50 years).. 40,6 TW Wh were p produced b by nuclear source in 2013, whicch accountted for 52.1 % of the e countryy’s electricity generation. At pre esent, the p policy to ph hase out alll reactors up to 2025 5 is being g severelyy questione ed. Costs w will be hug ge, bringin ng losses tto security of supply, depend dence on internation nal sources, and inccreased emissions. This dimin nished the e countryy’s compettitiveness, as indica ated in the e report - Belgium’ss Energy C Challengess Toward ds 2030, which strong gly recomm mends returning to nu uclear electtricity gene eration. Anywayy, the country’s prevvailing deccision todayy is to shu ut down th he oldest rreactors byy 2015 and the othe ers by 2025, subject to the exisstence energy source es capable of meeting g electriccity requirem ments with hout imposiing rationin ng program ms on the population. p , Operato ors GDF S Suez and E Electrabel jjointly with h energy-in ntensive co onsumers (chemicals ( gases, plastics, a and specia alty metals)) united to o try to kee ep power p plants operational forr the long gest period d possible.. Their plan ns also contemplate investing in i the consstruction off a new nuclear n pla ant followin ng the Finn nish model,, in which cconsumerss get togeth her to build d their po ower plant (Olkiluoto model). In the research a area, the g governmen nt approved d a resoluttion in March 2010 authorizing a g Multi-Purpo ose Hybrid d Research h use of resources of the future researrch reactorr Myrrha (M or for High-T Tech Appliications) fo or developm ment of inn novative so olutions in e energy and d Reacto nuclearr medicine. The reacttor and acccelerator have been d designed b by SCK-CE EN that hass awarde ed a €24 million ($3 32 million) contract ffor front-end engine eering desiign for the e Myrrha accelerato or-driven research re eactor to a multinatio onal consorrtium led b by Areva in n Octobe er 2013. The T otherss are Ita aly's Ansalldo Nuclea are and S Spain's Em mpresarioss Agrupa ados. That reactor r wo ould be used, for example, in treatting nucle ear waste es through h transmutation; mo odifying th he characte eristics of semicondu uctors (dop ped silicon n) essential plications iin electron nic compon nents, etc. A large-capacity fa actory is yyet a long g for app distancce away, b but a pilot project (att the cost o of 1 billion n euros). The tests will take 5 years u until the sta art of comm mercial operation tha at is planne ed to be in n 2023 at the Belgian n Nuclear Research h Center-S SCK, as pa art of the M Myrrha project. It mayy lead to a significantt on in the a amount and d size of permanent storage faccilities for high-level h radioactive e reductio wastes. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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The strress test re esults have e been satisfactory a and on No ovember 8,, 2011 the regulatoryy body sa aid that the e Belgian plants p are ssafe and m may continu ue in operation. elgian minister of ene ergy stated d that the decision o on extendin ng the lifettime of the e The Be countryy’s plants will not be e taken un ntil after th he results of curren nt stress te ests for all nuclearr power pla ants in Euro ope are relleased. ol on 27/02 2/2012 the Forum Nu ucleaire’s shows s that 75 percentt of Belgian ns would be b In a poo in favour of continued prod duction of nuclear en nergy, and d 40 perce ent would support th he building g of new p power plan nts in orde er to ensure energy supplies. With the condition c o of plants safety and d the prope er managem ment of nuclear waste e are guara anteed.

Belaru us Country y

Reactors in operatio on

Belarus s

0

installed capacity (MW)

Reacto ors under construction

0

1

ca apacity underr generated e energy % of ttotal energy con nstruction (MW W) 2013 (TW WH) genera ated in 2013

1109

0

0

Belaruss's populattion is 9.6 million and d resides in urban areas. The energy pro oduction iss 99% frrom fossil fuels. The e country was part of the Sovviet Union until 1991, when itt declare ed its indep pendence. Simulatio on of two un nits AES-200 06

Image: A AtomEnergo oProekt

In 2011 1 Intergove ernmental agreemen nt between n Russia and Beloru ussia on N NPP constrruction wass signed. Two VVE ER-type rea actors, dessign “AES-2006” o of 1200 MW W each, att site “Ostro ovetskaya”” in Grod dno provincce. Start-u up of the ffirst unit iss planned d for 2018, the second d – for 202 20. The firrst safetyy-related cconcrete has been n poured for the fou undation sllab of the 1st reactorr site in Belarus markking the offficial start o at the Ostrovets O of construcction of the e country'ss first NP PP (07.11.2 2013). A full construction n license has h been isssued for th he first of two t units a at the Ostro ovets plantt in Bela arus, allowiing the rea actor and p plant buildings to be built. Con ncrete for tthe second d unit fou undation wa as poured on 25.04.2 2014.

Bulga aria Country y

Bulgaria a

Reactors in installed operation n capacity (M MW)

2

1.906

Reactors under construc ction

capacity under constrruction (MW)

0

0

generated en nergy 2013 (TWH H)

13,313 3

% of total t energy generated in 2013

30.7

Bulgaria has 2 nu uclear powe er plants (K KOZLODUY 5 and 6 – VVER-P PWR 1000 MW, each)) in com mmercial op peration, w which acco ounted forr 13.313 T TWh, apprroximately 30.7%, off electriccity generattion in 2013. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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32

The co onstruction of the two o plants tha at were un nder consttruction (Be elene 1 an nd 2 VVER R PWR 1000 MW) w was suspe ended and there are 4 reactors shut down n (KOZLOD DUY 1 to 4 – VVER 440 MW W) to com mply with th he Europe ean Union energy ag greement. Bulgaria’ss ar power plants p with h government has already exxpressed iinterest in replacing old nuclea nes, though h finance iss lacking. new on Nuclear Po ower Plant Kozloduy

Bulgaria’ss NEK - Nationa al Electricc Company holds 51% in th he nuclearr ant project at Belene e (2x 1000 0 power pla MW – VV VER) and signed a co ontract with h Russia’s Atomstroyyexport fo or design, construction and co ommission ning of the e plant’s units, but the e price is a above whatt d the countrry accepts to pay, which would construction bring about contractt performan nce delayss. In March h 2012 the e governme ent decid ded to use the e equipmen nt that had d been ma anufactured d for Bele ene in anotther plant in Central K Kosloduy (the reactorr No. 7). In Dece ember 201 13 Westing ghouse sig gned an exxclusive ag greement with w Bulga aria Energyy Holding g for the A AP1000 tecchnology, a and will prrovide all of o the plan nt equipme ent, design, enginee ering and ffuel. The re eactor is prrojected to be online by 2023. The ressults of sa afety stresss tests performed all over Eurrope are u under revie ew and the e relevan nt recomme endations w will be implemented w where appropriate. There is also a research reactor in n the Bulg garian Aca ademy of Sciences in Sofia operate ed by The Institute for Nuclear R Research a and Nuclea ar Energy ((INRNE). Nuclea ar wastes Bulgaria has awa arded the design conttract for a low- and in ntermediate e-level storrage facilityy onsortium fformed by Spanish E ENRESA, Westingho ouse Electrric Spain ((WES) and d to a co German DBE Tecchnology. The T reposittory will be e built on th he site of th he Kozlodu uy plant.

h Republic Czech Countrry

Rep. Che eca

Reactors in installed d operattion capacity y (MW)

6

376 60

Reacttors under cons struction

c capacity unde er co onstruction (MW)

generate ed energy 2013 (TWH)

% of total energy y generated in 2013 3

0

0

29.005

35.9

blic is rich in mineral coal depo osits and Europe’s third largest exporter off The Czzech Repub electriccity. The co ountry hass 6 plants (Dukovany ( y 1 to 4 an nd Temelin n 1 and 2, all VVER)) operate ed by company CEZ, which pro oduced 29 9.005 TWh in 2013, a accounting for 35.9% % of the ccountry’s electric pow wer. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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33

In the Temelin ssite, which was originally desig gned for 4 reactors and but ffor political reasonss only 2 w were built, has now an a internattional comp petitive bid dding proce ess on the e supply of the two o new reacctors has b been initiated, with su uppliers fro om France e (AREVA), apan (Westtinghouse) and Russia (Rosatom) trying to o sell their products. U.S./Ja Temelín n nuclear powerr plant (foto E EZ)

The win nner would d be announced in n 2013, bu ut Areva wa as disqualiified by bid d commisssion and it decided to appeal against the decission. So the final selection n of the e winner will be e postpone ed for som me months. After thiss big delayy, the comp pany CEZ decided to o cancel the projject beca ause the e governm ment did no ot give a guaranteed g d price fo or energyy that jusstifies the e investme ent amount. The currrent statuss is the governme ent takes over the e project th hrough a new n state ccompany to o ensure e energy supply in 2020 0. In addition, an exxtension off the usefu ul life time has been requested for the 4 reactors off any nuclear power sta ation, whicch has been n in operattion for more than 20 years. Dukova This wo ould enable the facility to generate electricity up to 2025 – 20 028. The exxtension off u lifettime is esstimated to o plants’ useful require a significa ant amoun nt of workk and invvestment. The actiivities are e planned to start byy 2015 an nd will also o plate powe er upgrade e by up to o contemp 500 MW(e). In June 2011 on rrequest of the Czech h ment, the e nuclear station n governm Dukovan ny went through a safetyy inspectio on by the e IAEA (O Operational Safety R Review Te eam - OSART) in, where itt was foun nd that th he plant iss safe, no oting that some of its safetyy practicess could be improved ass recomme ended by the inspecction team. NPP Duko ovany – Czech Republic (Ima age: Petr Adam mek)

The Czzech goverrnment decclared thatt will proce eed with itss plans forr constructtion of new w nuclearr plants, so o that the C Czech Rep public will rrely on nucclear energ gy to generate half off its elecctricity by around 20 040 – up ffrom abou ut one-third d now und der an ene ergy policyy adopted d by the ccountry’s C Cabinet ass declared by national utility C CEZ on No ovember 8, 2012. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Dukova any nuclea ar power station’s rea actors will a also be cap pable of su upplying he eat for theirr neighbo orhood, the e town of Brno, 40 kkm far awa ay, accordin ng to the e environmen ntal impactt study submitted s tto local au uthorities b by the operator. The population n would be enefit from m carbon emission reduction r a heating and g cost stab bility.

Engla and and N Northern Ireland (UK) Country y

Reactors s in installed operatio on capacity ((MW)

Englan nd

16

Reacto ors under consttruction

ca apacity underr con nstruction (MW W)

generated energy 2013 (TWH)

% of o total energy generated in 2013

0

0

64,13

18,3

9,243

The Un nited Kingd dom has 1 16 plants in operatio on (9243 M MW installed capacitty) and 29 9 closed for having reached th he end of useful u lifetim me or obso olescence. It is Europe’s oldestt fleet, with w closed d plants that started operation in the 19 950’s and 1960’s. In 2013, the e countryy produced d 64.13 TW Wh of energ gy from nucclear sourcce (18.3% o of the total)). The Un nited Kingd dom has 7 75% of its electric po ower produ uced by oil and coal, and as a means to reduce its greenho ouse gas e emissions. Prroponent

EDF F Energyn

Type EPR R

L Locality

So omerset

EPR R EDF F Energyn

EPR R EPR R

S Suffolk

Site e

C Capacity (MWe gross)

Start Up

Hinkley Po oint C-1

1670

2023

Hinkley Po oint C-2

1670

2024

Sizewelll C-1

1670

?

Sizewelll C-2

1670

?

Wylfa New wydd 1

1380

2025

Wylfa New wydd 2

1380

2025

H Horizon

ABW WR

H Horizon

ABW WR

H Horizon

ABW WR

Glouc cestershire

Oldbury y B-1

1380

late 2020s

H Horizon

ABW WR

Glouc cestershire

Oldbury y B-2

1380

late 2020s

NuGenerration (Toshib ba +G GDF Suez)

AP1000 0 x3

C Cumbria

Moors side

3400

2024 on

Total planned & proposed

Wales

11 units

15,600 MWe so ource: WNA June J - 2014

The Go overnment launched in July 200 09 its Plan of Transition to a Lo ow-Carbon Economy. The Pla an is focussed in transsforming th he energy ssector by e expanding the use of renewable e sourcess, besides increasing g the energ gy efficienccy of the ccountry’s buildings, homes, and d transpo ort industryy. The currrent UK e electricity m mix is dom minated byy fossil fue els and so o increassing the sha are of nuclear would help diverssify the UK K’s fuel seccurity risk. c is expected tto realize the t domesstic goals o of cutting b by 34% the e Accordingly, the country e until 2020, when 40% % of electrricity consu umption in the United d greenhouse gas emissions m low-carb bon source es, with ren newable and nuclearr Kingdom are estimated to come from apture and d sequestra ation technologies. energy, as well ass carbon ca P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Building g a new fleet f of nucclear powe er plants is part of tthe carbon n emission n reduction n policy existing e in the counttry and su uch plants are planned to startt operation n by 2017, replacin ng the olde est nuclea ar facilities (the one tthat last sttarted to op perate dates back to o 1989) and a those a already clo osed. Hinkley Point C (illus stration- WNA A)

Compa any Horizo on Nuclea ar Power joint ve enture orig ginally forrmed by E. ON UK and RW WE AG, w which wass filing license a applicationss for the e a and Old dbury sitess Wylfa Peninsula s in O October 20 012 (mostt was sold becausse politiccal quesstions in n Germa any) and the new owner iss Hitachi. e, where 2 For the Hinkley Point site ants alrea ady exist, EDF hass old pla beginniing the wo ork for an E EPR 1600 (Hinkley P Point C), in n the regio on of Westt Somersett and hass placed orders with AREVA for such plan nts’ heavy componen nts. Applica ations for the three m main enviro onmental permits p req quired to o operate the e proposed d new UK K nuclear power stattion at Hinkley Point C in Somerset have e been give en positive e assessment by th he country’ss Environm ment Agenccy, EDF ha as announcced and in Decemberr 2012 th he British re egulators approved a th he EPR prroject. ment decisio on was takken this prroject in Occtober 2013. Besidess the EDF, The final investm nsortium C China Gene eral Nuclear Corpora ation (CGN N) and China Nation nal Nuclearr the con Corpora ation (CNNC), will have a combined sshare of 3 30% to 40 0% in the e businesss consorttium, and the Frencch state-ow wned nucle ear group Areva, witth 10%. T These two o EPRs represent the largesst investment in infrrastructure project in n England since the e 1950s. Um gro oup formed d by Spain n’s Iberdola a (37.5%), Britain’s Scottish S & Southern (25%) and d France’s GDF Suez (37.5% %), set up p a conso ortium - Nu uGeneratio on Ltd (Nu uGen) thatt ed in 2009 a land plott in Sellafie eld (west England) ass a possible e site for ne ew nuclearr acquire reactorrs. In this case, the Project invvolves the e constructtion of a n nuclear pla ant with an n installed capacity of 3600 M MW, to help p achieve th he goal of changing tthe United Kingdom’ss w is sttrongly ba ased on co oal. The e expected is i the pow wer supplyy energy profile, which ponds to 6% % of the total in Engla and (enoug gh to serve e five millio on homes). corresp ba Corpora ation has a agreed to b buy a 60 p per cent sh hare in the e Following news that Toshib NuGenerattion Limite ed (NuGe en) in Mo oorside prroject, We estinghousse Electricc UK’s N Compa any has rep ported thatt it will supply the new w-build pro oject with th hree AP10 000 nuclearr reactorrs with a co ombined ccapacity of 3.4 GW. GDF Suezz is also w working in p partnership p with To oshiba and NuGen on n the projecct.

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Reusing plutonium from civvil nuclear facilities is a fundam mental con ndition of the t carbon n reductio on plan ad dopted by the U.K. which w needs to man nage 112 ttonnes of material in n storage e (produce ed locally and from customerss external to the Se ellafield reprocessing g plant). Although reuse r throu ugh the pro oduction off MOX fuell, so far, iss not so commerciallyy successful in Britain as in F France (AR REVA), the e produced d material ccould feed 2 reactorss for up to 60 yea ars. On 5/0 07/2011 - Britain’s M Minister of Energy and a Climate Change,

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Charless Hendry, states thatt “The U.K K. government remain ns absolute ely committted to new w nuclearr power pla ants; withou ut them, th he nation would w be da arker and le ess prospe erous”. “We ne eed to maiintain publlic confiden nce based d on fact a and scientiffic evidencce and the e existen nce of a strong inde ependent regulatory r body”. He e believes that nucle ear energyy today iss vital to th he British energy secctor and w will so rema ain for man ny years. T The United d Kingdom should h have not ju ust one pla ant built, but a fleet, and this re equires tha at investorss be give en assurances in this regard. The en ntire processs is part of the cou untry’s low--carbon po olicy, incorp porating an ny lessonss from th he Fukushima accide ent. On Ju uly 22, 201 11 the Parrliament ap pproved th he national energy policy and d listed eig ght (8) sitess for new nuclear n pow wer plants; also a pla an was putt forward d to expedite such co onstruction projects. On 10/17/2011 th he Secretarry of Energ gy declared d that nucle ear energyy risks are kknown and d much ssmaller tha an the accceleration of climate e change. U.K. popu ulation sho ows a high h supportt for nucle ear energyy, with 61% % of resp pondents a agreeing on new constructionss mainly as a mea ans to prevvent climate change and ensu ure energyy security. A majorityy e in the UK thinkss the govvernment should in ncrease th he use off (63%) of people g to the fin ndings of a recent poll (October 2012). nuclearr, according In February 2012 2 The UK and Fran nce are to sign a lan ndmark ag greement in i Paris to o coopera ate on civill nuclear energy, pavving the wa ay for the co onstruction n of a new generation n of power plants in the UK. Deals bettween British and Frrench comp panies – w worth more e than 50 00 million p pounds (ab bout 600 million euro)) – will allow w work to sstart on new w facilities, creating g more tha an 1,500 jobs. The deals would include a £ £100 million contract with a con nstruction cconsortium to prepare e nkley Pointt nuclear site in Somerset for cconstruction n of two European P Pressurized d the Hin Water Reactors (EPRs).; ( a £15 millio on training g campus at Bridgew water in So omerset to o train th he next ge eneration of nuclear workers and a de eal with Rolls R Roycce for keyy compon nents that could be w worth poten ntially up to o £400 milliion. In June e 2013 The e UK gove ernment an nnounced a bid to en ncourage in nvestment in nuclearr power by offering g 10 billion n pounds (G GBP) (15.2 2 billion US S dollars, 11.6 billion n euros) off ear plant att Hinkley P Point. guarantees to invvestors in a new nucle nt poll amo ong reside ents found that the FukushimaF -Daiichi nu uclear accident had A recen virtuallyy no impacct on publicc attitudes tto nuclear power in th he UK. Nuclea ar wastes nited Kingd dom reproccesses nucclear waste es in its rep processing plants at S Sellafield. The Un This siite compriises of a range of nuclear ffacilities, including rredundant facilities associa ated with e early defen nce work, as a well as operating facilities a associated with the Magnoxx reprocesssing progrramme, the e Thermal Oxide Reprocessing g Plant (Th horp), the Sellafie eld mixed o oxide (MOX X) fuel plan nt and a ran nge of wasste treatme ent plants. At pressent, the co ountry’s sto ockpile of Plutonium comes to 82 tons, and a keeps growing. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Talks a are under w way betwee en the British governm ment and G GE-Hitachii about the possible use of Fast Bree eder Prism reactor te echnology with a vie ew to reducing the Plutonium P stockpile by using g it as MOxx fuel, from m 2025 onw wards.

Finlan nd Country

Finland d

Reactorrs in operattion

installed d capacity y (MW)

Rea actors un nder construction

ca apacity under con nstruction (MW))

generated d energy 2013 (T TWH)

% of total energy y generated in 2013 3

4

2.7 752

1

1.720

22,6 673

33,3

Finland d has 5.42 million inh habitants and four pla ants in ope eration whicch, togethe er, accountt for the production n of 22.67 7 TWh of e electricity o or 33.3% o of the country’s total electricityy generated in 2013; in addittion, a nucclear plant project is under wayy, Olkiluoto o 3 – EPR R 1600 M MW. Due tto the exccellent perf rformance of the 4 o operating plants, nucclear plantt availab bility over th he past reccent years reached an n average of 94.65%.

Nuclear Power Plant Olkiluotto o (simulation w with 4 reactorrs - AREVA)

There is a small research reactor loccated in Ottaniemi, Esspoo; a TR RIGA Mark II, built forr ersity of Te echnology in i 1962. the Hellsinki Unive The country has rreserves off uranium ((26.000tU), but it hass no uranium m mine in operation. In July 2010, the Finnish pa arliament a approved tthe countryy’s 6th reacctor and in July 2011 1 the pow wer plant O Olkiluoto 2 was w uprate ed to 880M MW. In 2011 1 Fennovoima annou unced that it had cho osen Pyhäjoki, in nortthern Finla and, as the e site for the countrry's sixth nu uclear pow wer plant. C Construction is expectted to startt in 2015. A decision was based on n such asspects as environme ental (sma aller impaccts on the e nment), po olitical-diplo omatic in line with the interna ational commitmentss from the e environ

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Kyoto Protocol, and strate egic aspeccts (lower dependen nce on otther extern nal energyy sourcess, mainly frrom Russia a, and the long-term sstability of the cost off nuclear energy). The hig ghly favorable public opinion wa as another important driver of th he decision n. Olkiluotto 3 plant ((1,600 MW W, EPR) is now sched duled to sta art operatio on in August 2016. Itt will be tthe first pla ant with the e EPR reacctor design n created b by French A AREVA. The Prroject is sshowing a delay of nearly 7 years vvis-à-vis the original plan. p The total t cost will be "close" to o the Eur8 8.5 billion. Several problem ms (constructio on, licensing, subcon ntracting, e etc.), arising g from the fact that such pllant is the ffirst of a kind of new reactors, and tha at qualified d, experienced labor does not exist in n sufficient quantity in either Finland or the cou untries invo olved in th he project w would be at the root of the delays occurring g so far. Areva’ss estimate ed losses up to end d of this Projectt come to 2 2.7 billion e euros. Nuclea ar Power Plan nt Olkiluoto 3 (photo ARE EVA)

Out of the three companiess that subm mitted environmentall impact sttudies to th he national authoritties for the e fifth reacttor, Teollissuuden Voiima Oy wa as chosen for an add ditional unitt on the Olkiluoto ssite (Olkilu uoto unit 4 – with no schedule or definitio on of techn nology, butt eologic stud dies in prog gress). Costs have been b estima ated in the e range of 4 - 6 billion n with ge euros. In December 2011 T TVO (Teollisuuden Vo oima Oyj) h has decide ed to start the t bidding g and eng gineering p phase of th he company's fourth n nuclear uniit at Olkiluo oto, Finland d. Fortum m Companyy (51% ow wned by the e Finnish g governmen nt) has pla ans for a new unit on n the Lovviisa site, a and is awaitting possib ble authorizzations. The Fin nnish gove ernment de ecided to ttax the pro ofits of com mpanies operating nuclear and d hydro p power plants to ensurre operatio onal compe etitiveness on the carb bon marke et. In D December 2013, Fen nnovoima a announced d plan ns to build the rea actor, Han nhikivi-1- a Russsian-desig gn 1,200-M MW AES-2 2006 PWR, in northern F Finland. It is negotiating with h e nuclear ccorporation n Rosatom m Russsian state to take t a 34% % stake in Fennovoim ma and forr Rossatom sub bsidiary Ru usatom Ovverseas to o build the unit. Pyhajoki ssite preparration workk on the Ha anhikivi peninsula, northeastt Finlland, is expected to sstart consttruction byy 2015. Nuclear Power Plant Loviisa - PWR R 488 MW, eac ch (photo Forrtum)

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Accord ding to a poll, con nducted in n 2013, some ttwo thirdss of the e residents, 67 pe er cent of people in n Pyhäjo in oki, are f favor off Fenno ovoima's n nuclear po ower plantt projectt.

The reactors haave gone thhrough thee stress test deffined by European n Union and the re esult show wed that no o major change iss needed in Loviisa a Olkiluoto plants du ue of the e and O experience of Fu ukushima a accident. Pyhajoki site simulatio on, Nuclear Power Plant H Hanhikivi-1 (R ROSATOM)

Nuclearr wastes

Finland d was the e first cou untry to g get its parrliament to o approve e, in 2001 1, a deep p underground repo ository for radioactivve waste frrom nuclea ar power p plants. In the countryy low- an nd interme ediate-level radioactivve wastess are store ed in unde erground re epositoriess built at Olkiluoto ((since 1992 2) and Lovviisa (appro oved in 199 92). Since 1997, in a accordance e e Radiation n Act, Finland mainta ains a central interim m disposal facility located in the e with the area off the Olkiluoto final re epository, w whose expa ansion hass already b been appro oved by the e Finnish h parliamen nt. For new w plants storages are e under disscussion wiith the Possiva, respon nsible for th his activity, better m manageme ent of all ne ew waste a as determiined by the e government ensuring that the e best so olutions an nd econom mic securitty should be shared d between n the nucllear powerr plants. As Posivva is owne ed by Teo ollisuuden Voima Oy, or TVO O, and Fo ortum, it iss develop ping a fina al spent fu uel reposito ory for the two comp panies at the t Olkiluo oto nuclearr power plant. Fen nnovoima, a newcom mer to the F Finnish nucclear indusstry, has no o operating g p for fina al spent fue el storage. reactorrs and no plan

Franc ce Country y

France

Reactors in operation n

58

installed c capacity Reacttors under (MW) cons struction

63.56 60

1

c capacity unde er co onstruction (MW W)

generate ed energy 2013 ((TWH)

% of total energy y generated in 2013 3

1.720

405,989

73,3

The country’s tota al installed capacity is 123,001 MW and e electricity production p was 550.3 3 TWH. F France has 58 opera ating nucle ear power plants on 19 differe ent sites, a and the nett capacitty is 63560 0 MW. Elevven plants on shutdo own (usefu ul lifetime o over) produ uced 405.9 9 TWh, w which repre esents 73.3 3% of the country’s ttotal generrated electrricity in 2013. EDF iss the utility that op perates the e entire fle eet. Among these, the Phenixx plant is a research h reactorr.

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With th he population of 64 million, m France has ne early one nuclear po ower plant per million n inhabita ants and m more than 1 1,000 MW of installed d nuclear ccapacity pe er such same million. The country is the world’s largest exp porter of electricity an nd earned in 2012 m more than 3 E in this process. billion Euros France produces the cheap pest energyy across E Europe, abo out half of the value of German n obs in the nuclear are ea or 6.1% % of the cou untry's man nufacturing g power. Are 220,000 direct jo he French tterritory. The countryy is the worrld leader in recycling g jobs sccattered thrroughout th 25,000 t recycled at la Hagu ue plant. F France’s C CO2 emisssions from m electricity ge eneration are a around d 70 to 80 g per kWh, compared d w with Europe ean averag ge of 350g g off CO2 per kWh. T The French h AREVA, supplier off nuclear pro oducts and d services, iss building jointly with h EDF the e F Flamanville--3 reactor, EPR type, 1720 MW,, located north off France, in th he region o of Manche. F T The otherr equipm ment and d se ervice su uppliers w were also o defined a and hire ed, and d co onstruction n started in n late 2007.

Location M Map of France´ ´s nuclear installa ations Source:: WNA

Among g the 58 pla ants existin ng in Francce, 34 are of the 900 0MW-PWR R class, the e operation n of whicch was declared satisfactory b by the regu ulator (ASN) for up to 40 yea ars’ lifetime e (French h plants ha ave an estimated ope erational pe eriod of 30 0 years), bu ut each is required to o go thro ough a safe ety review to validate e such lifettime licensse. Tricastiin-1 (915-M MW, PWR)) was the e first reacttor subjected to revie ew and auth horized forr more 10 years. y Nuclear plants in n France d does not o operate on n the basiis of the e electrical ssystem, ass e to its ch haracteristicc of large feeding, b being forced to follow w elsewhere in the world, due hich complicates maintaining the high perfformance. load wh he French grid opera ator, on acccount of the countrry’s ageing g According to the RTE – th ance is possibly expe ected to have supplyy problemss generating fleet, as early ass 2013 Fra he plants’ u useful lifetime has no ot been exxtended. Byy 2022, 22 2 during peak-load times if th will reach the end off life and the countryy has few options forr electricityy French reactors w generation than the extenssion of life e of these plants. Th he coming g on line o of the new w nville-3 EPR R type, 160 00 MW rea actor is dee emed indispensable. Flaman nance ope erations to o keep th he fleet in n order re equire advvance planning and d Mainten procure ement. Fo or example, for the e planned d exchang ges of Frrench plan nts’ steam m P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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generators, 44 un nits have a already be een purcha ased at the e cost of 2 billion dolllars (32 to o Areva a and 12 to W Westinghou use). The d deliveries w will reach a as late as 2 2018. In Novvember 2012, The F French Prrime Minister Jean-M Marc Aryau ult signed license off onal Therm safety installation n for ITER R- Internatio monuclear Experime ental Reactor. It also o represe ents a glob bal licensing first, bein ng the firstt fusion devvice in histtory to have e its safetyy charactteristics sccrutinized by b a nationa al nuclear regulator as a part of the licensin ng process. The wo ork on ITER R under co onstruction in the reg gion of Cad darache, so outheast France, had d its costts inflated,, up from EUR 6 biillion to Eu ur18 billion n, over the e past 3 yyears. The e internattional finan ncial crisiss also affeccted the Project, P the e preliminary phase o of which iss now sccheduled ffor 2019. Several countries c a are involve ed in the developme ent of thiss project,, including g the U.S.,, Europe, Russia, C China, Japa an and So outh Korea a, which iss aimed at produccing energ gy from n nuclear so ource, butt leaking no radiattion above e ound levelss. backgro In June e 2008, the e French g governmen nt declared that an ad dditional E EPR 1600 reactor r will be builtt, probablyy on the Pe enly site (Seine-Maritime) northe east Francce, where 2 operating g reactorrs already e exist. Of this same AR REVA EPR R reactor m model, therre exist 4 other units under co onstruction n otto 3 in Finland, F Flammanville 3 in Frrance and Taishan-1 and -2 in China), (Olkiluo howeve er the President Fra ancois Hollande's So ocialist govvernment, tthe new g governmentt elected d in France e in 2012, wants to implementt its planne ed partial p phase out of nuclearr power, which fore ecast to cutt nuclear p power's sha are from 75 5% to 50% by 2025 and a replace e most of its capaccity with renewable energy. e Acccording to a plan of French griid operatorr RTE th he countryy will nee ed to invest Eur15 5 billion ($ $19.2 billion) in the national transmission netw work by 20 020 and grid costs co ould reach Euro 50 biillion by 20 030 withoutt nuclearr as govern nment prop posed. d in July 20 011 the exxtension off life for ovver ten yea ars for Fesssenheim-1 1 It was authorized has been active sincce 1978 m mill. This is the oldestt operating g reactor F Frances. In n which h April 20 013 the sam me was do one for Fesssenheim-2 2. ng decomm mission the e plant unttil 2016 Ch hooz A (310MW, PW WR), whose e France is targetin energy was provided betwe een 1967 a and 1995 fo or Belgium m and for th he countryy itself. The e disman ntling, cleaning and d demolition of nuclear buildingss occurred before 20 008. Todayy there are a 12 expe erimental rreactors an nd power being b deco ommissioned. The prrocess hass been developed a and studie ed by EdF--CIDEN an nd should b be applied to the enttire French h nuclearr fleet when n the usefu ul life of the e plants en nd. The Frrench gove ernment a announced an investtment plan n of € 1 billion b in re esearch in n nuclearr energy and the devvelopment and deplo oying a fou urth genera ation reacttor that will be prod duced by the French Areva a and Japan's Mitsubisshi and considered to t have no o alternattive to nuclear energyy and that "makes no o sense "to o abandon it. Tests cconducted after the F Fukushima accident demonstra d ated a good d level of ssecurity forr the Fre ench plantss according g to a report delivered d by the re egulator. Th he safety m margins forr P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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extreme e events such as earrthquakes, floods, an nd simultan neous cooliing and po ower lossess had sh howing no o major cconcerns, but nonettheless the operato or EdF su ubmitted a supplem mental plan n for impro ovements.

Flammanvile e - 3 EPR 1600 0MW (photo E Edf)

In Febrruary 2013 3 the Frencch government passsed a new regulation n (normativve full text)) that un nderlies the e major nu uclear facilities that considers the lesson ns of the Fukushima F a acciden nt for nucle ear activitie es. The AR REVA issued a stattement sayying it intends to imp plement “a a series of initiatives”” aimed a at reducing g operating g costs witth up to EU UR 1 billion n in annual savings ttargeted byy 2015. Areva is co onvinced that t the outlook for nu uclear development rremains strong in the e coming g years, even if exp pansion off the global installed d base off nuclear reactors r iss postpon ned compa ared with forecasts f b before Fuku ushima-Da aiichi. Nuclear power remains a strategic advantag ge for its ccountry. Nuclea ar wastes s France reprocessses all of its spent fuel and u uses part of the ressulting fuel on otherr as two underground repositoriies and re esearch la aboratoriess reactorrs; in addiition, it ha currenttly studying g even morre effective e waste sto orage methods. g other site es, Auxon and Pars--lès-Chava anges in th he State off Aube are e currentlyy Among conduccting studie es for a low w-level wa aste repository possib bly expecte ed to startt activity in n 2019 (replacing those thatt have rea ached satu uration). Such S sites are part of the 40 0 ant commun nities wishing to hostt the waste e repositorie es. applica Nuclear power pllants in Fra ance do no ot operate on the sa ame basis as in the rest of the e hey are ch haracteristiccally large power suppliers req quired to fo ollow load, world, because th makes high h-performa ance mainttenance a difficult tassk. In addition, some e problemss which m associa ated with w workforce sstrikes as w well as refu ueling outage difficulties genera ated lossess in exce ess of 1 billion euros tto EdF.

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Germa any Counttry

Reactorrs in operattion

insta alled capacitty (MW)

Rea actors under construction

capacity under construction ((MW)

Germa any

9

12,068

0

0

generate ed energy % of total energy y 2013 (TWH) gen nerated in 2013 3

92 2.14

15,14

Germany has a to otal installe ed capacityy of 161,57 70 MW, with a nuclea ar generatin ng capacityy of 12,0 068 MW frrom 9 autthorized fo or operatio on plants ((there are 17 operable plants, capacitty of 21,36 66 MW bu ut eight - Kruemme el, Brunsbu uettel, Bibllis A and B, Isar 1, Neckarrwestheim 1 and Phillipsburg 1--have been n shut dow wn for politiccal and leg gal reasonss in Germ man). Out of the re emaining nine n plantss, six are among the e 10 large est nuclearr electriccity generattors in 2010. Nuclearr plants pro oduced 92.14 TWh in 2013, acccounting forr 15.14% % of the cou untry’s elecctricity gen neration. The co ost would b be high to replace the electric p power gen nerated from German n operating g nuclearr plants w with renew wable ene ergy, nece essitating governme ental subsidies from m Europe e’s biggest economy. The co ountry’s ele ectricity mix is a divversified on ne, with co oal represe enting app proximatelyy 50%, gas g 12%, w wind 6% an nd other so ources fill up the pictture, besid des the nucclear input, which iis greater tthan 25%. Germanyy used to export more energy than it imp ported, butt this piccture has changed aftter the 8 re eactors we ere shut do own. In add dition, Germ man is one e of the w world’s larg gest importters of prim mary energyy. It is also unclear how the country w will fulfill itts commitm ments to rreduce national CO2 emissions if it turne ed off all itts reactors. The Germ mans heavily subsid dized solarr energy and also ma ade a big b bet on wind d power an nd in both h cases an nd in both h cases ccounting o on the ssupport off imported electriccity from nuclearr sources in i France, Czech Re epublic and d Russia (iif there are e the lackk of sun orr wind). Currentlyy they are planning to build a long tran nsmission lline from S Sweden to o import ba ase load ellectricity prroduced byy nuclear reactors from that country. Since domestic consumptio c on (6,300 0 kWh/ye ear per ca apita - ap pproximate ely 3 time es the Bra azilian consumption) has nott decreassed, it beccame to be e a matterr hard to solve. It is also unfairr to consid der nuclearr free, when w in practice, th here are outsourcing o g of nucle ear plants. In 2010, following g extensiive discusssions, Congress approved a prroposal allo owing reacctors to op perate for 8 or 12 m more years,, depending on the pllant’s age, instead off the planne ed end of useful u life – schedu uled for 20 022 – of the t existing g plants. With W such proposal, some pla ants would d operate e for an add ditional 50 years. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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After th he Fukush hima accid dent, once e again Ge ermany’s government change ed mind to o overturrn the 2010 position that favorred operatting life exxtension an nd all nuclear powerr plants w were shut down for 3 months for safety tests. The e older 8 p plants will not be putt back in nto operattion. The others will be clossed accord ding to th he schedu ule on the e spreadssheet. % of the co ountry’s ele ectricity mix were pre evented fro om being generated, Accordingly, 10% and billlion dollarss’ worth of iinvestmentt was lost. German ny's Nuclea ar Reactors Plant

Type

Commercial operation

MWe (net)

Operator

Provisionally y scheduled 01 shut-down 200

2010 agreed shut-down

March 2011 shutdown & May closure plan

Biblis-A Neckarw westheim-1

PWR

1167

fev/75

RWE

2008

2016

yes

PWR

785

dez/76

EnBW

2009

2017

yes

Brunsbü üttel

BWR

771

fev/77

Vattenfalll

2009

2018

yes

Biblis-B Isar-1

PWR

1240

jan/77

RWE

2011

2018

yes

BWR

878

mar/79

E.ON

2011

2019

yes

Unterwes ser

PWR

1345

set/79

E.ON

2012

2020

yes

Phillipsburg-1

BWR

890

mar/80

EnBW

2012

2026

yes

BWR

1260

mar/84

Vattenfalll

2016

2030

yes

mel Kruemm Total shut down (8) heinfeld Grafenrh

8336 PWR

1275

jun/82

E.ON

2014

2028

2015

Gundrem mmingen-B Gundrem mmingen-C

BWR

1284

abr/84

RWE

2016

2030

2017

BWR

1288

jan/85

RWE

2016

2030

2021

Grohnde e

PWR

1360

fev/85

E.ON

2017

2031

2021

Phillipsburg-2 Brokdorff

PWR

1392

abr/85

EnBW

2018

2032

2019

PWR

1370

dez/86

E.ON

2019

2033

2021

Isar-2

PWR

1400

abr/88

E.ON

2020

2034

2022

d Emsland Neckarw westheim-2

PWR

1329

jun/88

RWE

2021

2035

2022

PWR

1305

abr/89

EnBW

2022

2036

2022

Total operating (9) T Total (17)

12,003 20,339 MW We

Operato ors which had their plants untimely close ed by the German g governmen nt in March h 2011 (8,336 MW We of gene eration capacity) sta arkly prote est the loss of profitt and theirr heir market. inabilityy to meet th According to E.O ON (Vice-C Chairman R Ralf Gueld dner) the ttotal cost of o such de ecision will come to 33 billion n euros, no ot to mention the cossts of new w transmisssion lines rrequired byy substitu ute genera ating systems and th he costs off any posssible powe er rationing g programss which will certaiinly impairr the country’s indu ustry. The e ensuing increase in carbon n emissio ons (estima ated, as a minimum, at 70 milliion metric tonnes) will also brin ng conflictss with ne eighboring countries in i the EU. Importing fossil and//or even nuclear ene ergy will be e inevitab ble, which undermine es such pollicy’s credib bility. The op pinion exprressed by E. ON is shared by the Fre ench Minisster of Ind dustry, Ericc Besson n, who beliieves Germ many will g grow heavily dependent on ene ergy imporrts and will be a more pollutin ng countryy, noting tha n consumers who tod day alreadyy pay twice e at German the amount charg ged by elecctricity billss in France e, will be im mposed an even heavvier burden n on theirr shoulderss.

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Nuclear Powe er Plant Isar--2, second biiggest nuclearr generator in 2 2010 - closed d in 2011

In 14 Ja anuary 20 014, The German Supreme Administrrative Co ourt has ruled the forced f closure of RWE's Biblis nuclear power plant aftter the Fukushima a accident was unlaw wful. The utility is now likkely to sue for ble damages wh hile the considerab decision may m set a preceden nt for the other shu utdown reactors. Germany's reaction to o the Fuku ushima acccident in 2011 wass extreme e and, the e orders were execcuted by tthe Germa an states which are home to the rreactors w without con nsultation or reference to inde ependent regula atory advicce on the sa afety of the e plants. W With the deccision the sstate of He esse was told it acted illeg gally by enforcing the e decisionss on the Biblis nuclea ar power plant sited in the state. e Supreme Administrrative Courrt in Leipzig is legallyy binding and a cannott The rulling by the be appealed. It ba acks up a decision m made last year y by the Administra ative Courtt of Hesse, which was w appealed by the federal govvernment. Compa anies’ execcutive office ers are plan nning to su ue the gove ernment ovver what th hey view ass confisccation of the eir revenue es, inasmu uch the com mpetent reg gulator decclared the plants safe e and the e electricityy from the rreactors no ow closed h had already been sold. After th he shutdow wn of the o old plants, the cost o of electric p power in Germany G h has alreadyy grown 12% and ccarbon emissions mo ore than 10 0%. Accord ding to estiimates by Germany’ss Ministryy for the Environmen nt and Consservation ittself, even if the perccentage of renewable e energy sources d doubled, itt would still be nece essary to invest 122 2 billion eu uros in the e o the fo orthcoming 10 years, not to men ntion the in nvestment in transmisssion lines, sector over gas plants to b back up re enewable generation n, and se everal sub bsidies forr attracting g investo ors, etc. Acccording to Germany’s Institute for Econom mic Resea arch, costs may come e to 200 billion Euro os. In 2012 2 Germanyy had paid tthe Europe e's highest prices for power. In addition, a loss is expeccted of 11,000 direct jobs in the German nuclear in ndustry, ass reporte ed by E. ON N, and a strong cut in n dividendss. Policy decisions d iin German ny, while im mportant, a are driven b by national political fo orces - the e real harm to peop ple or the e environmen nt caused b by the nucllear source e has been n extremelyy low, especially compared with the e records of other energy sources s cu urrently in n widespread use. oerde Alum minium, the e third largest alumin num produccer in Germ many, ann nounced itss The Vo bankruptcy on Ma ay 8, 2012 due to the e reduction n in aluminum prices combined with rising g ator of the e gradual process p of de-industrrialization,"" producttion costs. This was "an indica said U Ulrich Grilllo, presid dent of G Germany's trade bo ody for tthe metall industry, P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Wirtsch haftsvereinigung Meta alle (WVM M). "Producction of me etals, especcially alum minum, is att risk in Germany due to hig gh electricitty prices th hat are mo ore compe etitive internationally,"" said Grrillo. German n consumerrs that use more than 20 GWh pe er year payy 11.95 cen nts per kWh h, compared d with 6.9 9 cents in F France, acco ording to da ata from EN NERGY.EU- Novembe er 2011. Am mong the 27 7 EU cou untries’, only Cyprus, Italy, Malta a and Slova akia have higher price es for heavvy users of electricity. WVM a asked the German G go overnment to urgently implementt measuress to protect energy-intensive iindustry fro om electriccity costs and to encourage businesses b to reduce e

metal emissions e of carbon dioxide fro om their prroduction processes. p d The indusstry should not suff ffer, Grillo ssaid, because of "inccreasing prrice of elecctricity, cle early resultiing system m of state e support fo or renewab ble energy,, especiallyy photovoltaic." Subsidies have encourage ed energyy companie es and homeownerrs to add about 25 5 gigawa atts of solarr capacity, especiallyy in the lastt five yearss. This prod duced 2.4% % of powerr generation in Germany in the t 12 mon nths throug gh February 2012, according a t statisticss to he Internattional Ene ergy Agenccy (IEA), w while the remaining 12 Gwe of nuclearr from th capacitty represen nted 15.3% %. By far, the majorrity of Germ man energ gy comes from fossil fuels, a about 71%.. The IEA d data also sshows that the exportt of Germa an energy ffell 0.9% in n the yea ar to February 2012, a and importts rose 7.7% %. In June e 2012 a ssurvey has shown tha at 77 perce ent of Germ mans are more m conccerned with h keeping g electricityy affordable than ph hasing out nuclear en nergy. The e survey was w carried d out by polling grroup TNS Emnid on n behalf off the Initia ative for a New Soccial Markett Econom my, which is i funded p primarily byy employerrs in the me etal industrry. The subsidies recceived by new wind, biomass a and photovvoltaic plan nts average 12 centss Wh but vary according g to the technology: o onshore win nd plants rreceive the least - 8.9 9 per kW cents p per kWh - a and offsho ore wind th he greatestt, 19.4 cen nts of per kkWh. Germ man energyy and en nvironmentt minister Peter Altmaier admitted tha at the En nergiewend de (energyy transitio on in Germ man langua age) could eventuallyy cost up to o 1 trillion E Euro, with the feed-in n tariffs ssupporting renewable e energy possibly p acccounting ffor over tw wo-thirds o of the cost. (NEI- 6 August 20 014) As Gerrmany hass decided to shut down its nu uclear pow wer plants after the Fukushima F a crisis,” due to the e imminen nt risk of ts sunamis in Bavaria””, and as a result, itss burning off "clean coal" c – oth herwise kno own as coa al – rose byy 6,5% in 2 2013, comp paring with 2012. e a massive cut in itss exports o of electricitty to other European n countries. That was despite ggests tha at by 2020,, Germanyy will have produced an extra 300 3 million n One esstimate sug tons of CO2 as a result of its nuclear cclosure: eq quivalent to o almost all the savings that will de in the 2 27 memberr states ass a result o of the EU'ss energy e efficiency d directive. In n be mad the me eantime, co ontradicting g this so-ccalled safe ety policy, Germany continues to keep a very sig gnificant qu uantity of nuclear n wea apons in itss territory, mostly ope erated by N NATO. Nuclear wastes

With re espect to the t nuclea ar wastes manageme ent policy, Germanyy has 2 fin nal storage e P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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facilitiess for low- a and intermediate-leve el radioactiive wastess: the one a at Morslebe en, built byy the form mer comm munist gove ernment off the late GDR, G and the Konra ad facility llicensed in n 2002 and finally released in 2007. erman fede eral govern nment and the countrry's 24 fed deral statess have agre eed on the e The Ge framew work for dra afting a sitte selection n law for a high-leve el nuclear w waste and spent fuel reposito ory, German Environment Min nister Pete er Altmaier said in a stateme ent April 9. Altmaie er said the e governm ment hopess a site sselection la aw can be e passed before the e German parliame ent adjourn ns for its su ummer reccess in Julyy. The federal government and d ates also a agreed tha at new tra ansports off spent nu uclear fuel can be ssent to the e the sta Gorlebe en salt min ne. Gorleb ben is being used as an interim m storage site, s but th hat there iss opposittion to its u use.

Hunga ary Country y

Hungriia

Reactors s in operatio on

4

installed Reactorrs under cap pacity under generated en nergy 2013 capacity (MW) ( constrruction cons struction (MW) (TWH H)

1,889 9

0

0

14,54 43

% of total energy y ge enerated in 2013

50.7

Hungarry’s 4 nucclear pow wer plants (Paks 1 to 4 – V VVER-PWR R 500 MW W) whose e comme ercial opera ation starte ed between n 1982 and 1987 ha ave producced 14.763 TWh, thatt is, arou und 50,7% % of the country’s ele ectricity gen neration in n 2013. Such electric power iss the cheapest on ne generatted in Hu ungary and d, accordin ng the go overnmenta al sourcess approximately 73% of the po opulation ssupports nu uclear pow wer. In 2004 4 the plantss were give en authorizzation to op perate for more m 20 ye ears, and in 2009 the e countryy’s parliame ent authoriized the go overnment to start exxpanding exxisting site e’s capacityy through h the consttruction of an addition nal one or two nuclea ar units on the same location off the Pakks power sstation. Stu udies for d definition off the type and size o of the reactor are still under way. w e 2011 – S State-owne ed compan ny MVM has h plans to t expand the capaccity of its In June Paks nuclear plan nts and acccordingly increase itss influence e on the en nergy markkets of its B and d in Ruman nia). vicinity (Balcans- Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia Since D December 2012 Hung gary's Pakss 1 nuclear power pla ant (VVER R 500MW) h has been granted d a permit to operate e for anothe er 20 yearss after its original o lice ense expired at the end of 2012 (unttil 2032). In Novemb ber, 2014 unit 2 hass been gra anted with more 20 years o operation, u until 2034. Pal Kovvacs – Hungary’s Miinister of N National De evelopmen nt declared d that for all a energy plannin ng scenario os studied by the cou untry, nuclear supplyy is indispe ensable. The 20302050 energy e plan n recomme ends a 20 years’ life etime exten nsion for the t 4 unitss of Paks nuclearr station, w whose usefful lives would be ovver in the period from m 2032 to 2037. In addition n, the coun ntry intendss to expand d by 2,000 0 MW the sstation’s ca apacity (2 n new 1000 MW un nits, each) u until 2025. The cost is estimated at 10 billion dollars.

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The deccision to exxpand Pakss nuclear power sstation is to be pub blished in September, 012, witth the 20 prepara atory work b being unde er way as authorizzed by the e Parliament. Test results on the Hungarian plant have been satisfactory according g to the governm body, mental rregulatory safety additional requiring g no measure es. There e is no decision about n nuclear wa astes mana agement, and policy in country is “w wait and see”. NPP Pak ks – Hungary y

On 16//12/2011 - Prime Miinister Vikttor Orban said the g goal is to have nucllear powerr provide e 60 perce ent of the ccountry's e electricity n needs, com mpared with around 4 40 percentt now. Th he Czech Republic's governme ent plans to o at least d double thatt output over the nextt 50 yearrs. On 14 Jan 2014,, Hungary’s governm ment has ssigned an a agreementt with Russsian state-controllled nuclear energy corporation c Rosatom that will see the com mpany builld two new w reactorr units at Hungary's P Paks nuclea ar power sttation. The e new unitss will be fina anced by a 30-year interstate e loan provvided by R Russia. The e size of th he loan ha as yet to be e finalized, but will not excee ed 10 billio on euros (1 13.6 billion n US dollarrs). Russia a would allso provide e ew units. the fuel for the ne

Italy Counttry

Reacto ors in operattion

Italy y

0

installe ed Reacttors under capacitty (MW) cons struction

0

0

c capacity under co onstruction (MW W)

genera ated energy 2 2013 (TWH H)

% off total energy generated in 2013

0

0

0

In 2010 0, Italy’s ele ectric powe er was prim marily gene erated from m fossil – 6 64.8% and renewable e fuel 22..2%, and frrom importts - 13%. Ittaly has no o nuclear po ower plantss in operattion. The ph hase-out off its 4 plan nts - Caorsso; Enrico Fermi (Triino Vercelllese); Garigliano and d Latina – was com mpleted in JJuly 1990 (2 ( by popullar decision n and 2 forr completio on of useful lifetime e). Italy is tthe only co ountry in th he G8 – group of the e world’s rrichest cou untries pluss Russia – that doe es not operrate nuclea ar power pllants. Notw withstanding, around 10% of the e med in its te erritory are e from nuclear powerr, imported d mainly fro om France, electriccity consum where 77% are generated g by nuclea ar plants. E Enrico Ferrmi (Trino Vercellese e) is underr decomm missioning g. In 2008 8, the country decide ed to resu ume its nucclear program which h was stop pped in the e 1980’s,, ridding ittself of its dependen nce on oil through a fast devvelopment of nuclearr energy.

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According to the Minister off Economy and Development, C Claudio Sca ajola, the ccost for the e Italian economy ffrom the p phase-out o of nuclear power was 50 billion n dollars, a and all the e gal framew work legal for resu umption off leg nu uclear energy was b being adop pted underr the e new nattional enerrgy plan. O On July 9, 20 009 the S Senate app proved a legislative e pa ackage giviing green light to bring nuclearr en nergy backk to Italy, itt being rep ported thatt in up to six (6) months potential ssites would d be e selected ffor the settting up of n new plants.. Th he reactor m model to b be adopted d should be e on ne alreadyy licensed d in Euro ope, which h wo ould save licensing time, inasm much as the e pla an was to build 8 to 10 reactorrs by 2030, rea aching a sshare of 25 5 % Italy’ss electricityy ge eneration. At present, th he cost of electric pow wer in Italyy endence on n gas impo orts) is 30% % (a 60% depe gher than tthe Europe ean averag ge, and 60 0 hig % highe er than Fra ance’s. Since November N gh its pow wer company ENEL which hold ds 66% off 2008, Italy - throug Slovakiia’s SE-SL LOVENSKE E ELEKTR RARNE - iss building Mochovce M 3 and 4 (VVER-440 ( 0 MW ea ach) plants, which are e expected d to be in commercia c al operation n by 2012 and 2013, respecttively. The planned in nvestment is 2.77 billlion euros. When in operation, the outputt from these plants will repressent 22% o of the total electricity consumed c in Slovakia. Anothe er Italian n nuclear bussiness wass the acqu uisition, through ENEL, of 12..5% of the e shares in French h plant Fla amanville-3 3 (owned by EdF) w which is u under consstruction in n Norman ndy. These e actions a are aimed n not only att the investtment, but also the fo ormation off skilled personnel, inasmuch h as it is more than n 20 yearss since Italy closed its nuclearr ne 2011, th he majorityy of Italian voters passsed a refe erendum to o industriial framework. In Jun cancel plans for reinstatem ment of nucclear energ gy in Italy. Those vo oting again nst nuclearr 4% of the voting pop pulation (57 7% of the eligible e pop pulation), w which corre esponds to o were 94 53.58 % %. The ma anner in w which the vvoting quesstionnaire was laid o out was no ot specifica ally againstt nuclearr energy, b but an overrall disapprroval of the e then gove ernment (S Silvio Berlu usconi) and d its plan ns of action n. Italy is a country prrone to larg ge magnitu ude earthquakes and d this much h contribu uted to the e population n’s fear, sttrongly exp ploited by e environmen ntalists. With that, the e countryy will keep p on obtaining nucle ear genera ated electricity throu ugh powerr companyy ENEL in Slovakia a, and impo orts from Frrench EDF F. In addition, ARE EVA and A ANSALDO NUCLEARE had ssigned an agreemen nt wherebyy ANSAL LDO would d participatte in the liicensing process for constructiion of ARE EVA’s new w reactorr (EPR) in IItaly, but w with the Italian ban of nuclear po ower plantss the agree ement then n prevaile ed for anyy place in the world d through tthe joint vventure set up on 10/11/2011.

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ANSAL LDO is alsso plannin ng to fabriicate supe er moduless for Wesstinghouse’’s AP1000 0 destine ed for the B British markket.

Nethe erlands Country y

Netherland ds

Reacto ors in opera ation

installed capac city (MW)

Re eactors under c construction

capacity un nder construction (MW)

generatted energy 2013 3 (TWH)

% of total ene ergy generated in 2013 2

1

4 482

0

0

2..736

2.8

The Ne etherlands imports more than 2 20% of its e electricity ((mostly from German ny). Energyy consum mption per capita is 6,500 kWh / year. The Ne etherlands has only one nucle ear plant in n operation n (Borssele e PWR 48 82 MW). In n 2013, it produced d 2.736 TW Wh, or app proximatelyy 2,8 % off the counttry’s electrricity. Such h plant had its usefful lifetime extended by 20 yea ars in 2006 6, and is pllanned to continue c in n operatio on until 2033. The co ountry also o has a re esearch rea actor in th he town off Petten, the HFR - High-Fluxx Reacto or which produces 60 0% of requiired mediccal radionucclides in Europe E (30% % of world d demand d). The cou untry imports more th han 20% off its electriccity (mostlyy from Gerrmany). The en nergy per capita c conssumption is 6,500 kW Wh/year. In n 2009, De elta submittted to the e cogniza ant govern nmental bo ody the application to o build the e new 2500MW nuclear powerr plant. C Company ERH - En nergy Reso ources Ho olding acqu uired by G German RW WE, which h ow wns the o other half of Borsssele, also o req quested authorizatio on to build d anotherr pla ant in the N Netherlandss. The Dutch governmentt has anno ounced the e he licensin ng processs forrthcoming start of th forr Borssele nuclear po ower station’s second d unit. Neither the design n nor the vvendor hass en defined d, but the e plant’s ccapacity iss bee rep ported to ra ange from 1000 to 16 600 MW. Itt is expected tto be in o operation by b 2020, in n me to re ealize the e greenho ouse gass tim red duction goa al. NPP Bo orssele – Neth herlands (Imag ge: EPZ)

MOX w will be the fu uel and the e project’s cost is estimated at 5 to 7 billio on dollars as a informed d by com mpany Ene ergy Resou urces Holding in Sep ptember 20 010. In No ovember 20 010, Dutch h compan ny Delta (holding 5 50% of the existing plant) an nd EdF siigned a cooperation c n agreem ment for the e possible constructio on of a new w nuclear power p plan nt in the Ne etherlands, on the Z Zeeland Coast site. The Ne etherlands’ only nucle ear plant ha ad gone th hrough the EU stress test after Fukushima F a acciden nt. In June e 2011, the e use of MOX M fuel w was authorrized. In January 20 012, due to o

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financia al crisis in Europe an nd also the e uncertain nties on the carbon m market the e plant wass postpon ned. According to the governm ment, the Netherlan nds will ccontinue its nuclear program m mplating the e constructtion of the n new nuclea ar power plant. contem In addition, an ag greement between b th he Netherlands and France co overs the rrecycling in n nts’ spent ffuel. After reprocessin r ng, the matterial is shipped backk France of part of Dutch plan nds (COVRA Storag ge Facilityy near Bo orssele) fo ollowing sttrict safetyy to the Netherlan wn by the IAEA. standarrds laid dow In Janu uary 2012 the Dutch governme ent announ nced that a new research reacctor (called d Pallas) will be built in the region of the Pette en reactor to replace e existing (High-Fluxx or-HFR) operating sin nce 1961 a and is reaching the en nd of its ecconomic liffe useful. Itt Reacto is anticcipated the entry into operation o of the new reactor in 2022. orssele nuclear powe On 1 Ju ul 2014, Bo er station has h begun to use mixxed-oxide (MOX) ( fuel elemen nts fabricated by Fran nce’s Areva a.

Norwa ay Country y

Norway

Reacto ors in opera ation

installed capac city (MW)

R Reactors under construction

capacity und der c construction (M MW)

generatted energy 2013 3 (TWH)

% of total energ gy g generated in 20 013

0

0

0

0

0

0

hough Norrway has n no nuclearr Norwayy is the sixxth largestt producer of hydropower. Alth electriccity genera ation progra am, the co ommittee sset up by the Norwe egian gove ernment to o study sustainable s e energy options re ecommend ded in its report that nuclearr energy’ss contribu ution to a sustainable s e energy fu uture should be recog gnized. The country also makes nu uclear research in its Energy Te echnology Center wh here it wass ear submarrine (it wass an essayy tested a nuclear ffuel which will be used in Brazzilian nucle phisticated scientific qualificatio on flawlesss team involved and had the e that required sop pation of a group of Brazilian Na avy scientissts from Ce enter Aram mar). particip e 2013, Thorium fuel was teste ed in the Halden rese earch reacttor in Norw way. It wass In June loaded in the lasst week of April, defining the sstart of a physical p te est program m that willl simulatte how it op perates in a power re eactor.

Poland Country y

Poland

Reacto ors in opera ation

installed capac city (MW)

R Reactors under construction

capacity und der c construction (M MW)

generatted energy 2013 3 (TWH)

% of total energ gy g generated in 20 013

0

0

0

0

0

0

The co ountry has a populatio on of 38 m million and an electriccity mix cu urrently mo ostly based d on coal (94%).To o reduce itts CO2 em missions, Poland P is now ponderring the po ossibility off building g its first n nuclear pow wer plant b by 2024, a move to starting ch hanging itss electricityy P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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mix. Th he Polish governme ent commisssioned itss major po ower comp pany (PGE E - Polska a Grupa Energetycczna SA) to o conduct the countrry’s first tw wo nuclear power pla ant projectss which are a planne ed to have e a 3,000M MW capacity, with tw wo or three e reactors each. It iss expecte ed that the first plant will come on o stream by 2024 an nd the second in 202 29. Poland’s Ministryy of Economy said in n May 2014 4 that Pola and is plan nning to ge enerate 12 2 percentt of its elecctricity from m nuclear b by 2030. Th he final de esign and licenses are e expected d to be ready in 20 018, allowing constru uction to sttart in 202 20. Accordiing to Prim me Ministerr Tusk, tthe govern nment belie eves that nuclear en nergy is a good alte ernative fo or Poland’ss energy needs, as well as a great business b o opportunity,, with the possibilityy of selling g energy to German ny. Site in Zarnowiec – P Poland

The Zarnow wiec site co ould be ussed due to o th he availability of infra astructures already in n place. In 1986, 1 Russsia was building 4 W WWER rea actors, 440 0MW, for Poland in n Zarnowiec, north off Gdansk, but the e project wass dropped in 1989, ffollowing a re eferendum strongly influence ed by the e C Chernobyl a accident. T The reactorrs that had d already be een delive ered were e sold to o Finland (Lovviisa) and Hungary ((Paks). On n th he basis off studies already cond ducted, the e exxisting site (photo o) could use the e avvailable infrastructu ures and host the e fu uture plant.. In n April 2010, a memora andum off understtanding w was signe ed betwee en Westin nghouse and a Polan nd’s Polsska Grupa a Energe etyczna (PG GE) on a jjoint feasib bility study for the co onstruction of a third--generation n reactorr (Generatio on III+) in P Poland (AP P1000). In Julyy 2011, Po oland’s Pa arliament passed p the last law w necessary for the start of constru uction of the countryy’s first Nuclear pow wer station n. The se elected technology should belong to one of the e competitors - AREV VA, GE Hitachi and Westingho ouse. On mber 9, 2011 Polish sstate-owned d utility PG GE said it had h decide ed not to pa articipate Decem in the Visagina’ss nuclear plant proje ect in Lith huania norr contract for electriccity from Russia's propose ed Baltic nuclear pow wer plant in Kaliningrad. In September 2012 2 the polish p power com mpanies Ta auron and Enea and copper miner KGHM M signed a letter of intent S Septemberr 5 with PG GE, the cou untry's large est utility, tto participa ate in PGE's project to build d 6,000 MW W of nuclea ar capacityy by 2030 a and in Sep ptember 20 013 PGE ssaid it will maintaiin equity of o 70% in PGE P EJ, w with 10% e each held b by Enea, T Tauron and d KGHM, and all four partiies have in nitialed an agreemen nt accordin ngly. The Polish govvernment requestted PGE to o lead a co onsortium tto build two o nuclear p power plan nts at separrate sites but there are doubts about tto the nece essary finan ncing. No contract c is signed. On 30 January 2014, 2 The e Polish go overnmentt has adop pted its Po olish Nuclear Powerr m (PPEJ),, which is not a binding plan, but rathe er a "road map". The program m Program P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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definess, among o others, the schedule ffor construcction of two o nuclear power p plan nts of 3,000 0 MW e each and preparatiion for th hese inve estments regulatoryy infrastructure and d he implementation off organizzation. The e program also includ des: econo omic justificcation for th the con nstruction of o nuclear power in Poland an nd its financing, and ways of de ealing with h spent n nuclear fue el and radio oactive wasste. The lo ocation of the two units will be sselected byy the end d of 2016; construction is expe ected to start in 2019 and to be comple eted in late e 2024. T The second d unit shou uld be comm missioned by 2035.

Roma ania Countrry

Roman nia

Reactors s in installed operatio on capacity ((MW)

2

1,300

Reacttors under cons struction

capacity und der c construction (M MW)

generatted energy 2013 3 (TWH)

% of total enerrgy g generated in 20 013

0

0

10 0.7

19.82

Roman nia has 2 nuclear power pla ants (Cern navoda 1 and 2- P PHWR 650 MW) in n comme ercial opera ation with 1 19.82% of electricity generation n from nucllear reacto ors in 2013. These are the onlly CANDU reactors operating o in n Europe. The two pllants are o operated byy SNN - Societatea a Nationala a Nuclearellectrica. U Units 3 and 4 (720 MW We Candu, each) are e going through financing pro oblems and d beginning of comm mercial ope eration are undefined d h plants. for both

NPP Cernavoda – Romania

An agre eement be etween six investor co ompanies - ENEL (9.15%), CEZ Z (9.15%), GDF Suezz (9.15% %), RWE Power (9.15 5%), Iberdrola (6.2% %), and ArccelorMittal Galati (6.2 2%) - and d Roman nia’s SNN- Societatea a Nationala a Nucleare electrica (5 51%) was ssigned on Novemberr 20, 200 08 for com mpletion of the reactors at Cernavoda-3 and -4 (PHW WR Candu u -750 MW W each), o on the sam me site of th he operatin ng plants 1 and 2. In 2011, compa anies Euro opean Iberrdrola (6.2 2%), RWE E Power ((9.15%), GDF G Suezz %), CEZ (9 9.15%), ga ave up pa articipating in the prroject due to the m market and d (9.15% econom mic uncerta ainties, and d SNN- So ocietatea Nationala N N Nuclearelectrica startted to hold d 84.65% % of the investmentt. SNN said that China Nu uclear Pow wer Engine eering Co. (CNPEC, a subsidiary of CG GNPC) wa as intereste ed in invessting in the two new Cernavoda C a units, a d interest. Bids were and later a South Korrean conso ortium also o expressed e open until mid-No ovember 20 011 to parrtner with SNN, S Enel and ArcellorMittal in Energonu uclear, with h the new w investor taking t about 45% of the t projectt. Apparenttly no bids were receiived. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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In Octo ober 2012 the goverrnment askked the fo our major utilities u - G GdF Suez,, Iberdrola, RWE and a CEZ - w which had withdrawn n from EnerrgoNuclearr SA to recconsider in nvolvementt in the C Cernavoda 3-4 projecct. Due to ffinancing d difficulties, Romania’ss governme ent had nott provide ed the prom mised funds, and SNN N was una able to cove er the proje ect’s costs. The big g problem m faced byy the coun ntry is the lack of ressources to complete its constru uctions. Itss reactorrs are the C CANDU typ pe and the design is large-earth hquake resistant. The site e is above e the area ttheoreticallly hit by the greatest flood of th he Danube River (perr a studyy encompa assing 10,0 000 years), and also much abo ove the levvel of the Black B Sea, among other safe ety-related d aspects. According to the co ountry’s authorities, itt would be e very un nlikely that something g similar to Fukushima a would ha appen. The co ountry produces its own fuel since s the 1980’s at the Pitestti Nuclear Fuel Plantt (FCN).

Russiia Country Russia

Reactors s in installed operatio on capacity (M MW)

33

23,64 43

Reac ctors under con nstruction

capacity under construction (M c MW)

generate ed energy 2013 (TWH) (

% of total energy y gen nerated in 2013 3

10

9,285

161..781

17.52

Russia has 33 plants (23,6 643 MW) iin operatio on (15 of them t equip pped with the RBMK K reactorr or LWGR – the sam me model u used in Ukrraine’s Che ernobyl pla ant)and 1 F FBR. There e are 10 plants under constrruction (1 FBR and 9 VVER - capacity = 9,285 ne et) and 22 2 planned d plants wiith a net ca apacity of 2 24,200 MW W which ha ave chosen n location and a date off planned d operation n. There a are still 24 4 more units (24.180 0MW) plan nned for th he future w without con nstruction’ss informa ation.The p plants in operation in n 2013 pro oduced mo ore than 16 61 TWh off energy orr 17.52% % of the co ountry's energy. The country’s per capita consumpttion is nearly 3 timess greaterr than Brazzil’s, for a p population o of around 1 142 million inhabitantts. By 203 30, 24 plan nts should d end its useful u life and manyy of the ne ew constru uctions will replace e the ones being retire ed. Russia also opera ates a fleett of six larg ge nuclear--powered icebreakerss and a 62 2,000 tonne e cargo sship which are more ccivil than m military. It iss also completing a floating nucclear powerr plant w with two 40 MWe reacctors for use in remote e regions. The foccus on nucclear electriccity genera ation by Russia’s enerrgy policy is aimed att enhancing g natural gas exportss to Europe e – a more profitable business b th han its use for domestiic electricityy generattion – and th he replacem ment of gene erating fleet, which is nearing the e end of its usseful life.

Oil and gas sales accounted d for 68% o of Russia'ss oil exportss in 2013. Genera ally, Russia an reactorss are licensed for 30 0 years from m first pow wer. Nowad days planss were a announced for lifetim me extensions of twe elve first-g generation reactors (Leningrad d 1&2, Kursk K 1&2, Kola 1&2,, Bilibino 1 1-4, Novovvoronezh 3 3&4) totalin ng 5.7 GW We, and the e extensiion period envisaged d is now 1 15 to 25 yyears, neccessitating major investment in n refurbisshing them m. Three plants with the t RBMK K reactor (L Leningrad 1, 2 and 3) 3 had theirr lifetime es extende ed by 15 years follo owing changes and improvem ments to th he original design.. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Reacto ors Unde er Constrruction In n Russia T Type

Location n

Reference R Unit Power(MW))

AKADEM MIK LOMONOSOV-1

P PWR

PEVEK

32

35

AKADEM MIK LOMONOSOV-2

P PWR

PEVEK

32

35

BALTIC--1

P PWR

SOVETSK K

1109

1 1194

BELOYA ARSK-4

F FBR

ZARECHNY YY

789

8 864

LENINGRAD 2-1

P PWR

S SOSNOVYY BOR B

1085

1 1170

LENINGRAD 2-2

P PWR

S SOSNOVYY BOR B

1085

1 1170

NOVOVO ORONEZH 2 2-1

P PWR

NOV VOVORONEZ ZHSKIY

1114

1 1199

NOVOVO ORONEZH 2 2-2

P PWR

NOV VOVORONEZ ZHSKIY

1114

1 1199

ROSTOV V-3

P PWR

R ROSTOV OBL LAST

1011

1 1100

ROSTOV V-4

P PWR

R ROSTOV OBL LAST

1011

1 1100

Under Co onstructtion

10

Name

T Total

Grross Elec ctrical Capac city (MW)

In July 2012, the director ge eneral of R Rosatom – Russia’s sstate-run nu uclear com mpany said that the e Russian g governmen nt has plan ns for the construction n of new nu uclear capa acity up to 2020, w which will correspon nds to aro ound 30 G GW. It willl expect that t nuclear energy represe ents 25% o or 30 % of total t in the country att this time. The effficiency of nuclear ellectricity ge eneration h has grown strongly over o the pa ast decade e (the avvailability riising from 56% to 76%), 7 and the electriicity mix iss trying to follow the e growth of consum mption, whicch has bee en keeping rather significant levvels. Russia has been signing a sseries of co ommercial and coope eration agre eements w with several es for consstruction off new reacctors, nucle ear fuel devvelopment and explo oitation and d countrie researcch in the n nuclear are ea in gene eral, settin ng up an e extensive network o of influence e around the world.. According g to Russia an governm ment leaderrs, this sho ould allow tthe countryy to be a trading partner in 30% 3 of new w businesss transactio ons in the nuclear arrea, and to o possibly hold 38% % of the nuclear reacttors and se ervices market by 203 30. On 13/0 06/2013, the e project off the Baltic nuclear pow wer plant ttemporarily stops due reduction in n consum mes in the rregion. Reactors of low w power are e under consideration to meet electricity net system of the Kalin ningrad regio on, of aboutt eight unitss of 40 MW((e).

The ecconomic-fin nancial crissis at the end of 2008 8 strongly affected th he Russian n economy. Industrial producttion fell mo ore than 7% % and, as a consequ uence, energy consum mption wass pushed down. Nevertheless, g government leaders explain that nu uclear planss will just be e “put off” in n time, wh hich will allo ow new plan nts to be connected late er on, by 20 020. Replaccing older re eactors with h P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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new one es remains as part of the goal of a 25% reduction in ca arbon emisssions up to 2020. On n Novemb ber, 11th 2013 Russia h has approve ed a plan to o construct 21 new nucclear powerr reactors in n the coun ntry by 2030 0. The new units will ha ave a combined total in nstalled capa acity of 25,2 280 MW. The pla an, signed b by Prime Miinister Dmittry Medvede ev, was inccluded in a “regional an nd territoria al energy planning sccheme” and published o on the government’s we ebsite Nove ember 21. It includes three de evelopmentss for the cou untry’s nucle ear power ssector: - Constructiion of five new n two-un nit nuclear p power plantts, to be ca alled Kostro oma, Nizhnyy Novgorod,, Seversky, South Ural and Tatar; - Constructiion of replacement cap pacity at thrree existing nuclear po ower plants nearing the e end of their operational life, Kola, Kursk and Smolensk; and - Constructtion of a G Generation IV BN-120 00 sodium-ccooled fastt reactor att Beloyarskk nuclear po ower plant. In Nove ember 2011, Russia’s re egulatory bo ody – Rose etekhnadzorr awarded th he license fo or the Balticc Nuclearr power plant (two rreactors VV VER 1200M MW). Rosa atom, Russsian state-rrun nuclearr compan ny began in February 2 2012 the con nstruction o of the in the Kaliningrad d district, on n the borderr with Lith huania (justt 10 Km farr away). Such project iis viewed a as a compettitor with the e Visaginass nuclear power plant which w would replacce the elecctric power from Ignalina (Lithuanian RBMK K reactor, closed in 2009). 2

NPP Kurs sk (5 reactors - type LWGR (1 under c construction) photo: Atome energoproekt

Control Ro oom of Reacto or Leningrad (RBMK or LGWR) L

In view of the findin ngs of powe er shortage studies on the Baltic re egion foreseeing a cap pacity deficit of 2,000 0 MW, Russsia has gua aranteed to private inve estors the la arge potential of that p plant, whose e units arre planned to operate e in 2018 and 2020 respectivelyy. The proj oject also in ncludes the e transmisssion line tthat will distribute ele ectric powe er to neighb bors (BREL LL – Belarrus, Russia, Estonia, Latvia and d Lithuania).. Rosatom m said it is building orr contract to o more 28 reactors wo orldwide and in the ne ext 20 yearss plans to o buy equipm ment and se ervices for n nuclear facilities worth more than $ $300 billion n (238 billion n euro). Iran's re eactor builtt by Russia a came into o commerccial operatio on in 2013 and a new businesss agreement with Bangladesh sh hould be sig gned by the end of the year. With resspect to Fu ukushima, a although no ot a membe er of the Blloc, the cou untry will do o the same e safety ttests as oth her EU Na ations. A prrogram of inspections is underw way on Russsian powerr stationss with respect to the possible risks faced by the op perator in th he event o of failure off emergency water and powerr supply forr coolant syystems. Fo ollowing these, in mid June 2011 1 P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Rosene ergoatom an nnounced a RUR 15 billlion ($530 million) m safe ety upgrade e program fo or additiona al power a and water su upply back-up.

Volgodon nsky NPP (type e PWR) in Rus ssia - Photo: En nergoatom

N Novovoronezh h - Russia 3 units in operation, 2 u under construc ction, 2 planned e 2 closed

Rosene ergoatom sp pent RUR 2.6 2 billion o on 66 mobille diesel ge enerator setts, 35 mobile pumping g units an nd 80 other pumps, bessides I&C equipments. Since the F Fukushima event, Russsia has kept the consstruction of Leningrad power plant 2 (second phase), co ontinues with h constructiion in China a (2 units), India (2 units) and signed con nstruction ccontracts forr 12 new pllants (4 in T Turkey, 2 in n Belarus, 2 in Bang gladesh, 2 iin Vietnam m and more 2 in India)), all of them m already m meeting the e requirem ments arisin ng from Fukushima.

Nuclea ar wastes Russia reprocesse es spent nu uclear fuel at Mayak reprocessin ng plant on n the Ural Mountains. Anotherr Russian novelty is the e floating nuclear powe er plant in P Pevek, loca ated in the arctic a region n of Chukkotka, where e the population favore ed the proje ect after dismissing thre eats from th he facility to o the region’s surrou unds. A proposal was approved a a a public debate at d calle ed by the authorities of the Cha aunski mun nicipal disttrict, where e Pevek is located, w with the atttendance o of workers, assemb blypersons a and activistss, as inform med by officcial agency "RIA Newti". The local authoritiess had set up an exhibition on th he project in n the municiipal library tto inform the e region’s residents r on n the enviironmental iimpact of th he plant. In the decommissio oning area, Russia (Ro osatom and Tvel) comp pleted the firrst decomm missioning off a civil fa acility, and tthe experience acquire ed will be ussed by the nuclear industry in the future. The e work wa as carried o out in a uran nium pellet p plant that wa as returned to greenfie eld status. T The project’ss cost wa as equivale ent to 21 m million dolla ars and, be ecause of the comple ex operation ns involved d (disman ntling equipm ment items, demolishin ng structures, removing g contamina ated soil, etcc.) the workk required d nearly 4 ye ears.

Slovakia Countrry

Slovakia

Reacto ors in opera ation

4

installe ed capacitty (MW)

1 1.815

Re eactors under c construction

2

capacity un nder generated energy % of total energy y construction ((MW) 2013 3 (TWH) gen nerated in 2013 3

880

14 4,42

51.7

ear reactorrs in comm mercial operration prod duced 14.411 TWh off electricity, Slovakiia’s 4 nucle in 2012 2, which acccounted ffor 53.79% % of the cou untry’s ene ergy generration. The e two unitss P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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under cconstructio on are Mocchovce-3 a and -4 (VV VER 440MW W each) and were e expected to o come into opera ation in 20 014 and 2015 resp pectively, but there are some e delay in n comple etion. Planss also conttemplate th he construcction of 2 o other reacto ors in the period p from m 2020 to o 2025. As a preparatory p y step towa ards accesssion to th he Europea an Union, in 2004 the countryy agreed to the de ecommissio oning of itss two olde est reactorss (Bohunicce V1 unitt 1 and 2), which took t place in 2006 an nd 2008. Seeing that the p per capita energy consumption is 4,550 KWh K a yea ar and as more than n 50% off the gene erating cap pacity com mes from nuclear n sou urces, fuel supply sttability and d securityy are para amount for the population’s qua ality of life e. Russian company TVEL hass been engaged the e supply alll nuclear fu uel require ements. Nucle ear Power (www.seas.sk/en)

Plant

Mochovce e

In 20 008, Slova akia decided that itss high--level rad dwastes w would be e repro ocessed, and a studiess are underr way on the siting of a rep pository forr lowand interme ediate-level radio oactive wasste Slova akia is pa art of the NPT since e 1993 3 and also signed the e additional proto ocol in 19 999. The country iss also a memb ber of the NSG S Suppliers Group. Nuclear work is con ntinuing on n Consstruction w the M Mochovce-3 and -4 plants. As iss the casse across Europe, Slovak plants will go through t the stress te ests called for by the e EU.

Slovenia Country

Slovenia

Reacto ors in opera ation

1

installe ed capacitty (MW)

688 8

Reac ctors under con nstruction

0

capacity und der construction (M MW)

0

generatted energy 2013 3 (TWH)

5,0 036

% of total energy ge enerated in 201 13

33,6

Slovenia has a p population of 2 millio on. Neigh hbouring C Croatia hass 4.5 millio on people. Together they havve 1 nucle ear reactor - KRSKO (PWR, 688 8 MW) in o operation ssince 1981. In 2013 3, KRSKO produced 5.036 TW Wh of electricity, supp plying 33.6 6 % of the Slovenia’ss electricc grid. The reactor is shared (50 0%) with C Croatia. Forr Croatia th his energy was aboutt 15% off total. KRSKO O reactor was desig gned for 40 0 years op peration, bu ut a 20 ye ears life exxtension iss expecte ed.

P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Slovenia has a 250 kW Triga T resea arch reacttor operating since 1966 at the Josef Steffan Institute e. Nuclear Power P Plant KRSKO

Nuclea ar wastes In Janu uary 2010, Slovenia - through itss Agency ffor za Radwasste Manag gement - ARAO (Agencija ( radioakttivne odpa adke, in Czech) C sele ected a ssite (Vrbina)) near the n nuclear plan nt, for the construction of a Low- and Interm mediate-Levvel Waste rrepository, as authorizzed by gove ernmental decree in De ecember 20 009. The re epository, co onsisting off 2 silos, will have a capacity forr 9,400 cub bic meters o of low- and intermediate e-level radio oactive matterial, which h correspo onds to half of all wasstes generatted during the t operatio on and future decomm missioning off the nucllear plant. The posssibility also exists for the facilitty to be exxpanded to store nucle ear wastes from otherr sourcess. The system’s capaccity could b be increase ed to cope with the possible p gro owth of the e country’’s nuclear program. Slovenia is to main ntain its nucclear power program despite the e Fukushiima acciden nt, as decla ared by th he Economy Minister Darja Radic in June 2011. 2 In all energy scenarios for f the coun ntry up to 20 030, the nu uclear option n is emphassized. The g government also an nnounced th he likely co onstruction a second reactor at Krsko withiin the natio onal energyy program m which is p pending final approval n no Parliament.

Spain Country

Spain

Reacto ors in opera ation

7

installe ed capacitty (MW)

7,56 67

Reac ctors under con nstruction

0

capacity und der construction (M MW)

0

generatted energy 2013 3 (TWH)

54..31

% of total energy ge enerated in 201 13

19.7

has 7 nucllear reacto ors (6 PWR R and 1 BW WR) in op peration, with a total 7,567 MW W Spain h installed capacityy. In 2013 3, 54.31TW Wh of elecctricity werre produce ed, corresp ponding to o 19,7% of the cou untry’s tota al electricityy generatio on but the nuclear ’ss installed capacity iss only 7.3 32% of the e total, with a load facctor among the highesst. In Spaiin, nuclear power pla ants do nott have a lim mited perio od of opera ation. From m the day a plant sttarts opera ation it is grranted perm mits that arre renewed d every 10 years with hout a legal limit. ave been shut down: Three rreactors ha • Vandellos V s 1 in 1990 - on wh hich the de ecommissioning work is in an advanced d s stage • Zorita-Jos Z se Cabrerra in 2006 6, whose decommiss d sioning ha as been awarded a to o W Westingho ouse. • Garona G - Spain’s oldest rea actor (46 66 MW B BWR) - In October 2012 the e S Spanish g governmen nt has pro oposed tw wo new tax xes on nu uclear enerrgy and in n D December r 2012 the operator Nuclenor,, owner off plant has s been clos sed for no o l longer me eet econom mic requirrements, a after the en nactment of new go overnmentt t taxes imposed on th he operato or. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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In Mayy 2013 , the Spanish Nuclear S Safety Cou uncil (CSN)) has apprroved a req quest from m Nuclenor (joint vventure En ndesa-Iberd drola), the operator of the Ga aroña nucllear powerr plant, to o delay the e deadline for filing a license ren newal dem mand that w would have e extended d the ope erations off Garoña u until 2019.. With thiss new dellay, Nuclenor will ha ave time to o submit a renewal license. In 27 May, 2014 the Garona’s G operatorr Nucleno or has sub bmitted a request r to renew the e operatin ng licence in Spain n to the M Ministry off Industryy, Energy and a Tourism, the com mpany hass said in a statemen nt. In Nove ember 201 14 Spain’ss Nuclear Regulatorr Approve es Trillo Op perating Liccence Until 2024 Nuclear P Power Plant Vandellos 2 – Spain

For political reaso ons, Spain is planning to have nuclear po ower plantss closed at the end off ed capacityy being re eplaced th hrough oth her nuclearr reactorr lifetime, without their installe plants. hstanding, in Decem mber 2009 a new law w was approved wh hich allowss plants to o Notwith operate e beyond their origina al 40 yearss’ useful liffe, if the co ountry’s Nu uclear Safe ety Council declare es them to o be safe. An examp ple of this was the a authorizatio on, in June 2010, to o extend the lifetime es of Alma araz-Trillo p plants and Vandellos 2, by an additional 10 years. Nuclearr wastes

ountry has a low- and d intermed diate-level repository in operatio on since 1980’s - “El The co Cabril”,, designed d by Westinghouse Electric Sp pain (WES S). The de ecision on a storage e facility ffor high-levvel waste is still on ho old. 30/Dezzembro 201 11 - The S Spanish go overnment has picked d a site (a at the city o of Villar de e Canas in Cuencca Province e) to store e the country's spent nuclearr fuel and high-level radioacctive waste e, marking the end o of a nearly two-year sselection process p tha at involved d 14 mun nicipalities that had vo olunteered to host su uch a facility. The miinistry said d constructtion of the e centralize ed storage e facility, known by itts Spanish h acronym m ATC (Almacén tem mporal cen ntralizado de España a), is estim mated to co ost Eur700 0 million (about $90 08 million) and bring a an average e of 300 job bs to the re egion. oject involvves buildin ng a dry storage s faccility for sp pent fuel an nd vitrified d high-level The pro waste a and a tech hnology ce enter to su upport the site, it saiid. The ministry said d additional site-spe ecific envirronmental evaluations e s have to b be perform med and au uthorization ns obtained d before constructio on can begin. The A ATC is ne ecessary be ecause sp pent fuel po ools at the e countryy's nuclearr reactors a are filling u up. Accord ding to a g generic dessign of the e facility — provide ed by state e-owned nu uclear wasste manage ement com mpany Enre esa and ap pproved byy the Nucclear Safetty Council in i 2006 — the ATC w would hold an estimatted 6,700 m mt of spentt P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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fue el, 2,600 ccubic metters of inttermediate-levvel waste and 12 cu ubic meterrs of high-levvel waste. In October 2 2012 the Spanish S g governmentt hass propose ed two new taxes o on nuclearr ene ergy as part of a draft llaw being g pre esented to o parliament. The firrst nuclearr ene ergy tax iss the prod duction of radioactive e wa aste resu ulting from m nuclea ar powerr gen neration att 2.190 eu uro (EUR) (2.878 US S dolllars) per kilo k of heavvy metal pro oduced. Nuc clear Power P Plant Almarazz-Trillo

The second tax is on radioacttive waste e storage e and will replace ccurrent taxxes impose ed by auto onomous regions. Itt will bring g “cohere ence and cconsistencyy and unifyy the tax syystem of va arious autonomous re egions”, the e ministryy said. Spa ain’s Minisster for Ind dustry, Mig guel Sebasstián, called d for a revview of the e safety systems a at all Spa anish nuclear powerr plants, tto draw o on the lesssons from m Japane ese event. Along the same line e, he declared that ad dditional asssessmentts covering g the seissmic occurrrence and flood riskss have been ordered. In August 2011 1, Spain’s nuclear regulator (Consejo de Segu uridad Nucclear-CSN)) unanim mously app proved a 10-year lifettime exten nsion for th he 2 nucle ear units o of the Ascó ó nuclearr power pla ant (up to 2 2021). On Septembe er 15, the C CSN inform med that alll 8 nuclearr power plants had d passed the stresss tests proposed by the Europ pean Union n and thatt plants’ safety ma argins makke them ccapable of resisting accidents beyond th heir design n gly, María T Teresa Do ominguez, president of FORO NUCLEAR R, declared d bases. According uclear powe er must co ontinue as part of Sp pain’s elecctricity mix.. In Novem mber 2014, that nu Almara az-Trillo wa as grant witth more 10 year life operation, o u until 2014. The ne ew governm ment elected in Nove ember 201 11 has alre eady state ed that the Spanish electriccity mix will be one tha at ensures the reducttion of CO2 2 emission ns.

Swede en Country y

Sweden n

Reactors in operation

10

installed capacity (MW)

9.3 388

Reactors under cons struction

0

capacity und der c construction (M MW)

0

genera ated energy 2013 (TWH)

63 3,72

% of total enerrgy generated in 20 g 013

42,7

Sweden has 10 nuclear re eactors in operation that produ uced 63.72 2 TWh or 42.7 % off 13. There e are 3 cclosed rea actors, 1 ffor end-of--life (Agessta) and 2 electriccity in 201 (Barseb bäck) for p political reasons. The e capacity increase i of the counttry’s existin ng reactorss amountted to apprroximately 1150 MW,, practicallly matching g the capacity of Barssebäck 1-2 2 reactorrs (BWR-60 00MW) and d 2 (BWR--615 MW), that were premature ely shut dow wn in 2004 4 and 2005. With a population n of about 9 million, this t repressents appro oximately o one reactorr per eacch million in nhabitants. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Ringhals s nuclear po ower plant is s the largest power plant in Scandiinavia.

Electriccity production in Sweden iis domina ated by two o generatin ng sources hydro w with about 50% of the powe er grid’s capacity, c an nd nuclear with 45%. The exxpansion of such production n rates w was limited d by laws protecting g rivers and a prohibiting the co onstruction n of new reactors. In June 2010, country’s authoritiess officiallyy abolish hed the legislation n banning g the consstruction o of new rea actors, and d since Ja anuary 201 11 new re eactors are e allowed d to be buiilt to replacce the olde est ones re eaching en nd-of-lifetim me or to increase the e countryy’s generatting capacitty and enssure energyy supply se ecurity. any wants to buy lan nd adjacen nt to the R Ringhals nu uclear pow wer plant to o Vattenffall Compa build another a po ower reacctor, Mats Ladeborn n, the dirrector of the Swedish powerr compan ny's nuclea ar power de evelopmen nt unit, said d in a June e 3statemen nt. Under Swedish llaw, new reactors ma ay be builtt to replace e units that will be pe ermanentlyy shut. R Reactors m may only be e built at the t sites of the three e existing n nuclear po ower plantss op perating in n Sweden: Ringhals, Fo orsmark an nd Oskarsh hamn. By 2025 att least fou ur reactorss will reach the end of liife and will e closed re esulting in the loss off be mo ore than 22 TWh of steadyy en nergy in the country. The e Sw wedish govvernment, through itss Prrime Min nister, vo owed the e de ecision willl be maintained to o replace nucllear reacto ors coming g to the end off their useful lives. Nuclear P Power Station n Forsmark

Nuclea ar wastes s With a nuclear generating fleet f where e all reacto ors have be een operatting for twe enty two to o forty ye ears, opera ation safetyy and waste e storage p processes are a consstant conce ern. In Jun ne 2009, the Nucle ear Fuel and Wastte Manage ement Co ompany - SKB, an n indepen ndent com mpany run b by the operators of nuclear n pow wer plants in Sweden n, selected a site (Ö Östhamma ar municipa ality) near the t Formark plant to host the co ountry’s fin nal storage e facility ffor spent fu uel. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Östh hammar – Sweden n Selec cted site forr cons struction of waste e stora age

Everry year, more m than n 10,0 000 people e visit the e test caverns of Aspo o Hard d Rock lab boratory, a mod del where the spentt fuel from nuclear powerr stations can b be stored. As general in nformation n policcy, the pop pulation iss enco ouraged tto get to o know w the solutionss prop posed. The communitties in the e d more than 80% of area co ompeted w with one a another to host the ffacility, and o the local residen nts favor the repositorry. The op peration sta arting date of the fina al repositorry will posssibly be in 2023 2 if the e proposed d schedu ule is mett. Accordin ng to the spokespe erson of tthe Nuclea ar Fuel and Waste e Manage ement Com mpany (SK KB), Inger Nordholm, the policyy that has led l to this position iss one of complete transparen ncy with th he commun nities, stating what iss meant to o be done, why it should s be d done, and how a placce for it willl be found.

Switze erland Counttry

Reactors in opera ation

installled capac city (MW)

Rea actors under co onstruction

capacity under construction (MW)

generatted energy 2013 3 (TWH)

% of total energ gy ge enerated in 201 13

Switzerlland

5

3.308

0

0

24 4.99

36,4

Switzerrland has 5 operating g nuclear rreactors (3,352 MW installed ca apacity) disstributed in n PWR and a BWR R type rea actors, which producced 24.99 9 TWh of electricityy in 2013, accoun nting for 36 6,4% of the e country’ss electric g grid. With a populatio on of 7.6 million, m thiss represe ents approxximately on ne reactor per each m million and a half inha abitants. These plants werre designed for 50 ye ears’ opera ation and ttheir current operatin ng licensess are due e to expire e between n 2019 and 2034 wh hen they will w reach lifetime lim mits. Three e construcction appliccations for new n nuclear plants we ere under re eview by Sw wiss federal authoritiess when th he Fukushim ma accidentt occurred a and, as a co onsequence e the processses were put on hold.

Propossed laws calling for a ban on n nuclear energy are not n overly rigid and provide p forr periodicc assessm ments of the counttry’s energ gy situatio on vis-à-vis world ttechnologyy develop pment as a means fo or energy p policy chang ges. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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There w was also h high support for the ccontinued use u of nucllear powerr, with 68% % of people e saying that Switze erland's exxisting reacctors should remain in operation n as long a as they are e safe (a according with poolss in Octob ber 2013)..Nuclear e energy is an essenttial part off Switzerrland's ene ergy mix an nd more de ebate is nee eded abou ut its plann ned phase out. The Urranium for ffuel that su upplies the e plants is p procured o on world markets, enrrichment iss provide ed by a varriety of contractors, an nd fuel fab brication is similarly diiverse.

Swis ss Power Reactors in Ope eration Reactor

Bez nau 1 Bez nau 2 sgen Gös Müh hleberg Leib bstadt

Operator

Type

MWe net

startt operatiion

osure clo (ap prox.)

NOK NOK KK KG/Alpiq BKW NO OK/Alpiq

PWR PWR PWR BWR BWR

365 365 985 372 1165

1969 9 1971 9 1979 1971 4 1984

20 019 20 021 20 029 20 022 20 034

Nuclea ar wastes s Switzerrland has been b long looking l forr a suitable e site to build a final rrepository ffor nuclearr wastes. In the m meantime, such wasttes are tra ansported to interim storage ffacilities in n Sellafie eld (Englan nd) and La Hague (Frrance), butt should re eturn to Sw witzerland a as soon ass the fina al repositorry is available. The op peration sttarting date e of the wa aste storage e facility iss schedu uled for 202 24. Every yyear, the five Swiss rreactors prroduce around 75 ton ns of spentt fuel wh hich, at the e end of their planne ed lifespan n, will tota al 3,000 to 4,300 ton ns (around d 7,300 m3), depending on the e operating g conditions of each p plant. ompany ressponsible ffor nuclearr waste ma anagementt in genera al also estimates thatt The co low- an nd intermed diate-level radioactive e and waste from me edical activvities will b bring this to o 3 a total of 93,000 0m . The ccosts gene erated by decommissioning of plants, sttorage and d ort, interim storage, a and deep geological g des related d transpo storage off such material, besid researcch and devvelopment, are alread dy charged to consum mers on ele ectricity billss. ent which is responssible for all Produccers of medical wasttes pay a fee to the governme such se ervices. C Considering g the Fuku ushima eve ent, althou ugh not a member o of the Bloc, Switzerrland will d do the sam me tests ass other natiions of the e EU. The conclusion ns from the e prelimin nary tests are a that the e nuclear p plants have e high safe ety levels.

ne Ukrain Country y

Ukrain ne

Reactors s in operatio on

15

installed d capacity y (MW)

13.10 07

Reacttors under construction

2

capacity und der c construction (M MW)

2.000

genera ated energy 2013 (TWH)

78 8,17

% of total energy generated in 2 2013

43,6

Ukraine e has 15 re eactors in operation with an insstalled cap pacity of 13 3,880 MW (13 VVER R 1000MW W and 2 V VVER 400 MW) and 4 closed un nits (Chern nobyl – 3 RBMK R 925 MW and 1 RBMK 725 MW).. Zaporozh he nuclear power sta ation in we est Ukraine e is Europe e’s largest, with 6 V VVER type e reactors, 950 MW each. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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In 2012 2, Ukrainia an nuclear power plan nts producced 84.885 TWh, representing 46.20 4 % off the country’s ele ectric pow wer. With about 45 million pe eople (201 10 censuss) and the e dimenssions of the state of Minas Ge erais, in Brrazil, it has a reacto or for everry 3 million n people and consu umes almost double tthe energy per capita a of Brazilia ans. Zaporrizhia Nucle ear Power Station

Ukraine’s prima ary energ gy sourcess are ccoal, gas and a uranium m, but gass – as well as oiil – is imp ported from m Russia, which a also suppliies nuclearr fuel. Such enerrgy dependence hass broug ght politica al problem ms for the e counttry which would likke to find d substtitutes for e energy supplies. In 2004 U Ukraine c completed , comm missioned and put into o comm mercial op peration Unit U 2 off Khme elnitski sttation (10 000MW – VVER); in additio on, Rovno’’s Unit 4 (1000MW – VVER) was w comm missioned a and started d operatio on. Russian company Atomstro oyexport w will comple ete the construction of units 3 and 4 off Khmeln nitski powe er station ((1000MW – VVER, e each), as a approved in n October 2008. The e constru uction had been susp pended in 1990. Con nstruction w work on un nit 3 is 75% % complete e and pla ant 4, 28%.. A 20-ye ear extenssion of the operating licenses ffor Rovno 1&2 was granted byy the State e Nuclear Regulato ory Inspecto orate of Ukkraine (SNR RI or SNRC C) in Dece ember 2010 0. According to data a from the e World Nuclear Asssociation – WNA the ere exist 1 13 planned d reactorrs in Ukraine, with 9 being inte ended to replace r old der ones sscheduled to be shutt down b by 2035, a and the otthers are new plantts to meett country’ss future co onsumption n requirements. In Octo ober 2012 The Intern national En nergy Agen ncy – IEA released a review of Ukraine’ss energy policies, w where theyy say Ukra aine will n need betwe een three gigawatts (GW) and d 5GW of o new nucclear capaccity, for wh hich it has already drrawn up a list of possible sites. A decission on new w build is e expected b between 20 015 and 20 018 with in nvestment costs c likelyy to rang ge from 12 billion US S dollars (U USD) (9.2 billion euro o) to USD 20 billion, the reportt says. The T report says s nucle ear energy is “a key p pillar” of the e country’ss draft Upda ate Energyy Strateg gy, which details enerrgy policy u until 2030. outh Ukraine-1 nucle ear power plant p gets 10-year exxtension to o On 16 Decemberr 2013 - So The State N Nuclear Re egulatory Inspectoratte (SNRI) o of Ukraine e has appro oved a 10-2023 T year exxtension off the operattion license e for the So outh Ukrain ne-1 nuclear power p plant. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Ukra aine's Re eactors in operration Ty ype V=P PWR

M MWe net

Start Comm mercial operatio on

c Scheduled close, likely close

North hwest: Khme elnitski 1 Khme elnitski 2 Rivne e/Rovno 1 Rivne e/Rovno 2 Rivne e/Rovno 3 Rivne e/Rovno 4 South h:

V-320 V-320 V-213 V-213 V-320 V-320

950 950 402 416 950 950

Aug 1988 Aug 2005 Sep 1981 2 jul/82 May 1987 late 200 05

2018, 2032 2035, 2050 2030 2031 2017, 2032 2035, 2050

South h Ukraine 1

V-302

950

Oct 198 83

2023, 2033

South h Ukraine 2

V-338

950

Apr 198 85

2015, 2030

South h Ukraine 3

V-320

950

Dec 1989

2019, 2034

Zaporrozhe 1 Zaporrozhe 2 Zaporrozhe 3 Zaporrozhe 4 Zaporrozhe 5 Zaporrozhe 6

V-320 V-320 V-320 V-320 V-320 V-320

950 950 950 950 950 950

Dec 1985 Feb 1986 mar/87 88 Apr 198 Oct 198 89 Sep 1996

2015, 2030 2016, 2031 2017, 2032 2018, 2033 2019, 2034 2026, 2041

R Reactor

Total (15) (

168 MWe ne et (13,835 MWe M gross – Energoattom May 2013) 13,1

mmissioned d in 1983, had been granted a 30-year op peration liccense. With h The 950 MW, com ng until D he unit wiill continue e generatin December 2023. It iss currentlyy this exxtension, th undergoing pre-startup tests after a 280-day 2 ou utage durin ng which re epairs, reco onstruction n odernization work hass been und dertaken. A similar exxtension co ould be gra anted to the e and mo other tw wo units at South Ukrraine, until 2015 and 2019, resp pectively. ar wastes s Nuclea Ukraine e does not reprocess its wastess and these e are stored d at the pla ants themsselves. Cherno obyl’s 4 rea actors are being deccommission ned. Unit 4 which wa as destroye ed in 1986 6 by a nu uclear acccident, with h explosion n and relea ase of rad dioactivity, is encapsu ulated in a sarcoph hagus, and d a new pro otective strructure is b being built o on it. After th he fall of the Soviet Union, Ukra aine negotia ated the re epatriation of nuclear warheadss which w were in its territory a and their tra ansformation into nuclear fuel, thereby rid dding itselff of the risk r of anyy accident with atomic weapons and bein ng enabled d to sign th he Nuclearr Non-Prroliferation Treaty - NPT. In 1991 1, Ukraine e had on itts territory 1,900 strategic nucclear warhe eads along g with 176 6 intercon ntinental b ballistic misssiles (ICBMs) and 45 5 strategicc bombers. That consstituted the e world’s third large est nuclear arsenal. Ukraine agreed to g give up tho ose weapo ons, in partt due to commitme ents to Trea aty on the Non-Prolife eration of N Nuclear Weapons - N NPT and to o espected its territoria al integrityy and sove ereignty co ontained in n the 1994 4 Budapestt have re Memorrandum sig gned with R Russia, the United Sta ates and England. E P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Other Eu uropean Countrie es c countrie es (Lithu uania, Esttonia and d Latvia)) Baltic Being ttoo small to o bear the constructio on costs off a nuclearr plant, the Baltic countries wish h to join into a con nsortium to o build a p plant. Toge ether, they can also benefit fro om lines off credit w which they are entitle ed to with tthe Nordic Investmen nt Bank. Th he Project could also o include e Poland, but it had de ecided not participate e.

Lithua ania In Dece ember 200 09, Lithuania’s last rea actor (RBM MK) that wa as operatin ng in the co ountry wass shut do own, as pa art of its EU U accessio on commitm ments. Lith huania had d been trying to keep p nuclearr plant Ign nalia 2 (1.3 300-MW RBMK) R in o operation u up to 2012 2, but wass unable to o controvvert the op pinion of the Europea an authoritiies. An interim repository will be built on n the plan nt’s own siite (AREVA A contract tto be paid by the Eurropean Union) to storre low- and d interme ediate-level wastes from plant decommiss d sioning. In M March 2010, an agree ement wass signed with Swed den for con nstruction of a transm mission line to carry electric po ower to the e countryy, pending the availab bility of other nuclear plants. As a co onsequencce of the reactor shutd down, the ccountry’s p price electrric power ro ose 31% in n 2010. A proposal already exxists for a reactor (Visaginas) in Lithuania a under a consortium c m with E Estonia. Th his is cla assified byy the inte erested go overnmentss as an immediate e implem mentation p project to ensure en nergy secu urity and ccut down gas depen ndence on n Russia, besides a assisting in n complying g with Euro opean goa als of green nhouse gas emission n reductio on. Hitachi-GE as the sup pplier of the e new Visag ginas plantt On Julyy 14, 2011 Lithuania selected H equippe ed with an n ABWR type reactorr, expected d to be in operation o in 2020. Th he contractt should be signed d in 2011,, with the project’s ccost estim mated at up p to 5 billion Euros. er solution for f the region’s energ gy shortage e is the Ru ussian consstruction p proposal forr Anothe 2 VVER R with a ccapacity of 1200 MW W each, loccated in Ka aliningrad neighborin ng (10 Km)) Lithuan nia and Polland. Start of construction is sch heduled for April 2011 and plan nt operation n for 201 16 and 20 018. Invesstor prese entation ha as termed the Proje ect a bussiness with h guaranteed custo omers. ns voted against a a n new nuclea ar plant at the Ignalina nuclearr On 15 Oct 2012 Lithuanian ut the cou untry’s likely new rullers said n no final de ecision hass been taken and a site, bu second d referendu um could be held in tw wo years. A final inve estment de ecision on whether orr not to g go ahead w with the project is expected in 2 2015. Hitacchi has said the new w unit could d be com mmercially o operational by 2021 o or 2022.

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In 2014 4 the Ignalina nuclea ar power plant‘s (INPP P) Unit 2 ccommence es Unit 2 Turbine Hall equipm ment disma antling and d decontam mination. T The projecct must be e complete ed in 2021 1 June.

Nuc clear Power Pla ant Ignalina-2 equ uipment dismantling and deco ontamination

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C-A Africa / Middle e East / Africa ans Co ountries s

Construction n at Barakah 1 in the UAE (P Photograph co ourtesy of ENE EC).

The Afrrican continent has h huge fossil reserves a and hydro sources th hat can be harnessed d for elecctricity gen neration. Still, S electrrification and consum mption are e at very llow levels, especia ally in rural areas, ina asmuch th he countries are unab ble to use their reserrves due to o extreme e droughtss, high oil prices, p confflicts and to o the general shortag ge of resources. Besidess presentin ng high lossses, the e existing pow wer transm mission sysstems are insufficientt to provvide the co ountries with the neccessary support for d domestic e electricity d distribution. There exists e an u urgent neccessity of e ensuring th he quality and reliability of elecctric powerr supply for the peo oples of tha at continen nt. Nuclear power is under serious consid deration in n over 20 ccountries w which do no ot currentlyy have itt. In the M Middle Easst and Norrth Africa: Gulf G statess including g UAE, Sau udi Arabia, Qatar & Kuwait, Yemen, Issrael, Syria a, Jordan, Egypt, Tunisia, Libyya, Algeria, Morocco, Sudan. In west, central c and d southern n Africa: Nigeria, Gha ana, Senegal, Kenya a, Uganda, Namibia There a are program ms in nuclear manpo ower trainin ng and in the t design of small re eactors (50 0 to 200 MW), led by the United Statess that could d be the m most econom mical optio on for mostt countrie es on the continent c w without reso ources. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Egyptt Egypt h has not a la arge quanttity of fuel, and foreca asts are th hat oil and gas reservves will lastt no long ger than 3 more m deca ades. For th hese and o other reaso ons, Egypt is expecte ed to sign a contracct with the 6 foreign consultant firms tha at joined th he competitive biddin ng processs intende ed to develop activitie es that will assist in th he preparattory phase e toward the e country’ss first nucclear powe er plant. It was expected that by 20 012 authorrities had h had define ed the type e and supp plier of the e future rreactor, but the intern nal conflict had postp pone the de ecision. Th he country is planning g to build d 4 nuclea ar power plants by 20 025, with the t first on ne coming on stream m by 2019. The selected site is El-Daba aa on the M Mediterrane ean coast. s biddin ng processs include ttraining of teams, esspecially in n The acctivities covvered by such activitie es concern ning nuclea ar plant saffety and monitoring, q quality sysstems, and regulatoryy framew work. This should allo ow the country to risse to interrnational sttandards p prior to the e constru uction of th he planned d plants the emselves. In addition n, cooperattion agreem ments with h Russia are under way for future worrk in uraniium prospecting and d mining, sspecialized d personnel training g in regula atory matte ers, and nu uclear consstruction and operatio on. One off the ten nder’s cond ditions is th hat whoevver wins will take the e responsib bility of financing the e project till its implementation n. Egypt has h 2 rese earch reacctors dediccated to acctivities foccused on neutron ra adiography, neutron n physics, and a radioissotope prod duction.

Ghana a Ghana has a reported pop pulation off about 24 4 million people. p It is a Middle Income e Econom my. The ellectrical en nergy comes from tthe Akosom mbo Dam that provid des hydro-electriccity for Gha ana and itss neighborin ng countrie es. Most off this energ gy (80%) g goes to the e Americcan compan ny VALCO (Volta Alu uminium Co ompany) The Gh hana Atomic Energy Commissio on has said d nuclear power p could provide a at least 10 0 percentt of the co ountry’s insstalled capa acity by 20 020. A memorandum m of cooperation wass signed with Rosa atom (Russsia) for de evelopmentt of nuclea ar energy and infrasttructure to o supportt these acttivities in th he West A African country. A working group will be established e d to studyy potential joint proje ects and a draft d frame ework agre eement on areas of co ooperation n will be prepared. Ghana has no exxisting com mmercially o operationa al nuclear u units, but since s 1994 4 has been n r re eactor know wn as the Ghana Research Reactor-1, orr operating a small Chinese research R-1. GHARR

Israel Israel is not a me ember of tthe IAEA or o a signattory of the Treaty on n Non-Proliferation off Nuclear Weaponss (NPT), bu ut it has be een reporte ed that it d develops a complete program in n P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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this fielld and posssibly has a strong n nuclear military capaccity. But any informa ation in the e sensitivve context of nuclearr weapons is very diffficult to verify, given the lack off access to o countrie es’ concrette intelligen nce data, w which is alsso not the ffocus of this paper. ear plant ffor electriciity generattion would have no rroom in Issrael, given n the small A nucle size of its grid (10 0,000 MW)). Notwithsttanding, in March 2010, the govvernment ((minister off infrastructures) announced that the ccountry willl be develo oping a civvil program m, with the e ant planne ed to com me into operation ovver the ne ext 15 yea ars. Israel has been n first pla develop ping a prog gram dediccated to the e sector of renewable e energy so ources. has the Ne egev Nuclear Researcch Center, 13 km from the city of Dimona a (KAMAG)) Israel h and the e Soreq Nu uclear Ressearch Cen nter (MAMA AG) aboutt 55 km fro om Tel Avivv, in which h sites th he country’ss two resea arch reacto ors are ope erating.

Jorda an In line with its civil nucllear energ gy program m, Jordan n has signed mem moranda off understtanding witth reactor suppliers in Canada (AECL), Ja apan and South S Kore ea (Kepco)) for sele ecting a co onstruction site for its nuclear po ower statio on. As a re esult of succh process, on 09/1 15/09 Tracctebel Eng gineering (G GDF Suezz companyy) was cho osen as a partner in n carrying g out nuclear techno ology deve elopment e efforts and studies on the use of nuclearr energy for producction of pottable waterr from the ssea. o oil or gas and depen nds on poliitically unstable supp pliers (97% of its fuelss As it prroduces no are imp ported), an nd given the e region’s susceptibility to consstant terrorrist attackss, Jordan iss plannin ng to have 30% of its energy sup pplied from m nuclear p power up to o 2030. Much off this is drivven by the discovery of uranium m depositss in its te erritory (resserves esstimated att 65,000 tonnes) t wh hich the co ountry is planning p to o exploit d despite the strong opp position of the United d States. dan has signed itss uranium m In addition, Jord w Areva lasting 25 5 years. In Decemberr mining with 2009, a contract w was signed with South h Korea forr of a 5 MW Wt researrch reactorr the construction o d for both h radioisottope produ uction and d intended training of the country’s sscientific a and skilled d een until 20 016. human rresources. It is forese Image off first reactor of Jordan (KA AERI)

The Un nited States refuses tto permit JJordan to m mine and e enrich its ow wn uranium m; instead, any co ooperation in this are ea necesssitates nucclear fuel p purchases on the in nternational market for the pu urpose of preventing, p according g to them, w weapons p proliferation n problemss and/or other milita ary intentio ons.

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The country expe ects to beg gin construction of itss first plant in 2014 to o reach the e operation n of the first f reacto or in 2020 and secon nd in 2025 5. The supp plier will be Russia ((Rosatom), winner of the international ccompetition n with mode el AES92 (VVER ( 100 00). The co ompany will finance e 49% of th he project w with the re emainder u under the re esponsibility of the g governmentt of Jorda an. The mo odel chose en was AE ES92 (1000 0MW VVER R). The sitte will be llocated in Majdal, 40 0 km norrth of Amm man, with ccooling from m a sewag ge treatme ent station. Contractss are being g prepare ed but have e not yet been signed d. The Fu ukushima a accident ha as brought no changes to the n nuclear policy of Jord dan, with 2 power reactors b being conte emplated o over the ne ext 10 yea ars. Howevver, in Mayy 2012 the e nt voted 3 36 to 27 in favor o of a reco ommendatio on by the e lower house of parliamen mentary Energy & Min neral Reso ources Com mmittee to suspend tthe countryy’s nuclearr parliam program m, including uranium exploratio on. Howeve er, JAEC says s the mo otion was qualified in n effect to o endorse its cautious proceediing.

Kenya a In earlyy 2011, Ke enya's National Economic and S Social Cou uncil (NESC C), the govvernment’ss body ccharged wiith accelerrating the country’s economic growth, rrecommend ded that a nuclearr program with all the necesssary elecctricity gen neration fra amework should be e initiated d as a mea ans to meet the growiing domesttic demand d for electriic power byy 2020. aitu Murung gi, set up a committe ee of 13 sp pecialists to o prepare a The Minister of Energy, Kira d plan and d schedule e, and is looking fo or sites along Kenya a’s coastline for the e detailed constru uction of a nuclear pla ant, with a all IAEA req quirementss for this acctivity to be e complied d with. Compa any KenGe en, the larg gest electricity produ ucer, is see eking partn ners for a 4,200 MW W nuclearr power prroject in an n attempt to mitigate the proble ems cause ed by droug ghts, when n the levvels of resservoirs’ w water used in hydro power ge eneration (65% of th he national electriccity grid) are severely brought do own. Kenya Power has begun re ecruiting staff to man nage its planned nuclear enerrgy project. The co ompany ha as called ffor applica ations for a project feasibility f tteam leade er, internal auditor, financial accountan nt, procurement office er, legal asssistant, au udit assista ant and an n d to plans tto build a n nuclear ene ergy projecct. ICT offiicer related Kenay’ss Energy R Regulatory Commissiion (ERC) estimates that peak power dem mand in the e countryy stands att about 1,2 200 MW against a an installed capacity c off 1,500 MW W and it iss projecte ed that the e country w will require a at least 1,8 800 MW of power by 2016. Apart frrom South Africa, Nig geria is the e only otherr country in n sub-Saha aran Africa a with planss to build d nuclear po ower plantts to meet a major part of its ele ectricity dem mand by 20 015.

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Namib bia Half off the country's electrricity is su upplied by South Afrrica, which h also face es internal problem ms of energ gy supply. Namibia has no nuclear ellectricity generation plants, bu ut it is Africa’s top producer p off uranium m and the w world’s fifth largest. A According to governm mental sou urces, the ccountry will use su uch potentiial to deve elop its nu uclear indu ustry and to generatte electriciity through h nuclearr power plants inten nded to co omplete th he countryy’s energy mix. The policy on n uranium m and nuclear energyy is focused d on the en ntire fuel cyycle. In November 201 12, the co onstruction of Swako op Uranium m’s Husab Project h has begun n followin ng the sign ning in Beijjing (China a) of the en ngineering,, procurem ment and co onstruction n manage ement (EP PCM) contrract. Swako op Uranium m is an entiity owned by b China Guangdong G g Nuclear Power C Company U Uranium R Resources Companyy Limited a and the China-Africa a Development Fun nd.

Nigeriia Nigeria a has a tottal capacityy of 2GW (in 2013) and no ccommercia al nuclear plants, butt does have h a ressearch reacctor that b began ope eration in 2004 2 at the Centre ffor Energyy Researrch and Trraining at A Ahmadu B Bello Unive ersity in Za aria, in the northern part of the e countryy. According to Nige eria’s Atom mic Energy Commission (NAEC C), Nigeria’ss plans beg gin to build d a nucle ear power station unttil 2020 forr electricityy generatio on. To this effect, a program p forr recruitin ng and tra aining perso onnel speccializing in nuclear w will be launched. The country iss committted to adhere to all safety s Standards esta ablished byy international oversig ght bodies. gust 2011 1, Russia’s In Aug intergovvernmenta al agreeme ent decomm missioning g of Nigeria a’s 1,000 m megawattss of electriccity to 4,000 megawatts by 2030 0.

om and Nigeria had h finalizzed a dra aft of an n Rosato to cooperate on the desig gn, constru uction, ope eration and d first nu uclear pow wer plant. N Nigeria is planning p to o generate e through h nuclear energy e by 2020 and gradually increase itt

Saudii Arabia In 2008, Saudi Arabia sig gned a co ooperation agreemen nt with the United States forr develop pment of a civil prog gram for n nuclear ele ectricity ge eneration. In February 2011, a similar agreement was signed with Fra ance, othe ers with South Korea, the Czech h Republic, the UK and with R Russia. In January 2012 2 Saudii Arabia ha as added C China to a g growing listt of coun ntries with w which it has signed nuclear coo operation agreementss. e 2011, Sa audi Arabia a confirmed its planss to build 1 16 nuclear power rea actors overr In June the nexxt two deca ades at an estimated cost of 80 billion dollars.

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These reactors w will be used in energy generation n and wate er desalinattion; the firsst 2 should d start operation frrom 2022 onwards, followed by others up to 203 30. The g governmentt expectss nuclear energy to reach 20% % of the domestic consumptio c on over th he next 20 0 years. i also the e possibilityy of using small reacctors (reacctors Small) desalinattion of sea a There is water, as the Arrgentine C CAREM. Several S coo operation agreements were signed with h ers of reacttors (GE H Hitachi Nucclear Energ gy and To oshiba / We estinghousse, AREVA A supplie and Ed dF) preparin ng for interrnational competition that will precede the e start of co onstruction n of a nucclear powe er plant. Russian and Sa audi Arabia an officialss have ap pproved th he draft o of an agre eement on n coopera ation in nuclear energ gy, Rosato om announced in a sttatement Ju une 18, 20 014.

South h Africa Counttry South Affrica

insta alled Reac ctors in capa acity operration (MW W) 2

1800

Re eactors c capacity und der u under co onstruction (M MW) cons struction 0

0

gene erated ene ergy 2013(TWH)

%o of total energ gy g generated in 2013

13 364

5,7

Africa’s two o operating g reactors (Koeberg 1 and 2 - P PWR 900 MW each), produced d South A 12, 923 3 TWH in 2 2011, about 5,19% off the electrical energyy in the cou untry. The co ountry has a reactor design d of its i own, bu ut due to th he lack of financing associated d with the e governm ment’s cutba ack on pro oject fundin ng, the ressponsible ccompany P PBMR (Pty)) Ltd - which officia ally belongss à Eskom (Industrial Developm ment Corp)) and Westtinghouse is in the e process of o liquidatio on. The go overnment has invested around 1.23 billion n dollars in n this pro oject, over tthe 11 yea ars of the co ompany’s existence. e Formerr Minister of Energ gy - Dipu uo Peters reiterated d in 2012 2 the govvernment’ss commitment to nuclearr renewable e energy and sources, aimed at electricityy d diversificatio on and d mix greenhou use gas red duction. According g to e her, the Japanese e accidentt will bring g lessons tthat will be e used on n projects p planned to come into o operation n by 202 23, seeing g that in tthe nuclea ar industryy experiencces are exchanged e d among th he countries, to the e benefit off all. Nuclear P Power Station Koeberg (Pho oto by: Ruvan n Boshoff)

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The co ountry is p planning to o build 9.6 600 MW o of new nucclear capacity over tthe next 2 decade es, as part of the plan to double South Africa’s A ene ergy supplyy from 25,0 000 MW to o 50,000 MW, at a total cost estimated at 89 billio on Euros. Such plan n also inclu udes wind, coal an nd solar energy sourcces. According to the minister, the countryy is not con ntemplating g dropping g plans for expansion n of nuclear energyy supply. This T contexxt was signed in Octtober 2013 3, a memo orandum off etween the e South A African com mpany SE EBATA (co ompany en ngineering, understtanding be procure ement and d constructtion manag gement) an nd Westinghouse for the prep paration forr the pote ential consstruction off AP1000 n nuclear pow wer plants in the coun ntry. On Se eptember 22, 2014 South Affrica and Russia signed a sstrategic p partnership p agreem ment on nuclear energ gy collaboration, acccording to R Russian state nuclea ar companyy Rosato om, but an official in the South African nu uclear prog gram emph hasized that Russian n technollogy was only one of the op ptions bein ng conside ered. The agreemen nt lays the e foundattion for larg ge scale nuclear pow wer plant procuremen nt and deve elopment program p byy South A Africa base ed on the cconstructio on in South h Africa of Russian V VVER reacctors with a total insstalled cap pacity of up p to 9.6 GW W (up to eig ght nuclearr Units.

Turke ey Presen ntly, Turkeyy is the 17th largest e economy in n the world and imporrts most of its energy. In 2011 1 produced d 228 TWh of electricity (therma al capacity w with fossil fuel - 64% -fossil fuel and 36 6% renewa able), to se erve a popu ulation of 7 72 million inhabitantss. The intro oduction off nuclearr energy in Turkey da ates back to o the earlyy 70s.

Site e Akkuyu – Tu urkey – pre co onstruction a activities

Along this t same context, in March 2 2008 Turke ey launche ed an international competitive c e bidding g process fo or a 4,000 MW nucle ear power p plant to be built by 20 015, with th he possible e

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resump ption of th he Akkuyo project suspended in 2000. In Septem mber 2009 9, Turkey’ss ambasssador to th he IAEA - A Ahmet Erta ay, informe ed that 5 V VVER type reactors w will be builtt by Russsia on the e Mediterra anean Coa ast Akkuyo site, with a capacityy for 5,000 0 MW, and d that an nother 10,0 000 MW p project is under u studyy (SINOP)), on a sep parate site e yet to be e licensed. Re eactor / NP PP

Ak kkuyu 1 Ak kkuyu 2 Ak kkuyu 3 Ak kkuyu 4 Sin nop 1 Sin nop 2 Sin nop 3 Sin nop 4

Tipo

M MWe

Con nstruction n starts Operation O b begins

VVER R-1200

1200

VVER R-1200

1200

2021

VVER R-1200

1200

2022

VVER R-1200

1200

2023

Atm mea1

1150

Atm mea1

1150

2024

Atm mea1

1150

?

Atm mea1

1150

?

January 20 016

2017

Planned or o proposed Reactors s in Turkey

2021

2023

(Source: WNA) W

In late 2010, the agreemen nts signed between T Turkey and Russia were w ratifie ed by theirr respecttive parliam ments and criteria we ere defined d for sales o of nuclear energy ge enerated byy Turkey’s companyy TETAS, which will buy 70% o of the total produced by b the two first plantss (1200 MW M each). According to the terms of the 2010 contract, Atomenerg goproekt JJSC, a subsidiary off om Corporation will fully construct and o operate (fo or 60 yearrs) four 1.200 MWe e Rosato PWR ((VVER/491 1) units wiith total ca apacity 4.8 800MWe, in Günlar--Akkuyu (B Büyükeceli, Mersin Province) on Turkeyy's southeastern Mediiterranean coast. 2 the US$2 20bn consttruction contract of T Turkey's firsst nuclear power plan nt, Akkuyu, In 2012 was aw warded to Rosatom a and Atomsstroyexport. They fore ecast the ffirst plant w would startt operatio on in 2019 9.

The m main role of o nuclea ar energy in Turkeyy is strate egic, redu ucing dep pendence e on gass from Ru ussia and d Iran. Th he second d plant, scheduled d to start o operating g in 202 23, will be e located in Sinop. In 2013 3 - Following a bilate eral meetin ng between n Turkey and a Japan, MHI and Areva are e set to w win an orde er to build a second n nuclear pow wer plant in Turkey. Preferred negotiation n n rights ccould be aw warded to tthe Mitsubishi-Areva consortium m after the two leaders agree to o coopera ate on the e Sinop Prroject, loccated on th he Black S Sea coast tthat would consist in n four units and havve an insta alled capaccity of abou ut 4.5 GW.

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Constru uction sho ould start in 2017 an nd the firstt unit shou uld be com mmissioned in 2023. Turkey has reach hed the fin nal phase o of talks, se electing the e Japanesse-French consortium c m Mitsubiishi Heavy Industries-GDF Suezz. The cost will be 22 2 billion dollars. The Fu ukushima a accident h has brough ht no chan nges to the e country’ss nuclear policy but Turkish h citizens rraise conce erns over tthe safety conditions of the Akkkuyu project and the environ nmental co onsequence es. The co ountry will do the same tests as a EU nations, even though it is not a member off the Bloc.

United d Arab E Emirates Country

United Ara ab Emirates

Reactors s in operatio on

0

installed d capacity y (MW)

0

Re eactors under construction

capacity under u construction n (MW)

gene erated energy 20 012 (TWH)

% of total ene ergy generated in 2 2012

3

4035

0

0

8, after a large studyy, the gove ernment de ecided that to meet tthe growth h in energyy In 2008 consum mption in th he region, the counttry needs tto double the available capaciity and the e best so ource to me eet this nee ed would b be nuclear e energy. Cooperration agre eements have been signed witth several countries to supporrt a civilian n nuclearr energy prrogram see eking to ha ave in operration by 2020 three nuclear po ower plantss of 1,500 MW each h.

Barakah1 a and 2 - Unde er constructtion

South K Korea won n the intern national bid dding for th he construcction of the e Arab Em mirates’ firstt nuclearr power sta ation (4 AP PR-1400 re eactors). T The other competitor c rs were AR REVA (with h the EPR reactor)) and GE H Hitachi (AB BWR). The e contract signed on Decembe er 27, 2010 0 by the e Korea Electric E Po ower Corp poration (Kepco) and Emirattes Nuclear Energyy

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Corpora ation (ENE EC) comess to 40 billlion dollarss and conttemplates tthe constru uction of 4 nuclearr units by 2 2020, intended to sup pply 25% off country’s electricity.. The site selected for first nu uclear pow wer plant iss Barakah o or Braka, n near Doha a (capital off om Abu Dhabi and m may consisst of up to 4 reactors. The workk Qatar) and 240 kkm away fro uly 2012, itt being exp pected thatt commerccial operatio on of the first unit will was initiated in Ju by 2017. Korean co ompany D Doosan Heavy Indu ustries will supply the heavyy start b compon nents. In JJuly 2010, the regula atory body granted th he licensess for site preparation p n and sta art of fabriccation of several com mponents ((thus enabling the Ko orean Doosan Heavyy Industries to starrt working). The seco ond unit sttarted consstruction in n May 2013, and the e er 2014. third in Septembe d unit is scheduled s to be commissione ed in 2019 9 and a ffourth in 2 2020. The e A third constru uction application for Barakah-3 3 and -4 w was filled a also. Safety concrete e has been n poured for the rea actor conta ainment building of Un nit 3 in Sep ptember, 2014. In addition, activvities are u under wayy for an in nternationa al competittive biddin ng processs ed to procu ure nuclear fuel for the e future pla ant. intende Emirate es Nuclearr Energy C Corp. annou unced August 15, 2012 that it h has contraccts with sixx compan nies worth $3 billion for natural uranium, concentrattes, converrsion and e enrichmentt service es that will supply itts planned d four Barrakah nuclear units for up to 15 years. Australia has sign ned a nucle ear co-operation agre eement autthorizing urranium exp ports to the e United Arab Emirates, whe ere constru uction starrted recenttly on the first of fou ur planned d nuclearr power rea actors. On 21 April 2014 4, The Emirates Nucle ear Energyy Corporattion (ENEC C) has cele ebrated the e inaugurration of itss Simulatorr Training C Center (ST TC) at Bara akah site in n the Weste ern Region n of Abu Dhabi. The new sim mulators, wh hich are am mong the w world’s mo ost advancced nuclearr training g devices a and the firrst of their kind in th he Middle East, will ccomplement ENEC’ss compre ehensive trraining pro ogram and help ENEC to prepa are its scholarships sstudents to o attain R Reactor Op perator (RO O) and Sen nior Reacto or Operato or (SRO) ce ertificationss. They will also pro ovide contiinuous training for EN NEC’s workking SROss.

Construction co ontinues at the site of the UAE E’s first nuclear-power plant a at Barakah-1 in n the Western Region. R hoto courtesy E Emirates Nuclea ar Energy Corp poration Ph

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D-A Asia

Position off Asian Nuclea ar Power plantt in operation

The Assia-Pacific region r is strongly dep pendent on n fossil fue els for electtricity gene eration with h around 60% of electricity ge eneration in n China, Ja apan, Soutth Korea and India co oming from m such so ources. A change in n the region n’s genera ation mix iss expected, with nucle ear energyy gaining g greater p prominence. Given the fast g growth sho own by Ch hina, the number off reactorrs in the region is like ely to doub ble by 2020 0. Today, sseven coun ntries rely on nuclearr energy, a number expected d to reach 21 by 202 20. Until Ma ay 2013 th here were 46 nuclearr reactorrs under co onstruction in Asia. There a are 700 miillion peoplle in India and just ovver 600 million in China who lack sourcess of enerrgy such ass electricityy or gas an nd rely on wood, w charrcoal or dung. About 85% of the e Indian rural r popullation depe end on trad ditional com mbustible, more dang gerous than n they mayy seem. Its steam contains h harmful pa articles tha at can prejudice the health of those who o breathe e them, with w harmfu ul micro-org ganisms up p to 3,000 per cubic meter, mo ore heavilyy contam minated tha an those co oming from m the polllution of ro oad or indu ustry. The UN warnss that Ind dia should strive to le eave these antiquated d fuels, rep placing them m with elecctric or gass stoves, thereby re emarkably improving the standa ard of living g of the pea asants.

China a Country y

China

Reactors in n installed operation capacity (MW W)

23

18,998

Reactors under construc ction

capa acity under construction (MW)

generated energy 2013 (GWH)

26

25,756

110.71 10

%o of total energy gen nerated in 2013 3

2.11

greatest co onsumer o of energy (5 5,245 TWh h in 2013),, according g China iis today the world’s g to the Internatio onal Atomiic Energy Agency. China’s d demand fo or commo odities and d productts is so biig that it h has a huge e impact o on the glob bal markett. The country has a limited supply of oil and ga as, but is rrich in coall, and the domestic cconsumptio on of such h fuel lea ads to a he eavy enviro onmental p pressure ass to gas em missions. B Besides the e problemss

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with em missions of o pollutantts into the environm ment, the water w supp ply is preca arious and d regiona al disparitie es lead to in nternal ten nsions. At pressent, 83% China’s electricity ge eneration ccome from m coal-fired plants, whereas the e world’s equivalent is 36%. T The govern nment’s pla ans are to lo ower such coal dependence eration, thus cutting back as emissions cau used by the e fossil fue els. in electtricity gene The Be eijing Municcipal Enviro onmental P Protection Bureau ha as decided to ban coa al sale and d use in Beijing's six main disstricts (Don ngcheng, X Xicheng, C Chaoyang, Haidian, F Fengtai and d Shijingsshan) by th he end of 2 2020 to cutt air pollutio on (China).. will be closed by this date and re eplaced byy Coal-firred power plants and other coall facilities w gas and d electricityy for heatin ng, cooking g and othe er uses. Other pollutin ng fuels, su uch as fuel oil, petrroleum cokke, combusstible wastte and som me biomasss fuel will be b also ban nned. Coal accoun nted for mo ore than 25 5% of Beijin ng's energyy consump ption in 201 12 and sho ould drop to o less tha an 10% by 2017. In Marcch 2014, B Beijing ann nounced a strategic plan aimed d at cutting CO2 em missions byy 20Mt by 2018 and reducing g air polluta ants emisssions by 25 5% below 2 2012 levels by 2017. Beijing also has e established d an Emission Trading g Scheme..

Unit 4 at China's Qiinshan Phase II commerciall operation

As far as nuclea ar energy is concern ned, the ccountry ha as, up to S Septemberr 2014, 22 2 n (17,998 MW) an nd the C Chinese g governmentt nuclearr power plants in operation contem mplates the construction of 200 GW over the next 20 0 years. Acccording to o the IAEA, 27 plan nts are now w under co onstruction n (with a to otal capaciity of 26,75 56 MW) and 16 new w reactorrs have bee en approve ed for start of construction. All large vendors have already submiitted offerss to the Ch hinese government, in as much h as this is, today, tthe world’ss biggest nuclear n pow wer business. To AREVA alone e China will pay 12 billion dollars for 2 already contracted EP PRs. energy is associated a nd for enerrgy and the e China’ss option forr nuclear e with the high deman government’s stra ategy to su ubstantiallyy diversify its energyy mix to pre event brea akdowns in n apita consu umption is around half of that prrevailing in n Brazil, butt supply. The counttry’s per ca pulation is nearly n 7 tim mes as high. the pop et such ne eeds, last year China a produced 87.400T TWh of ele ectricity from nuclear, To mee which m means aro ound 1.85% % of the ccountry’s electric pow wer. The co ountry is p planning to o P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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reach 35 3 GW of installed nu uclear capa acity by 20 015, 58 GW W by 2020 and 70 GW W by 2025. Given such capa acity, China should ccome to 5 5% of elecctricity generation fro om nuclearr power by b 2030. e internatio onal cooperration in nu uclear pow wer, nuclea ar fuels and d CNNC carries outt extensive nuclear ttechnologyy application ns and hass established nce and d scien technologyy exchan nges and d economic and tradin ng relationss ntries and d with overr 40 coun regions including Russia, France, G Germany, tthe United d Kingdom, the Unite ed States, Canada, JJapan, South Korea, Mongolia, Pakistan, Kazakhsta an, Jorda an, Niger, Algeria, Na amibia and d Australia, etc. AP100 00 Image

Atomsttroyexport has confirm med a dea al with Chiina’s Jiang gsu Nuclea ar Power Corporation C n (JNPC)) for the e construcction of Tianwan’ss power station rreactors 3 and 4. e work wass started a at Zhejiang for Sanme en nuclearr power sta ation’s Unitt In Apriil 2009, the (PWR 1000 MW W), the wo orld’s first AP1000 reactor, w whose vessel was installed in n Septem mber 2011 (manufacctured by Korea’s K Do oosan Hea avy Industrries & Con nstruction). The design estimates a 60 yyears’ usefful life for ssuch plant, whose com mmercial o operation iss expecte ed for 201 13. When completed d, Sanmen n will hostt 6 AP100 00 reactorss, with the e second d unit sched duled to co ome into op peration byy 2015. In Aprill 2009, the e work wass started at Zhejiang for Sanme en nuclearr power sta ation’s Unitt (PWR 1000 MW W), the wo orld’s first AP1000 reactor, w whose vessel was installed in n mber 2011 (manufacctured by Korea’s K Do oosan Hea avy Industrries & Con nstruction). Septem The design estimates a 60 yyears’ usefful life for ssuch plant, whose com mmercial o operation iss expecte ed for Deccember, 20 015. When n complete ed, Sanmen will hostt 6 AP1000 0 reactors, with the second unit sched duled to co ome into o operation b by Septem mber 2017.. The firstt AP1000 0 unit at S Sanmen, which was sscheduled to connecct to the grrid in 2013, has been n delayed d by 24 mo onths. ’ All of th his ambitio ous processs is heating up the C Chinese nu uclear indusstry, with companies c fast-pacced diversification to o cope with h the goverrnment’s sttrategy to attain self--sufficiencyy as quicckly as possible. T Today, Chiina’s Nuclear Powe er Institute - NPIC has 6,000 0 professsionals on its workforrce, and many m more in other Chinese C ressearch institutions. A lot of mechanical m engineering compan nies are ch hanging th heir business focus to o meet the e countryy’s new nee eds.

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In this context, itt is expectted that C China will a annually consume a around 25,0 000 metricc tonnes of uranium m as early as 2020, a according to t Cao Shudong, devvelopment director off China N National Nu uclear Corp.

Location off Nuclear Powe er plant in China

Anothe er Chinese proposal (from large e COSCO shipping company) is to have e containerr ships powered p byy nuclear re eactors as a means tto reduce w world greenhouse em missions byy 4%.

NPP Yangjjiang

Taishan 1 –EPR 16 600 under con nstruction

Nuclearr wastes

In line w with China’s nuclear waste policcy that con ntemplates spent-fuell reprocesssing, a pilott plant fo or 50 metrric tons a year, y in the Gansu P Province, w was tested d in 2006. Spent fuel from Da aya Bay nuclear pow wer plant w was hauled to such pilot plant in n 2004, but it has nott as separa been rreported w whether the e plutonium m contentt in that m material wa ated in the e P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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reproce essing ope eration. Ch hina National Nuclea ar Corp - CNNC is planning to have a reproce essing unit in commercial opera ation by 202 25. In Janu uary 2011,, China an nnounced a technolo ogy advancce in nucle ear fuel reprocessing g that will allow full reuse of th he plutonium and spe ent fuel from m its plantss, making tthe countryy self-suffficient in n nuclear fue el. Reproce essing tecchnologies are not ussually sharred among g countrie es. Qinsha am 3, a Ca andu type reactor (P PHWR) no ormally fue elled with n natural ura anium, hass been using u reprrocessed ffuel since March 20 010. Such h test indicates thatt China iss beginniing to find a use for iits stockpile e of reproccessed ura anium (Rep pU) and is concerned d about u uranium su upply for itss uranium ffor its plantts. China'ss Tianwan unit 1 is n now operating on an extended 18-month ffuel cycle after being g loaded with modified TVS-2 2M fuel, Ru ussian fuell supplier T TVEL has announced d. The fuel is currrently used d in Russsia's Balakkovo and Rostov p power plan nts, and iit received d regulato ory approvval for use e in Chinesse plants following tthe successsful comp pletion of a pilot study using six TVS-2 2M assem mblies at T Tianwan 1. Tianwan 2 is also due to be e convertted to use e the fuel. TVS-2M ffuel for usse at Tianw wan units 3 and 4, still underr constru uction, will be manufa actured at C China's Yib bin fuel pla ant using te echnology ttransferred d from TV VEL. In this context, China’s e experimenttal (20 MW We, fast-n neutron) re eactor - C CEFR wass conneccted to the e grid in JJuly 2011, near Be eijing. FBR R reactors produce much lesss radiatio on as a by--product. T The reactorr was built by China’ss Institute o of Atomic Energy E with h the aid off the Russian govern nment overr a decade. Now theyy can movve on to a al model planned p to operate byy commercia 2017. On May 21, 2014 4 the firstt localized d nerator for the AP100 00 unit also o steam gen passed te esting, it said. Snp ptc said in n February that China a can build its own n of the n versions third--generation ouse AP1000 reacttor design n Westingho and has the desig gn capabiliity for the e P1000. localization of the AP Chinese Experimental E Reactor - CEFR (photo : C China Institute e of Atomic En nergy)

On Aug gust 20th, 2014 the project ow wner China a National Nuclear C Corporation n said thatt Fuqing--1 nuclearr power rea actor (PWR 1000 MW – Chine ese type CPR1000) C in China'ss Fujian province p w was conneccted to the national po ower grid ffor the firstt time. Thiss is the firstt unit am mong 4 thatt are underr constructiion in the ssame site to o be conne ected. China o ordered an n extensive e safety in nspection p program fo or its plantts in respo onse to the e Fukush hima accident. Appro oval of new w reactor projects iss condition ned on the e results off such sa afety tests.. Densely populated p a areas and locations m more prone e to geolog gic hazardss P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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are being ruled o out as sitess for new p plants, whicch formerlyy were no cause for concern in n China. Tests performed p on operatiing nuclea ar plants ha ave found no safety problems and, up to o Octobe er, will be a applied to plants und der constru uction. The e entire sa afety system is underr review, and no ne ew license es will be re eleased un ntil this is over, o Li Ga anjie, the M Minister forr the Envvironment informed. i It is like ely that Ch hina’s ambiition to exp port the se econd-gene eration CPR R1000 rea actor model has be een aband doned, beccause, despite its lower costt, it would d face som me markett problem ms for failin ng to meett the more up-to-date e safety sta andards. A few projeccts may be e delayed d, but Chin na is still co ommitted to o the 58 nu uclear GW W planned fo or 2020, acccording to o Xu Yum ming, Secre etary Gene eral of Chin na’s Nuclea ar Energy A Association n (May 201 11). has successsfully man nufactured its first dom mestically-made AP1000 reacto or pressure e China h vessel, destined ffor the Sanmen-2 nu uclear unit,, State Nucclear Powe er Technollogy Corp., or SNP PTC, said in a June 10, 2014 statementt. The vessel for Sanmen-2 allso passed d testing on June 8 8, 2014, m marking a breakthrou ugh in the localizatio on of third--generation n nuclearr technolog gy, SNPTC C said.

India Counttry

India a

Reacttors in operration

21

insta alled capa acity (MW)

5308

Reactors under construction

6

capacity un nder construction (MW) (

3907

gene erated energy 2013 (TW WH)

30.3 3

%o of total energy gen nerated in 2013

3,53

India fa aces the e extraordina ary challen nges of a huge and growing population p , a rapidlyy develop ping econo omy and sp prawling ou utdated inffrastructure e. In July and a Augustt 2012, two o enormo ous outage es affected d more tha an 600 million people e. About 45 50 millionss of people e (40% o of inhabitan nts) have no access to o electricall energy. In India a, around 4 40% of the e populatio on (450 million people) has no access to electricity. The co ountry mee ets most of its electrricity needss with coa al (68%), h hydro (15% %) and gass (8%), b but to meet the huge e energy ne eeds of a country wiith over 1.15 billion p people and d whose consumption is onlyy 4% of energy per ccapita in th he United S States or 25% 2 of perr capita cconsumptio on in Brazil much mo ore is necesssary. India has 21 nucllear reacto ors in operation (5,30 08 MW) wh hich, in 2013, producced around d 3.53% of the cou untry’s ele ectricity, orr 30.3 TWh h. At present there exist 6 pla ants underr uction (390 07MW), and d an additional ten 700 MW PH HWRs and ten 1000 MW LWRss constru are officially planned and expected to o start consstruction b by 2015. Th he countryy’s installed d capacitty is estima ated to rea ach 10,080 0 MW by 2 2017, at the e completio on of all co onstruction n projectss. The wo orld nuclea ar supplierss market e expects tha at 25 new reactors ((around 20 0 GW) will w be orde ered up to 2020. Indiia has a cconsiderablle quantityy of thorium m (290,000 0 tons). A According to India's p power minister Mr Su ushilkumarr Shinde th he Countryy has planss to build d nuclear po ower gene eration capa acity of 63 GW during g the next 20 year.

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13 Jan 2014 (Nu ucNet)- Ind dia’s prime minister M Manmohan n Singh has laid the foundation n stone for f a new n nuclear po ower plant near Gora akhpur villa age, 200 km east of the capital New De elhi, the Nuclear Pow wer Compa any of India a Limited (NPCIL) h has said in n a stateme ent. The n new station, known as Gorakh hpur Haryana A Anu Vidyut Pariyojna (GHAV VP), will co onsist of fo our egawatt (M MW) units. They will be 700-me pressurissed indigen nously d designed heavy water reactors (PHWR) using as fuel. Co onstruction n of natural uranium a onsist of two stages with w the stattion will co the re eactors b being buillt in pairs, the Nu uclear Pow wer Corpora ation of India Limited d (NPCIL) ssaid. The laying of tthe foundattion stone marks the e start of the t first ph hase of co onstruction n. Pouring of first con ncrete for tthe first unit is expectted to be in June 20 015 and fo or the seco ond unit sixx months la ater. The ttwo units w will be com mmissioned in 2020 0 and 20 021 respecttively. India a Nuclear map p –WNA

NPCIL plans to build two other 700 MW PHW WR units a at Chutka in Madhyya Pradesh h provincce, central India. Sixx 1,000 MW W light-watter reactorrs (LWRs) will be bu uilt at Mithi Virdi in n Gujarat p province, about a 600 kilometres north of M Mumbai ass well as a another sixx 1,000 MW LWR Rs in Kovvvada, And dhra Prad desh proviince, abou ut 400 km m East off Hydera abad. Infrastrructure, ge eneration, transmission and diistribution requireme ents are exxpected to o necesssitate gove ernmental spending of 150 biillion dolla ars, accord ding to a consultantt KPMG.. India de evelops its own program of nucclear electricity gene eration with h emphasiss on PHW WR reactors (18 unitts), mostly with 220 M MW capaccity. It also has 2 BW WR reactorss (150 MW each), 2 PWR and d 1 FBR. India iss not a sign natory to th he NPT – N Nuclear No on-Prolifera ation Treatty, and on account off its nucllear weapo ons progra am, it had been facin ng problem ms of nucle ear fuel supply for itss plants. In Septem mber 2014 4 the coun ntry began n arrangem ments to re eceive ura anium from m Australia. gency estim mates that nuclear po ower that to oday is thrree percentt The Intternational Energy Ag of India a's electriciity will gro ow to 12 pe ercent in 2 2030 and 2 25 percent by 2050. India I planss to inve est 96 billion dollarss in nucle ear power plants byy 2040 with six pla ants underr constru uction and 57 planned d or propossed. Since 2008, sup pply of se ensitive ma aterial to India hass been released. A Accordingly, Americcan compan nies are au uthorized to o supply In ndia with nuclear matterial, equipment and d technollogy. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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International isola ation due to non-parrticipation in the NPT T led India a to develo op its own n technollogy and internally trrain its specialists. Today, T the e country iss prepare to provide e labor to o a numbe er of compa anies world dwide, and d its industtry is expa anding and setting up p joint ve entures for internation nal supply o of nuclear componen nts and serrvices, besides Indian n technollogy reacto ors. In Septtember 200 09 the cou untry annou unced its intention to o become a an exporte er of powerr reactorrs of its ow wn design - Advance ed Heavy Water W Rea actor (AHW WR), fuelle ed with low w enrichm ment uraniu um, and co ompeting w with other suppliers. s IIndia is a h huge marke et not to be e neglectted, it also being expected that the countrry will beco ome a large e buyer of ttechnologyy and fue el. Uranium m consump ption tendss to be sig gnificant, sseeing thatt the counttry importss 70% off its energyy needs, which w is eq qual to imp porting 90% % of the country’s c d demand forr fuel. Confirm ming this p position, in n August 2 2010 NPCIL - Nuclear Power Corporatio on of India a Limited d signed co ontracts forr importing g uranium ffrom the fo ollowing companies: A Areva (300 0 MT of uranium cconcentrate); Russia a’s Tvel C Corporation (58 MT of enriche ed uranium m dioxide e (pellets) and a 2,000 MT of natu ural uranium oxide (p pellets); an nd Kazakhsstan’s NAC C Kazatomprom (21 100 MT nattural uraniu um mineral. overnment is also devveloping a 7,000 ton nuclear-po owered submarine prroject, builtt The go in India a and bassed on Russian Akula I model (planned d to be 5 units). In July 2011, Russia, supplier of 70% of war equipment to India, ann nounced itt will delive er the firstt submarrine to India by December 2011 1. Under India’s waste manag gement sysstem, the ttreatment is done on the plantss’ own site e waste repro ocessing ssystem, currently in an advancced stage,, can veryy and a nuclear w help in mitig gating the country’s e energy sho ortage prob blem. much h PHWR plants’ fuel is repro ocessed att the Bhab bha Atomicc Research Centre ((BARC) in n Tromba ay, Tarapu ur and Kalp pakkam to o extract th he plutoniu um used in n “FAST B BREEDER”” reactorrs. The cou untry storag ges the ma aterial resulting from o other plants’ fuel reprrocessing. with South In Augu ust 2011, the civil nu uclear coo operation agreement a h Korea was w signed, which a allows Kore ean compa anies to pa articipate in n India’s nu uclear proje ects. This is i the ninth h agreem ment signe ed by India a with oth her countriies, after the NSG - Nuclearr Supplierss Group’ss agreeme ents were relaxed. The other agreeme ents were signed with France, U.S.A., Russia, C Canada, Mo ongolia, Ka azakhstan, Argentina and Namibia. India ha as a solid program o of nuclear p power plant constructtion and se eeks to stre engthen itss nuclearr electricityy generatin ng system m with the addition o of 470 GW W by 2050 0 (39 more e plants projected). p . The gove ernment pro oposes bu uilding addiitional nuclear capaccity to cope e with the e constant,, severe rationing Ind dia has bee en going through. ential for e electric pow wer genera ation in the e According to the authoritiess, use of ccoal is esse onsumption is rising 6% a yea ar, although 40% of household ds have no o countryy, where co access to this con nvenience.

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The go overnment reserved tthe right to o maintain the nuclea ar option, guaranteei g ing it to be e the besst energy ssource, mainly with re espect to th he reductio on of greenhouse gass emissionss - GHG. In Augusst/11, Prim me Minister Manmoh han Singh reaffirmed d his administration’ss committment to th he expanssion of nuclear electtricity gene eration as a means to realize e countryy’s desired growth and developm ment witho out the prod duction of G GHG. The accident in Japan n ubts for the e has rraised dou inhab bitants and broughtt prote ests on nu uclear sitess supposedly more prone e to earthquakkes and d floods. The authoritiess have promised d to review w e projectts’ safetyy these aspects and mechanismss for rresponse to severe e accid dents, and apply the e state best, e-of-the-artt intern national safetyy criterria. Kudankulam m NPP -Two re eactors (2x950 M MW -VVER) - In ndia. Reactor 1 connected to the grid in n October, 2013 3 (photo: Atom mstroyexport)

Iran Countrry

Reactorrs in operatiion

Iran

1

installed d capacity y (MW)

915

Reacttors under cons struction

c capacity unde er co onstruction (MW W)

generated d energy 2013 ((TWH)

0

0

3,8 89

% of total energ gy generated in 201 13

1,5

Iran’s Nuclear N Prrogram dattes from th he late 195 50s. By the e 1960s, th he United States S had d supplie ed the Iranians with a small re esearch rea actor, and signed an n agreeme ent in 1957 7 pledgin ng to provid de Iran nu uclear devicces, equip pment and training sp pecialists. Before the e Islamicc Revolution n (1979) it was forese een 23 rea actors for electricity prroduction. Iran ha as a plantt in opera ation (Bush hehr, PWR R 1000 M MW) conne ected to th he grid on n Septem mber 4, 2011, and ha as produce ed in 2012 2 1,33 TW Wh from n nuclear power. Some e 70% off its electriccity was fro om gas and d 25.5% fro om oil, botth of which it has in abundance a . The per capita co onsumption n was of ab bout 2000 kkWh/yr. The construction work by a German consortium (Siemens//KWU) starrted in 197 c 75 and wass d in 1980, after the Islamic Revvolution (1979) when n Germanyy joined the e American n stopped embarg go and bro oke the co ontracts in force at th hat time. The T constru uction wass resumed, after ye ears of sto oppage, with w the aid d of Russia and the e approval from the IAEA, and d comple eted after sseveral de elays caused by a n number of reasons. Plant operration, fuel supply and waste e storage w will be hand dled by Russsia over th he next 3 yyears. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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N NPP Bushehr, Iran (photo : A Atomenergoproekt)

As informed by th he governm ment, the ccountry inte ends to buiild 5 additio onal nuclear reactorss ply around d 10% of the country’s electricity requirrements, thus t coping with the e to supp rationin ng problem ms have be een going on in the region. The two firstt would be 360 MWe e LWR in n Darkhovvin/ Darkho oveyn (rive er Karun - Khuzesta an provin nce and an nother one e would b be in the sa ame site off Bushehr. Iran’s p president said on Julyy 03, 2013 that prelim minary talks for Russiia to help build b a new w Iranian nuclear power p plant had been complete ed, and th he project jjust neede ed Russian n Preside ent Vladimiir Putin’s approval to go ahead. ear program, uranium m is processsed and a according to o the IAEA A, has been n Under Iran’s nucle ed to less than 5%. Iran has faced pro oblems with h the interrnational ccommunity, enriche which a alleges the e country’ss enrichme ent processs is associated with w war plans and that itt has alre eady sufficcient materrial for the cconstructio on of an ato omic bomb b. The coun ntry deniess such in ntentions, in nasmuch a as nuclear weapon fa abrication requires an n enrichme ent level off around 90%, and d that all of its ura anium is destined d fo or future e electricity g generation. Anywayy, accordin ng to the WNA - World W Nucclear Asso ociation, Ira an’s know wn uranium m mineral resourcess are not siignificant. The Intternational Atomic En nergy Agen ncy is prop posing an a agreementt whereby Iran would d send approximate ely 75 % o of its stockkpile of aro ound 1.5 to ons of low enrichment uranium m (LEU) for converrsion abro oad (proba ably in Russia) and transformation into fuel for a researcch reactor in i Teheran n. According to the latest IAEA A report, presented p in Februaryy 2013, Ira an currentlyy producess uranium m enriched d to 3.5% or 20% in tw wo complexx, Fordo an nd Natanz.. Currenttly a reacttor of 360 0 MW with h Iranian technologyy is under construction. It wass designe ed by Iranian expertts and nucclear fuel iss also manufactured d in the co ountry. The e date fo oreseen for commisssioning is 2017. 2 Thiss nuclear rreactor (IR R-360) wass designed d based o on the 1st unit PWR NPP "Bezznau" (Swittzerland). A Also underr constructiion nuclearr heavy w water reacttor of 40 M MW.

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Sites witth nuclear acttivities in Iran

There have h been n reports th hat the country planned to havve 20 GW W nuclear ccapacity byy 2020, b but today confirmed Iran planss to build four new units, with h the participation off Russia. Russia an nd Iran alre eady has a preliminary to the co onstruction n of two mo ore units att the sam me site of the Busheh hr nuclear p power plan nt agreeme ent.

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Japan n Counttry

Japan

Reacto ors in operation

48

installe ed Reacttors under capacitty (MW) cons struction

42.38 88

2

capacity und der c construction (M MW)

1325

generate ed energy % o of total energy 2013 (TWH) gen nerated in 2013 3

13,95

1,7

The country as a whole dep pends on exxternal sou urces of priimary enerrgy by 96% %. Japan has 50 re eactors (44 4,114 MW)) in operatting condittion. Of the ese only tw wo energyy produce ed in 2012 2. Were prroduced 17 7,350 TWh h in 2012, w which reprresented 2.1% 2 of the e countryy's energy. There are e 2 power p plants unde er construcction (Shim mane Ohma a 3 and 1 ABWR 1300 MW W each) and a nine reactors permanent p tly shut. T There are plans forr extensiions of life and powerr. In Mayy 2012 all 50 5 Japane ese nuclea ar power pllants were e off. In Se eptember o only 2 (Ohi reactorrs 3 and 4)) had returrned to ope eration and d were gen nerating po ower to the e grid. The e other re eactors will be restarted only a after comp pletion and approval of Stress Tests. It iss also ne ecessary to return the reactor to ope eration an approval given byy the local governments. The shutdown of nuclear reactors in Japan led to o a strong rise in oil imports to ffeed its oil-fired po ower plantss, necessary to fill the e gap of low wer electriccity supplie ed by nucle ear energy. This ma ay also help explain why the co ountry is no ow running g a trade deficit for th he first time e over the past five e years. Th his energe etic conditio on just getts worse th he high levvel of debt, will most likely lea ad to a restart of nuclear reacto ors. In fact, the new Prime P Minisster Shinzo o Abe ha as already sspoken a lo ot about this subject. The Fu ukushima--Daiichi ac ccident

At 14h:46 min of March 11, 2011, loca al time, norrtheast Jap pan was hitt by an earrthquake off 9.0 deg grees on th he Richterr scale. The epicente er was veryy near the e coastline and a few w kilometters below the earth’ss crust. It was w the larg gest earthq quake everr recorded to have hitt a highly industria alized, den nsely populated area a. Even forr a high earthquake risk-prone e countryy whose cu ulture and technologyy have ada apted to make such rrisk accepttable, such h event, on a prob bability sca ale of 1 in every 1,0 000 years, the disasster exceed ded all the e responsse capacityy develope ed by Japan over cen nturies.

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Most b buildings a and all industrial facilities with risks of e explosion and releasse of toxicc productts to the e environmen nt, such a as oil refine eries, fuel storage areas, a therrmal powerr plants, and chem mical facilities locate ed in the affected region collapsed im mmediately, causing g thousand ds of deatths and en nvironmenttal damage e yet to be entirely quantified. Roads and powerr transmisssion lines w were also d damaged o on several sscale degre ees. The 14 4 nuclear power unitss in the affe ected regio on’s three nuclear po ower station ns resisted d the titanic forces released b by nature. A All of them m were auto omatically sshut down and put in n safe co ool-down m mode with d diesel-gene erators, afte er the loss of all external powerr supply. The tsu unami thatt followed tthe event broke dow wn the entire emerge ency diesell generatorr system m intended to cool do own the 4 reactors of the Fukkushima-D Daiichi nucllear powerr station,, leading th hem to a major m nucle ear accide ent status w with total lo oss of the 4 reactorss involved, due to reactor r corre melt-dow wn, with re elease of rradioactivity to the en nvironmentt after hyydrogen exxplosions, but withou ut nuclear a accident victims. The ere were 4 deaths forr other re easons tha an the accid dent or nucclear radiattion. The ne eed for rem moving the population ns near the e plant area a became imperious and a full-scale nucclear emerg gency plan n was mob bilized at a time the e country was w devasstated and d more than 18,000 died as a conseque ence o of the e earthquakke, tsuna ami, fires, and ind dustrial e explosions, besides tthe more tthan 5,000 0 missing personss. There e existed no inffrastructure e available for the work off emergenccy teams; notwithsta anding, tha anks to the e population n’s prep paredness, the autho orities, little e by little, are domin nating the ssituation. NPP Fuku ushima-Daiich hi after the firs st wave tsuna ami

International aid through a network of countriies coordin nated by the IAEA has given n specialized assisttance for rradiation re elease eve ents and, in the mea antime, all learn from m the eve ent. In add dition to the e losses off human livves, Japan will be faccing econo omic lossess P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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from industry’s inactivity cau used by brreakdownss, unavailab bility of infrrastructures or powerr failuress triggered by the disa aster. On Jun ne 20, 20 011 Japan nese goverrnment thrrough the Minister of Industrry, Kaieda, decided d that, exccept for Fu ukushima’ss 6 units and Hamao oca’s 2 uniits, all nuclear powerr plants a are safe to continue o operating in n the country. Safety measuress for severe e accidentss are being implem mented all o over the co ountry, at a time Jap pan cannott afford to do withoutt this ene ergy. The de ecisions to be taken b by Japan o on continuing the use e of nuclea ar energy will w have to o take intto considerration the lack of ava ailable enerrgy optionss and the ccost of such h decisionss for a population p already e extremely disturbed. The Min nistry of E Economy, T Trade and d Industryy estimated that repllacing nucllear energyy with another therm mal source would costt the govvernment 3 trillion ye ens or 37 b billion dolla ars a year (around 0.7% of the e Japanese e GDP). The best e energy mixx for Japan is still under discu ussion and no decisio on has yett been ta aken. Anyyway, the country is enforcing all agree ements sig gned in line with the e ongoing g nuclear export e policcy, even th hough this h has been on o hold inte ernally. The government is i trying to develop a long-term energy miix program. The decission on the e countryy’s 2030 e energy mixx will be ta aken by September among three scenarios where e nuclearr shares va ary from ze ero to betw ween 20% and 25%. There are calculation ns where a plan to generate 20% of Ja apan’s pow wer by onsh hore wind farms f in 20 030 would require an n area co omparable to that off Kyushu IIsland (one e of Japan n’s four main islandss, which iss 42,191 square kilometers o or 16,032 ssquare miles). Japan n’s high po opulation d density can n lead to o a not-in-m my-backya ard reaction from ressidents, which mightt not just be againstt nuclearr power but might opp pose any p power proje ect. T To make up for itts lack off a available nuclear g generation, Japan was forced to import fuel fo or therma al power generation n such as oil, gas, and d coal, with h a additional expenses of aboutt 4 4,3 trillion yen (55 billion US S dollars, 42 b billion euro o) a year. T The greenh house gas d dischargess w will increa ase by a about 1.2 2 gigatones a year ass a directt re esult of the e shutdow wn of manyy o of Japan’s n nuclear uniits. NPP Fuku ushima-Daiich hi Sept. 2013 ((photo Kyodo News)

Anotherr consequence was th hat governm ment has assked house eholds and businessess for powerr savings of 15 perrcent in the e area servved by Kan nsai Electriic Power C Company (K Kepco) that operates 11 reactors - Ohi (fou ur units), Miihama (3) and Takaham ma (4). Acco ording to a g government stateme ent cuts of 5 5-10 percentt have also been reque ested in othe er parts of w western Jap pan.

P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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The go overnment is conducting outrea ach work in the affe ected area as to dispe el people’ss misinforrmation and d sense of insecurity p prevailing in this proce ess. Fukushima accident was an n extreme ely serious event, but one that ha as not produced a sing gle fatality. According to radiation n specialissts, the emissions from m the eventt have not rreached leve els capable e of causing g irreparable e damage e to the en nvironment or health of the population (evven for the e workers involved in n emergency procedures). The com mpany operrating the nu uclear powe er station – Tepco exam mined 3700 0 workers; o out of these, 127 recceived some e dose of rradiation, but none of them is in risk of an immediate disease on n accountt of radiation n. In 20 or 30 3 years, th he possibilityy exists (up p to 5%) for them to de evelop some e illness iff they contin nue to expo ose themselvves to radia ation due to accumulate ed doses. As 2013 3 drew to a close, Jap pan once ag gain found iitself withou ut nuclear p power as itss entire fleet remaine ed shut dow wn pending g regulatoryy reviews. Nevertheles N ss, Kansai'ss Ohi 3 and d 4 were in n operatio on until ente ering sched duled outages in Septe ember. By tthe end of tthe year, 16 6 Japanese e units ha ad applied fo or permissio on to restartt under new w Nuclear Re egulatory Au uthority regulations. Japan’ss Electric Po ower Develo opment Com mpany Limited (J-Powe er) has ann nounced tha at it plans to o resume the constru uction of itss Ohma nucclear powerr plant in Aomori prefe ecture, north hern Japan. Work on n the Ohma a nuclear power p plant,, which J-Power said was w around d 40 percen nt complete, was susp pended folllowing the e Great Easst Japan Ea arthquake off 11 March 2011 that resulted in n acccident at the nucclear Fukushima a-Daiichi. N Nowadays a civil engiineering company iss excavating g earth to b build canalss for sea awater intake and d discharge systems, and vendorr Hitachi-GE E Nuclear Energy E Ltd. is assem mbling “sm mall” plant equipment at a worksshop on the e n plant site in the town of Ohma in Aomori prrefecture. T There are a workforce now of a about 1,000 0 people. Nuclear P Power Plant S Sendai 1 and d2

Kyushu EPC hopess it can resstart its two Sendai unitts around July and two o of its Gen nkai units byy Januaryy 2014, Kyu ushu said A April 2. Kanssai EPC ho opes restart Takaham ma-3 and -4 4 in Octoberr 2013. F From the new w reference e scenario ccomes six reactors restart by end 2013, 16 other o reactorr restart by b the end of o 2014 with h 7 months o of operation n on average e generating g 73 TWh o of electricity. After a long processs Sendai n nuclear pow wer plant units 1 and 2 have draft approval to o restart and d e final stage es in Japan'ss new licenssing regime e could be ccompleted in n generatte electricityy again. The Octoberr. Japan’ss nine utilitie es with atom mic plants re eported com mbined lossses of 1.59 trillion yen ($16 billion)) in the fisscal year 2 2012 ended March 31, 2013. Onlyy Hokuriku Electric E Pow wer Co. possted a profit, ending the year 1 100 million yen ahead, and only two reacctors are ccurrently running, both h belongin ng to Kansa ai Electric Power Co. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Nuclea ar Waste Japan reprocessses its nucclear wasttes in reprocessing plants loccated in F France (La a Hague)) and in th he United Kingdom, but it is building b its own commercial reprocessing g plant in n Rokkasho o-mura, in Honshu Issland. The plant’s tesst run was started on March 31, 2006 and comme ercial opera ation was p planned forr 2009, but was delayyed. Activitie es include reprocessing of 800 tons of sp pent uraniu um and the e production of 4 tonss of pluto onium whiich, combiined with uranium w will be con nverted intto MOX fu uel for the e countryy’s nuclear power pla ants. Such fuel has already a bee en tested a and approvved for use e in Japa anese nucle ear power plants. In Mayy 2009, the e first MO OX shipmen nt from the Melox fu uel fabrica ation plant in France e arrived in Japan tto feed Genkai-3 plan nt, which started com mmercial op peration in Novemberr 2009. B By Januaryy 2011 therre existed a already 4 p plants using g this fuel. About 5% 5 of the content off MOX fue el is plutonium recove ered from fuel alread dy burnt in n nuclearr generatin ng reactorss. Recycling g this mate erial is the method to o increase the energyy it can produce by 12%, while unfiissioned u uranium is also recovered an nd reused, increassing the a available e energy avvailable byy 22%. Such proce ess also allows a the e separattion of the most radio oactive nucclear fission productss, thereby rreducing th he volumess of dang gerous wasstes by 60% %. Japan imports i mo ore than 90 0% of its en nergy requirements. It I has no uranium in iits territory. Today, its major energy so ource is plutonium p ffrom the rreprocessin ng of nuclear plants’ wastes that the co ountry has stockpiled d since 199 99. Such tyype of recyycling consstitutes the e basis of the nuclea ar fuel cyccle in Japa an, a policyy that allo ows the co ountry to ob btain maxim mum beneffit from ura anium impo orts. In July 2010, Jap panese com mpanies To okyo Electtric Power, Chubu Ellectric Pow wer, Kansai Electricc Power, To oshiba, Mittsubishi He eavy Indusstries, and Hitachi info ormed thatt they were e plannin ng to set up a n new busin ness organization (Internation ( nal Nuclea ar Energyy Development of JJapan) to export nucclear powe er projects to emergin ng countrie es, but the e Fukush hima accide ent is likelyy to change e this prosp pect.

khstan Kazak Coun ntry

Kazakh hstan

Reacto ors in installed opera ation capacitty (MW)

0

0

Reacttors under c capacity underr generated energy cons struction co onstruction (MW W) 2013 (TW WH)

0

0

0

% of total energy generated in 2013

0

hstan has n no nuclear power gen nerating plants, but o only one re esearch rea actor at the e Kazakh Institute e of Nuclear Physicss, near Alm maty. Due e to its larg ge uranium m productio on capacityy (world'ss largest producer p o of uranium ore and it has around 15 pe ercent of tthe world’ss uranium m resource es) Kazakhstan holds a great we eight in the e nuclear in ndustry. The co ountry is ccapable of converting g high enrriched (HE EU) into lo ow enriche ed uranium m (LEU) iin its Ulba plant (Ulba a Metallurg gical Plant in Ust-Kam menogorskk), as it did d in Augustt P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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96

2011 when w 33 kg g of HEU were convverted into o LEU, as reported by b the U.S S. National Nuclear Security Administra ation - NNS SA) which is coopera ating with K Kazakhstan n to modifyy the rese earch reacctor and ren nder it capable of using LEU fue el. er of Industtry and New w Technologies Asse et Isekeshe ev confirmed that, although the e Ministe constru uction of a nuclear po ower plant isn’t very m much on th he agenda, it is seen as a long-term ob bjective an nd that no d decisions h have yet been made on the typ pe of reacttor, the site e or the timing t of th he project. Kazakh hstan is th he only co ountry in C Central Asiia that hass made a firm comm mitment to o develop ping nuclea ar energy. It is also likely to ho ost an inte ernational lo ow-enriche ed uranium m bank, cconstruction n of which could begiin in 2015. A Russsian-supplie ed BN-350 0 fast reacto or operated d at Aktau on the Casspian Sea coast from m 1972 to o 1999. A project to build b smaller Russian n-designed d nuclear rreactors at Aktau hass been u under conssideration for severa al years, and a feasibility studiess and envvironmental reviewss have be een carried d out. Pla ans for nu uclear plan nts includiing large light-waterr reactorrs for the southern s re egion, smaller units in n western parts and smaller co ogeneration n units in n regional cities have e been under discusssion for several yea ars. In 2010 a trio off Japane ese compa anies signe ed a memo orandum o of understa anding on a feasibilityy study forr the con nstruction o of a nuclea ar plant, witth Lake Ba alkash in ea astern Kazzakhstan m mooted as a likely lo ocation for a plant bassed on advvanced boiling water reactor tecchnology. In 30 M May, 2014 ((NucNet)- Russia an nd Kazakhsstan have ssigned an a agreementt that could d lead to them coo operating o on the consstruction o of a nuclea ar power sttation in Kazakhstan, , uclear corporation Ro osatom hass said. Rossatom also o said the agreement a Russia’s state nu signed by Rosa atom chieff executive e officer Sergei Kiiriyenko a and Nation nal Atomicc any of Kazzakhstan (K Kazatomprrom) presid dent Vladimir Schko olnik, coverrs possible e Compa coopera ation in de esign, consstruction, commission ning, opera ation and decommiss d sioning of a nuclearr power sta ation using reactors w with an insttalled capa acity of 300 0 megawattts to 1,200 0 MW. The two cou untries also intend to o cooperate on nucle ear fuel supply to the e proposed d facility with the p possibility o of fabricatin ng the fuel, or its co omponents,, in Kazakhstan. The e location n for the ccountry’s ffirst nuclea ar power station is near the city of Ku urchatov in n eastern n Kazakhsttan.

Pakisttan Coun ntry

Pakista an

Reacttors in installe ed capacity Re eactors under capacity un nder opera ation (MW) c construction construction (MW)

3

7 725

2

630

gen nerated enerrgy 2012 (T TWH)

5,2 271

%o of total energy gen nerated in 2012

5.34

Electriccity generrated in Pakistan is abou ut ~62% from fossil fuel and a ~33% % from hyydroelectricc power fo or the for th he remaind der Pakista an has thrree operating nuclearr power plants (Chasnupp 1 and a 2, PW WR 300 MW W each and d Kanupp, PHWR - 125 MW) in n the Pun njabe regio on. There are a two rea actors unde er construcction (Chassnupp 3 an nd 4, PWR, 315 MW W each one). o The new units are scheduled to b begin com mmercial op peration in n Decem mber 2016 and a Octobe er 2017 resspectively. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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In 2012 2, 5.271 TW Wh of electtricity from nuclear so ource were e generated d, about 5.34% of the e countryy’s total in the period d. The cou untry signe ed a contra act with China (Chin na National Nuclear Corporation - CNNC C) for the ffifth unit att Chasnupp p not yet in n constructiion. In Augu ust 2013 a new contract was signed, s now w for the K Karachi Co oastal Nuclear Powerr Projectt in Pakisttan which comprising two AC CP1000 un nits. The o order markks the firstt foreign purchase of the Ch hinese reacctor design n. The forreseen cosst is aboutt 9,5 billion n dollars and constrruction cou uld begging g in 2015.

The co ountry is not a sig gnatory to o the NP PT and co onducts a nuclear weaponss program indepe endent of the civil electricity generatio on progra am, which uses the e countrry’s source es of natu ural uraniu um. The existing e co onflict with h India, w which hass nuclea ar weaponss itself, ho olds the en ntire region n in perm manent ten nsion, with a high riskk of nuclearr conflicct, accordin ng to interrnational a analysts. In n July 2011 2 the country was w reporrted to be e seekin ng to incrrease its arsenal of o nuclearr weapo ons with more air-to-a air and surface-to-airr missile es, in line e with its plan for strategic-nuclea ar- weapon ns parity with otherr countriess holding g nuclear weapons w in n the region n. NPP Chas snupp - Pakis stan (photo Ro osatom)

Pakista an's power stations have h a com mbined cap pacity of ab bout 20,00 00 megawatts, which h should be enoug gh to cove er the cou untry's elecctricity nee eds. Howe ever, the companiess a unable to run the em at full ccapacity be ecause of a financial managing power stations are who have n not paid the eir bills in years. y Therre is also a deficit ccaused by public secctor users w gas pip peline from m Iran, whicch is poten ntially capa able of plug gging the ssupply gap, has been n comple eted on the Iranian sid de of the border, but not on the Pakistani sside.

Nucle ear Reac ctors Undercons struction n, Planned and/o or propo osed R Reactors Chash hma 3 Chash hma 4 Chash hma 5 Kara achi Coas stal 1& 2

structio Cons Mwe gro oss n start

Type CN NP-300 CN NP-300 PWR

340 340 1000(? ?)

mai/11 m Dec/11

AC CP1000

1100x x2

late e 2014

Total

P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

Planne ed commerrcial Operatiion Dec/16 6 Oct/16 6

5

Wo orldwide Pan norama of N Nuclear Energy – Novem mber 2014

98

In June e 2010 an agreementt with Chin na was ann nounced th hat will allow the consstruction off two new w reactorss for 340 MW M each.T The cost iss estimate ed at 2.4 billion b dolla ars and the e project will strateg gically help p Pakistan in reducing g its chroniic shortage e of electricc power. Nuclear wastes a are treated and stored d at the nuclear powe er plants th hemselves.. There are e or construcction of a re epository fo or long-term m storage of nuclear wastes. plans fo

South h Korea Counttry

South Ko orea

Reacttors in operration

23 3

installed capacity (MW)

20 0.700

Reactors under co onstruction

capacity und der c construction (M MW)

5

6,370

generate ed energy % o of total energy 2013 (TWH) gen nerated in 2013 3

132,47

27,6

South K Korea is A Asia’s fourth h largest e economy, b but has no o energy so ources in itts territory, importin ng around 97% of its needs, inccluding all the t oil and uranium itt uses. The e country iss making g efforts to o reduce itss depende ence on fo ossil fuels and thus diversify d th he national electriccity mix. At present, ccoal is the ccountry’s to op electricity generatiing source, supplying g 42% off Korea’s p power grid d. The per capita ele ectricity con nsumption is about 3 times ass high ass that of Bra azil. South K Korea has 23 reactorrs in opera ation (20,70 00 MW insstalled capa acity). In 2 2013, these e nuclearr power plants p prod duced 132 2.47 TWh, accountin ng for aro ound 27.6 % of the e countryy’s electriciity consum mption. Five e plant pro ojects are under wayy, that coulld reach to o 30 GW W by 2015 5, it being noted tthat appro oximately 6,320 MW W relate to ongoing g constru uction and an addition nal 3,000 M MW will enssue from ssigned conttracts nearring start off construction. The T latest plants to come into o mercial ope eration we ere Shin-Ko ori 2 (PWR R comm - 997 7 MW) and Shin-Wolssong-1 with h a Korean n desig gn (Improvved Korea an Standarrd Nuclearr Plantt - OPR 10 000). Up to o 2024, acccording to o the Korean governmentt, eight new n plantss shou uld be builtt in additio on to those e currentlyy unde er construcction. The countryy’s energyy policyy favors nuclear in nitiatives, ttaking into o consideration the safetyy and re eliability off gy supply, inasmuch as South Korea hass energ no en nergy sourrces in its te erritory. Shin-Kori 1 and 2 - Pho oto: KHNP (Korea Hidro and Nuclear Powe er)

Althoug gh it has no uranium or enrichm ment facilitty in its terrritory, Korrea is enga aged in the e producttion of its own nucclear fuel and a also undertakess nuclear waste ma anagementt activitie es with loca ally developed techno ology. Korea p participatess in researrch work on n several a advanced rreactor mo odels (modular, ITER, fast bre eeder, high h-temperatu ure reactorrs). The go overnment seeks to win w 20% o of world’s rreactor sup pply marke et up to 20 030. It hass also an nnounced plans p to tra ain 2,800 n new nuclea ar engineerrs in order to ensure ttechnologyy P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

Wo orldwide Pan norama of N Nuclear Energy – Novem mber 2014

99

self-suffficiency an nd meet in ndustry’s demand forr skilled ma anpower. T The countrry has also o competted interna ationally in offering nu uclear servvices and sstudies, an nd in December 2009 9 upply of 4 1400MW was the winner in the Ara ab Emirate es’ bidding g process for the su W reactorrs, a 40 billion dollars business. After Korea K obta ained the first nuclear plant order ou utside of its territorry, Korean n inhabita ants’ perce eption of nuclear ene ergy has im mproved siignificantlyy, as indica ated by the e latest opinion o survveys (88.4 % favor th he development of nu uclear indusstry). So far no decission has b been taken on wha at to do w with the country’s c sspent fuel. ovided con nsultation a and negotia ations are conducted d Reproccessing is a possible option, pro with the United States, in line with the existing cooperration agre eement be etween the e countrie es. Developing a ne ew technolo ogy called d “pyroproccessing” th hat genera ates no plutonium in n repro ocessing, is under study and w will likely be e the solution fo or reuse o of nuclearr fuel. The e decission should d be taken n soon, ina asmuch ass the country’s spent-fuel stockpiling capacityy will b be used up p by 2016. Soutth Korea’ss demand d for elecctricity hass been n growing 4 4% per ye ear for a de ecade, and d techn nology exxport planss are in place thatt conte emplate sales of up p to 80 re eactors byy 2030 0. Such goal app pears to h have been n facilitated by reactor sales to the Arab b Emirrates. NPP Shin n-Wolsong 1 and 2 - Image AIEA

Despite e the fall in n Korean p public satissfaction wiith nuclearr energy du ue to the Fukushima F a acciden nt, the fore ecasts on new reacto ors indicatte 9 units a against the e previouss projection n 20. The e country iss planning to go on w with its nucclear expan nsion, and even such h old plantss as Korii 1 (1978) keep gene erating elecctricity. In JJuly 2011, an interna ational com mmission off nuclearr experts ffrom the IAEA visite ed Korea to assesss good pra actices devveloped in n Korea. Recomme endations for improvvements w were made in the light of the Fukushima F a a no non n-conforma ances were e found tha at might co ompromise the safe o operation off event, and the plan nts. In Aug gust 2011, the presssure vesse el of Shin n-Kori nuclear powerr plant’s unit u 4 wass installed in its fin nal positio on. This iss the seco ond PR-14 400 under construction (Kepco o design reactor, ssupplied by b Doosan n Heavy In ndustries), and com mmercial op peration iss schedu uled for Sep ptember 20 014. In 2014 4 South Korea K has approved a plan to o build two o nuclear power pla ants, worth h US$7bn, only two o weeks a after the co ountry ann nounced itss intention n to cut the e share off nuclearr in total po ower supply to 29% b by 2035 (in nstead of 41% by 203 30). The tw wo reactorss P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

Wo orldwide Pan norama of N Nuclear Energy – Novem mber 2014

100

would have h a capacity of 1 1,400 MW each and should be e complete ed by late 2 2020, at a cost of Won 7,600 0bn (US$7 7bn).

an Taiwa Country y

Reactors in i installed ca apacity operation n (MW)

Taiwan n

6

Reac ctors under con nstruction

capacity un nder construction (MW)

generrated energy 2013 (TWH)

% of total ene ergy generated in 2 2013

2

2.600

3 39,82

19.1

4.980 0

Taiwan n has 6 pla ants in operation (2 P PWR and 4 BWR) an nd another 2 under co onstruction n (PHWR R 1300 MW W). Accord ding to IAE EA, electriccity producction in 20 013 was 38.82 TWh, accoun nting for 19,1% of the country’s electricity. Chinshan plants 1 and 2 (BWR 636 6 MW eacch) started d operation n in 1978 and 1979 9 respecttively. Kuo osheng 1 and 2 (BWR R 985 MW W each). Ma aanshan plants p are P PWRs with h 951 MW W each. The go overnment of Taiwan set up a committtee to establissh a multti-discipline e mechanism of nu uclear safety reviews a and emerg gency pre eparednesss and responsse at nucle ear powerr plants. In the light o of the Fukush hima even nts, the g governmen nt is espe ecially concern ned aboutt nuclear plants p on tthe coastliine of China, which are very close e to Taiwan n, and on which they ha ave no jurissdiction. L Location of N NPP in Taiwan n

The Ch hinese also o do not tru ust the saffety of operation and stores of w waste in T Taiwan. A proposa al and the invitation were mad de so that the t two co ountries wo ork togethe er on this issue. Taiwan n national power utility Taipow wer has ccompleted pre-opera ational tessts at its Lungme en-1 nucle ear power plant but the plantt is not exxpected to o enter com mmercial operatio on before 2017 2 at the e earliest. Taiwanese Plants In Operation: Un nits

type

MWe gros ss

Ch hinshan 1 Ch hinshan 2 Ku uosheng 1 Ku uosheng 2 Maanshan 1 Maanshan 2

BWR BWR BWR BWR PWR PWR

636 636 985 985 951 951 4927 MWe e net

To otal (6)

P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

MWe net 60 04 60 04 94 48 94 48 90 00 92 23

Starrt up* 1978 1979 1981 1983 1984 1985

Licensed to 2018 2019 2021 2023 2024 2025

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Constru uction of ttwo 1,350 MW Adva anced Boiling Water Reactors (ABWRs) started in n Lungme en in 1999 9: the two reactors r we ere expected to be co ommission ned in 2006 6 and 2007 7 but com mmercial operations w were delayyed due to political, le egal and regulatory prroblems. ment announced the decision tto halt the remaining g In Aprill 2014 the Taiwanesse governm constru uction of the t Lungm men powerr plant. Th he first rea actor will be sealed d after the e comple etion of saffety checkss, and consstruction off the secon nd reactor will be halted. A final decision may be ssubject to a national referendum r m

Vietna am Country y

Vietnam m

Reactors in installed operation n capacity (M MW)

0

Reactorrs under constrruction

c capacity unde er co onstruction (MW W)

generate ed energy 2013 ((TWH)

% of total energy y ge enerated in 2013

0

0

0

0

0

Over th he past 20 0 years, energy prod duction in Vietnam increased more than n 10 times, growing g at an avverage rate e of 13% / year, from m 12 TWh h in 1994 tto about 13 30 TWh in n 2013. Meanwhile e, energy consumptiion per capita increa ased, reaching 1,445 5 kWh/cap, i.e. 8 tiimes the a average vo olume of 1994 (175 kWh). As a result th he Vietnam mese prime e ministe er said, in May M 2010, tthe intentio on of building eight re eactors. Vie etnam - Plan nned and Prroposed Nuc clear Powerr Reactors to 2030 Location

Plant (province) (

Ty ype

MWe nominal

Start construction

Operation

Phuoc Dinh D

Ninh h Thuan 1-1

V VVER-1000/428

1060

2017 or 2018 8

2023

Phuoc Dinh D

Ninh h Thuan 1-2

V VVER-1000/428

1060

2018 or 2019 9

2024

Phuoc Dinh D

Ninh h Thuan 1-3

VVER-1000

1000

?

Phuoc Dinh D

Ninh h Thuan 1-4

VVER-1000

1000

?

Vinh Hai H

Ninh h Thuan 2-1

apanese Gen III Ja or Atmea1

850-1150

Dec 2015, dela yed

2024?

Vinh Hai H

Ninh h Thuan 2-2

apanese Gen III Ja or Atmea1

850-1150

ed 2016, delaye

2025?

Vinh Hai H

Ninh h Thuan 2-3

apanese Gen III Ja or Atmea1

850-1150

?

Vinh Hai H

Ninh h Thuan 2-4

apanese Gen III Ja or Atmea1

850-1150

?

Centrral

APR-1400?

1350

2028

Centrral

APR-1400?

1350

2029

Total planned (4) Total proposed by 2030 0

4000 6700

Plant 1 (Ninh Thu uan Nuclea ar Power P Plant 1, wiith two rea actors) will be located d in Phuocc Dinh Commune, Ninh Phuo oc district, and a Plant 2 (Ninh Th huan Plant 2, with two reactors)) in Vinh Hai Comm mune, Ninh h Hai districct. In all Pla ants the ca apacity cou uld be expa anded for 4 reactorrs. According to the e Director of the Viietnam Ag gency for Nuclear S Safety and d P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Radiation, Plant 1 - with 20 000 MW ccapacity - w will be bassed on Ru ussian tech hnology. In n addition n, memora anda have e already been signed on trraining forr the coun ntry’s new w specialists. The cconstruction n is schedu uled to starrt by 2018. Centrall 2 (Ninh T Thuan Plan nt 2, with tw wo reactorss) will be in nstalled in Vinh Hai Commune C , Ninh Hai district, however th here is no signed contract. The ere is an ag greement w with Japan n for its construction; with e expected operation in 2024. The Conssortium 'In nternational Nuclear Energy Developme ent of Jap pan Co.' (JJINED) will be the m main supp plier in thiss project.. In 2012 2 Korea an nd Vietnam m signed an n agreement for the p preparation n of feasibiility studiess for con nstruction o of the Cen ntral Third in the cou untry with two more reactors Model and d Korean n design. The IAEA has reported that Vietnam is well pre epared to sstart developing a nu uclear fleett and tha at the agen ncy will su upport the ccountry’s e efforts to w work out sa afety and e emergencyy responsse procedures. At p present, a team of more than n 800 perssons are working in n Vietnam mese energ gy, radiology and nucclear safetyy institutess. In spite e of delayss and cut-b backs on projects, p au uthorities h have announced thatt plans will proceed d to build d at least 4 reactorrs. All larg ge supplie ers (Chinesse, Korean, French, Russian, Japanesse and American) are e actively w working to cclose dealss on these projects. Japan, through Ja apan Atom mic Power Company (JAPC), siigned a co ontract with h Electricityy of Vietn nam (EVN N) on 09/28 8/2011 forr a feasibillity study o on the con nstruction of the firstt nuclearr power pla ant. In Julyy 2013 the parties agreed to "acccelerate ccooperation n to specifyy the projject," which h would be e a major step s toward ds a contract.

A Asia – Others Bangla adesh Bangla adesh sign ned an agre eement witth Russia o on Novemb ber 1, 2011 1 for the co onstruction n of two 1,000 MW W nuclear power plantts in the R Rooppur reg gion, north hwest of Ba angladesh.. The agreement also include es supply of o fuel and manageme ent of plant’s waste (spent fuel)) which will w be take en back to Russia. R The co ountry’s reccent growth h and limitted availab bility of ene ergy (existing gas reserves are e nearly o over) have e led the go overnmentt to close tthis 3 billion dollar bu usiness deal. In 2007 7 the cou untry was g given IAEA A’s approva al for its nucclear project. In Septtember 2011, the Miinistry of Foreign F Afffairs of Bangladesh, Dipu Moni, informed d that the country should have its firrst plant o operable b by 2022 o or 2023. B Bangladesh h proceed ds with itss nuclear p program w with the aim m of ensurring adequate electricity supplyy after 20 020.

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The go overnment is conducting a de etailed stu udy on the e regulatorry framew work of the e countryy’s nuclear program, and has he eld talks w with the IAE EA and inde ependent consultants c s in this cconnection n. Bangladesh also p plans to sig gn international agree ements co oncerning a civil nucclear powe er program. In 29 JJuly 2013 Rosatom said it pla ans to laun nch pre-construction work for installing i a 2,000 MW M nuclea ar power plant at Roo oppur in Pabna (Ban ngladesh) in early August 2013. The Ru ussian com mpany will b build, operrate and prrovide fuel to the projject. Atomsstroyexportt will starrt a series of tests un nder a US$ $46m contrract, while the Bangla adesh Atom mic Energyy Commiission (BAE EC) will alsso conduct tests on th heir own. The tessts will include feasibility evalua ation, enviro onment im mpact assesssment, de evelopmentt and en ngineering survey, d development of the comprehe ensive prog gram of engineering e g survey,, anthropog genic cond ditions at th he project a area and site, and en ngineering and hydro-meteorrological su urvey. In April 2014 the tthird contra act with Ro osatom which foresee es the crea ation of a database d off constru uction on tthe site off the nuclear plant and the organizatio o on of the ssite to the e placem ment of the first concre ete constru uction of the reactors was signe ed in 2020. The Ind donesia, M Malaysia an nd Philippines are in the proce ess of revivving their o old nuclearr power programs. p Indone esia Indone esia, althou ugh consid dering itselff prepared, is focuse ed on first getting g its population n familiarrized with nuclear n en nergy, leavving to the future anyy plan to build a nucllear powerr plant, a according to o the Minisster of Ressearch and Technolog gy, Syamsa a Ardisasm mita. The Ja apan Atomiic Energy Agency ha as reached d an agree ement with Indonesia a’s national Atomic Energy A Agency to o offer Indon nesia techn nical help on the con nstruction of multiple e high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, or HTGRss, JAEA sa aid August 5, 2014. The Ind donesian a agency pu ublished pla ans in Jun ne for the constructio on of two 1,000-MW W LWRs on o two of three candiidate island ds — Java, Madura a and Bali — starting in n 2027, and d for two 1,000-MW W LWRs in Sumatra b beginning 2 2031, according to JA AEA. The Ind donesian a also plans tto begin op perating byy 2020 a demonstrat d tion HTGR that has a generating capaccity of 3 MW W to 10 MW, JAEA ssaid. It cou uld take fo our years to o constructt the un nit. Initial cooperatio on will invvolve the exchange of inform mation on the High-Temperature Eng gineering T Test Reacto or, or HTTR R, at Oarai, near the vvillage of T Tokai. Malays sia Malays sia has the e green ligh ht from its p population, in supporrt for the co onstruction n of nuclearr power plants. Th he countryy is in the e process reconstru ucting the necessaryy technical knowledge throug gh technica al visits and training programs on nuclearr power pla ant design, constru uction and operation. Relevant studies forr selection of a suitable site ha ave alreadyy been co ommission ned by the government. The country is strrongly depe endent on gas (64%)) and coa al (25%) an nd intends to diversiffy its electriicity mix. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Philipp pines In the e case of the Philip ppines, early on, a group of expertss from the IAEA wass invited to o organize a multti-disciplina ary and in ndependentt processs to deterrmine if itss old nucle ear Bataan n Nuclea ar Power Plant P (read dy, but nevver put into o operattion) can be safely started, as a a local alterna ative for en nergy gene eration. At present, a contra act with K Korean com mpany Ke epco is in n operattion for the conduct o of such stud dies. Philippin nes - Bataan N Nuclear Power Plant -photo IAEA Ready – has never ope erate

Thailan nd The Ru ussian statte-owned R Rosatom a and the Insstitute of N Nuclear Tecchnology of o Thailand d signed during the e 58th Con nference off the IAEA A in Septem mber 2014 4, a memorrandum on n the use e of atom mic energyy for peacceful purpo oses. The parties a also plan tto develop p coopera ation in the e field of fu undamenta al and appllied studiess, radioisotopes, nucclear safetyy and nu uclear wasste treatm ment, educcation and preparatio on of scie entific and d technical personnel service es.

E-A Austra alia Australia is the wo orld’s ninth h-largest en nergy producer and e enjoys the benefit of a abundant and divverse energ gy resources. The A Australian continent c iss rich in ura anium, atte ending for about 4 40% of all e economica al reserves in world. Australia has no commerciial nuclearr plants, but the Ausstralian Nu uclear Scie ence and Techno ology Organization do o operate the Opal re esearch rea actor near S Sydney. Popula ation: 23.6 6 Million; GDP G Growth Ratte: 3.6%/ye ear; CO2 Em missions: 15.3 tCO2 2/capita Energy y independ dence: 100 0%; Total Consump ption/GDP:: 88 (2005= =100) Howeve er, due to political an nd other constraints the industtry has nott expanded d enough and Au ustralia currrently supp plies less th han 20 perrcent of the e uranium the t world n needs. Despite e its uraniu um producction, Austrralia will no ot develop nuclear p power in th he middle term. T The countryy has an ovvercapacityy in genera ation, expeccted to lastt until 2023 3-2024. The Op pen Pool A Australian Light-wate er Reactorr (OPAL) iss a multipurpose insstallation, particullarly oriented towardss radioisoto ope producction. It is on ne of the most pow werful and complex research reactors in n the world and it represe ent the larg gest cash ssale exportt of a turnke ey state-off-the-art tecchnology p plant ever P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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made by b an Arg gentine com mpany. It will supplyy radioisottopes to A Australia a and other cou untries, and it will offfer silicon irra adiation sservices to the miccroelectron nic industryy. Re ecently Ausstralia has signed a nucclear co-op peration ag greement autthorizing u uranium exxports to the e United Arab E Emirates, where consttruction sta arted on the e first of fo our planned d nuclear pow wer reacto ors. The Australia’s A fore eign minisstry said that the agrreement, w which still needs to be approved d by pa arliament, covvers conditions for ssupply of nuclearr material; componen nts related to nuclearr technolog gy and asssociated eq quipment for use in a dome estic powerr industry. OPAL Re eactor Buildin ng (photo Luc cas Heiths – A Australia Fron nt View)

Anothe er importan nt agreem ment was the one ssigned by BHP Billiton Comp pany, an Australia-based m mining, to sell s its Yee elirrie uranium deposiit (resource es of appro oximately 139 milllion pound ds of U3O8 8) to Canad dian uraniu um produce er CAMECO Corpora ation. The depositt will cost to CAMEC CO 430 million US dollars d (343 million e euro). As u usual the agreem ment is pe ending rele evant app provals fro om the Au ustralian F Foreign Invvestment Review w Board and the go overnment of Western Australiia. Yeelirriie is reputtedly the world’s la argest sediimentary deposit d of its kind. Australia a's Uranium m – (WNA August 201 14) Australia's uranium m has be een mined d since 195 54, and fou ur mines arre currentlyy operating g. More are e planned. Australia'ss known uranium u resources are the e world's la argest - 31% % of the wo orld total. In 2012 2 Australia a producced 8,244 4 tonnes o of U3O8 (e equivalent to 6,991 1 tons of na atural uran nium). It is the world'ss third-rankking p producer, behind d Kazakhsttan and Ca anada.

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V–C Commercial A Agreem ments and a Nu uclear C Cooperration Countriies and go overnmentss associate accordin ng to their needs and strategie es, alwayss seeking g higher prrofits and/o or security ffor their en nergy supplly. Report of the Unitted Nationss Agency ffor Trade a and Develo opment (UN NCTAD) co onfirms the e growing g trend of multination nal lean on n some 3,2 200 interna ational inve estment ag greementss exist. W While not exhausting e g the subje ect, the folllowing are e some pu ublicly know wn signed d agreem ments.

U United S States and Othe ers: United d States – Arab E Emirates The Un nited State es and the e Arab Em mirates havve signed an agreem ment for ciivil nuclearr coopera ation whereby the Emirates undertake not to prromote a uranium e enrichmentt program m of its ow wn or to reprocess ura anium.

United d States – China The U United Sta ates (EXE ELON Co ompany) and Chin na (CNNC C) have ssigned an n agreem ment for civil nuclear coo operation n, whereb by seniorr instructtors from m Excelo on will tra ain approxximately 200 2 Chinese management and nuclear plantt operattion perssonnel in n the be est practtices devveloped by the A American n compa any. d States – Czech Republic United ptember 2011, th he United d States through its Depa artment o of Energyy In Sep (DoE), America an universities an nd the Czzech Rep public (se everal un niversitiess esearch ccenters) h have sign ned a coo operation n agreements for research, and re contem mplating the excchange of o experiiences and a profe essional staff forr genera ation IV m molten sa alt-cooled power re eactors. United d States – France e 1 - AR REVA and NORTHRO OP GRUM MMAN havve signed an a agreem ment for se etting up a compan ny - Areva a Newport News LLC C – to fabriccate heavyy compone ents (reacto or vessels, cover, ssteam gen nerator and d pressurizzer) for the French EP PR reactorr in the United Statess planned d to start o operation b by 2011. A AREVA exp pects to bu uild up to 7 reactors in the U.S. over th he next ye ears and such strattegy is me eant to co ope with a possible e industrial bottlene eck for he eavy comp ponents, given g the reduced n number off heavy co omponentss manufa acturers aro ound the w world.

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2- ARE EVA also a applied to the U.S. regulatory body – N NRC for a license to o build and d uranium e operate e a gas centrifuge c enrichmentt plant (E Eagle Rockk) near Id daho Falls. According to the ccompany, this t is abou ut a multi-b billionaire in nvestment. t major ssupplier of engineerin ng and con nstruction services, s a and fuel forr 3- Arevva will be the TVA’s Bellesourcce-1 plant located in the American sta ate of Alab bama. THE contractt amountt is one (1) billion do ollars and ccovers, am mong other activities, the nuclea ar island, a control room, digital instrum mentation, trraining sim mulator and d the fuel.

United d States – Italy The Un nited State es and Italy signed in Septemb ber 2010, an agreem ment for ciivil nuclearr coopera ation, with a 5 years’ duration (up ( to 2015 by Italy ope ens the doo ors to U.S. 5), whereb supplie ers of nucle ear technology and se ervices.

United d States – Japan Westing ghouse E Electric Co ompany and Toshib ba Corporration havve announ nced the formatio on of BWR RPLUS, a new n joint m marketing o organization n for opera ating nucle ear power plants in North A America that will leve erage the synergies between Westingho ouse and Toshiba a.

United d States – Kuwait In June e 2010 the e United Sttates and Kuwait signed an ag greement fo or coopera ation in the e area off nuclear ssafeguardss and othe er non-proliferation to opics. The agreemen nt includess activitie es related to legisla ation, regu ulation, hu uman reso ources devvelopmentt, radiation n protection, waste managem ment, reacto or operatio on among o others, butt no plans for nuclearr power plant p consttruction.

United d States – Persia an Gulf Countries s Americcan compan nies Lightb bridge and Exelon Ge eneration h have signe ed an agree ement with h the Gulf Coopera ation Coun ncil (Bahrain, Kuwait,, Oman, Q Qatar, Saud di Arabia a and United d E fo or a feasib bility and siiting study on a nuclear power station forr electricityy Arab Emirates) generation and w water desaliination in th he region.

United d States – South Africa In Septtember 200 09 the U.S S. secretaryy of energyy Steven C Chu and So outh Africa a’s ministerr of enerrgy signed d a bilaterral coopera ation agreement for nuclear e energy ressearch and d develop pment, witth emphassis on advvanced re eactor tech hnology an nd nuclearr systems. According to the American officer, the e agreeme ent reiterate es its gove ernment po osition thatt has a majo or role in the world’s energy future, ma ainly with respect to o nuclearr energy h climate e change ch hallenges.

United d States – Vietna am A US--Vietnam agreement on ccivil nucle ear coope eration came into o force in n P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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September 201 14. The a agreemen nt sets the e terms fo or nuclea ar trade, exchange e e earch an nd techno ology bettween the e two countries a and was signed s in n in rese March h 2010, as a memorand m dum of understanding. T This will increase e coope eration with the U United States and will give to Viietnam a access to o nuclea ar fuel. It is expectted in the e future co onstructio on of the ffirst powe er reactorr in Viettnam. United d States – Ukrain ne e 2014 - U Ukraine’s sstate nucle ear operattor Energo oatom and Holtec In nternational In june (Americcan Co.) have signed d an agreement for th he construcction of a ccentralised d repositoryy for spent nuclear fuel at the e Chernobyyl nuclear p power statiion. Completion of th he facility iss uled for the e end of 2017. 2 The e facility w will hold up p to 17,000 0 spent nuclear fuel schedu elemen nts from thrree nuclea ar power sttations: Khmelnitski, Rovno and d South Ukkraine. The e Khmeln nitski nucle ear station n has two commerciially opera ational reacctors and two underr constru uction. Rovno has four reactors and South Ukkraine thre ee. Ukrain ne’s fourth h comme ercial nucle ear station n, the six--unit Zaporozhye, ha as its own n spent fu uel storage e facility, commissio oned in 2001.

Russ sia and Others:: Russiia-Argenttina The prresidents of Russia and Argentina sig gned on 1 12 July 20 014 agree ements forr coopera ation in peaceful p usse of nucclear energ gy and an nnounced the signin ng of veryy importa ant agreem ments in th he nuclear area for power ge eneration. She said it was an n "excelle ent working g meeting"". Putin de escribed ass "strategicc" relationsship between the two o countrie es and thanked "the o opportunityy to discuss the strate egy of mutual interesst"

Russiia - Austrralia In Nove ember 201 10, Australia’s prime minister Ju ulia Gillard d and Russsian presid dent Dmitryy Medved dev signed d an agreem ment to supply of ura anium for R Russian rea actors.

Russia – Bulg garia Bulgaria’s NEK - National E Electric Com mpany and d Russia’s Atomstroyexport havve signed a contracct for desig gn, constru uction and commissiioning of B Belene nucclear powe er station’ss units (2 2x 1000 MW W – VVER). Subconttractor ‘CAR RSIB’ (Are eva NP-Sie emens Consortium forr Belene) will supply electricc systemss and instrrumentatio on and control (I&C systems). Bulgaria also maintains a ccontract (in n the amou unt of 2.6 million eurros) for site e selection n and de esign of a near-surfface nation nal storage e facility ffor low- an nd interme ediate-level radioacctive waste es in the co ountry.

Russiia – China Russia a and Ch hina have e signed a cooperration agrreement ffor constrruction off P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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800-M MW demo onstration n fast breeder rreactors, which a also inclu udes the e constrruction off Beloyarssk-4 reacctors in Russia R and d Tianwa an units 3 and 4 in n China. Previou us agreem ments co ontemplatted the cconstruction of Tiianwan 1 modules o of a uran nium enriichment plant p and d an experimental and 2, three m actor - CE EFR fast brreeder rea Russia – Egyp pt Sergei Kiriyenko, director ge eneral of R ROSATOM M said that the nuclea ar energy cooperation c n agreem ment, signe ed with Egypt is focu used mainlly on uranium prospecting and d mining in n that cou untry. Othe er work gro oups will be e set up forr the construction of n nuclear pow wer plants, and tra aining of sp pecialized p personnel in nuclear operation and regula atory activiities will be e provide ed. Egypt has h 2 resea arch reacto ors.

Russia – India India ha as signed a contract with TVEL L, Russian manufactu urer of nucllear fuel. T The fuel will go to a number off Indian nuclear powe er plants, th his being th he first sup pply contra act after the e lifting o of the banss imposed by the Nu uclear Supplier Group (NSG) w which preva ailed up to o 2008. A Also, anoth her signed agreemen nt providess for the su upply of 4 a additional reactors in n the Kud dankulam area, whe ere an insta alled plantt already exists. e The agreemen nt expandss the exiisting coop peration in n the area a of fuels,, and nucclear techn nology, services and d researcch.

Russiia – Iran Atomen nergoproekkt (NIAEP), a subsidiary of the Russian State Comp pany Atomsstroiexport and Pro oduction and Development of N Nuclear Energy Comp pany of Ira an (NPPD) signed an agreem ment in Moscow (on 11.11.2014 4) for the cconstructio on of two n new reacto ors nuclear power plant in Bu uchehr, witth the posssibility of constructing c g two othe er reactors in sites to be deffine in futu ure. In Se eptember 2013, Iran n and Ru ussia had signed a series off coopera ation agre eements th hat will allow both countries to establish a new w strategic partnerrship.

Russia – Italy y An agrreement ha as been signed s for Italian parrticipation in the con nstruction o of Russian n technollogy 3rd ge eneration n nuclear rea actors and in the stud dy, design and constrruction of a prototype 4th gen neration rea actor. Such h deal will h help Italy trrain specia alized manp power.

Russiia – Japa an Toshiba a and Tech hnabexporrt – Tenex has h signed d a comme ercial coope eration agrreement forr fabricattion and su upply of pro oducts and d services rrelating to tthe nuclea ar fuel cycle e, including g uranium m enrichment. One of the agrreement’s major objjectives is to ensure e a stable, secure supply off nuclear p products and service es. In the wake w of th his deal, a long-term m P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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supply agreemen nt was sign ned whereb by compan ny Chubu Electric E will receive n nuclear fuel for 10 yyears. At p present, Te enex supplies around d 15% of Ja apan’s dem mand for nuclear n fuel and the e agreemen nt just sign ned is expe ected to inccrease this business.

Russia – Jord dan Russia and Jord dan have signed an n intergove ernmental agreemen nt, with a 10 years’ duration, for coop peration in the peace eful use of nuclear en nergy, cove ering a wid de range off activitie es, such as a engine eering and d construcction, fabrication of componen nts, safetyy studiess, radiation protection n and contrrol, desalination, uran nium mining, servicess, research h among others.

Russiia – Netherlands Russian Rosatom m and Dutch Royal Ph hilips Electtronics sign ned in June e 2011 an agreementt under which w imag ging medica al equipme ent for canccer diagnosis will be manufactu ured.

Russia – Nige eria Russian governm ment-owne ed Rosato om have signed a memorrandum o on nuclearr ation with Nigeria’s regulator to promote e the peacceful use of nuclearr energy in n coopera Nigeria a.

Russiia – Oma an Russia and Oma an have sig gned an in ntergovernmental agreement fo or coopera ation in the e peacefu ul use off nuclear energy with w emph hasis on infrastructures, rese earch and d develop pment, as well as co onstruction and opera ation of nu uclear powe er plants. Agreement A t related work will be b under th he responssibility of Ru ussian statte-owned R ROSATOM M.

udi Arabiian Russian - Sau Russian and Sa audi Arabia an officialss have ap pproved th he draft o of an agre eement on n ation in nuclear energ gy, Rosato om announced in a sttatement Ju une 18, 20 014. Atomicc coopera and Re enewable E Energy is developing g and impllementing Saudi Ara abia's nucle ear energyy develop pment prog gram. The country iss considering constru uction of as many ass 16 powerr reactorrs as part o of the progrram, Saudii officials have said.

Russia – Slov vakia Russian compan ny TVEL h has signed d a long-te erm nuclea ar fuel supply contrract with a compan ny Slovensské Elektrá árne, plantt owner an nd operato or, to supply fuel for Mochovce e units 3 and 4 (VV VER-440). Contract a activities co overing 5 re eloads and d associate ed servicess anned to sstart by 20 012, when the plantss are sche eduled to come c into operation. are pla Italian E ENEL is the owner’s majority pa artner.

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Russia South Africa eptember 22, 2014 South Affrica and Russia signed a sstrategic p partnership p On Se agreem ment on nuclear energ gy collaboration, acccording to R Russian state nuclea ar companyy Rosato om, but an official in the South African nu uclear prog gram emph hasized that Russian n technollogy was only one of the op ptions bein ng conside ered. The agreemen nt lays the e foundattion for larg ge scale nuclear pow wer plant procuremen nt and deve elopment program p byy South A Africa base ed on the cconstructio on in South h Africa of Russian V VVER reacctors with a total insstalled cap pacity of up p to 9.6 GW W (up to eig ght nuclearr Units).

Russia – UAE (Emirattes) The ag greement with w Russia is to sh hare techn nology, equipment a and nuclea ar material. Under tthe agreem ment Russia will lega ally be able e to supply uranium a as well as cconversion n and en nrichment sservices to o the UAE. The agre eement allo ows coope eration in a all fields off nuclearr power, from ura anium min ning, fuel fabrication, equipm ment and research, constru uction of nu uclear power plants – the whole e cycle of civil nuclearr power”.

Russia – Thaiiland The Ru ussian statte-owned R Rosatom a and the Insstitute of N Nuclear Tecchnology of o Thailand d signed during the e 58th Con nference off the IAEA A in Septem mber 2014 4, a memorrandum on n the use e of atom mic energyy for peacceful purpo oses. The parties a also plan tto develop p coopera ation in the e field of fu undamenta al and appllied studiess, radioisotopes, nucclear safetyy on of scie and nu uclear wasste treatm ment, educcation and preparatio entific and d technical personnel service es.

Russia – Turk key Russia (Russian Technical Superviso ory Authority - Rostecchnadzor) and Turke ey (Turkish h Atomic Energy A Agency -TA AEK) have e signed a coopera ation agree ement con ntemplating g transfer of know-h how and in nformation in nuclear licensing, radiation p protection a and qualityy manage ement.

nam Russiia – Vietn n intergove ernmental agreemen nt was sig gned with Russia, for f nuclearr In Mayy 2010 an coopera ation in arreas such as siting, design, cconstruction n and ope eration of power p and d researcch nuclea ar reactorrs, water desalination plantts, and elementarry particle e accelerrators. Other areas covered inccluded fuel supply and wastes – Russia w will manage e wastes and decom mmissionin ng.

Russia – UAE (Emirattes) The ag greement with w Russia is to sh hare techn nology, equipment a and nuclea ar material. Under tthe agreem ment Russia will lega ally be able e to supply uranium a as well as cconversion n and en nrichment sservices to o the UAE. The agre eement allo ows coope eration in a all fields off P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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nuclearr power, from ura anium min ning, fuel fabrication, equipm ment and research, constru uction of nu uclear power plants – the whole e cycle of civil nuclearr power”.

Russia – Ukra aine 1- Russsia and Ukraine sign ned an inte ergovernm mental agre eement inte ended to rresume the e construction o of Ukraine’ss two reacctors at Kh hmelnitsky. The agree ement wass signed in n Kievv by the minister m off energy a and fuel, Y Yuri Boyko and the e director general off Russsia’s Rosatom, Serrgei Kiriyenko and iincludes financing, d design, co onstruction, com mmissioning g, servicess and supply for Khme elnitsky sta ation’s units 3 and 4. 2- Russsian TVEL L and Ukra ainian Nucle ear Fuel ha ave signed d an agreement for co onstruction n of a plant to m manufacturre nuclear fuel assem mblies for VVER-1000 V 0 reactors in Ukraine e (TV VEL will asssist in proje ect financin ng).

ed Kingd dom Russiia – Unite Throug gh directorr Sergei K Kiriyenko, Rosatom signed a nuclear energy cooperation c n agreem ment with B British comp pany Rolls-Royce.

Russiia – Unite ed States s Russia’s nuclearr fuel pro oducer TE ENEX-Tech hsnabexpo ort has announced the U.S. Departm ment of C Commerce’s approva al of the d deal to sup pply enrich hed uraniu um for the e Conste ellation Ene ergy Nuclea ar Group, in the perio od 2015 - 2025. Thiss is Tenex’s sixth fuel supply agreement on the Am merican nu uclear electtricity gene eration marrket. The others o were e with Exelon E and d Fuelco (that reprresents Pa acific Ene ergy Fuelss, Union Electric E orr Ameren nUE) and L Luminant.

Kaza akhstan n and otthers Kazakh hstan has no nuclear power plant, but it is the world’s largesst uranium m producer, ahead of Canada a and Austtralia, since e Decembe er 2009. K Kazatompro om - nation nal nuclearr ation has 2 21 mines in n operation n in Kazakkhstan and will be strrategically involved in n corpora the con nstruction o of nuclear power pla ants in Chiina as a m means to d diversify itss business, currenttly dominatted by mining. greement signed witth China Guangdon G g Nuclearr Power G Group (CG GNPG) and d The ag China N National N Nuclear Corrp (CNNC)), will set u up a company with Kazatompro K om holding g 51%, which w will b build plantss in China and develop uranium m mines o on Kazakhsstan’s Irko ol depositt in the Kyzylordinska aya region n, whose annual prod duction cap pacity is esstimated att 750 ton ns of U3O O8; on Sem mizbay dep posits in A Akmolinskayya (annual productio on capacityy estimatted at 500 0 tons of U3O8) and on Zhalp pak deposits, annual productio on capacityy estimatted at 750 0 tons of U3O8. The agreements conte emplate th he supply of natural uranium m to China for 10 yea ars. ments have also been signed witth Canada (companyy Cameco) for accesss Similarly, agreem 6 conversion techno ology (uranium hexa afluoride) through a legal entity, ULBA A to UF6 P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Converrsion LLP, to be built in Kazakkhstan by Canada and a expectted to prod duce up to o 12,000 metric ton ns of UF6. With Frrance (AREVA) the ssigned agrreements will w allow n nuclear fue el productio on (nuclearr fuel asssemblies) iin the same plant of U ULBA, with h the fabriccation of up p to 1,200 metric m tonss of fuel rods and assembliess, with eng gineering a and techno ology deve eloped by AREVA. A In n addition n, a coope eration agrreement h has also be een signed d with Bellgium for experience e e exchan nge in the cconduct of a civil nucllear progra am. A supp ply agreem ment was signed in M March 2010 0 where Ja apan expects to ensure steadyy supply of nuclear fuel for its nuclear plants. Unde er another agreement in Septem mber 2010, es signed a memorandum o of understa anding witth Kazakh h three JJapanese companie Nationa al Nuclear Centre, fo or a feasib bility study on the construction of Kazakh hstan’s firstt nuclearr plant.

Cana ada and Others Canad da – India a Canada a, through h companyy CAMEC CO has se et up a b business O Office in tthe city off Hydera abad, for tthe purposse of sup pporting an nd developing the company’ss businesss opportu unities on the Indian n nuclear ffuel markett and reprresent the company before the e Indian government. Canad da and Ind dia have co oncluded a administrattive arrang gements to o ment the n nuclear co ooperation agreeme ent the tw wo countrie es signed in 2010, implem Canadiian Prime Minister S Stephen H Harper said d in a sta atement on n his officiial website e Novem mber 6, follo owing talks in New De elhi with Indian Prime e Minister Manmohan M n Singh. uclear coo operation a agreementt will allow w Canadia an firms to o export a and importt The nu controllled nuclear material equipment e t and techn nology to and a from In ndia to facillities underr safegua ards applie ed by the IAEA. - “India represents a huge business oppo ortunity forr Camecco and the entire Can nadian nucclear energ gy industryy,” Cameco o Presidentt and CEO O Tim Gittzel said in n Cameco’s stateme ent. “The a ability to su upply Cana adian uranium to thiss rapidly expanding g market w will mean m more jobs, more inve estment and more de evelopmentt e Ind dia to meet its growing g electricityy needs wiith a clean, here in Canada. It will also enable gy source,”” he said. carbon--free energ

Canad da – Vietnam Vietnam mese company Atom mic Energyy Institute h has signed d an agree ement with h Canadian n NWT U Uranium C Corporation n – Toronto intende ed to asse ess the re egion’s physical and d econom mic potentia al in uraniu um ore dep posits, and assist in developing d the countrry’s nuclearr industryy.

Canad da – Aus stralia Australia-based m mining com mpany BHP P Billiton ha as signed a an agreeme ent to sell iits Yeelirrie e uranium m depositt in Wesstern Austtralia to Canadian uranium producerr Cameco o Corpora ation. It is one of Au ustralia’s la argest unde eveloped u uranium de eposits. Th he estimate e P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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indicate es that Yee elirrie hostss measure ed and indicated mine eral resourrces of app proximatelyy 139 milllion pound ds of U3O8.

Canad da – Unitted Arab Emirates Canada a has sign ned a nucle ear cooperration agre eement witth the Unitted Arab E Emirates to o provide e equipmen nt, services and uran nium, the Canadian Ministry off Foreign A Affairs hass announ nced. Canada’s fore eign minister John Baird said d that the e agreeme ent “allowss Canadiian compa anies to offfer the fulll range off their equ uipment, se ervices an nd uranium m supply to the UAE E’s civilian nuclear ma arket”.

Chin na and o others China a – Argen ntina 1 - Sig gned in June 2012 agreement a between China (Prime Ministter Wen Jiiabao) and d Argentiina (Presid dent Cristtina Kirchn ner) includ ding exten nsive coop peration o on nuclearr energy. 2 - In S September 2012 the Argentine A P Planning Minister M De Vido signe ed a new ccooperation n agreem ment which h aims to transfer technologyy to deve eloping rea actors with h enriched d uranium m for use in n nuclear p power plantts near the e country. 3- Chin na and Arg gentina sig gned agree ements Ju uly 18, 201 14 relating to constru uction of a PHWR unit in Arg gentina. Ch hina Nation nal Nuclea ar Corp., orr CNNC, will w be resp ponsible forr assistin ng Nucleoe electrica by b providin ng Chinesse goods and servicces under long-term m financin ng.

China a – Belgiu um The priime ministe ers of Belg gium (Yvess Leterme) and China a (Wen Jia abao) have e signed an n ment defining details for the co onstruction n of a pilo ot plant forr productio on of MOX X agreem (mixed uranium o oxide and p plutonium ffuel) to be used on Chinese C plants. The agreementt also co ontemplatess technolog gy transferr, technicall assistance and participation in n Belgium’ss MYRRH HA Projectt (Multipurp pose Hybrid d Research h Reactor ffor High-te ech Applica ations).

China a – Canad da 1- Agre eement for development of adva anced fuel design sig gned betwe een Atomicc Energy off Canada a Ltd (AECL), Third d Qinshan Nuclear Power P Com mpany (TQ QNPC), Ch hina North h Nuclear Fuel Corrporation a and Nuclea ar Power In nstitute of China for use of the spent fuel ANDU rea actors in Ca anada and d in China. The agree ement also o from China’s reacctors on CA es the use o of thorium as a fuel. include 2- CAM MECO (Canadian ura anium giant) has sign ned a supp ply agreem ment with C Chinnuclearr energy Industry C Corporation n (CNEIC) for around d 10 tonne es of uraniu um concen ntrate up to o 2020. T The compa any is also negotiating g a long-du uration agrreement wiith China Guangdong G g Nuclear Power (C CGNP) 3- CAM MECO sign ned a long g-duration supply agreement w with China Guangdon ng Nuclearr Power Holding C Co (CGNP PC). The deal d will e ensure sup pply for the Chinese e companyy P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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whose nuclear fle eet is growiing at a ste eady pace.

China a – Franc ce 1- Agre eement bettween ARE EVA (45%) and Chin na Guando ong Nuclea ar Power C Company –

CGNPC C (55%) fo or setting u up a joint vventure inte ended to ccompete an nywhere in n the world d for nucclear consstruction projects by offering French (E EPR) and Chinese ((CPR1000)) reactorr models. 2- Another agree ement has to do with h UraMin, a compan ny owned by AREVA A to which h Chinese investorss would alllocate cap pital, ensurring an inte erest of 49 9% in the company’ss hinese acccess to Ura aMin produ uced uranium. In thiis process, equity, and subsequent Ch n will hold a captive e market in n China, w where as France, guaranteed return on n UraMin investm ments. hird agree ement, in N November 2010, concerns a contract fo or 3.5 billion dollarss 3- A th coverin ng a 10 ye ears’ supply of 20,00 00 metric tonnes of uranium ffor China Guandong g Nuclear Power Co ompany. er the fourrth agreement, AREV VA and Chiina Nationa al Nuclear Corp.- CN NNC set up p 4- Unde a joint venture (C CAST) for p production and marketing of zirrconium tubes for fab brication off as early as 2012. fuel asssemblies a 5- The fifth agreement dealss with indu ustrial coop peration in the field off spent-fue el treatmentt and reccycling.

a – Italia China During a visit by Italian Prime Ministe er Matteo Renzi to C China in 12 2-13 June, 2014 two o ments were e signed: agreem 1- China Gene eral Nuclea ar Power G Group, or C CGN, and Sogin –a italian nucclear-waste e prrocessing company have sign ned a mem morandum m of underrstanding o on nuclearr waste mana agement. The two o groups will w seek to strengtthen cooperation on n en nvironmenttal remedia ation of nu uclear faciliities and sa afe manag gement of radioactive e ntal decon waste. CGN N and Sogiin could co ooperate iin related environme e ntamination n nd radioacctive waste managem ment work in Europe, Italy and China, parrticularly in n an th he decomm missioning o of nuclear ffacilities an nd the man nagement o of radioactive waste. 2- China Natio onal Nuclear Corp., or CNNC,, and Italia an electriccity group Enel have e emorandum m of underrstanding tto strength hen nuclear power co ooperation, signed a me he Chinese e companyy said in a statementt June 13, 2014. The e two com mpanies will th be egin cooperation on n nuclear plant con nstruction, plant ope eration, fu uel supply, en nvironmenttal remedia ation of nu uclear faciliities and nuclear wasste management, the e sttatement sa aid. CNNC C is one of the three m major nuclear power companies in China. En nel is the ssecond-larg gest utility in Europe by market capitalization.

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China a – Pakisttan Signed in Augustt 2013 con ntract for supplying tw wo new fo or the Kara achi Coasttal Nuclearr Power Project in Pakistan P w which comp prising two ACP1000 units

China a – Roma ania mber 2013 - Romania a’s Nuclearrelectrica a and China General Nuclear N Power Group p Decem signed an agreem ment in No ovember th hat could lead to the e constructtion of two o additional Candu units at the e Cernavoda plant, a although no o details on n the agree ement were e provided

China a – Saudi Arabia eal, signed on 15 Jan nuary 2012 2, sets a le egal framew work that sstrengthenss scientific, The de technollogical and d economicc cooperation betwee en Riyadh a and Beijing g, accordin ng to a jointt stateme ent. It callss for coope eration in a areas such as the ma aintenance e and deve elopment off nuclearr power plants and research reactors, r m manufactur ring and su upply of nuclear fuel elemen nts.

China a – South h Africa arch 2009, China and d South Afrrica signed d a coopera ation agree ement conccerning the e 1-In Ma develop pment of high temp perature re eactors, fo or which both coun ntries have e research h projectss in progre ess. Particcipants in the agreem ment inclu ude South Africa’s P Pebble Bed d Modula ar Reactor Ltd (PBMR R), Tsinghu ua Universsity’s Institu ute of Nucllear and New Energyy Techno ology (INET T), and China’s Technology Com mpany Chinergy Ltd. 2- Chin na and South Africa have sign ned an inte ergovernme ental frame ework agre eement on n Novem mber 7Th, 2 2014 to dee epen nucle ear cooperration that paves the way for po ossible use e of Chin nese nucle ear techno ology in South Africa a. In this new agre eement the e countriess initiate the prepa aratory pha ase for a p possible utiilization of Chinese nuclear n tecchnology in n South A Africa.

China a – Taiwa an A coop peration ag greement h has been ssigned for exchange of nuclear experience in such h areas as a radiatio on monitorring, emerg gency responses an nd operatio on of nucllear powerr plants. Since Taiw wan holds no membe ership in th he UNO, inspections by the IAE EA are veryy limited.

Fran nce and others Franc ce – Braz zil 1- Fran nce, throug gh AREVA A, has signe ed with Brrazil a mem morandum of understanding on n industriial coopera ation aimed at expan nding Brazzil’s fleet off nuclear power p plan nts and the e fabricattion of nuclear fuel fo or new plan nts to be bu uilt. The foccus will be e on the nuclear pro ogram’s ma ajor compo onents, succh as adm ministrative, legal, and a contra actual fram mework; te echnical e excellence;; and fina ancial and economicc P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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aspectss, besidess information exchan nge on th he nuclearr fuel cycle; procure ement and d supplie er managem ment; nucle ear power plant construction, co ommissioning and op peration. 2- Fren nch group GDF Suezz and Brazzilian comp panies Elettrobras and d Eletronu uclear have e signed an agreem ment for co ooperation in the nuclear area. S Such coop peration "prrotocol” will of informattion and exxperience"" in the nu uclear field. be bassically focused on "exchange o According to Sue ez, efforts will also b be centered d on such issues as nuclear p power plantt operatio on, techno ology, owne ership arra angementss, constructtion site se election pro ocess, and d develop pment of human reso ources.

Franc ce – Chile e In Febrruary 2011 a nuclearr cooperatio on agreem ment was siigned betw ween Chile (Comision n Chilena a de Energ gía Nuclearr - CCHEN N) and Fran nce (Comm missariat à l'énergie atomique a et aux én nergies alte ernatives - CEA) focu used on nuclear training for Chilean C scie entists and d professsionals including design, constru uction and operation of nuclear power plants.

Franc ce – Cong go A France, through AREVA, has signe ed an agre eement with Congo ffor uranium m mining in n that cou untry.

Franc ce – Czec ch Repub blica A and d several Czech ccompanies signed in Prague e 1- The French supplier Areva peration ag greement as part o of the qualification o of the French supplier for the e coop consstruction off future EPR reactors, including reactor Czzech Teme elin planned d-3 and -4. The Czech com mpanies a are ABB, Abegu, A Spo ol Arako, B Baest Mach hines and Structures, Exco a Blansko on Steel, I & C Energo, Kralovopolska RIA, Man ndik, Metra o, Modranyy Enerrgy, Schne eider Electtric CZ, Sigma Grou up, and Vitkovice M Machinery G Group and d ZVV VZ Engineering. 2- Czecch power utility (CEZ Z) and AR REVA signed a majo or 15-year uranium e enrichmentt services contra act for the T Temelin nu uclear power plant (units 1 and 2).

Franc ce – India a A France, throug gh AREVA,, signed w with India - Nuclear P Power Corrporation of o India Ltd d (NPCIL L) a long-duration contract for supply s of n nuclear fue el destined d for plantss operating g under IAEA’s control. The agreemen nt also inccludes the e possibilityy of develloping and d supplying India w with new EP PR reactorss and the a associated fuel. posal to su upply 2 EPR 1600M MW reacto ors for the e Jaitapur site in the e State off A prop Mahara ashtra, sou uth of Mum mbai, was submitted to o the NPCIL in July 2009, 2 the ccoming into o operatio on of the u units being planned fo or 2017 and d 2018, resspectively. allel, AREV VA has sttarted stra ategic nego otiations o on two dea als: one with w Indian n In para compan ny Bharat Forge to ccreate a join nt venture for a forge ed parts ma anufacturin ng plant in n India; a and the otther, with engineerin ng compan ny TCE Co onsulting E Engineers Limited, a subsidiary of Tata a Sons Ltd., for supply of genera al engineering services in India. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Franc ce – Japa an 1- ARE EVA has ssigned an agreemen nt to supp ply mixed o oxide fuel – MOX ((uranium + Plutonium) for Jap panese Sh himane plan nt owned b by company Chugoku u Electric Power P Co. 2- Mitsubishi Nucclear Fuel Co and AREVA esta ablished a company in the United Statess N Fuel) to prod duce fuel fo or advance ed advancced pressurized wate er reactors, (U.S. Nuclear which M Mitsubishi Heavy Ind dustries is planning to o supply fo or the U.S.. market th his decade. The new company will be lo ocated in AREVA’s pla ant in Rich hland, Washington Sta ate. m 3-Frencch and Japanese companiess have signed agrreements that will see them ating on the rehab coopera bilitation o of the Fukkushima n nuclear sitte and the start off comme ercial opera ations at th he Rokkash ho used fue el reprocesssing facilitty.

Franc ce – Kuwa ait Kuwait’’s sovereig gn wealth fund f and F France’s governmentt will invesst in AREV VA’s capital increasse. The Ku uwait Invesstment Autthority (KIA A) offered 600 millio on euros fo or 4.8% off AREVA A’s shares and the French econ nomy minisster said th hat France e will offer 3 300 million n euros.

Franc ce – Moro occo gned a cooperation c n agreement with Morocco contemplating civil France has sig pment of n nuclear ene ergy for pea aceful purp poses. Morrocco has no energy sources in n develop its territtory other tthan uraniu um ore min nerals.

Franc ce – Poland In Octtober, 201 12 French h compan nies Areva a and ED DF have signed a tripartite e memorrandum of understan nding with Polish ene ergy engineering com mpany Ene ergoprojektt as part of efforts tto develop Poland’s ccivilian nucclear powerr program.

Franc ce – Russ sia In June e 2010 com mpanies Ed dF and Ro osatom signed an agreement fo or coopera ation in fuel researcch and devvelopment, and nucle ear power plant construction an nd operatio on, besidess personnel training g and exch hange of exxperiences.

Franc ce – Spain AREVA A signed a an agreement to take e effect in 2010 to ssupply nucclear fuel for f Spain’ss Trillo nuclear pow wer plant llocated in the State of Guadallajara. Th he agreeme ent, with 6 years’ d duration, covers a nu umber of diffferent servvices.

Franc ce – UAE The Em mirates Nu uclear Enerrgy Corporration (ENEC) has a awarded a contract w worth more e than 40 00 million euros e (490 0 million US dollars) to Areva, to supply enriched u uranium forr the firstt power sta ation underr constructiion in the United U Arab b Emiratess (UAE). P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Europ pe – Bulg garia Westing ghouse Eu urope (now w owned byy Japanese e Toshiba) and Bulga aria’s Enerrgy Holding g EAD (B BEH) have e signed an n agreeme ent for civill nuclear ccooperation n, including g technical supportt for plants in operation, life etime extension, insstrumentatio on and control and d decomm missioning g.

Swed den – Ara ab Emira ates Swedissh company Alfa Lava al has been awarded d a contracct to supplyy heat exch hangers forr Arab Emirates’ nu uclear pow wer plant at Brakka. Th he contracct amount iss 9.5 millio on dollars.

Jorda an - Argentina Argentiina and Jorrdan have signed an intergoverrnmental ag greement for f coopera ation in the e peacefu ul use of nuclear en nergy, covvering rese earch activvities and nuclear ap pplications, producttion of radiioisotopes,, mineral e exploration,, construction and op peration of power and d researcch reactorss, fabricatio on of components and d processin ng of nucle ear wastes.

Jorda an – Japa an Japan and Jorda an have ssigned a ccooperatio on agreem ment with a 5 yearss’ duration, by Japan w will provide Jordan witth support in develop ping the pe eaceful use e of nuclearr whereb energy. Technolo ogy, training g programs and infra astructuress are amon ng the majo or points off the agrreement.

Jorda an – Soutth Korea a A conssortium led d by South Korea thrrough the Korea Ato omic Energ gy Researcch Institute e (KAERI), has bee en awarde ed a contra act to build d a 5 MW research reactor in Jordan. A radioiso otope plantt and anne exes will be e set up in connection n with the contract c ovver the nextt five yea ars.

Jorda an – Turk key A nucle ear cooperation agre eement ha as been siigned Jord dan and T Turkey covering such h areas a as nuclearr power pla ant operation, servicces, fuel su upply, uran nium explo oration and d radiatio on protectio on. Jordan has signed d a similar agreemen nt with 11 o other nation ns.

Jorda an – Unitted Kingdom Britain’ss foreign ssecretary D David Milib band has signed s a nuclear n coo operation agreementt with Jordan (Na asser Jud deh). Dura ante the event, the e secretary comme ended the e arent positiion of Jord dan with resspect to nu uclear energy and re eiterated hiss country’ss transpa committment to the developm ment of civvil nuclear p programs in Arab cou untries.

Argen ntina – Brasil On Jan nuary31, 2 2011 Argen ntina and Brazil, thro ough its re egulatory a agencies C CNEA and d P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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CNEN signed co ooperation agreement for the developm ment of multipurpose e research h reactorrs RA-10 an nd RMB.

Argen ntina – Ca anada 1-Argen ntina and Canada have sig gned an agreementt for expanding th he existing g ation arran coopera ngements concernin ng the CANDU-6 rea actor and developm ment of the e Advancced Candu Reactor (A ACR-1000). A simila ar agreeme ent exists w with China. 2- Contracts have e been sig gned betwe een Nucleo oelectrica a and SNC-L Lavalin forr extending g Embalsse plant’s u useful life by 30 yearrs. Techno ology transfer, industrrial development and d plant’s power upg grade are a also contem mplated.

Argen ntina – Sa audi Arabia Argentina, through h its Ministter Julio de e Vido, and d Saudi Arrabia have signed a ccooperation n ment for the e constructiion and operation of rresearch and electricity generation nuclearr agreem reactorss. The agre eement contemplatess such activvities as sa afety, respo onse to em mergencies, waste m management and trea atment, and d use of nu uclear techn nology in in ndustry, me edicine and d agriculture.

Argen ntina – So outh Korrea Argentiina, throug gh its Minister Juliio de Vid do, signed d on Septtember 16 6, 2010 a memorrandum of cooperatio c on with Sou uth Korea (Minister off Economy Choi Kyou ung-hwan), aimed at a new nucclear projeccts and exttending the e existing p plants’ lifetime.

Argen ntina - Tu urkey Argentiina’s National Atomicc Energy Commission n - CNEA a and Turkeyy’s counterp part TAEK, signed an agreem ment (January 2011) ffor nuclearr cooperation. TAEK’s interest is domesticc producttion of ra adioisotope es and th he Argentiinean dessigned nucclear pow wer reactorr (CAREM).

Brazill – Europ pean Un nion The Brrazilian go overnment closed a an agreem ment with the Europ pean Atom mic Energyy Commu unity (EUR RATOM) fo or research in the a area of nuclear fusio on which will w include e exchan nge of scie entific and technical information n, exchang ge of scien ntists and engineers, organizzation of se eminars an nd conduct of studies and projeccts.

Brazill – Germ many The Ge erman Bun ndestag - C Chamber of o Deputiess of Germa any, decide ed on 06.11.2014, byy the con ntinuation o of the coop peration ag greement w with Brazil in the are ea of nucle ear energy. The ag greement, ssigned in 1975, 1 is au utomaticallyy renewed every five e years if n none of the e countrie es involved d is oppossed positio on at least one year prior to th he date of renovation n (2015).

South h Korea – Czech Republiic South Korea’s ccompany D Doosan He eavy Indu ustries & C Constructio on has infformed an n P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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agreem ment has be een signed d to buy Czzech heavyy equipmen nt manufaccturer SKODA Power, a deal which w will give g it the rights on Skoda’s S ste eam turbine e technolog gy. The ag greement iss estimatted at 45 50 million euros an nd will en nable Doo osan to e expand itss businesss opportu unities and thereby be ecome a fu ull-fledged power plan nt equipme ent supplier.

South h Korea – Egypt Egypt has forma ally requessted assisttance from m South K Korea to trrain technicians and d enginee ers in the e nuclear area, acccording to o the Interrnational C Cooperatio on Agencyy (KOICA A), and activities are expected tto begin stiill this yearr. This agency is expe erienced in n techniccal training activities, having already worrked jointlyy with the IAEA in trraining 400 0 nuclearr engineerss from Viettnam, Indon nesia and Nigeria.

Japan n – Italy y Westing ghouse ha as agreed to buy Ma angiarotti, an Italian pressure vessel ma anufacturerr that ma akes dozen ns of key ccomponentts for the ccompany's AP1000 re eactor. The e purchase e will allo ow Westing ghouse to expand e into o the oil an nd gas businesses. (2 2014, July)

Japan n – Polan nd An agreement ha as been sig gned betw ween comp panies GE Hitachi Nu uclear Ene ergy (GEH)) and En nergoprojekkt Warszaw wa, S.A. (E EW) to join ntly assesss the possib bility of a p partnership p in deve elopment o of new nu uclear pow wer plants, including the proviision of en ngineering, constru uction and erection se ervices.

Austra alia – UA AE Australia has sign ned a nucle ear co-operation agre eement autthorizing urranium exp ports to the e United Arab Emirates, wherre construcction started d recently on the seccond of four planned nuclearr power rea actors. UAE E to becom me Australia's first Mid ddle Easte ern export m market for uranium m and is “a a step forwa ard” for the e UAE’s pla ans for a do omestic nu uclear enerrgy .

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VI – Some Nucleaar Appllication ns The nuclear field offers a nu umber of ap pplicationss, and just a few are m mentioned below. In the medical field, th he highlights are cconvention nal radiolo ogy, mam mmography, mography, panoramicc dental rad diography, digital ang giography, PET exam m computterized tom (Positro on Emissio on Tomogra aphy), etc. a radioiso uticals, wh hich is a co ompound containing c otope in itss The usse of radiopharmaceu structurre and can n be used in i both dia agnosis and d therapy, warrants special s atte ention. The e world’s most exte ensively ussed radionu uclide is T Technetium m-99, in aro ound 75% of medical ations, totalling 50 million proced dures a yea ar. applica Techne etium-99m is producced by de ecay of Mo olybdenum m-99. The current prroblems in n supply of this ra adionuclide e arise fro om its short useful lifetime, jjust 6 hours, which h necesssitates its g generation near the ce enter of usse; and also o from con nstraints in the supplyy chain, w where prod duction rea actors around the worrld are old facilities (frrom 40 to 5 53 years off age), and few. nt advance e has been n made jointly with th he IAEA in n Also in the mediccal field, an importan e of n neutralizing g one of the worstt vectors of o disease e African countriess, to the effect transmission. bjective he ere was co ombating the Tsetse fly (transmission ve ector of the sleeping g The ob sicknesss in hum mans). The e technique used in n the proccess is the e insect ssterilization n techniq que – SIT, a nuclear technologyy by which h laboratoryy-sterilized d male inse ects are lett loose in thousan nds over in nfested willd areas. W When sterrilized males breed with fertile e ea, these fa ail to lay eg ggs, thus ccontributing g to eradica ate the targ get harmful femaless of the are speciess. The proccess is wid dely used against other parasitte insects infesting ffarm crops, and rep presents a means to interfere in n natural se election thrrough insecct birth con ntrol. ations, with h X-ray insspection of welds be eing one off Industrry also has a varietyy of applica the most applied techniquess. Other usses are the e irradiation of plasticc materialss (syringes, gloves, etc.) in th he pharmaceutical industry for sterilizatio on, and irra adiation of plastics to o he automottive industrry (fenderss). increasse their harrdness in th Around d one fifth o of the world d’s populattion, especcially in Afrrica and Assia, has no o access to o potable e water, an nd water cle eaning an nd sea watter desalin nation in su uch areas is a matterr of susta ainability fo or society. Desalinatiion is enerrgy intensivve and in general g use es fossil orr nuclearr energy ssources. In n this case e, the use nuclear energy e offe ers the advvantage off avoidin ng the pollu utants arisin ng from oth her sources. Ionizing g radiation is used in n preserva ation and restoratio on of art w works to exterminate e e such plagues as termites. IIn Brazil, th he IPEN has h alreadyy treated p paintings, xxylographs, papers and sund dry pieces infested b by fungi, bacteria, b te ermites an nd plant bo orers. Thiss technollogy does not n genera ate toxic or radioactive e wastes. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Archae eology and d history u use irradiatted materia al (carbon 14) for dating of piecces. In the a area of fue els, beside es, of coursse, electriciity generattion in plants like thosse in Angra a dos Re eis, Brazil, nuclear energy is used in ship and submarine e propulsio on. In thiss connecction, it is w worth menttioning the plutonium m-powered space prob bes Voyag ger I and II, launche ed in the decade d of 1970 1 to rem main in acttivity for 5 years. Tod day their syystems are e still worrking and transmitting t g informatio on to contrrol centers on earth.

T TRIGA CNEN N/CDTN - Be elo Horizonte e

uta CNEN/IEN N Rio de Jan neiro Argonau

Food llosses afte er harvestt or slaug ghtering as a result of insecct or micrroorganism m infestattion is estim mated to be e of the ord der of 25% % to 50% off everything g that is prroduced. Pro oduct

Irradiated d Food and Label for the pro ocess

Without Ionization

With Ionizatio on

Garrlic 4 months 10 months 1 year 3 year ricee 15 days 45 days bannana 1 month 6 month potaato 2 months 6 months onioon 6 months 2 years flouur 5 days 30 days fish 7 days 31 days chikken 5 days 18 days veggetables 7 days 21 days manngo 1 year 3 year cornn 3 days 21 days straawberry 7 days 21 days pappaya 1 year 3 year wheeat Increase (Ave erage) in lifetime of irradiatted foods

In agric culture its main use is in food iirradiation, especiallyy fruits and vegetables as a wayy to keep p them as recommen nded by the e WHO - W World Healtth Organizzation processes varyy by type e of food, but the go oals are to o delay the e ripening ffruits incre easing their shelf-life, elimina ation of various insectts and micrroorganism ms that cau use spoilag ge of; destrroy harmful bacteria a and fung gi, while avo oiding or re educing rissks for dise eases and food f poisoning. The tecchnique iss also used d in the co onservation of fertilizzers (peat)) and redu ucing post-harvestt or post-ha arvest due e to infestattion by inse ects or miccroorganism ms making g better the e indicato or of loss in agricultu ure which is estimated to be around a 25% % to 50% of what iss P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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produce ed. Nowad days, more e than 50 ccountries ((including B Brazil regu ulations in tthis regard d since 2 2001) appro oved the irrradiation p process for about 60 ffood products. The ma ain difficultyy of the pro ocess is the negative e marketing g of irradiatted productts because e they ne eed to havve a warn ning label on the pa ackaging to o inform the consum mer, which h inhibits the purchase becau use people e think the food is contaminated d, when they actuallyy do no ot becom me radioacctive through h the u use of the techniq que. Secon nd difficultty is investm ment for an irradia ation facility is which high (approxximately U..S. $ 4 million). There are few facilities that e this servvice in Brrazil, provide and th he knowledge of the techniq que among g small farm mers is still low. As there are few gistics costt for facilitiess, the log these p products iss higher, w which impactss the final price of go oods. The te echnique is used iin a limited range of products. Some Details D of G Gamma Ray sterilizatio on Steriliza ation by gamma rays having been don ne in Braziil for many years and s some examplles are exxecuted byy the compan ny whose a activities are CBE Em mbrarad ste erilization: • • • • • • •

M Medical Products and hospital ph harmacistss, veterinaryy la ab accessories, packa aging, co osmetics, fo ood, m medicinal he erbs, an nimal nutrittion, de ental impla ants,

11- Room p protected by concrete e walls 2m in width to prevent th he escape of o gamma rays 22- Productts already p packaged are a driven by a belt to o sealed so ources of cobalt c 60 w without human ccontact. 33- The sea aled cobalt 60 source e emits elecctromagnetic waves sshort (gamma rays in n contact with miccroorganism ms, causess unrest an nd destructtion of DNA A strands, killing them m

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Productts already ttreated are e routed to their final d destination n without th he need forr quaranttine. Main C Countries an nd its research reacto ors that supply radioisotopes (fe ew and old d ones) • Canada – NRU, opera ating since 1957, arou und 50% off world pro oduction; • Netherlandss - HFR at P Petten– 19 961, 25 % ((shut down n); • So outh Africa a - Safari att Pelindaba a, 1965, 10 0 %; • Be elgium - BR R2 at Mol – 1961, 9% %; • Frrance - Osiris at Saclay – 1965,, 5%. South A Africa’s rea actor (Safa ari) was con nverted in 2009 to usse low-enrichment ura anium onlyy (less th han the usu ual 20% of such type of reactor), in an atte empt to red duce the costs of thiss activity. Brazil iis not self--sufficient in radioiso otope prod duction for nuclear m medicine - and everyy year im mports US S$ 32 million worth of molyb bdenum 99, from which w the radiophar-maceuttical used in exams is obtained. With the e outage o of the Can nadian reacctor, Brazil has me et part of itss demand by b purchasiing the radio oisotopes it needs.

Molybdenum (99 Mo) Produce ers’ reacttors in th he World Country

Rea actor Na ame

Ag ge in yea ars

Scheduled shu utdown

supplied demand

Canad da Belgiu um South Africa Netherlands France e Argen ntina Austra alia

NRU U 55 out/16 40 BR2 2 51 Safa ari-1 47 HFR R 51 2 2018 90 a 95% Osirris 46 20 015(?) RA-3 3 45 OPA AL 5 Previsã ão de crise mundial de abastecime ento a partir de 2015, co om impacto diretto no Brasil em 2016

The tecchnetium-9 99 (99mTc) is the mo ost widely used radio opharmace euticals in the world. More th han 80% o of nuclear medicine m p procedures in the worrld, mainly in scintigra aphy using g 99m Tc is obtaine ed from the e molybde enum-99 (9 99Mo). This radioiso otope has more than n 90% o of their prroduction done by only sevven reacto ors worldw wide. In a addition to o concen ntrating the e supply of o the prod duct, six of o these reactors r arre over 45 5 years off operatio on, which means it will no longer opera ate in a vvery short time, being the onlyy exceptiion is the A Australian Opal O reacto or, installed d just five yyears ago. A solution to the p problem wo ould be the e Brazilian n Multipurpose Reac ctor – RMB B, which iss being im mplemente ed (basic design d and conceptua al stage) in n Iperó - SP P, at a projjected costt of 950 million dolllars (set to o be in ope eration in 2 2019). Its iimplementa ation could d meet thiss d and thatt of other industries in Brazil’ss industria al needs, seeing tha at, besidess demand radioiso otope prod duction, esssential for diagnosis d a and therap py of variou us diseasess, the RMB B would be used in n irradiatio on tests off materials and fuelss and in re esearch wiith neutron n P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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beams.. This proje ect would ccontribute to the development o of a scientific and tecchnological framew work essential to supp port the exxpansion of the Braziilian nuclea ar program m, including g agricultture, food p preservatio on, materia als science, energy an nd the environment. On 14//12/12 wass signed th he declarattion of pub blic utility la and in Iperró that will house the e RMB w which is p part of the strategic goal of th he Ministryy of Scien nce Techn nology and d Innovattion (MCTI) and is a aligned witth the policcies established in tthe Brazilia an Nuclearr Program m (BNP). T The area ceded c by th he state go overnmentt, 800 thou usand squa are meters, adds up p to 1.2 miillion squarre meters donated d byy the Navy,, totaling tw wo million ssquare feett will occcupy the RM MB. Of thiss total, 600 0 thousand square me eters consiist of prese erved area.. According to Proff. José Augusto Perrrotta – Asssistant to the t Preside ent, Nation nal Nuclearr Energyy Commisssion – CNEN, the re eactor is iintended to o give the e country a strategicc infrastructure to ssupport devvelopment of autonom mous nucle ear sector activities, particularlyy self-suffficiency in the production of rad dioisotopess for use in n nuclear medicine. m T The projectt is unde ergoing pu ublic hearin ng by IBA AMA (Octo ober 2013). The site is located d in Iperó, beside the Navy’ss Aramar Experimen ntal Centerr that includes the prropulsion reactor and d all fuel cycle plan nts being developed d by the Bra azilian Navyy. These in nitiatives a are likely to o opment of a nuclear technology t y hub in the e region. G Given that all nuclearr lead to the develo erconnecte ed, a resea arch reacto or will help in activitie es relating to uranium m technollogy is inte enrichm ment and n nuclear fue el productio on, by mea ans of irrad diation testing the fue el itself and d rods, pressure p ve essel wallss, etc. In a addition, it can be used in stu udies of me etal alloys, magnettic compon nents, etc.

IEA--R1m -CNEN/IIPEN -São Pau ulo- Brazil

IPEN N/MB-01 - São o Paulo - Brazil

At pressent, Brazill has only four resea arch reactors and four cyclotrons in operation. The e researcch reactorss are In São Paulo (at IPEN Æ ÆIEA-R1 a and MB-01 1), Rio de Janeiro(att IENÆA Argonauta), Belo Ho orizonte (a at CDTNÆ ÆIPR-1), n noting tha at the pro oduction off radioacctive eleme ents is a monopoly of the fe ederal gove ernment, a according to Brazil’ss constitu ution. The e Energy and Nucclear Ressearch Insstitute - IPEN pro oduces 21 1 radioiso otopes and d 15 types of lyophilizzed reagen nts (for labe eling with T Tc-99m). In Augu ust 2010, tthe preside ent of CNE EN and the e Secretarriat for Stra ategic Mattters, underr the Pre esident of the Repub blic’s Office e (SAE/PR R), signed a memorandum of ccooperation n for rese earch and study on the t method d of separrating natural isotope es of molyb bdenum byy means of ultra sh hort pulse laser. Thiss constitute es an impo ortant towa ard the loca alization off

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molybd denum pro oduction an nd, conseq quently, th he use of radioisotopes for diagnosis in n nuclearr medicine.. In Sep ptember 20 010, the Internation nal Atomicc Energy Agency (IIAEA) app proved the e proposa al from the Radioph harmaceutiicals Divission of the e Nuclear Engineerin ng Institute e (IEN), in Rio de Janeiro, tto study th he feasibiliity of an a alternative, more cosst effective e method d of iodine--124 produ uction. Thiss radioisoto ope has be een researrched in a number off countrie es for use in positron n emission tomograp phy (PET), which is considered c a state-of-the-art imaging te echnique.

Reactor O OPAL, in Austra alia Reference e for RMB

Image - Prof.. José Augusto o Perrota

24 over fluo orine-18 – the most e extensivelyy used radio oisotope in n The advantage off iodine-12 onger half--life, 4.2 da ays. For co omparison, that of flu uorine-18 iss PET exxaminations – is its lo less than two ho ours. This means tha at the use of iodine--124 can help h democratize the e access to PET, in that it allows the e examinatio on to be co onducted a at sites more distantt p his radioiso otope’s lo onger half--life, the logistics off from production centers. Due to th distribu ution is also o significan ntly facilitatted.

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VII – Envirronme ent and d Sociiety It is bew wildering th hat in this ttwenty-first century, 2 20% of the e world’s po opulation, around 1.4 4 billion persons, p a are still living withoutt access to o electricitty. Anotherr billion livve with low w quality power supply and/o or with no assured power p supply. Almosst half of tthe world’ss billion indivviduals) iss still depe endent on biomass (vegetable e coal) forr populattion (2.7 b cooking g or heatin ng. The UN NO initiative e to supplyy quality electricity fo or all people by 2030 0 (the so o-called Su ustainable Energy forr All) is ind dispensablle for achie eving the millennium m goal off eradicatin ng extreme e poverty, set by UN NO itself, w which will not n be feassible if thiss issue re emains unssolved. Energyy is the keyy to the plan net and to mankind’s way of living. It assu ures jobs, ssafety, food d producttion, transportation a and everything else. In the lacck of it, the e world’s e economies, countrie es, ecosysstems, etc., do not work. w Despite masssive gains in global access to o electriccity over the last two decades, governme ents and de evelopmen nt organiza ations mustt continu ue to investt in electriffication to a achieve critical health h, environm mental, and d livelihood d outcom mes. The problems in n developin ng countrie es may see em intracta able: unsa afe drinking g water, subpar san nitation sysstems, limited accesss to electriicity, low agricultural a yields due e entally unssustainable e use of re esources, and a so on. For betterr to poorr irrigation, environme solve th hese quesstions we ccan try to u use more nuclearr energy that is the mostt mature technollogy, lowesst carbon-e emitting te echnology availab ble, being capable o of generating large quantitiies of ene ergy to su upply the needs of societyy in quality, quantity and reliabilitty. Nuclear energy is by far th he largest clean-air energy source a and the only o one that can e large am mounts of electricity arround the produce clock. In 2013, m more than n 63% of the nonpollutan nt energyy generate ed in the e United States came from m nuclear power, p with h a share of onlyy 19,3% of the ttotal of e electricity generated in the countryy. In gene eral, the a a rate of o 90% of nuclearr industry operates at its capa acity, regarrdless of th he season. ocial, and e environmental risks o of unabated d climate cchange are e immense. The economic, so hreaten to roll back tthe fruits o of decadess of growth h and deve elopment, undermine e They th prosperity, and jjeopardize countriess’ ability to o achieve even the e most ba asic socio-econom mic develo opment go oals in the e future, in ncluding th he eradica ation of po overty and d continu ued econom mic growth h. These rrisks affectt all develo oped and developing g countriess alike. hift in posiition of se everal environmental leaders on o the nucclear issue e, such ass The sh activist Patrick Moore M and Stephen Tindale (e ex-Greenp peace), James Lovelock (Gaia a P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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theory), Hugh Mo ontefiore (Friends off the Earth h), Stewartt Brand (W Whole Eartth Catalog)) shatterss the mytth associa ated with tthis subjecct, which is now ad ddressed in a more e techniccal, less do ogmatic ma anner. The environme entalists’ op pposition to o nuclear e energy hass led to a billion exxtra tons off carbon diioxide - CO O2 directly pumped to t the atmo osphere, in n as mucch as the energy ne ew nuclearr plants we ere preven nted from generating g has been n supplie ed by fossil--fueled pla ants. ecurity and wealth facctor for cou untries and d nuclear e energy is a Energyy independence is se source of large, o operating on the bassis of the systems, producing p locally em mission-free e greenhouse energ gy to meett all those cconditions. winning the e fight aga ainst clima ate change e if countrries fail on n There is no prosspect of w on or if countries do not succe eed in raising the livin ng standarrds of theirr povertyy eradicatio people.. Addressin ng climate change re equires dee ep emissio on reductio ons of all g greenhouse e gases (GHGs), in ncluding th he deep de ecarbonizin ng of enerrgy system ms. To be ssuccessful, this tra ansition mu ust ensure that socio o-economicc developm ment needs are met within the e constra aints of verry low emisssions. En nergy indep pendence is a factor of safety and a wealth h for countries; in this connecction, nucle ear energyy, locally prroduced, frree from g greenhouse e gas em missions, b being a la arge size ssource and d operatin ng at the ssystems’ b basis, is a candida ate for mee eting such requirements. The avvailability a and accesssibility of energy, e especially electric power, havve become e indispe ensable forr modern society’s working cconditions. Energy ssupply seccurity is a concern n for all governments, as it facilitattes essen ntial services for p production, commu unication an nd commerce. Energyy supply ssecurity is intrinsically related to geopo olitical prefferences, ttechnologyy strategies selecte ed and the e social po olicy orienttations deffined by th he several countries. Combin ning the co onditions asssociated w with borderrs, neighbo orhood, con ntinental lo ocation and d domesttic resourcces leads tto the wide e diversity of undersstanding off the energ gy securityy and susstainabilityy concept. orld's energ gy policy needs a sig gnificant revvision for rreasons tha at range frrom energyy The wo securityy to bala ance of payments and each countrry’s enviro onmental concerns. Environ nmental dissasters enssuing from m the pursu uit of fossil fuels whattever the cost c bring a cost tha at today so ociety will n not and can nnot afford any longe er. It is im mportant to increase security whenever w p possible, and nuclear plants arre updated d constan ntly to do jjust that. T There was never eve en a death h due to op peration off the whole e cycle o of nuclear power in tthe USA. T The nuclea ar power in ndustry ha as literally one of the e best sa afety ratingss in compa arison to an ny other ind dustry worrldwide. Per kW Wh produce ed, fewer p people died d in the life cycle of nuclear pow wer than the life cycle e of solar energy, and a both a are very sm maller than n accidentss in generration of en nergy from m uels; even in hydroelectric pow wer plants deaths cou unt rises much m when n the damss fossil fu break. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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Why pe eople are rreluctant to o get on the pla ane due to fear fo or their safety while driiving carss every day? T The probab bility of dyiing in a car is 4 times gre eater than dying in a plane e. All of thiss has relattion with the perrception off risk, and we, as humanss, are veryy bad at estimating the dan ngers in ou ur everydayy lives. Public safety s should be the number but cann one concern, c not be dogmattic. When you put u up wind farms and a solar plants the ey need gas in p parallel to replace r the e lack of energy production n when the ere is no uts more ca arbon into the atmosphere and generatess more losss wind orr sun. This system pu of life than a nucllear powerr plant prod ducing the same ene ergy. Safetyy of the pu ublic needss he numberr one conce ern, but it ccan't be do ogmatic. W When you p put up wind d and solarr to be th farms tthey need accompan nying gas plants to replace th he slack to o the grid when theyy aren't p producing. That syste em puts mo ore carbon into the attmosphere e and generates more e loss of life than a nuclear pla ant produccing the sam me power. uclear proje ect alwayss raises questions on n the assocciated riskss The implementatiion of a nu outine cond ditions and d/or in casse of accid dent; waste e such as of radiattion release under ro al and the e issue of nuclear w weapons p proliferation. Such cconcerns necessitate n e disposa appropriate treatm ment and society s as a whole ne eeds to be informed in a clear and a simple e languag ge so thatt decisionss are not ta aken out o of sync witth the will of the pop pulation, orr under the effect of emotio on. Avoidin ng conflictss is possible only w when communication n e manner. reachess all in a timely and effective The ch hallenges associate ed with developing and carrrying out an effecttive publicc consulttation cam mpaign iss compou unded by the dep pth of public p misstrust and d misund derstanding gs concern ning radiatiion, nuclea ar power plants p and uranium mining. m An n effectivve public co onsultation n is require ed to gain public accceptance of any nucle ear activityy since u uranium min ning until d decommisssioning of th he plant. Nuclear companie es in the U United States and Eu urope are being inclu uded in su ustainabilityy indexess of stock exchangess such as New York (Dow Jon nes Sustain nability Wo orld Index DJSI W World). Succh indicato or represen nts a top internation nal standarrd and anyy companyy listed o on a stockk exchange e seeks to o be includ ded in the sustainab bility index due to itss credibillity and im mpartiality. Germany’s EOn an nd RWE, S Spain’s En ndesa and Iberdrola, ntergy and d Pacific G Gas & Elecctric, Italy’s ENEL and a Finland d’s Fortum m United States’ En uclear com mpanies inccluded in 2009. were nu

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Th he heating g up of th he nuclearr industry’s la abor Markket attractss more univerrsity stude ents to thiss technology and creates a ccircle, with more e virrtuous un niversities setting up courses in n this area. T This is the strategyy efended byy the IAEA A in recentt de co onferencess on nuclearr de evelopmen nt, where e special em mphasis iss placed o on training g an nd apprenticeship. A At present, there is a shortage of skilled d labor in almost all activities, uclear, whicch requiress mainly in nu g much qualification. Preparing ainers is also a go oal of the e tra IA AEA which has offere ed coursess fo or trainers, and more e than 700 0 sp pecialists have alreadyy atttended. The U United Sta ates (DoE)) have in nvested 17 million in fellow wships for universityy researcchers, for the specific purpo ose of de eveloping-n next generration pow wer reactorr technollogy, thus seeking to o maintain a lead in this field. In addition n, the Idah ho National Laboratory (INL) is investing 50 milllion in the e construcction of a center de edicated to o researcch and education in the nucle ear area, w which is pa art of the program tto upgrade e laborato ory infrastrructures. The Fu ukushima a accident is expected tto somehow w delay thiis entire wo orldwide prrocess, butt should not cance el it. The next-gener n ation of nu uclear ene ergy is an essential part of the e solution n to protectt future gen nerations.

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VIII – Fuell Uraniu um Uranium m, a metal found in ro ock formattions in the e earth’s crrust, is extrracted from m the ore, purified d and concentrated in the form of a ye ellow salt known as "yellowca ake", raw materia al in the fue el cycle for production n the energ gy generate ed in a nucclear reacto or. The main n use of uranium in the civilian ssector is to fuel n nuclear power pllants. On ne kilogra am of uranium-2 235 can n theore etically produce abou ut 20 terajoules of ules), asssuming energy ((2×1013 jou complete fission; ass much ene ergy as 1500 tons s of coal. Yellowcake production and Uranium m ore otos INB pho

Uranium m is abun ndant in nature n and d there exxist techno ologies cap pable of e extracting materia al sufficien nt to meett up to 60 0 times the e consumption need ds. Mines produce around 60,000 to onnes a year, but parrt of the market is su upplied by secondaryy sources such ass the dism mantling of nuclear weapons. The major u use of the metal is in n nuclear electriccity generattion. Mining and uraniium concentrate (U3 3O8) produ uction consstitute the first step of the fuel c g ore extra action from m nature (iincluding the phasess of prospecting and d cycle, comprising explora ation) and beneficiatio on for tran nsforming it into “yellowcake”, o or U3O8. It should be e noted that this oxxide servess all nuclea ar reactor te echnologie es, being currently co onsidered a “commodity”. For eacch MW insstalled in a light-wate er technology reactor “(LWR)”, ttypically 17 78 kg/yearr of U3O O8 are conssumed. The wo orld’s uranium resources can b be divided into: reassonably assured and estimated d addition nal resourcces. A “low w-, interme ediate- and d high-cost” classifica ation applie es to those e with exxploitation ccosts: belo ow 40 dolla ars/kgU, be etween 40 and 80 do ollars/kgU, and above e an 80 d dollars/kgU U, respectivvely. In addition, the costs assocciated with the resou urce’s classsification a are naturallly continge e od involve ed. Around 60% of the world’ss uranium production n nt on tthe producction metho comes from mine es in Kaza akhstan (3 36.5%), Ca anada (15% %) and Au ustralia (12 2%). Such h producttion level had been declining since the 1990’s du ue to the falling pricces on the e internattional marrket. Production has recentlyy resumed d growth a and todayy it meetss approximately 67% of the en nergy gene eration nee eds. The alrready identtified uranium source es are sufficient to supply 60 to 100 yearss’ operation n of the existing p plants arou und the wo orld and a also to cop pe with the greater expansion n P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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scenariios projectted for 203 35 by the IAEA. Kazzakhstan, h having incrreased its production n dramattically, beca ame the w world’s grea atest uranium produccer at the end of 200 09, when itt reached d the markk of 14,000 tons a yea ar. n from mines (ton nnes U) - WNA Production Country

2005

2006

2007

200 08

2009

2010

2 2011

2012

2013

4357

5279

6637

852 21

14020

17803

19 9451

21317

22451

Canada

11628

9862

9476

900 00

10173

9783

9 9145

8999

9331

Australia

9516

7593

8611

843 30

7982

5900

5 5983

6991

6350

Niger (est)

3093

3434

3153

303 32

3243

4198

4 4351

4667

4518

Namibia

3147

3067

2879

436 66

4626

4496

3 3258

4495

4323

Russia

3431

3262

3413

352 21

3564

3562

2 2993

2872

3135

n Uzbekistan

2300

2260

2320

233 38

2429

2400

2 2500

2400

2400

USA

1039

1672

1654

143 30

1453

1660

1537

1596

1792

China (est))

750

750

712

769

750

827

8 885

1500

1500

104

670

8 846

1101

1132

Kazakhsta an

Malawi st) Ukraine (es

800

800

846

800

840

850

8 890

960

922

South Afric ca

674

534

539

655

563

583

5 582

465

531

India (est)

230

177

270

271

290

400

4 400

385

385

Brazil

110

190

299

330

345

148

2 265

231

231

public Czech Rep

408

359

306

263

258

254

2 229

228

215

Romania (e est)

90

90

77

77 7

75

77

77

90

77

Germany

94

65

41

0

0

8

51

50

45

est) Pakistan (e

45

45

45

45 5

50

45

45

45

27

France

7

5

4

5

8

7

6

3

5

d total world

41 719

39 444

41 282

43 764 7

50 772

53 671

53 3 493

58 394

59,37

tonnes U3O8

49 199

46 516

48 683

51 611 6

59 875

63 295

63 3 084

68 864

70,015

65%

63%

64%

68% %

78%

78%

8 85%

86%

92%

percentage e of world demand*

World p production continuing g to grow in 2013, w with Kazakkhstan bein ng again tthe biggestt er. In 2013 produce 3 the grea atest produ ucing comp panies werre Kazatom mprom (Ka azakhstan); Camecco (Canada a), Rio Tin nto (Austra alia), NA- 2012 - world's ura anium mine e productio on Areva (France) and Atom mredmetzo oloto WN g companie es (82%) 8 largestt-producing (Russia a). They a all have b business in n all contine ents. Company tonnes U % According to KazAtomP Prom (Kazakkhstan’s state-own ned miining compan ny) as the nucclear indu ustry develop ps and u uranium supply on the the second dary marrket dim minishes, possibility arises of a nucle ear fuel de eficit herefore, th he compan ny is on the market. Th d through a producction getting prepared ade planne ed to increasse and capacity upgra meet th he peak off the demand forecasst for 2016. The T investm ments are of the orde er of 20 million dollars. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

K KazAtomP Prom

8863

15

Areva a Camec co Rio Tinto BHP Billiiton

8641 8437 7629 5435 3386

15 14 13 9 6

Paladin Navoi Otherr Total

3056 2400 10548 58394

5 4 18 100

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Known Reco overable Resou urces of Uraniu um 2013 - Sou urce : WNA

Known Recoverable Reesources of Urranium 2013 perceentage of world Country tonnees U 1,7006,100 29% Australia Kazakhstan

6779,300

12%

Russian Fed d

5005,900

9%

Canada

4993,900

8%

Niger

4004,900

7%

Namibia

3882,800

6%

South Africaa

3338,100

6%

Brazil

2776,100

5%

USA

2007,400

4%

China

1999,100

4%

Mongolia

1441,500

2%

Ukraine Uzbekistan

117,700 911,300

2% 2%

Botswana

688,800

1%

Tanzania

588,500

1%

Jordan

333,800

1%

1991,500

3%

Other World total

5,9002,500

In contra ast, Canad da and Ausstralia have e cut back their pro oductions, w whereas R Russia and Uzbekisstan have kept k theirs at steady levels. Uranium m is mined d in 20 ccountries, 7 of them m (Australia, Canada a, Kazakhsstan, Namiibia, Niger, Russia and Uzbe ekistan) acccounting ffor 90% off duction. the prod At prese ent around 68 thousa and tons arre used perr year. Th his amountt is sufficient to feed the currentt conventtional reacctors for 80 0 years. T Taking into o consideration the geologic bases b kno own so far, prices a are expecte ed to incre ease if add ditional fuel is requirred for morre reactorss. The 20 008-2010 g global fina ancial crisis had an n impact on uran nium prod duction, causing c a productiion cutbacck in some mines. Th he uranium m price dropped strongly due e to the decline in n demand d. By 2013 the price drop d was still sharp.

actors as falling f price es, inflation n associate ed with risiing costs o of productio on, smallerr Such fa growth of mines’ developm ment and p production, and more e recently the accide ent that hitt nuclearr plants in Japan, havve compelled some u uranium prroducing co ompanies to put theirr plants on downtiime. Still, the comin ng into op peration off new plan nts that are nearing g comple etion of co onstruction n, and the e possible e recoveryy of the g global eco onomy are e expecte ed, in the medium te erm, to inccrease the demand fo or uranium m on the in nternational market. According to con nsultant U UxC, Asia should lea ad such capacity inccrease and d overtake e North A America, ccurrently th he greatesst consum mer. The w world consumption of o U3O8 iss expecte ed to grow w from 44.4 thousand tons to 110 thousand d tons by 2 2030. A su urvey of the e deman nd for the n next 20 years indicattes a critica al need forr a prod duction incrrease, inassmuch the leading m mines, overr the passt year, prod duced only 4 43.8 thousa and tons of tthe ore. In Brazzil, state-ow wned Indússtrias Nucle eares do B Brasil (INB)) estimattes that the reserves off the Santa Quitéria mine come to o 142.5 thousand t to ons of uran nium. The mine’s full production n capacitty of 1.5 tho ousand tonss of uranium m concentra ate per yearr will be reached in 2015, and the investm ment neede ed to renderr the projject feasible e are of the order of US S$ 35 million n. Nuclear fuel pellets

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Currently, besides Brazil, onlyy ten counttries in the world hold d uranium e enrichment technology: German ny, China, U United State es, France, Holland, India, Iran, Ja apan, Pakisstan and the e UK. None e of these e countries sell or tra ansfer that knowledge or technology. The ta able below shows the e expecte ed uranium needs conssidering the e reactors in n operation,, under con nstruction, p planned and d propose ed by each country ass compiled by the Worrld Nuclear Association n - WNA until Octoberr 2013. WNA- August 20014 Counntry

NUCLE EAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION

REACTORS OPERAB BLE

REACTTORS UNDER CONS STRUCTION

O ORDER or PLANNED ON

PROPOSED

ago/14

a ago/14

ago/14

ago/14

URANIUM REQUIRED

billion kW Wh 5.7 2.2 0 0 40.6

%e 4.4 29.2 0 0 52.0

No. 3 1 0 0 7

MWe M 1 1627 376 0 0 5 5943

No. 1 0 0 2 0

MWe 27 0 0 2400 0

No. 0 1 2 0 0

MWe 0 1060 2000 0 0

No. 3

MWe 1600

0 2 0

0 2400 0

tonnes U 213 87 0 0 1017

Brazil

13.8

2.8

2

1 1901

1

1405

0

0

4

4000

325

Bulgaria

13.3

30.7

2

1 1906

0

0

1

950

0

0

321

Canada Chile China Czech Reppublic Egypt Finland France Germany Hungary India Indonesia Iran Israel Italy Japan

94.3 0 104.8 29.0 0 22.7 405.9 92.1 14.5 30.0 0 3.9 0 0 13.9

16.0 0 2.1 35.9 0 33.3 73.3 15.4 50.7 3.4 0 1.5 0 0 1.7

19 0 20 6 0 4 58 9 4 21 0 1 0 0 48

13553 0 17055 3 3766 0 2 2741 6 63130 12003 1 1889 5 5302 0 915 0 0 4 42569

0 0 29 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 3

0 0 33035 0 0 1700 1720 0 0 4300 0 0 0 0 3036

2 0 59 2 1 0 1 0 2 22 1 1 0 0 9

1500 0 63735 2400 1000 0 1720 0 2400 21300 30 1000 0 0 12947

3 4 118 1 1 2 1 0 0 35 4 1 1 0 3

3800 4400 122000 1200 1000 2700 1100 0 0 40000 4000 300 1200 0 4145

1784 0 6296 563 0 480 9927 1889 357 913 0 174 0 0 2119

Jordan

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1000

Kazakhstan

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

600

2

600

0

Korea DPR R (North) Korea RO (South) Lithuania Malaysia

0 132.5 0 0

0 27.6 0 0

0 23 0 0

0 20656 0 0

0 5 0 0

0 6870 0 0

0 6 1 0

0 8730 1350 0

1 0 0 2

950 0 0 2000

0 5022 0 0

Mexico

11.4

4.6

2

1 1600

0

0

0

0

2

2000

277

Netherlands Pakistan Poland

2.7 4.4

2.8 4.4

1 3

485 725

0 2

0 680

0 0

0 0

1 2

1000 2000

103 99

0

0

0

0

0

0

6

6000

0

0

0

Romania

10.7

19.8

2

1 1310

0

0

2

1440

1

655

179

Russia Saudi Arabbia Slovakia Slovenia South Africca Spain Sweden Switzerlandd Thailand Turkey

161.8 0 14.6 5.0 13.6 54.3 63.7 25.0 0 0

17.5 0 51.7 33.6 5.7 19.7 42.7 36.4 0 0

33 0 4 1 2 7 10 5 0 0

24253 0 1 1816 696 1 1830 7 7002 9 9508 3 3252 0 0

10 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9160 0 942 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

32780 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4800

18 16 1 1 6 0 0 3 5 4

16000 17000 1200 1000 9600 0 0 4000 5000 4500

5456 0 392 137 305 1274 1516 521 0 0

Ukraine

78.2

43.6

15

13168

0

0

2

1900

11

12000

2359

0

0

0

0

2

2800

2

2800

10

14400

0

United Kinggdom

64.1

18.3

16

10038

0

0

4

6680

7

8920

1738

USA Vietnam World

790.2 0 2359

19.4 0

100 0 435

999361 0 3775,303

5 0 72

6018 0 76,793

5 4 174

6063 4000 190,185

17 6 299

26000 6700 329,37

18816 0 65,908

Argentina Armenia Bangladessh Belarus Belgium

UAE

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0

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136

Uranium m Demand

In June e 2014, 43 37 comme ercial nucle ear reactorrs with a g generating capacity of o 373,000 0 MWe n needed abo out 66,000 tons of ura anium. In 2035 5, the Worrld Nuclearr Associatio on estimattes that ura anium dem mand will b be from 97 7 645 ton ns of uraniu um (to gen nerating 54 40,000 Mwe e, the case e of low de emand), an nd 136,385 5 tons of uranium (tto generate e 746,000 MWe, the high case demand). East Asia, especiallyy hest growtth, with the e impleme entation be etween 100 0,000 and d China, must havve the high 0 MWe byy 2035. 150,000

Thoriu um Thorium m has a grreat potential as an alternative a ffuel to uranium. Acco ording to th he directorr of the Institute I off Nuclear Science S at the Unive ersity of Syydney, Rezza Hashem mi-Nezhad, thorium m presents advantages vis-à-viis uranium m because in the ope eration of a plant, itt generates no plu utonium or other matterials thatt could be diverted tto nuclear weapons, osing no rissks of proliferation. Seeing S that thorium ussually is no ot a fissile material, itt thus po cannot be used in n neutron flux therma al reactorss, but it abssorbs neuttrons and transforms t s into a g good fuel (u uranium 23 33). The accelerator-d driven nuclear reactor- ADS, ye et to be ope erational, ccould use thorium t ass a fuel a and incinerrate its ow wn waste an nd also tha at of other uranium-ffueled nucllear powerr plants. Thorium m is 4 time es as abundant in natture as ura anium, and d the known n deposits (mainly in n Australia, India, U USA, Brazill, etc.) coulld supply e energy for tthousands of years. India has a thoriu um-based nuclear n pro ogram, butt the proce ess does n not use purre thorium. India expects to have a pro ototype tho orium plant in operattion by the e end of th he decade. nha, directo or of the B Bhabha Ato omic Rese earch Centtre in Mum mbai, India, Ratan Kumar Sin ormed that its staff is finalizing g the consttruction sitte for a 30 00MW thorium-fueled d has info power plant using g an Advanced Heavvy Water R Reactor – A AHWR, wh hose flexibility allowss uel combina ations as plutonium-t p horium or u uranium–th horium (low w enrichme ent). such fu Countriies with strrong and g growing de emand for e energy, such as Chin na and India, are the e stronge est candid dates for the t develo opment off Thorium technolog gy. India, with vastt reserve es of this o ore, wants 25% of itts energy production p in the next decade will come e from th horium (tod day is 3% %) while C China makkes its firsst powered d thorium reactor to o become e operation nal in 2015 5. in March h 2014, Ch hina annou unced thatt it is accelerating itss researcch on the so-called s m molten salt rreactors that can use e thorium. If successfu ul, it would create a cheaperr, more eff fficient and d safer form m of nucle ear power,, with nucllear waste e which are a smallerr than uran nium based d on today'ss technolog gy. Plutonium-free ge eneration can be a competitivveness facctor, depen nding on w what each h countryy wishes in n its nuclea ar program m. Thorium m’s lagging developm ment over decades d iss P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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probably due to its unfitne ess to mee et military ambitionss. The gen nerated nu uclides are e gamma a radioactivve, traceable and easily detecctable, which would hinder the eir misuse e (unlawfful actions)). Plutonium

e metal wh hose isotop pe, plutoniu um-239, iss one of the three e It is a radioactive actinide primaryy fissile isotopes (uranium-233 3 and uranium-235 arre the other two); plutonium-241 is a also highlyy fissile. Fission n of a killogram off plutonium m-239 can n produce e an explosion equ uivalent to o 21,000 tons of T TNT (88,00 00 GJ). It is this en nergy that makes p plutonium-2 239 useful in nucle ear weapon ns and rea actors. Plutonium-239 is the most important issotope of p plutonium, with a halff-life of 24,,100 years. It can ssustain a n nuclear chain reactio on, leading g to applica ations in nuclear n rea actors and d nuclearr weaponss. Pu-239 is synthessized by irradiating u uranium-23 38 with neu utrons in a nuclearr reactor, then recove ered via nu uclear reprrocessing o of the fuel.. It is a fisssile isotope e which is the seco ond most used nuclea ar fuel in nuclear reacctors after U-235, and the mostt uel in the fisssion portio on of nucle ear weapon ns. used fu Plutonium can forrm alloys a and interme ediate compounds with most oth her metals: • • • • • • • • •

Plutonium-ga allium (Pu--Ga) - Its main m use iss in pits of implosion nuclear we eapons Plutonium-aluminium is i an altern native to the Pu-Ga alloy can be e also used d as a com mponent off nuclear fu uel. Plutonium-ga allium-cob balt alloy (P PuCoGa5) is an unco onventionall supercond ductor, sho owing supe erconductivvity at speccial conditio ons Plutonium-zirconium a alloy can be e used as nuclear n fue el. Plutonium-ce erium and plutonium m-cerium-c cobalt alloys are use ed as nucle ear fuels. Plutonium-urranium, wiith about 15–30 mol.% % plutonium m, can be used as a nuclear fuell for fast brreeder reacctors. Plutonium-urranium-tita anium and d plutonium m-uranium m-zirconiu um were invvestigated for use as nucclear fuels. Plu utonium-uranium-m molybdenum has the best corrosion resistance, form ming a prottective film m of oxides,, but titaniu um and zircconium are e preferred for physicss reasons. Tho orium-uran nium-pluto onium wass investigated as a nu uclear fuel for fast bre eeder reacctors.

uel MOX fu

Mixed oxide fuel,, commonly referred to as MOX X fuel, is n nuclear fue el that contains more e than on ne oxide off fissile ma aterial, usu ually consissting of plutonium blended b wiith natural uranium m, reprocesssed uranium, or dep pleted uran nium. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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MOX fu uel is an a alternative to t the low--enriched u uranium (LE EU) fuel ussed in the light waterr reactorrs that pred dominate n nuclear po ower generration. Fo or example, a mixtu ure of 7% % plutoniu um and 93% natural uranium re eacts similarly, althou ugh not ide entically, to o LEU fuel. Althoug gh MOX fuel can be u used in the ermal reacttors to provvide energy, efficient burning off plutoniu um in MOX X can only be achieve ed in fast re eactors. One atttraction of MOX fuel is i that it is a way of utilizing u surrplus weapo ons-grade plutonium, an alternative to storage off surplus p plutonium, w which wou uld need to o be securred againstt the riskk of theft fo or use in nu uclear wea apons. On the t other h hand, some e studies warned w thatt normalizing the global com mmercial use of MO OX fuel a and the asssociated expansion n of nucle ear reproce essing will increase, rather than reduce, the risk of nuclear prroliferation, by enco ouraging in ncreased sseparation of plutoniu um from sp pent fuel in n the civil n nuclear fuel cycle About 40 4 reactorrs in Europ pe – in Belgium, Swiitzerland, G Germany, the Netherlands and d France – are licensed to usse MOX fue el, and mo ore than 30 0 are doing g so. In Ja apan aboutt 10 reacctors are liccensed to u use it and several s havve done so o. In Russsia, there a are no com mmercial re eactors using MOX fu uel but the BN-800 B Beloyarsk-4 4 fast ne eutron reacctor, wherre fuel load ding was ccompleted in July 20 014 and ccommercial operatio on is due within w montths, will usse MOX fue el. A comm mercial MO OX fuel fab brication fa acility was establishe ed at Zhele eznogorsk,, Russia in n 2014.

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IX – Spent Fuel, Radiatio R on, Wa aste and Rep process sing All hum man activiity produc ces waste.. No techn nology is a absolutely y safe or free from environ nmental im mpacts.

Spentt Fuel Conven ntional wa aste is what is left ove er - in solid d, semi-solid and/or liiquid state - from anyy activitie es or proce esses of a an industria al, medical, commerccial, agricu ultural or otther origin, includin ng slurries and ashess from pollu ution contro ol or water treatment systems. According to the IAEA, the annual disscharge off spent fue el from all electricity generation n reactorrs is 10,500 0 tons (of h heavy meta al). Some countries c vview spentt fuel as a material tto be store ed in final repositorie es for high h level ra adioactive w waste. Oth her countries conside er this matterial an en nergy reso ource to be e reproce essed and reused. Thus, there exist tw wo waste e manage ement strategiess being g currently implemented in the world. The first involve es reproccessing orr storage e for future e reprocesssing, so ass to extract the fuel (ura anium and d um) still e existing in the spentt plutoniu materia al. This will produce e the MOX X fuel (mixed urranium oxide o and d n Plutonium) that will be used on gned plantts. Around d specificcally desig 33% of the world’s w sspent fuel b repro ocessed. discharrges have been Reproces ssing Plant - Sellafield - C Cumbria – United Kingdom m

Under the second strategyy, the used d fuel is co onsidered waste and d prelimina arily stored d until itss final disp posal. The 50 years’ experiencce with han ndling this material has h proven n safe an nd efficientt in both technologiess that have e been use ed so far - Wet and D Dry storage e technollogies. In both case es, the sp pent fuel iss first stored in the e reactor’ss pool and d subseq quently in in nterim repo ositories that can be llocated in tthe nuclear power pla ant itself. Today, the counttries reproccessing nu uclear fuel are China a, France, India, Japa an, Russia a e United K Kingdom. T Those that store for possible p fu uture reprocessing arre Canada, and the Finland d and Swed den. nited Statess have yet to fully deffine the tecchnology to o be used. Most othe er countriess The Un have not n even d defined the e strategy and are sstoring their used fuel used pe ending the e further developme ent of the ttechnologie es associa ated with bo oth strateg gies. In 2006, around d ns of MOxx were use ed on two BWR reacctors and o on 30 PWR R reactors in several 180 ton P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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countrie es (Belgium m, France, Switzerlan nd, Germa any, etc.). A An expande ed use is e expected in n Japan and a India from f 2010 onwards.

N Nuclear Fuel cy ycle

Program ms for spe ent-fuel fina al storage facilities are under way w in seve eral placess, but none e should be comm mercially operable prrior to 202 20. The fa act that no n final repository iss currenttly in operration does not mea an a solution for w waste treattment has not been n conceivved. The treatment t technologyy involving g final disp posal conssists of iso olating the e materia al through shielding and vitrifiication and d subsequ uently storing it in sstable rockk cavitiess, where th he material will be contained un ntil its radio oactivity de ecays down n to a level that brings no harrm to huma an species or the envvironment. evelopmen nt of innovvative solu utions such h as the Myrrha prroject (Multi-Purpose e The de Hybrid Research Reactor fo or High-Tecch Applica ations) in B Belgium offe ers other p possibilitiess e treatmentt such as trransmutation. Although a large e capacity p plant is still for nucclear waste w off, a pilot projecct (at a cosst of 1 billio on euros) iss expected d to be com mmissioned d a long way at the Belgian Nu uclear Ressearch Cen nter - SCK K by 2019, as part o of the Myrrrha project. o commerrcial operattion, but iss The faccility is to be tested for 5 yearrs prior to the start of expecte ed to proviide a signifficant redu uction in the quantity and size o of the repo ositories forr high acctivity waste es.

Radia ation Radioa activity is a natural ph henomenon n and natu ural source es of radiattion are fea atures of th he environ nment. Radiation and radioacttive substa ances havve many beneficial b a application ns, ranging g from pow wer generattion to usess in medicine, industrry and agriculture. In our p planet therre exists a natural bacckground rradiation th hat all of uss are exposed to eve ery day. Th he human being b is ad dapted to ssuch sources. The su un, granite rocks, mon nazite sand ds P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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and oth her naturally radioacttive materia als found in n the air, in n the sea a and on land are part of such ra adiation. B Background d radiation varies a lot accord ding to the regions o of the worlld, depend ding on succh factors a as rock com mposition in the envirronment, a altitude, etcc. As with many things in nature, radiation ca an be good or bad, dep pending on the amountt.

Only 15 5% of emission ns come from mankind activ vities (Medicin ne and nuclearr industry)

The rad diation riskks to worke ers and the e public and d to the en nvironmentt that may arise from m these a applicationss have to b be assessed d and, if ne ecessary, ccontrolled. Activitie es such as the mediccal uses of radiation, the operattion of nucclear installlations, the e producttion, transp port and use of radio oactive matterial, and the manag gement of radioactive e waste m must there efore be subject to sta andards off safety.

Types off Radiatio on

Cara acteristics s and risks s

ALFA

Does not penetratte the skin, only o dangerou us if ingested d

BETA

w / alum minum, etc.. - Little dange er can be blocked by wooden

GAMA Ray

dangerouss for people - must be isollated

Raio X

dangerouss for people - must be isollated

COSMIC Rad diation NEUTRONS

es from space e very dange rous. Our pro otection is th he Particle atmosph here produced d by nuclear fission, f can ca ause harm to o human beings must be iso olated

The rad diation pro oduced by a nuclear reactor is similar to n natural rad diation, butt at a more e intense e level, and d for this reason, the rreactor hass the protective mech hanisms ne ecessary to o isolate radiation from the e environment and d individua als. More than 85 5% of the e radiatio on doses re eceived by mankind come c from nature. As the senses off human b beings are unable to detect rad diation, dettection devvices are needed d for measuring such releases, whether th hey occur from f natural sources or result from acccidents. Every E day each inha abitant on the planett receives a radioacttive dose that varies accord ding to the e location and/or activity. Routine medica al procedures used by sociiety add exxtra radiatiion doses to the hum man body. The table gives exa amples of radioacctive dose by b medicall procedure e performe ed. The SI unit for ra adiation exp posure is tthe Sievertt (Sv) and its multiple es, the milli Sievert – mSv (1 mSv = 0.0 001 Sv) and the micro o Sievert - Sv = 0.00 00001 Sv).. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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This iss the inte ernational unit thatt Meedical Proceddure definess the stan ndards forr radiation n protection, taking g into acccount the e Dental raddiography erent typess Mamograpphy biologiccal effects of the diffe of radia ation. Brain Scann oses are ccumulative when the e Breast Scaan The do Gastrintesstinal X-Ray source is constan nt:

Dosee in mSv 0 0,005 2 0,,8 a 5 6 a 18 14

Sv/h = 1 milliontth of the Sievert per h hour of exp posure (0.000001 Sv/h) Anothe er unit used d is the Rem m, which iss equal to 0 0.01 Sv. Compa ared with otther eventss that affecct the healtth of individ duals, radio oactivity is one of the e most extensively studied su ubjects and also one e that has been masstered by science. s In n c prrotection sttandards are a establisshed in line e with the recommen ndations off every country, the ICR RP - Intern national Co ommission on Radiological Pro otection, which w deterrmines thatt any exp posure sho ould be ass low as re easonably achievable a e - ALARA. The world d’s highestt authoritty on effe ects of rad diation on human health is th he UNSCE EAR - UN N Scientificc Commiittee on the e Effects o of Atomic Radiation, a United Nations’ body dedica ated to the e subjectt.

Measu ured averaage dose of o radiatio on

 Sv/h

Averag ge individual from bacckground radiation r Averag ge individual from bacckground radiation r fo or Americanos Averag ge individual from bacckground radiation r fo or Australiaans Averag ge dose in Fukushimaa on 25/05/22011 Averag ge dose in Tokyo T on 25/05/2011 2

0,230 0 0 0,340 0 0,170 1 1,600 0 0,062

The pu ublic’s lackk of knowle edge on th his subjectt and the large number of me easurementt units giive rise to m much confu usion and disinforma ation, often purposeful, and can cause fearr and anxxiety in layy people. Radioacctive conta amination is the prese dioactive m material in any place where it iss ence of rad not dessired, there efore, a rad dioactive m material witthout any contention c C up p control. Cleaning radioacctive waste e usually m means scrubbing witth soap an nd water, p pails and brushes, a messy process that is d dangerous for those e exposed d to dustt and con ntaminated d water. wastew Almost everything g in the w world norma ally emits radiation. The radioa activity of a radiation n emitting g material needs to be measurred in orde er to define e the prote ection crite eria. In thiss case, p physics deffines the Becquerel (Bq), the un nit representing the n number of d decays perr second d in the matterial considered.

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Radiation exposu ure is cumu ulative; it ca an be mea asured in Sv/h, varie es a lot, and is known n in mostt cases. Be elow are a few examp ples of radiiation dose e per hour of o exposurre in Sv/h: uarapari, E Espírito San nto, a dose e of 200mS Sv/year is n normal due e In Brazzil, in the locality of Gu azite sandss on beach to mona hes.

From EPA – Radiations: Riisks and Realitties

Acciden ntal radiattion dosess pose varying effeccts on the e human being, givven that th he exposu ure is highe er or more concentratted. • Biological B e effects will not be feltt until after an acute e exposure o of 250 mSvv. • Temporary T y effects su uch as nausea, vomitt and diarrh hea appear with an a acute dose of 1000 mSv.. of 4,000 mSv the human b • With W acute e doses o being is severely afffected, an nd a approxima tely 50% will w eventua ally die in a short time espan (abo out 1 month h) • A Acute dose es of 7,000 0 mSv are llethal for 100% of the e individualls.

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If the ra adiation comes from external e so ources, the e skin and ttissues nea ar the bodyy’s surface are the least affeccted. Organ ns deep in the body a are affected only by penetrate-g p gamma and d neutron n radiation.. Still, if ingested, inhaled or o introducced into th he body th hrough wo ounds, the e radioactivve materia al can be ttaken to th he vicinity of critical organs and irradiate e them in such s intern nal position n. The amount of radiation recceived from m an exterrnal source e can be controlled c b by simply keeping th he source a away. ation dosess per year of continuo ous exposu ure: Examples of radia Yearly Ra adioactive Dose D Maximu um feasible dose d for any y human work Accepta able dose to o live near to o NPP Accepta able dose to o live close to o the Coal Plant P Dose to o sleep next to someone e else (8 hou ur/day) Yearly dose d from co osmic radiattion Yearly dose d due to radiation fro om the Earth h Yearly dose d of radia ation in the human h body y Yearly dose d of radia ation by atm mospheric so ources Yearly average a Dos sefor Americ cans Average e dose on fliights from New N York to Tokyo T Yearly Average A dos se limit for nuclear n work kers Dose off backgroun nd radiation in parts of Irran, India and Europe Radiatio on dose by smoking s 30 cigarettes per p day

mSv/year 1 0 0,0001 to 0,01 0,0003 3 0,02 0,24 0,28 0,4 2 6,2 9 20 50 0 60 to160

Once th he materia al has been n inhaled a and/or inge ested, it continues to irradiate th he body un ntil it is elim minated na aturally by tthe organissm. Some radionuclid des remain n in the bod dy for a lon ng period o of time- mo onths or evven years. The biolog gical effects of ingestted radioacctive materrial are identical to those producced by exte ernal radiation, since contamina ation emitss radiation. mitting alph ha and betta radiation n allows the ese radiatio on The internal locattion of the material em ns and tisssues, which h would not normally occur due to their low w capacity of to affecct the organ penetra ation. Radiation Facts

Even iff you lived next door to a nuclea ar power p plant, you’d d still get le ess radiatio on each ye ear ou’d get in jjust one flig ght from New York to o Los Ange eles. than yo About 85 percent of the ra adiation hu umans rece eive come es from na atural sourcces such a as e our fo ood. The rremainder of our annual radiatio on cosmicc rays from space, granite and even dose comes from m artificial ssources su uch as medical x-rayys. Less th han 0.1 percent come es from the nuclear iindustry. Potass sium Iodin ne – A prottective me easure nott a magic p pill

One of the protecctive measu ures that communitie es around n nuclear pow wer plants might use in diological emergency e ne, often ju ust the casse of a rad is potassium iodine. But potasssium iodin called b by its chem mical symbo ol, KI, is no ot an “anti radiation” r p pill. PL.G – Stra ategic Plann ning Manage ement

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Ra adioactiivity in some s ma aterials natural or o not Fonte e: WNA

1 adult human being (65 Bq/kg)

4.500 Bq

1 kg coffee

1.000 Bq

1 kg superph hosphate fe ertilizer T The air of a house h 100 m

2

5.000 Bq

in Australia (randon n)

2

T The air of a house h 100 m inEuropa a (radon)

3.000 Bq até 30.000 Bq

1 smoke det ector (with h americium m)

30.000 Bq

R Radioisotope es for medic cal diagnosiis

B 70 milhões Bq

S ources of Radioisotope R es medical therapies t

100Trrilhões Bq (10 00 TBq)

1 kg of nucle ear waste (v vitrified) hig gh activity with w 50 yearr old

10 Triilhões Bq (= 10 1 TBq)

1 1light exit sig gnal (1970))

1 Trrilhões Bq (1 1 TBq)

1 kg de uran nium

25 milhões Bq B

1 kg of uraniium ore (Canada, 15%)

25 milhões Bq B

1 kg uranium m ore (Austrrália, 0.3%)

500.000 Bq

1 kgof low activity nuclear waste

1 milhão Bq q

1 kg of coal ash a

2.000 Bq

Potassium iodide e is a saltt, similar to t table salt. Potasssium iodid de, if taken n within th he appropriate time and at the e appropria ate dosage e prevents the thyroid gland fro om taking in radioacctive iodine e. This can n help to re educe the risk from tthyroid dise ease, inclu uding canccer as a result of a se evere reacctor acciden nt. KI doessn’t protectt the thyroid d gland fro om any oth her ent nor does it pro otect the thyroid t or the whole body frrom extern nal radioacctive eleme exposu ure to radia ation.

Nucle ear and Radioact R tive Was stes Above--ground nu uclear testss by the Soviet S Unio on and the United Sttates in the e 1950s an nd early 19 960s and b by France into the 19 970s and 1 1980s spre ead a signifficant amount of fallo out from urranium dau ughter isoto opes aroun nd the world. Nuclear waste m manageme ent begins at the d design pha ase and continues c during th he operatio on of any facility pla anned to use radioacctive materrial, and ta akes into cconsideratio on it. the nee ed to limit, as much h as possib ble, the w waste volum me and the e activity producing p Waste identificatiion, selecttion, treatm ment, packkaging, transportation n, interim storage an nd final sto orage are part of the e managem ment proce ess, noting that each item mustt be properly treated. Safety co onditions, radiation p protection, traceabilitty and volu ume reducction are th he of nuclear w waste mana agement. basis o

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All radioactive w wastes gen nerated in nuclear power plants are to be stored in a safe e manner and isola ated from the public a and the en nvironment. Wastes are a classified as high h activity (spent fu uel assemblies); inte ermediate activity wastes w (purification rresins and d and low acctivity wastes (consum mables an nd discarda able materrial used in n processs fluids); a operatio on and ma aintenance activities).. evel wastess are stored d, for the entire e usefu ul life of the e plant, in p pools located inside High-le or outside the plant’s b building. In ntermediate e-level b stored in approp priately dessigned wastes are to be gs beside the plant, for the entire useful life of building the pla ant. Low--level wasstes are also storred in building gs located near the p plant. i ma arket there e are comp panies that have In the internal develop ped techno ologies tha at are alre eady licenssed for use in the nuclea ar fuel for storage an nd also ussed for ortation. transpo Drry storage Ex xample ( Holttec International Co)

CNEN - Nationall Nuclear Energy Co ommission, responsible for implementing g Brazil’s radioacctive waste ng projectss: e policy, is currently c developing the followin Repository y for Low-- and Interrmediate - Level Was stes •R Pu urpose: To o conceive, design, liccense, builld, and com mmission a National Repositoryy for Low- and d Intermediate- Level Wastes. Development of Con ntainers fo or Spent F Fuel Transportation and Stora age •D Pu urpose: To o define, d develop, b build and q qualify a ttransportattion container and a sto orage conttainer for spent-fuel frrom nuclea ar power pllants.

active wasttes in liquid d, gas or solid s form are generrated in diffferent pha ases of the e Radioa fuel cyccle, showin ng a wide range of to oxicity. The e appropria ate treatme ent, condittioning and d storage e is conting gent on the e material’ss level of acctivity (low,, intermediate or high h). Low- a and interm mediate-leve el radioacttive waste es from nu uclear pow wer plants consist in n general of materials used in cleaning operattions, repla acement parts, p cloth hing, shoe e covers,, and glove es used insside reactor buildings, impuritiess, filters, ettc.

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Final Storage for lo ow and interm mediate levels in World

Such m materials a are packed into meta al containerrs, tested and qualifiied by the regulatoryy body, a and transfferred to a an interim storage fa acility, norrmally on the plant site. Such h storage e facility is permanently co ontrolled a and monittored by radiation protection n techniccians and n nuclear safe ety speciallists. s a assembliess, which arre considerred high-le evel waste, they are p placed in a As to spent-fuel pool insside the pla ants or in a long-term m intermediate storag ge facility, in complian nce with all internattionally reccognized sa afety requirements. he fuel cyccle is close ed, through h reprocesssing, wate er-cooled reactors r wiill continue e Until th producing high-level wastess that must be manag ged and sto ored for a lo ong time span. In as m much as such wastes are of a m much smaller magnitu ude than th he wastes ffrom fossil-fueled power pla ants, e.g. based on coal, and d since nu uclear pow wer plants in general provide e ample sp pace for w waste stora age during g the plan nt’s useful lifetime, there is no o urgencyy in implem menting a final f solutio on for waste condition ning. This makes it possible to ccarefully de evelop plan ns and pollicies for closing c of the t nuclearr fuel cyccle, including final w waste dispo osal. Deve elopment o of nuclear energy pre esupposess nuclearr industry’ss commitme ent to wastte manage ement. In mosst countrie es reposito ories or att least sto orage facilities for lo ow-level w wastes and d interme ediate-level wastes arre operatin ng.

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Wastte managem ment for us sed fuel an nd HLW from nuclear power rea actors - WN NA Sept 201 14 Countrry

P Policy

Facilities and a progre ess towards final repo ositories Central wa aste storage att Dessel

Belgium

Reprocessiing

Unde erground laborratory established 1984 at Mol M Con nstruction of re epository to be egin about 203 35 Nuclear Waste Manag gement Organ nisation set up 2002

Ca anada

Direct dispo osal

Deep geological reposittory confirmed d as policy, retrievable Reposito ory site search h from 2009, planned for use e 2025 Central used fuel storage at a LanZhou

China

Reprocessiing

Repos sitory site sele ection to be co ompleted by 20 020 oratory from 20 020, disposal from 2050 Underground research labo m start 1983, tw wo used fuel sttorages in ope eration Program Posiva Oy set s up 1995 to implement de eep geological disposal

Fin nland

Direct dispo osal Undergrou und research la aboratory Onkalo under cons struction Repositorry planned from m this, near Ollkiluoto, open in i 2020 Underground rock laboratories l in n clay and gran nite

Fra ance

Reprocessiing

amentary confi rmation in 200 06 of deep geo ological dispo osal, containerrs to Parlia be retrievable and policy "rreversible" Bure clay c deposit is s likely reposittory site to be licensed l 2015 5, operating 20 025

Gerrmany

In ndia

Reprocessing R g but moving to diirect disposall Reprocessiing

Repository y planning startted 1973 Used fuel f storage att Ahaus and Gorleben salt do ome Geological re epository may be operationa al at Gorleben after 2025 Rese earch on deep p geological diisposal for HLW Undergrou und laboratory y at Mizunami in i granite since 1996 • Used fuel and HLW storrage facility att Rokkasho sin nce 1995

Ja apan

Reprocessiing

• Used fuel storage s underr construction at a Mutsu, start up 2013 NUMO O set up 2000, site selection n for deep geo ological reposiitory under way to 2025, operation from 2035,, retrievable

Geolog gical dispo osal

gical dispossal, consistting of deep undergro ound waste e repositories, is often regarded d Geolog as the safest and d most seccure solutio on to this lasting cha allenge. 25 5 of the 43 3 countriess who will ultimately have to deal with tthis challenge have determined d geological disposal as the answer and have som me form off geologica al disposal plan in pla ace, albeit at differentt emented in n stages of progress. Deep disposal rroutes are currently being actiively imple a, France, Finland an nd Sweden n. Canada P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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According to N Nuclear Energy Inssider in 2013 the global market fo or nuclearr decomm missioning g, waste tre eatment an nd disposal valued att over £250 0billion and d the issue e of ultim mate dispossal is a clear priorityy for the in nternationa al nuclear industry. This T is nott likely to o change, w with new n nuclear pow wer spend set to rea ach £600billlion over the t next 20 0 years th he amountt of radioacctive waste e can only increase. The principle of g geological disposal iis to isolatte the wasste deep in nside a su uitable rockk on to ensu ure that no significantt or harmfu ul quantitiess of radioa activity ever reach the e formatio surface e environm ment. Geolo ogical disp posal is a multi-barrie er approacch, based on placing g packag ged wastess in engin neered tun nnels at a depth o of between n 200m and 1000m m underground, to protect th hem from disruption n by man--made or natural evvents (e.g. flooding g, coastal erosion, earthquakkes or terrrorist actio on) which primarily affect the e surface e. Waste e managem ment for used fuel and HLW H from nuclear powe er reactors - WNA Septt 2014 Country y

Po olicy

Fac cilities and progress p to owards finall repositorie es Undergrou und laboratory in i granite or gne eiss in Krasnoy yarsk region fro om 2015, may evolve intto repository Siites for final rep pository under in nvestigation on n Kola peninsula a

Russia

R Reprocessing

Pool storage for use ed VVER-1000 fuel at Zhelezno ogorsk since 1985 orage for used RBMK and othe er fuel at Zhelez znogorsk from 2012 2 Dry sto Various interim storage e facilities in operation

h Korea South

D Direct disposall, wa ants to chang ge

am confirmed 1998, 1 KRWM se eet up 2009 Waste progra

D Direct disposal

Central i nterim storage at Villar de Canas from 2016 (volunteered lo ocation)

Centrall interim storage e planned from 2016 ENRESA es stablished 1984 4, its plan acce epted 1999

Sp pain

R Research on de eep geological disposal, d decis sion after 2010 eration since 19 985 Centtral used fuel sttorage facility – CLAB – in ope Swe eden

Underground res search laborato ory at Aspo for HLW H repository y

D Direct disposal

O Osthammar site selected for repository (voluntteered location)) Central intterim storage fo or HLW and use ed fuel at ZZL Wurenlingen W sin nce 2001 Switz erland

R Reprocessing

Sma aller used fuel storage s at Bezn nau Undergroun nd research lab boratory for high h-level waste repository at Grim msel since 198 83 Deep reposi tory by 2020, containers c to be e retrievable Low-level waste w repository y in operation since 1959 HLW from reprrocessing is vitrrified and stored d at Sellafield

K United Kingdom

R Reprocessing R Repository loca ation to be on ba asis of commun nity agreement New NDA su ubsidiary to pro ogress geologic cal disposal DoE resp ponsible for use ed fuel from 199 98, accumulated d $32 billion wa aste fund

US SA

Direct disposal D but reconsiderin ng

Considera able research an nd developmen nt on repository y in welded tuffs at Yucca Mountain, Nevada The 2002 Congress decision that geolo ogical repositorry be at Yucca Mountain M wa as countered po olitically in 2009 9 Central in nterim storage for used fuel no ow likely

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X- Prrolifera ation an nd Risk ks for S Safety - NPT nt of nucclear weap pons is a historica al watersh hed. It trransformed d The developmen ave an existential dim mension to o relations between the t world'ss internattional polittics and ga great powers. of weapons-grade plutonium w were built up by both the t Soviet Union and d Large sstockpiles o the Uniited Statess during the Cold Wa ar. The U.S S. reactorss at Hanforrd and the Savannah h River S Site in Sou uth Carolina produced 103 tonss, and an estimated 170 tons of military-grade plutonium p w was producced in USS SR. of the elem ment is still produced as a by-product of tthe nuclearr Each yyear aboutt 20 tons o power industry. A As much as a 1000 tons of pluttonium may be in sto orage with more than n 200 ton ns of that either inside or extrracted from m nuclear w weapons. SIPRI estimated the e world plutonium p sstockpile ass about 500 tons, divided equally between n weapon a and civilian n stocks. Since the e end of the e Cold Wa ar these sto ockpiles ha ave becom me a focus of nuclearr prolifera ation concerns.

Nuclea ar Forces s 2010 –1 14 Cou untry* U USA Ru ussia U UK Fra ance Ch hina Ín ndia Pak kistan Is srael

2010 9600 12 000 0 225 300 240 60–80 0 70–90 0 80

2011 2 8 8500 11 1 000 225 300 240 80 0–100 90 0–110 80

2012 8000 10 000 225 300 240 80–100 90–110 80

2013 7700 8500 225 300 250 90–110 0 100–12 20 80

2 2014 7 7300 8 8000 225 300 250 90 0–110 10 00–120 80

To otal

22.600 0

20 0.530

19.000

17.270 0

16 6.300

Source: SIPRI Yea arbook 201 14 * Bassed on public informattion about plutonium production n activities in North K Korea. It is estim ea has pro mated that North Kore oduced 6-8 nuclear w weapons. uclear Non n-Proliferatiion Treaty - NPT, co oncluded att internatio onal level, recognizess The Nu all involved Partie es’ right to develop an nd use nucclear energy for peace eful purposses. The 18 89 signato ories to the e landmarrk 1970 arms contro ol treaty – which iss aimed att preventting the prroliferation of nuclea ar weaponss and urge es those ccountries w with atomicc warhea ads to relin nquish them m – get to ogether eve ery five ye ears to asssess compliance with h the term ms of the p pact and th he progresss made to oward achie eving its goals. The last review w confere ence on the e NPT wass in May 20 010 and the e next will be held in April 2012 in Vienna.. More th han two decades d affter the Co old War en nded, the world's co ombined in nventory off nuclearr warheadss remains at a very high h level: more than n 16,000. O Of these, some 4,300 0

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warhea ads are considered o operationall, of which about 1,8 800 US and Russian warheadss are on high alert, ready for u use on sho ort notice.

Nuclear Forc ces - 2014 4 Countrry USA Russia a UK France e China India Pakista an Israel North K Korea To otal

Operattional weapo ons* 210 00 160 00 160 290

Others s Weapon ns 5200 6400 65 10 250 90–110 0 100–120 0 80

4.15 50

12.200

Total - 2014 73 300 80 000 2 225 3 300 2 250 90– –110 100 0–120 8 80 6 6–8 16..350

Year of 1sst nuclearr Te est 19 945 19 949 19 952 19 960 19 964 19 974 19 998 .. 20 006

Fonte: SIPRI Yearrbook 2014

* 'Operrational We eapons are e the weapons deployyed on misssiles or allo ocated on bases with h perational forces. f op All data are estimates (January 2 2014). Despite e significa ant reductiions in U US, Russia an, French h and Brritish nucle ear forcess comparred with Co old War levvels, all the e nuclear w weapon sta ates continu ue to mode ernize theirr remaining nuclea ar forces a and appea ar committe ed to retaining nucle ear weapo ons for the e indefiniite future. he next thirty years, the Unite ed States plans p to spend apprroximately $1 trillion Over th maintaiining the ccurrent arssenal, buying replacement sysstems, and d upgradin ng existing nuclearr bombs an nd warhead ds. er of nucle ear weapo ons in each h country'ss possession is a cllosely held d The exxact numbe nationa al secret. Despite this t limitattion, howe ever, publiicly available inform mation and d occasio onal leaks make it po ossible to make m best estimates about the ssize and co omposition n of the n national nuclear weap pon stockp piles: Today, the mainte enance and protectio on of the American A nuclear arse enal is a trrillion-dollarr concern n, while an n incredible degree of both U..S. and glo obal diplom macy is de edicated to o preventting new ccountries from f going g nuclear. The mere e fact thatt the human race iss capable e of wiping g itself out w within minu utes is a re ecent development in world histo ory. eration asssociated wiith the use e of nuclea ar energy e essentially may come e The risk of prolife wo specificc nuclear a activities: e enrichmentt of uraniu um and re eprocessing of spentt from tw nuclearr fuel. The ese activitie es require vvery compllex and exp pensive tecchnologiess.

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Treaty for the Prrohibition o of Nuclear weapons - NWFZs (nuclear weapons w F Free zone)) have already bee , en establish hed in Latin America and the C Caribbean ((Treaty of Tlatelolco) T the So outh Paciffic(Treaty of Raroto onga), Southeast A Asia (Bang gkok Trea aty), Africa a (Pelindaba Treatyy) and Ce entral Asia a (Treaty a Nuclear-W Weapon-F Free Zone in Central NWFZs arre of particcular releva ance to the e examina ation of the e Asia) . These established N al obligation ns to be included in tthe verifica ation regime to be imp plemented in a future e materia Middle East NWF FZ. uclear and radiation industry’s supply cha ain can be e Nuclear fuel and materials on the nu hey must be protectted againstt n fabricatio on of nucle ear weapons; for thiss reason th used in theft, ssabotage o or acciden nt. As a cconsequencce, all use e of nucle ear materia al requiress precauttions and safeguard ds. This allso appliess to handling facilities (for exxample, an n externa al event – a an explosio on – near a an isotope separation n plant can impair its ffunctioning g for deccades and d damage e the pub blic’s trustt, creating g huge prroblems fo or general accepta ance of thiss industry). The tre eaty is con nsidered un nequal eve en by sign natory coun ntries, as is the case e of Brazil, becausse it perpettuates the division intto declared d nuclear p powers (nuclear-weap pon states)) and the e remaining g countriess (non-nucclear-weapon states).. Additiona ally, the gre eat powerss prioritizze the non--proliferatio on agenda a — and exxercise strrong pressure on the e countries’ right to develop th he peacefu ul use of n nuclear ene ergy. Still, little is required of th he declared d nuclearr powers in n connectio on with disa armament. he past reccent years, the greatt powers achieved a no othing con ncrete to th he effect off Over th cutting back and destroy the eir nuclearr arsenals. On the contrary, in m many casess what hass been se een is an effort e to modernize th hem and d develop strrategies wh here they reserve r the e right to use nucle ear weapon ns against their enem mies. That iis the case e of the United Statess with its nonprolife eration strategy — a corollary c that holds th he United S States has the right to o use nucclear weap pons againsst terrorist groups and countriess that supp port them. The consequence e is a clima ate of deep p insecurityy and disq quiet in the internation nal setting, generating the ne ecessity of dissuasion n strategiess for those countries tthat feel th hreatened. ample of this was presented in 2011 att a semina ar on the NPT held in Rio de e An exa Janeiro o. The posiition of Ind dia, defended by its a ambassado or to Brazil - B.S. Pra akash, wass clear an nd emphattic in affirm ming that his country refuses r to participate e in the NP PT because e India considers c it discrim minatory and a unfairr. He defended th hat India, since itss indepen ndence in 1948, hass clearly afffirmed, tha at given itss dimensions, being one-fifth off the wo orld’s popu ulation, can nnot forgo o any sourrce of ene ergy, techn nology, or means off dissuassion that o other counttries similarr to India have h and will w not relinquish. In his h view, an n internattional convvention sh hould be created c to ban the u use of nucclear weap pons. Such h proposa al has bee en defende ed by seve eral develo oping coun ntries as a means to o make the e use of such s weap pons a crim me against humanity, but it is rejected by developed d c countries. Anothe er point addressed during the seminar debates, was the e U.S. proposal forr “multila aterization of the u uranium enrichment cycle”. This T is ab bout settin ng up an n P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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internattional mecchanism (similar to a bank) to enrich uranium for ssignatory ccountries off the treaty. Under such pro oposal, the e intereste ed country would ha and over itts uranium m reserve es to the ba ank, which h would authorize ano other “accrredited” co ountry (one of the five e nuclearr powers) to t carry ou ut the enricchment. Su ubsequentlly, the uran nium would d be taken n back to o the coun ntry of orig gin, in sm mall quantitties, on th he argume ent of prevventing the e possibility that a sufficient quantity of enriched uranium might exisst for produ uction of a nuclearr weapon. In the vview of co ountries tha at hold resserves and d technology, such p proposal w would allow w much m meddling in n such a sttrategic ressource. Th he world de emand for sources o of energy iss great a and has exxpanded with w the dile emmas ariising from global warming, which causess nuclearr energy to o be both a matter of commercial competition and a safety the eme. In thiss respectt, besides national ssecurity ma atters, the interest in n maintain ning the monopoly off fissile m material tra ade seeks tto avoid the e possibilitty that othe er countriess might parrticipate on n such m markets. The great powers have exercised strong pre essure on d developing g countries, such a as Brazil, to have the em sign additional a p protocols intended to o further e expand the e restrictiions on devvelopmentt of nuclearr energy, a and on the production n and mana agement off fissile m materials. Brazil h has refused to sign ssuch additiional proto ocol and evven preven nted IAEA inspectorss from pe erforming inspectionss on a parrt of the prrogram deemed to b be a scienttific secret. Moreovver, Brazil in assocciation with h Argentina has an oversightt agency tthat jointlyy controlss the prod duction of fissile material, the ABACC (Brazilian-A Argentine A Agency forr Accoun nting and C Control of Nuclear Materials), M es the pea aceful use of nuclearr and verifie materia als produce ed by both countries. muel Pinheiro Guimarrães, forme er ministerr of the Seccretariat fo or Strategicc According to Sam dent, Brazil’s acquiesscence to signing an n Additional Matterss, under the Office off the Presid Protoco ol to the S Safeguardss Agreeme ent, an insstrument o of the Non n-Proliferattion Treatyy (NPT), would ena able inspecctors from tthe Interna ational Atom mic Energyy Agency (IIAEA), with h no prior notice, to o inspect an ny industryy they migh ht considerr of interesst besides tthe nuclearr facilitiess. acentrifuge e plants an nd the nucle ear powere ed submarrine, providing accesss This inccludes ultra to any machine, its parts and method ds of fabriccation; thatt is, accesss to any p place in the e Brazilia an territory,, for inspecction, includ ding civil and military research institutions i s. Since the e inspecttors are formally officcers of the e IAEA, bu ut in fact highly qualiffied techniicians, and d often national citizzens from developed d countriess, naturally imbued w with the "jusstice" of an n existing g nuclear o oligopoly n not only m military, butt also civil, they are e always p prepared to o collabo orate not only with th he IAEA, w which they do as a m matter of p professiona al duty, butt also witth the auth horities and d companie es in their ccountries of o origin.

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A posittive point to o be considered is th he program m Megaton ns to Mega awatts (M2 2M) which, up to D December 2013, elim minated the e equivalen nt of a 20,0 000 nuclea ar warhead ds, through h recyclin ng of 500 m million tonss (MT) of h highly enricched uraniu um (90%) w which wass converted d into fuel for nuclear electricityy generattion plants.. During the 20 yea ars since th he program m began, the Russia ans have d dismantled d han 20 tho ousands off weapons, more th and gen nerated hu undreds of millions off pounds of natura al uranium equivalentt orm of 4% % LEU (Low w-Enriched d in the fo Uranium m), which has h been d delivered to o electric utilities, mostly m in the USA, forr use in commerciial nuclear reactors. U deliveriess For sevveral yearss, the LEU have be een equiva alent to app proximatelyy 24 millio on pounds of mined u uranium.  Inside th hese cylinde ers lies uran nium that wa as once partt of a Soviet nuclear weapon.

 Therefo ore the gen neration off energy fro om nuclearr power in program M M2Mcontrib buted more e than an ny other po olicy for th he reductio on of nucle ear weapon ns on the planet. Th he program m ended in 2013. It will have a pressure over the in nternationa al uranium ssupply.

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XI – Decom mmiss sioning Every p power plan nt, whateve er its fuel, iis designed d for a spe ecific usefu ul lifetime, after a which h it will be e no longer economiccal to operate it. g is used tto describe e all admin nistrative a and techniccal actionss The terrm decommissioning associa ated with tthe end of the operrating life of a nucle ear facility and its ssubsequentt disman ntling to fa acilitate th he approp priate removal of re egulatory controls ((“permit to o decomm mission”). These actions in nvolve deccontaminatiion of stru uctures an nd compon nents, dism mantling off nents, dem molition of buildings, remediatio on of any ssoil contam mination an nd removal compon of resulting waste es. ercial powe er reactorss, 46 experrimental orr prototype e reactors, more than n Over 100 comme eactors and d a numbe er of fuel cyycle facilities have be een retired d 100 mines, 250 rresearch re peration. Some of the ese have been fully dismantled. from op er world the ere exist a around 560 0 nuclear electricity e g generation n plants wh hich are orr All ove eration. Ou ut of these e, 133 are in perman nently shutt down sta atus and att have been in ope oning. some sstage of decommissio

Rea actors clo osed prem maturely by political decisio on or con nsideratio on (27) Country y

Reacttors

Type

Armenia a

Metsamor 1 Kozlod duy 1-2 Kozlod duy 3-4 Super Phenix Greifsw wald 1-4 Muelhe eim-Kaerlich Rheinssberg Caorso o Latina Trino Fukush hima Daiichi 5 Fukush hima Daiichi 6 Ignalin na 1 Ignalin na 2 Bohun nice 1 Bohun nice 2 Barseb back 1 Barseb back 2 Cherno obyl 1 Cherno obyl 2 Cherno obyl 3 Shoreh ham

VVER-4 440/V270 VVER-4 440/V230 VVER-4 440/V230 FNR VVER-4 440/V230 PWR VVER-7 70/V210 BWR GCR PWR BWR BWR RBMK LWGR L RBMK LWGR L VVER-4 440/V230 VVER-4 440/V230 BWR BWR RBMK LWGR L RBMK LWGR L RBMK LWGR L BWR

Bulga aria France Germa any

Italy y Japa an Lithua ania Slova akia Swed den Ukraiine USA

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MW We net each 376 6 408 8 408 8 1200 0 408 8 1219 9 62 2 860 0 153 3 260 0 760 0 1067 7 1185 5 1185 5 408 8 408 8 600 0 600 0 740 0 925 5 925 5 820 0

Years operrating each 13 27, 28 24, 26 12 10, 12, 15, 16 2 24 4 12 24 4 25 33 32 21 22 28 28 24 4 28 19 12 19

S Shut down

3

1989 dez/02 dez/06 1999 1990 1988 1990 1986 1987 1987 2011 2011 2005 2009 dez/06 dez/08 nov/99 mai/05 dez/97 1991 dez/00 1989

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Around d 10% of th hese shut down plan nts have already bee en complete ely decommissioned, includin ng 8 reacto ors of more e than 100 0 MWe eacch. A large e number of o other fa acilities and d plants for uraniu um extracction and enrichme ent, fuel fabrication, f , research h facilities, reproce essing, and d laboratories have been shut down d and d decommisssioned. The tab ble below shows the e reactors shut dow wn for political reason ding to the e ns. Accord WNA, they have e been orr will be decommisssioned. Here H we a are not lissting eightt (Kruem mmel, Brunssbuettel, B Biblis A and d B, Isar 1,, Neckarwe estheim 1 and a Phillipsburg 1) in n Germany because they can still work ssometimess. According to the WNA - Wo orld Nuclear Associa ation, the fo ollowing re eactors havve been orr decommisssioned due e to accide ents that so omehow im mpaired them: will be d Reatores feechados apóss donos sofrid dos em algum m acidente (111) Country

Reator

Greifswald 5 Gundremmingenn A Fukushima Daiicchi 1 Fukushima Daiicchi 2 Japão Fukushima Daiicchi 3 Fukushima Daiicchi 4 Eslovaquia Bohunice A1 Espanha Vandellos 1 Suiça St Lucens Ucrania Chernobyl 4 EUA Three Mile Islandd 2 Alemanha

Tipo VVER-440//V213 BWR BWR BWR BWR BWR WR Prot GCHW GCR WR Exp GCHW RBMK LWG GR PWR

MWe liq. 408 237 439 760 760 760 93 480 8 925 880

anos em operação 0,5 10 40 37 35 32 4 18 3 2 1

Fechameent o nov/899 jan/777 mar/11 mar/11 mar/11 mar/11 1977 mid 19990 1966 abr/866 mar/799

Motivo do fecchamento Derretimento Parcial do núcleo Erro de operaação no desligamennto Derretimento do núcleo por perda de refrigeração Derretimento do núcleo por perda de refrigeração Derretimento do núcleo por perda de refrigeração m hydrogen explosioon Damage from Core damagee from fuelling error Incendio na Tuurbina Derretimento do núcleo Incendio e Deerretimento do núcleeo Derretimento Parcial do núcleo

There exist otherr 97 reacttors in the world tha at will be d decommisssioned as they have e reached d the end o of their ope erational liffe. Details for the deccommissio oning of the e central Fu ukushima Daiishi In Dece ember 201 11 the com mpany Tepco (Tokyo Electric Power P Co.) said it pla ans to startt decomm missions reactors 1-4 4 of Centrral Fukushiima Daiish hi removing g spent fue el from the e reactorr number 4. 4 The deco ommission ning progra am should last betwe een 30 and d 40 years. The rem moval of sp pent fuel from reactorrs 1-3 shou uld begin in n Decembe er 2013. There w will also be e 2014, the e constructtion of a w wall along tthe coast in n front of tthe NPP to o contain n any possiible leak off contamina ated groun nd water intto the sea. The acttivities werre divided into 3 stage es: 1. One. O By 2 2013 - Research an nd develop pment to d deal with tthe fragme ents of the e d damaged rreactors ass well as tre eatment an nd disposa al of nuclea ar waste ariising. 2. In I the 10 yyears follow wing the th hree buildings will be e decontam minated an nd repaired d t reactorr containme the ents of rea actors. Will begin the w work of dissmantling 3. . In 40 years should b be finished d dismantlin ng and disp posal of wa aste. On December 26 6, 2011 th hree Japan nese vendo ors reactors (Hitashii-Ge; Mitissubishi and d a) have joined the e Japanesse govern nment and d Tepco in the p process off Toshiba decomm missioning g this plant. They will split costs and research activitie es. P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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XII – Conclusions s Three a and a half yyears on, iit is clear th hat the use e of nuclea ar power wiill continue e to grow in n the com ming deca ades, altho ough growtth will be slower tha an was an nticipated before the e acciden nt. Many ccountries w with existin ng nuclearr power prrograms plan to exp pand them. Many n new countrries, both developed d and deve eloping, pla an to intro oduce nucle ear power. The facctors contributing to this grow wing interest include increasing g global d demand forr energy, as well as concernss about clim mate change, volatile e fossil fue el prices, an nd securityy e difficult fo or the worrld to achie eve the tw win goals o of ensuring g of enerrgy supplyy. It will be sustain nable energ gy suppliess and curbing greenho ouse gases without n nuclear pow wer. In add dition to commercia al nuclearr power plants, th here are about 24 40 research h reactorrs operating g, in 56 countries, with more un nder constrruction. Th hese have many m usess includin ng researcch and the production n of mediccal and ind dustrial isotopes, as well as forr training g. The use of reacto ors for marrine propulsion is mostly confine ed to the major m navie es where itt ayed an im mportant rolle for five d decades, providing p p power for ssubmariness and large e has pla surface e vessels. About 150 0 ships are e propelled by some 180 nucle ear reactorss and overr 13,000 reactor-ye ears of exp perience ha as been gained with m marine reacctors. Russsia and the e ave decom mmissioned d many of th heir nuclea ar submarin nes from th he Cold Wa ar era. USA ha Russia also opera ates a flee et of six larrge nuclearr-powered icebreakers and a 6 62,000 tonss cargo sship which are more ccivil than m military. It iss also completing a floating nucclear powerr plant w with two 40 MWe reacctors for use in remote e regions. AEA helps countries that opt for nuclea ar power tto use it safely s and d securely. The IA Countriies that havve decided d to phase out nuclea ar power will have to deal d with isssues such h as plan nt decomm missioning, remediatio on, and w waste mana agement fo or decadess to come. The IAE EA also asssists in the ese areas. The ecconomic grrowth, prossperity and d increasin ng populatiion will ne ecessarily lead to the e growth of energyy consumption over tthe next decades. In n an intervview on No ovember 9, IEA executive dirrector Mariia van der Hoeven ssaid that co ountries sh hould be h honest with h their citizens on the impacct that deciisions for a abandonin ng nuclear energy wiill bring on n ecurity, if im mports will happen, from wherre, from which sourcce, for how w energy supply se ed, etc. Acccording to her, these e issues invvolve limite ed solution n long, how will be transmitte optionss. he rate of expansion of nuclearr According to the IAEA Direcctor Generral, Yukiya Amano, th n could dim minish as a consequ uence of F Fukushima, but nucle ear energyy plant cconstruction eep growin ng. Accord ding to UN NO, 2012 was the In nternationa al Year forr generation will ke nable Energy for All, a and no sou urce should d be disreg garded. Sustain

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The ma ain conseq quence fro om the shu utdown of operationa al plants in n some countries, ass Germany, will be the loss off billion dolllars’ worth h in investm ment alread dy made, in nstability in n energy production n and distrribution sysstems, loss of competitivenesss for industtry and the e econom my, loss of jobs, and the t increassed cost off energy forr the popullation. The au uthorities’ alleged a decclaration th hat they are concern ned about safety is u unfounded. Not a single dea ath has occcurred fro om radiatio on exposurre at Fuku ushima, wh hereas the e g earthqua ake and tssunami (le eading to the t accide ent) caused d more th han 20,000 0 ensuing deaths in the region. Accord ding to the Japanese governme ent, only 8 persons ou ut of a staff ff of 3,700 were exposed to radiation, but b no majo or damage e to their he ealth is exxpected (up p o likely dam mage in the future). to 1% of Expand ding electriicity supplyy and simu ultaneouslyy reducing tthe effectss of climate e change iss the cha allenge facced by ene ergy policyy planners. Replacing g 137 nuclear reacto ors that will reach tthe end off their usefful lifetimess over the e next 20 yyears by either e new nuclear orr differen nt energy ssources, iss the issue e that will require ve ery significant investm ment of all countrie es concern ned. Geop political facctors involvving energ gy supply ccannot be neglected d either, and in ma any cases, nuclear e energy is the t sole op ption that affords each countryy greaterr security of o supply, less depe endence on fuel imp ports, and smaller exxposure to o the vola atility of oil prices. If nucle ear energyy is to be e part of tthe future, the indusstry must overcome the greatt challen nges rangin ng from diffficulties in the supplyy of materia als such ass large forg gings to the e anpower in nuclear en ngineering and other related dissciplines, b besides the e lack of skilled ma ageing of difficult to replace specialistss. developing new nucle ear plants has been n growing a around the e world. In n The intterest in d addition n to those e countriess that currrently run nuclear p power plan nts, 65 otthers have e expresssed interesst in nuclear electricity generattion, mainly if one ta akes into a account the e amountt of electriccity that can be generrated witho out more po ollutant em missions an nd in a veryy limited physical space. Th he use of nuclear e energy for hydrogen n productio on, electricc transpo ort systemss, desalina ation or otther nontra aditional ap pplicationss will bring additional demand ds to bea ar on the design off advanced reactorss, which will w be sm maller, lesss expenssive, more ssimplified a and planne ed to run on n more effiicient therm modynamicc cycles. The new nuclea ar subsecto or, decom mmissioning g and wastte manage ement, is also a on the e of an impre essive “gro owth” agen nda throug gh a numb ber of drivers: the dismantling, edge o treatme ent, transpo ort, and sto orage of m material from m a growin ng eet of rretired plan nts; a more e progresssive drive to minimizze low, me edium, and d high levell waste in tthe rst pla ace (in line e with the e waste hie erarchy); a and an incrreasing de emand for improveme ent to state e-of-the artt operatio ons and risk mana agement, leading e even to the “decom mmissionin ng” of old d decomm missioning g sites. The technical wo orkforce, w with accum mulated knowledge and a experiience, is companies c ’ most im mportant assset, especcially in the e nuclear area. a Todayy, there exists a one--generation n P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

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gap in terms of nuclear edu ucation which the ind dustry is ch hallenged tto overcom me. Several countrie es are see eking to traiin new eng gineers and d technicians, as indicated by th he initiative e of the U U.S. Deparrtment of E Energy - Do oE, which h has set up a universitty program m in nuclearr energy where, am mong otherr actions, students s arre offered sscholarship ps and fellowships off 150 thousa and dollarss. THE NR RC – Nucclear Regulatory Com mmission a also has a up to 1 similar program. ns which ccreated an n Some proposals such as from the European Safety Orrganization e to provide specific training asssociated w with their needs in the e fields of safety and d institute radiolog gy are actions to diminish futture proble ems. Worlld prosperrity in a carbon free e econom my necessitates a sh hift in usual sources of o energy, and certainly there e exist manyy ways to o that end, but nuclea ar are the m most promiising option n. n free sou urces shou uld not be e viewed a as competting with o one another, but ass Carbon partnerrs in facing the challenge to provvide the wo orld with cllean and abundant en nergy.

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XIII – Majorr Sourc ces of Informa I ation ƒ ƒ

IAEA 20 014, Counttry Nuclearr Power Pro ofiles Nuclearr Technology Review 2014 (NTR R 2014) http://ww ww.iaea.org//Publications//Reports/inde ex.html#ntr

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Nucnett - several Nucleon nics Week e NuclearF Fuel - several IAEA PR RIS - http:///www.iaea.orgg/programmes//a2/index.htmll WNA – World Nucclear Assocciation - htttp://www.worlld-nuclear.org//

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NRC- N Nuclear Reg gulatory Co ommission – USA

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INB – IIndústrias N Nucleares do d Brasil – http://www.innb.gov.br Empressa de Pesquisa Energética –EPE E – http://www ww.epe.com.brr IAEA Pu ublications - http://www..iaea.org/Publlications/Bookllets/NuclearPoower/np08.pdff NRU: htttp://www.nruccanada.ca/en/h /home/projectre restart/statusup pdates/nrustattusupdate25.a aspx Bélgica - http://www w.ce2030.be/p public/documeents_publ/CE20 030%20Report rt_FINAL.pdf WNN htttp://www.worrld-nuclear.orgg WNN h http://www w.world-nuclear.org/in nfo/Curren nt-and-Futu ure-Genera ation/Thoriu um/ DOE: h http://www.e eia.gov/forrecasts/ieo//pdf/0484(2 2013).pdf TNP : hhttp://www.un.org/events/npt2005/npttreatty.html European Nuclearr Safety Tra aining and Tutoring IInstitute : www.enstti.oorg Energy - Electriccity and N Nuclear Po ower Estim mates for the Perriod up to o 2030 -

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http://ww ww.nrc.gov/reaactors/new-reaactors/col/new w-reactor-map p.html

http://bipa artisanpolicy.o org/library/repo ort/task-force-a americas-futurre-energy-jobss ƒ

Nuclearr Energy – Technolog gy Roadma ap - http://ww ww.iea.org/papers/2010/nucle ear_roadmap.pdf Deploye ed warheads – SIPRII Year Bookk 2014

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www.nea ea.fr/html/rwm m/wpdd

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WWW.w word-nuclear.o org/how/deccomissioning.html http://ww ww.friendsjo ournal.org/earthquake-tsu unami-and-nu uclear-powerr-

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Exelon Corp http:///www.exeloncorp.com/poweerplants/peachhbottom/Pagess/profile.aspx Radiatio on : http://m microsievert.ne et/ Radiatio on risk and d realities - http://www.eepa.gov/rpdweeb00/docs/4022-k-07-006.pdff WNA - Nuclear Ra adiation an nd Health E Effects - httpp://world-nucleear.org/info/innf05.html WNA - Environme ent, Health and Safetyy in Electricity Genera ation - http:///www.worldnuclear.orrg/info/defaultt.aspx?id=158 882&terms=Se evere%20Accid dents%20in%20the%20Ene ergy%20Sector

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http://w www.fas.org//programs/sssp/nukes/nuuclearweapoons/nukestattus.html http://boos.sagepub.ccom/contennt/66/4/77.fuull.pdf Š––’ǣȀȀ‹‹˜‡•–‘”‹–‡‡ŽǤ…‘Ȁ—…ŽŽ‡ƒ”Ǧ‡‡”‰››Ǧ‹–‡ŽȀ–Š‡Ǧ‡‡†Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧ ‡‰ƒ–‘•Ǧ–‘ ‘Ǧ‡‰ƒ™ƒ–––•Ǧ ’”‘‰”ƒ ǦʹȀ͓•––Šƒ•ŠǤ† ˆǤ†’—ˆ INVAP -http://www w.invap.net/ /nuclear/carrem/desc_tec.html http://ec..europa.eu/energy/nuclea ar/safety/doc//swd_2012_0 0287_en.pdff http://ww ww.world-nucclear.org/info//Nuclear-Fue el-Cycle/Nucllear-Wastes//Decommissioning-Nuclea arFacilitiess/ http://w www.csmonittor.com/Env vironment/En nergy-Voices s/2014/0328 8/Thorium-a a-safer-nucle ear-power

P PL.G – Strattegic Planning Managem ment

Wo orldwide Pan norama of N Nuclear Energy – Novem mber 2014

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