Wastewater to energy potential in Uttar Pradesh India

Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg Faculty 3 Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Energy Systems

Study Project “Potential Study for energy generation from wastewater in Uttar Pradesh, India”

Submitted by: Shashank Goyal Born at 30.08.1991 in India, Agra ERM, Master (3426719)

Academic supervisor Cinthya Guerrero, PhD. Chair of Power Plant Technology

Location: Cottbus Date: 06/04/2017

DECLARATION

“I hereby declare that the study project entitled “Potential study for energy generation from wastewater in Uttar Pradesh, India” submitted by me, in fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree M.Sc. in Environment and Resource Management is my own unaided work. All direct or indirect sources used are acknowledged as references. Further, I declare that the work done in this paper has not previously submitted before, in part or whole, for the award of any other institute or university.”

Name: Shashank Goyal Date: 06/04/2017 Place: Cottbus

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study project was written as a part of the Master’s Program of the International Course of Study, ‘Environmental and Resource Management’, at the Chair “Power Plant Technology (Kraftwerkstechnik) Faculty of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering”, of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany. On the very outset of this report, I would like to extend our sincere and heartfelt obligation towards all the personages who have helped me in this endeavor. Without their active guidance, help, cooperation and encouragement, I would not have made head way in this project. First and foremost, I would like to express our sincere gratitude to my project supervisor, Cinthya Guerrero, PhD. I was privileged to experience a sustained enthusiastic and involved interest from their side. This fueled my enthusiasm even further and encouraged us to boldly step into what was a totally dark and unexplored expanse before us. They always fueled my thoughts to think broad and out of the box. Lastly, I am also grateful to my family and friends, for their support, without which this study project would not have been possible.

Thanking you, Shashank Goyal

2

Acronym Bcm

Billion cubic meters

BOD

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

CHP

Combined Heat and Power

COD

Chemical Oxygen Demand

CPCB

Central Pollution Control Board

CPHEEO

Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization

DEMOSOFC

Demonstration of large solid oxide fuel cell

EPA

Environment Protection Act

kgCOD/m3d

Kilogram COD per cubic meter per day

KJ/mol

Kilojoule per mole

Km2

Square kilometers

KT

Karnal Technology

KWh

Kilowatt hour

LPCD

Liters per capita per day

Ltd.

Limited

M/s.

Messieurs

M3

Cubic meters

Mahagenco

Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited

Mg/l

Milligrams per liter

Mgal

Mega gallon

Mld

Million liters per day

MNRE

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

MOEF

Ministry of Environment and Forest

MW

Megawatt

MWeq.

Megawatt equivalent

NCIWRD

National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development

NMC

Nagpur Municipal Corporation

OP

Oxidation Pond

PEM

Proton Exchange Membrane

Pvt.

Private

Rs.

Rupees

3

SNA

Social Network Analysis

SPCB

State Pollution Control Board

STP

Sewage Treatment Plant

TDS

Total Dissolved Solids

TOC

Total Organic Carbon

TS

Total Solids

TSS

Total Suspended Solids

UASB

Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

UPJVNL

Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited

UPNEDA

Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development Agency

UPPCL

Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited

UPRVUNL

Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited

UPSEB

Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board

UPWMRC

Uttar Pradesh Water Management and Regulatory Commission

4

Contents DECLARATION ............................................................................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. 2 Acronym ............................................................................................................................ 3 List of Figures .................................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1.

Introduction .......................................................................................................... 8

1.1

Objective of study ....................................................................................................... 8

1.2

Area of Study .............................................................................................................. 8

1.3

Background: Problems associated with energy and wastewater in Uttar Pradesh ...... 9

1.4

Methodology ............................................................................................................. 11

Chapter 2.

Geography of Uttar Pradesh............................................................................... 13

Chapter 3.

Wastewater: State of the art in Uttar Pradesh .................................................... 15

3.1

Sources of fresh water ............................................................................................... 15

3.2

Consumption of water ............................................................................................... 16

3.3

Amount and sources of wastewater generation ......................................................... 19

Chapter 4.

Wastewater to energy......................................................................................... 22

4.1

Anaerobic wastewater treatment ............................................................................... 23

4.2

Microbial fuel cell ..................................................................................................... 24

4.3

Different forms of recovered energy ......................................................................... 25

4.4

Available technology in Uttar Pradesh...................................................................... 27

4.5

Potential in Uttar Pradesh .......................................................................................... 28

4.6

Wastewater to energy conversion calculation ........................................................... 28

Chapter 5.

Political Framework ........................................................................................... 30

5.1

Aid by the Government ............................................................................................. 30

5.2

Example of such projects .......................................................................................... 31

Chapter 6.

Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 34

References ................................................................................................................................ 37

5

List of Figures Figure 1: A part of India map showing Uttar Pradesh and its neighbouring states ................... 9 Figure 2: River map of Uttar Pradesh with encircled main rivers ........................................... 13 Figure 3: Past and Future projection of global water consumption ......................................... 19 Figure 4: Coverage of sewerage network services in Municipal Corporations (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, 2015)................................................................ 20 Figure 5: Coverage of sewerage network in Nagar Palika Parishads (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, 2015) ..................................................................... 20 Figure 6: Efficiency in collection and treatment of sewerage in Municipal Corporations (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, 2015) .................................................. 20 Figure 7: Energy embedded in wastewater (Water Environment & Reuse Foundation, 2014) .................................................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 8: Fate of carbon and energy in aerobic (above) and anaerobic (below) wastewater treatment (Lier, Mahmoud, & Zeeman, 2008) ......................................................................... 23 Figure 9: Microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment (Gude, 2016) ..................................... 25

6

List of Tables Table 1: Performance of UPSEB on other indicators .............................................................. 10 Table 2: Energy Characteristics of a Typical Domestic Wastewater ...................................... 11 Table 3: Power generation in Uttar Pradesh by different types of power plants in different sectors ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Table 4: Coverage of water supply in undivided Uttar Pradesh (Government of India, 2011) .................................................................................................................................................. 15 Table 5: Irrigation water requirements (Government of India, 2011) ..................................... 16 Table 6: Irrigation water requirements (Government of India, 2011) ..................................... 16 Table 7: Domestic Water: Projection of Norms for Drinking Water (in LPCD) (Government of India, 2011) .......................................................................................................................... 17 Table 8: Domestic Water Demand (Withdrawals) in Uttar Pradesh (Government of India, 2011) ........................................................................................................................................ 17 Table 9: Consumptive Use of Power (Government of India, 2011) ........................................ 18 Table 10: Industrial Water Requirements (Withdrawals) in BCM/Year (Government of India, 2011) ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Table 11: Non-Irrigation Demands of Uttar Pradesh (BCM/Year) (Government of India, 2011) ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Table 12: Energy output and CO2 emission reduction applying anaerobic high-rate wastewater treatment systems (Lier, Mahmoud, & Zeeman, 2008) ........................................ 24 Table 13: Typical constituent concentrations and energy content of untreated domestic wastewater (Halim, 2012) ........................................................................................................ 26 Table 14: Status of Waste to Energy projects in India during 2014-2015 (Government of India, 2015) .............................................................................................................................. 32 Table 15: Advantages and disadvantages of wastewater treatment technologies .................... 34

7

Chapter 1. Introduction The market for generating sustainable energy is booming. Solar energy and wind energy are the most common ways to generate greener energy. Apart from these, extracting energy from burning or vapours, biomass such as biodegradable waste is some of the well-tried methods. The generation of energy from various types of waste is nowadays in the recent researches and using waste water to extract energy is one of them (Strik, 2016). Today, there is technology available to treat waste water so that it can be safely discharged to river or sea without any environmental impact. These technologies are not cost efficient and bear high energy costs, basically in aeration and pumping, and moreover increases the cost of treatment of left over sludge after treatment processes (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015).

1.1

Objective of study

Wastewater has the potential to generate renewable energy for the entire region of Vancouver in Canada. The Annacis Island in British Columbia and Iona Island in Scotland have waste water treatment plants which generate heat and electricity while waste water treatment plant in Lion’s Gate and Lulu Island in British Columbia produce only heat energy (metrovancouver, 2016). Another project called DEMOSOFC which stands for DEMOnstration of large SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) system, in Turin, Italy use biogas from wastewater treatment plant to produce energy (Qadir, 2015). Another successful implementation is the collection and transportation of methane gas from wastewater treatment plant by Tennessee Valley Authority to another site in Memphis, Tennessee to generate energy (Tennessee Valley Authority, 2017). The main aim of this study to find the potential of generating energy from wastewater in Uttar Pradesh, a state in India keeping the various factors such as technology, wastewater generation rate, energy requirement, financial support, governmental policies etc. into consideration.

1.2

Area of Study

The study area of this project is the Indian State Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh is rich in perennial rivers, grasslands and forestlands. The State has an important role in education, politics, culture, agriculture and tourism of India. Decorated with two pious rivers, Ganga and Yamuna of Indian mythology, Uttar Pradesh is bordered by Bihar in the East, Himachal 8

Pradesh, Delhi, Rajasthan and Haryana in the West, Uttaranchal in the North and Madhya Pradesh in the South with Nepal touching the northern border. It lies between latitude 24 o to 31o and longitude 77o to 84o East with an area of 2,36,286 km2. In sheer magnitude, it is half the area of France and seven times of Switzerland (Uttar Pradesh Information Department, 2004).

Figure 1: A part of India map showing Uttar Pradesh and its neighbouring states1

1.3

Background: Problems associated with energy and

wastewater in Uttar Pradesh The energy demand of Uttar Pradesh, India is significantly higher than energy supply because of which it faces energy crisis frequently. The political issues are also one of the reasons for energy crisis in Uttar Pradesh. The major reason behind the crisis is the lack of coal supply against the allotted quota. The energy generation capacity of the state has aged, the average plant load factor was only 60% leading to a demand for setting up new power generation plants (Daily News & Analysis, 2014). Various components of Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board (UPSEB) such as price, sales, capacity, loss, import and electricity loss is shown below in Table 1. The table shows that the

1

Source: http://d-maps.com

9

average cost remains consistently higher than average tariff offered by UPSEB which leads to a considerable amount of financial losses (Gurtoo & Pandey, 2000). Table 1: Performance of UPSEB on other indicators2 Indicator

1988-89

1990-91

1992-93

1994-95

1996-97

1998-99

Average price (Rs./KWh)

0.66

0.72

1.08

1.24

1.46

1.80

Average cost (Rs./KWh)

1.05

1.23

1.55

1.80

2.26

2.59

Sales (billion KWh)

16.1

19.7

22.3

25.8

27.0

28.5

Generation (billion KWh)

17.1

17.8

16.6

20.1

21.8

23.1

Import (billion KWh)

4.8

8.9

12.8

12.9

14.0

15.9

Generating capacity (MW)

4966

4987

5059

6049

6049

6065

26.4

26.1

24.1

21.7

24.6

26.8

11.1

11.6

11.2

10.2

9.7

9.9

Fuel expense (Rs. Crore)

449

479

656

821

1014

1355

O&M4 expense (Rs. Crore)

130

138

185

227

297

414

285

296

391

470

798

1166

230

728

1018

1373

1676

2133

Depreciation (Rs. Crore)

108

152

263

392

735

804

Full interest (Rs. Crore)

482

639

944

1358

1601

1529

3

T&D losses (%) Auxiliary consumption of thermal plants (%)

Establishment & admin expense (Rs. Crore) Power

import

expense

Crore)

(Rs.

The quantity of wastewater is directly proportional to the growth of cities and supply of domestic water. According to the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO), 70-80% of wastewater is generated by the domestic use of water supplied (Board, 1999). Major contributing states of wastewater are Maharashtra, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Gujarat with a combined contribution of 63%. With such statistics, in the near future India will be facing a dual problem of lack of fresh water and high generation rate of wastewater because of industrialization and population expansion. A fraction of urban wastewater is used by the agricultural sector but a considerable amount adds up to rivers or small water bodies leading to water pollution and harming aquatic biodiversity 2

Source: Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, Statistics At A Glance 1998-99 Transmission & Distribution 4 Operation & Maintenance 3

10

of the water body. Various river action plans were adopted to clean the river water. In rural areas, wastewater is discharged to open areas or nearby water bodies leading to health hazards for the people living in that area. Stepping towards the goal of sustainable water resource management, wastewater is not a waste anymore. It is considered as a source of water, plant nutrients and energy (McCarty, Bae, & Kim, 2011). In a state like Uttar Pradesh where there is a lack of energy and increasing quantity of wastewater, energy from wastewater is a way to handle both the problems efficiently.

1.4

Methodology

The primary focus of the study being on energy and wastewater, energy can be extracted from the thermal as well as organic content of wastewater. The nitrogen and phosphorus content of wastewater can be utilized as fertilizer for plants which will reduce the cost of manufacturing synthetic fertilizers (McCarty, Bae, & Kim, 2011). Table 2 shows the energy characteristics of domestic wastewater. Table 2: Energy Characteristics of a Typical Domestic Wastewater Energy (KWh/m3)

Constituent

Typical

Maximum

Required to

Thermal heat

concentrations

potential from

produce

available for

organic

fertilizing

heat-pump

oxidation6

elements7

extraction8

5

(mg/l)

Organics (COD) Total

500

Refractory

180

•

Suspended

80

0.31

•

Dissolved

100

0.39

Biodegradable

320

•

Suspended

175

0.67

•

Dissolved

145

0.56

Nitrogen Organic

15

0.29

5

Source: (Tchobanoglous, G, Burton, & L, 1991) Source: (Owen & F, 1982) 7 Source: (Gellings & Parmenter, 2004) 8 Energy associated with a 6oC change in water temperature through heat extraction 6

11

Ammonia

25

0.48

Phosphorus

8

0.02

Water

7.0

Totals

1.93

0.79

7.0

The wastewater industry is following the pattern of considering wastewater not as a waste but as a source of energy. The chemical energy present in the organic compound of wastewater can be calculated by thermodynamics as follows: COD + O2  CO2 + H2O Assuming organic part to be methane, CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O The energy released in the above equation is: ∆fH (KJ/mol) = ∑∆fH products - ∑∆fH reactants = 2(∆fH H2O) + ∆fH CO2 - ∆fH CH4 – 2(∆fH O2) = 2(-285.83 KJ/mol) + (-393.51 KJ/mol) – (-74.81 KJ/mol) – 2(0 KJ/mol) = -890.5 KJ/mol = -890.5 KJ/mol/64 gCOD = -13.9 KJ/gCOD These wastewater streams have a good potential of energy. Other than COD, there are other constituents which have the potential of energy such as urea. The calculation stated above is based on oven-dried wastewater energy data. The matter of fact is that all the energy cannot be extracted from wastewater because no method is 100% efficient therefore adequate adoption of treatment method is required based on the characteristic of wastewater stream. From the above method, 13-14 KJ/gCOD is the range of minimum energy that can be extracted from wastewaters (Heidrich, Curtis, & Dolfing, 2011).

12

Chapter 2. Geography of Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh is India’s fourth largest state in terms of land area. The Himalayan mountain range is in the north of the state and grassland covers most of the state. The state can be divided into three different geographical feature. The first being the mountainous Himalayan region in the north which has extremely rocky area with the range of topography between 300m to 500m. The second is Gangetic plain in central which has highly fertile alluvial soil with flat landscape marked with number of lakes, rivers, etc. The third being Vindhya hills in the south which is a hard rock area with diverse plains, hills, valleys and plateau (MapsofIndia, 2014).

Figure 2: River map of Uttar Pradesh with encircled main rivers9 As shown in the Figure 2 above, the main rivers of Uttar Pradesh are Ganga, Yamuna and Ghagra. Other than their water use, these rivers hold a spiritual value as well. The weather of the state is subtropical with an experience of four seasons. Flood is a recurring problem due 9

Source: www.mapsofindia.com

13

to the heavy rains in the east causing damage to life, property and agriculture. Summers are extremely hot during March to June with an average temperature of 450C and heavy winds (MapsofIndia, 2014). Due to change in the rainfall pattern of the entire country, the states like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh declared drought in 2015. This change in the rainfall pattern is caused due to increased global warming and other adverse environmental impacts. Very little efforts are made towards recharging ground water and rain water harvesting as the water table is going down year by year. Uttar Pradesh is supplying water to 21.75 crore population which becomes a struggle when ground water table goes down and unexpected change in rainfall (Bera, 2016). In terms of energy, Uttar Pradesh emerges to be the top energy deficient state of India. In May 2015, Uttar Pradesh marked the power shortage of 11.6% against India average of 2.3%. The Table 3 below shows the power generation in Uttar Pradesh by different power plants. Table 3: Power generation in Uttar Pradesh by different types of power plants in different sectors10 Mode wise breakup Ownership

Thermal

/sector

Nuclear

Hydro

Other

(Renewable) (Renewable)

Grand Total

Coal

Gas

Diesel Total

State

5423

0.00

0.00

5423

0.00

524.10

25.10

5972.20

Private

3345

0.00

0.00

3345

0.00

0.00

964.76

4309.76

Central

2909.95 549.97 0.00

3459.92 335.72

1644.20

0.00

5439.84

Sub-Total

11677.9 549.97 0.00

12227.9 335.72

2168.30

989.86

15721.8

All the values are in megawatts. With a total power generating capacity of 15,721.80 MW, Uttar Pradesh contributes 5.70% of total power generation in India. The generated energy is majorly used in the form of electricity and transmitted for commercial, industrial and residential purposes. Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) is the responsible company for distributing and transmitting electricity to the state of Uttar Pradesh (Central Electricty Authority, 2015).

10

Source: Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India

14

Chapter 3. Wastewater: State of the art in Uttar Pradesh Five states of India named Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Gujarat accounts for around 50% of total wastewater generation in India. Among these Uttar Pradesh accounts for 12% of total sewage generated in India (ENVIS Centre on Hygiene, 2016). Uttar Pradesh is the home of many leather tanneries, sugar factories, textile industries of jute, cotton, wool and silk, paper pulp industries, food processing industries related with rice, edible oils and dal, fertilizers and heavy chemical factories and rubber manufacturing units. The wastewater from these industries is discharged and contains pathogens and hazardous chemicals. Four major thermal power plants receive water from river Ganga. Through drains, this wastewater joins fresh water sources and contaminates them with a fast rate. Most of the treatment plants treats only a small fraction of wastewater generated in that region (Alley, et al., 2017).

3.1

Sources of fresh water

Uttar Pradesh is enriched with abundant surface and ground water resources. It has an approximately 85 billion cubic meters (bcm) of replenishable ground water and 3500 bcm of in-storage ground water, which is one-fourth and one-third of the total resources available in India (Government of India, 1999). There is high precipitation during monsoon. The water services offered in Uttar Pradesh has been inadequate with water scarcity in many towns especially in summer. There are two factors which affects the water service in Uttar Pradesh: trends in urbanisation and decentralisation (Government of India, 2011). The progress in water supply since 1990 is shown below in Table 4. Presently, all towns of Uttar Pradesh are covered with piped water supply. Earlier in the year 2000, Uttar Pradesh accessed water supplies through house service connections or public stand posts. The water service and water was not only decreasing in terms of quantity but also in terms of quality. Table 4: Coverage of water supply in undivided Uttar Pradesh (Government of India, 2011) Item

March 1990

March 1997

March 2004*

Towns having piped water supply

598

622

623

Population covered (lakh)

262

303

346

Water available (mld)

1960

2433

3994

Note: *Uttar Pradesh had 686 urban local bodies before separation of Uttaranchal in November 2000. Now, it has 623 urban local bodies. The data is for Uttar Pradesh after separation. 15

Municipal water is provided for not more than three to four hours a day and there are cases of one to two hours of availability of water with low pressure. Low pressure and broken supply of water sometimes results in back flow of water in the pipes which leads to cracks and damage to the piping system resulting in contamination of water. Ground water and surface water are the two sources for all purposes like agriculture, housing, industries etc. in Uttar Pradesh.

3.2

Consumption of water

For Irrigation The National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development (NCIWRD) national data is used for water depth requirement for agriculture. The data is shown in the Table 5 below. Table 5: Irrigation water requirements (Government of India, 2011) Gross irrigation requirements at Net

irrigation

requirements

head (metres)

(consumption) (metres)

Surface water irrigation

0.61

0.36

Groundwater irrigation

0.49

0.36

Using the above data on the land use plan, and assuming the ultimate irrigation of 27.4 million hectares which is bifurcated as 12.4 million hectares of irrigation by surface water and 15 million hectares of groundwater irrigation, the irrigation water requirements are computed in the Table 6 below. Table 6: Irrigation water requirements (Government of India, 2011) Gross (withdrawals)** Surface water irrigation of 12.4 75.6

Net (consumption)** 44.6

million hectares Groundwater irrigation of 15 72

54

million hectares Total

147.6

98.6

Note: **All values are in Billion M3/year, i.e., BCM/Year

16

For Domestic Use There are different supply norms of water requirements for domestic (Municipal) use used by Central Public Health Engineering Organisation and the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam. Similarly, there are different norms for urban and rural areas, with population, by type of supply stand, between hills and plains etc., ranging from 40 litres per capita per day to 200 litres per capita per day (LPCD). Norms by NCIWRD is shown in Table 7 below. Table 7: Domestic Water: Projection of Norms for Drinking Water (in LPCD) (Government of India, 2011) Population type

Year 2010

Year 2025

Year 2050

Class I cities

220

220

220

Other than Class I

150

165

220

Rural

55

70

150

For using the above-mentioned norms, population was divided into urban and rural areas and between Class I and other cities. Rural and urban population has already been projected by NCIWRD on all India basis and the guidance was taken from these. The urban population was simulated to be 32% for 2001, 37% for 2010, 44% for 2025, and 55% for 2050. This urban population projections are fairly divided into Class I cities and cities other than Class I cities. On these projections, water requirements are calculated and are shown in the Table 8 below. Table 8: Domestic Water Demand (Withdrawals) in Uttar Pradesh (Government of India, 2011)

Population (in million)

Year 2010

Year 2025

Year 2050

198.2

245

305.9

Water Demands (in BCM/Year) Urban

4.95

7.77

13.5

Rural

2.5

3.52

7.53

Total

7.45

11.29

21.03

For Electric Power According to the Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board (UPSEB), water consumption projections for different power plants are shown in Table 9. 17

Table 9: Consumptive Use of Power (Government of India, 2011) Item

Rate

Hydropower (Ultimate

Consumptive use

10% of storage

2025

2050

1.50

2.83

1.96

4.9

Storage 28.36 BCM) Thermal Power 50000 MW by 3.92 million m3 per 2025, 125000 MW by 2050

100 MW per year

Industrial

National

Consumption:

Commission

on

Integrated

Water

Resources

Development has made the projections for all India for water consumption by different types of industries. Keeping in mind the low industrial development of Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal in 2010 but improvement in the industrialisation in the future, the subsequent assumptions have been made which is mentioned in Table 10 below. Table 10: Industrial Water Requirements (Withdrawals) in BCM/Year (Government of India, 2011) 2010

2025

2050

All India (NCIWRD)

37

67

81

Share of Uttar Pradesh + Uttaranchal

5%

7.5%

10%

Uttar Pradesh + Uttaranchal

1.85

5.02

8.1

Environmental Requirements: No calculations or requirement for the water in order to maintain the river ecology exists. No special release for the large quantities to meet the downstream obligations is made because there is a separate provision for that. The nonirrigation water requirement of Uttar Pradesh is shown in Table 11 below. Table 11: Non-Irrigation Demands of Uttar Pradesh (BCM/Year) (Government of India, 2011) Use

2010

2025

2050

Domestic

7.45

11.29

21.03

Hydro and Thermal

0.47

1.96

4.90

Industrial

1.75

4.82

7.80

Environment (addition)

(Nil since considered in D/S obligations)

Total

9.67

18.07

33.73

Returns at 50% for domestic and industrial

4.45

8.05

14.41

Net in consumptive terms

5.22

10.02

19.32

18

Figure 3: Past and Future projection of global water consumption11

3.3

Amount and sources of wastewater generation

As mentioned in the chapter 10 of Uttar Pradesh State Development Report, 2011, wastewater is highly underinvested and neglected. Urban areas are rich in users of flush toilet and sewage system. Sewerage system is a problem for poor citizens and undeveloped areas of Uttar Pradesh. The rivers are polluted majorly by domestic sewage disposal which are then clean by adopting various river action programmes paid by budgetary provisions. (Narain, 2002) A sensible approach towards this problem is working on public latrines and cost efficient sanitation facilities for the poor people. Under river action plans, construction of sewage treatment plants is done. The river action plans fail adequately because of the lack of availability of funds and delay in the construction of sewage treatment plant with the issues in ownership. The urban local bodies were not involved in the design and construction of sewage treatment plant so they don’t bother to take care of the operation of the sewage treatment plant. The consultation with urban local bodies will encourage them to consider the sewage treatment plants as a part of their success and motivate them to take over the sewage treatment plants after their commissioning. Considering the sewage network in Municipal Corporation of Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad has the highest sewerage coverage and Aligarh has lowest sewerage coverage of 83.82% and 3.54% respectively. There are places where there is no sewerage network like Jhansi. The sewerage network ranges from 93.81% to 0.05% among Nagar Palika Parishads. 11

Source: http://www.conservationsolutions.com/assets/templates/csc/images/water-withdrawal.png

19

Figure 4: Coverage of sewerage network services in Municipal Corporations (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, 2015)

Figure 5: Coverage of sewerage network in Nagar Palika Parishads (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, 2015) Collection and treatment efficiency of sewerage has been reported to be less than 60% in most of the corporation cities. The highest efficiency of collection and treatment of sewerage is reported by Nagar Nigam Agra.

Figure 6: Efficiency in collection and treatment of sewerage in Municipal Corporations (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, 2015) 20

Water is used up by the textile industry and wastewater is discharged to the water bodies leading to adverse impact on aquatic life. Sewage treatment plants are not fully efficient in treating the wastewater so they also contribute to sewage generation. Usually all manufacturing units performs the same way and keep on adding sewage to the local water bodies without prior treatment. There are specific standard norms for the discharge of industrial wastewater given by the Central Pollution Control Board, India.

21

Chapter 4. Wastewater to energy The wastewater industry has the potential of extracting the energy bonded in the wastewater and using that at competitive prices. Wastewater holds five times the amount of energy needed for the treatment of the wastewater and the majority of it is enveloped as thermal energy (Water Environment & Reuse Foundation, 2014).

Figure 7: Energy embedded in wastewater (Water Environment & Reuse Foundation, 2014) Wastewater facilities do not only have the potential of energy for their own wastewater treatment but also for heat and power required for the cities. Based on the state of the art of technology and the availability of waste water, it could be feasible to bring together the energy management and plant functions. With effective awareness, education and incremental measures, the energy usage can be reduced and water resource management can be improved. Knowing the fact that thermoelectric power plants consumes 41% of the fresh water available and such plants will increase 18% from 2005-2030 which will lead to a situation of scarce fresh water availability (Scott, 2017). A thermoelectric power plant consumes around 300 to 400 gallons of water for generating one megawatt of power. Energy and water are closely connected to each other. Zero discharge facilities are a good point for this initiative which means complete recycle or reuse of facility’s output. In this we can save energy and wastewater treatment facilities become a focus area for the potential of energy stored in it (Scott, 2017).

22

4.1

Anaerobic wastewater treatment

The process of fermentation in which organic content is degraded and biogas is released is referred to as anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion occurs in the presence of organic material and in the absence of oxygen. This process typically happens in the sediments of lakes and ditches, in marshes, municipal sewers or even in municipal landfills. Anaerobic treatment is very effective in removing biodegradable organic compounds leaving mineral compounds in the solution. The use of anaerobic treatment process leads to small production of sludge. Along with this, a useful energy in the form of biogas is produced. There are other different types of organically polluted wastewater which cannot be treated by anaerobic treatment method because those are not biodegradable. The difference between aerobic and anaerobic treatment in terms of carbon and energy is shown in the Figure 8 below (Lier, Mahmoud, & Zeeman, 2008).

Figure 8: Fate of carbon and energy in aerobic (above) and anaerobic (below) wastewater treatment (Lier, Mahmoud, & Zeeman, 2008) Anaerobic degradation of organic polymers in wastewater proceeds in four successive phases, namely: (i) hydrolysis, (ii) acidogenesis, (iii) acetogenesis, and (iv) methanogenesis. The reduction in carbon dioxide and energy output using anaerobic treatment method is shown in Table 12.

23

Table 12: Energy output and CO2 emission reduction applying anaerobic high-rate wastewater treatment systems (Lier, Mahmoud, & Zeeman, 2008) 5 – 35

Loading capacity (kgCOD/m3.d) Energy output (MJ/m reactor installed per d)

55 – 390

Electric power output (kW/m3 reactor installed)

0.25 – 1.7

3

3

CO2 emission reduction (tonCO2/m .y, based on coal-driven power plant)

1.9 – 13

Assumptions: 80% CH4 recovery relative to influent COD load and 40% electric conversion using a modern combined heat power generator.

4.2

Microbial fuel cell

The installation of a microbial fuel cell in a wastewater treatment plant has two advantages: cleaning of water by microbes which consumed organic content of the waste and power production (Robinson, 2016). The microbial fuel cell technology was considered in the early 1991 and is completely different from other technologies because it captures energy in the form of electricity or hydrogen. The high operational sustainability and low material cost compared to anaerobic digestion is another factor which favours the application of this technology. In 2006, Rabaey et al. demonstrated that microbial fuel cells using specific microbes were excellent techniques to remove sulphides from waste water. The biofuel cell uses leachate which is generated in landfill to treat biodegradable organic matter and electricity production. The amount of organic matter removal was 8.5 kgCODm-3d-1 when the power density was 344 mWm-3 (Rahimnejad, Adhami, Darvari, Zirepour, & Oh, 2015). When bacteria are introduced in the anode section of specially-designed fuel cell that is free of oxygen, they got attached to an electrode. Because of absence of oxygen, bacteria must transfer the electrons that they gain from consumption of food somewhere else that is to the electrode. In a microbial fuel cell these electrons go to the anode while cathode is exposed to oxygen. The electrons at the cathode, oxygen and proton combines to form water. The two electrodes have different potential which creates a bio-batter or a fuel cell (Logan, 2008). The Figure 9 shows a microbial fuel cell set up. The extracted energy is in the form of bioelectricity or biofuels such as ethanol, hydrogen, methane and hydrogen peroxide. A proton exchange membrane (PEM) is used to separate the anode and cathode compartments. Microbial fuel cell may produce up to 1.43 kWh/m3 and 1.8 kWh/m3 from primary sludge and treated effluent respectively. It consumes only 0.024 kW or 0.076 kWh/kg-COD which is about 10% of the external energy for their operation when compared to conventional

24

activated sludge process showing great potential for energy recovery and energy savings from wastewater treatment (Gude, 2016).

Figure 9: Microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment (Gude, 2016)

4.3

Different forms of recovered energy

In the process of wastewater treatment, the most common form of energy recovered is biogas. A combined heat and power plant uses the biogas to generate thermal energy and electrical energy (Monteith, 2011). The energy potential of wastewater is in four dominant forms: chemical, thermal, kinetic and potential energy. All the four forms are briefly described below: a) Thermal Energy Thermal energy is the heat energy contained in the wastewater and is controlled by the specific heat capacity of water, which is approximately 4.2 kJ/kg.k or 4.2 MJ/m3 per oC of temperature change (Halim, 2012). b) Hydraulic (Kinetic and Potential) energy Potential energy is the energy because of the water elevation and is calculated as mass x acceleration due to gravity x head = 9.8 kJ/m3 per meter of head for water. Kinetic energy is the energy due to the momentum of water and is calculated as ½ mv2 = 0.18 kJ/m3 for a water of velocity 0.6 m/s. The wastewater treatment plants are generally located at low elevation and close to a river body thus only a small amount of energy is produced (Halim, 2012).

25

c) Chemical (calorific) energy This energy is because of the various organic chemicals present in the wastewater. The organic strength of wastewater is expressed typically in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in mg/L. The Table 13 below shows the concentration of various constituents and the energy content of untreated domestic wastewater. It also shows that chemical energy content based on COD varies in the range of 12 – 15 MJ/kg. The electricity required to treat the wastewater is in the range of 1000 to 3000 kWh/Mgal per day. Typically, COD concentration in the wastewater is 430 mg/L, which means if 1 Mgal (3785 m3) of wastewater is treated in a day then chemical energy that could be recovered is 21158.15 MJ or 5882 kWh. This shows that the amount of potential chemical energy that can be recovered is much more than the energy required to treat the wastewater (Halim, 2012). Table 13: Typical constituent concentrations and energy content of untreated domestic wastewater (Halim, 2012) Constituent

Unit

Value (typical)12

Constituents concentrations Total Solids (TS)

Mg/L

390 – 1230 (720)

Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Mg/L

270 – 860 (500)

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Mg/L

120 – 400 (210)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 5-d, 20oC

Mg/L

110 – 350 (190)

Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

Mg/L

80 – 260 (140)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Mg/L

250 – 800 (430)

Oil and Grease

Mg/L

30 – 90 (60)

Energy Content13 Wastewater, heat basis

MJ/10oC.103 m3

41900

Wastewater, COD basis

MJ/kg COD

12 – 15 (13)

Primary sludge, dry

MJ/kg TSS

15 – 15.9 (15.5)

Secondary biosolids, dry

MJ/kg TSS

12.4

12 13

– 13.5 (13)

Typical wastewater composition is based on approximate flow rate of 460 L/capita.day (120 gal/capita.day) 1 MJ = 0.278 kWh

26

4.4

Available technology in Uttar Pradesh

In Uttar Pradesh, the most common technologies used for treating the wastewater are Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB), Oxidation Pond (OP) and Karnal Technology (KT). There are no operational wastewater treatment plants till now in Uttar Pradesh. There are other power plants to generate energy but none of them uses wastewater as the aim to combinedly produce energy and treat wastewater. However, there are proposals to modify the existing wastewater treatment plants to extract energy and improve the efficiency of the plant. The commonly implemented technology in Uttar Pradesh is described briefly below. i)

Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

This treatment system is a biological treatment method without the use of oxygen. This method removes organic pollution in wastewater, slurries and sludge. The organic pollutants are converted to biogas with the help of anaerobic microorganisms. The biogas contains methane and carbon dioxide. It is a form of anaerobic digester which produces methane (The International Water Association , 2017). ii)

Oxidation Pond

The oxidation pond is also known as stabilization pond and are shallow ponds for the treatment of wastewater. The treatment occurs through the mixed interaction of algae, bacteria and sunlight. The growth of algae depends on carbon dioxide and inorganic compounds released by bacteria in water and the energy from the sun. During photosynthesis, algae release oxygen which is consumed by aerobic bacteria. For the supply of more oxygen, sometimes mechanical aerators are installed. Sludge gets deposited in the pond and is removed by dredging. The remaining algae are removed by either filtration or by combined action of chemical treatment and settling (Nathanson, 2016). iii)

Karnal Technology

In Karnal Technology, trees are grown on ridges 1m wide and 50cm high wand disposing off the untreated sewage in the furrows. The amount of disposing sewage depends on age, climate conditions, type of plants, quality of effluents and soil texture. The amount is regulated in such a way that it is consumed within 12 – 18 hour so that there is no standing water in the trenches. With this technology, 0.3 to 1 ML of effluent per hectare is possible to

27

dispose. This technique uses entire biomass to supply nutrients to the soil. This technique has some limitations with vegetable crops but it is highly suitable for forest plants like timber or pulp (Government of India, 2017). Kodungaiyur wastewater treatment plant in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India is a plant which not only disposes waste but also harness its potential energy making itself 98% energy neutral. The Arvind Mills Cogeneration Plant in the Western State of Gujarat near Ahmadabad, India is also an example of such plant (International Energy Agency, 2010).

4.5

Potential in Uttar Pradesh

Maharashtra has the highest potential of recovering energy from waste followed by Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and West Bengal. The potential for recovery of energy in Uttar Pradesh by 2011 through liquid wastes and solid wastes is 22 MW and 154 MW respectively (Marimuthu & Kirubakaran, 2014-2015). Only Uttar Pradesh has used a large fraction of the biomass potential among the north Indian States. It has 73 sewage treatment plants with total treatment capacity of 2646.84 MLD. Out of 73, 7 sewage treatment plants (STPs) are non-operational, 3 STPs are under construction and 1 STP is proposed (Government of India, 2015). With many treatment plants, Uttar Pradesh has a high potential in recovering energy along with treatment of sewage. The Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is a promising technology to be implemented in wastewater treatment plants. This technique can be used with wastewater treatment plant in the form of anaerobic digester gas fuelled CHP; non-biogas fuelled CHP; heat recovery from a sludge incinerator which can drive an organic Rankine cycle system; and a combined heat and mechanical power system. Biogas produced in anaerobic digesters could be used to generate heat and power. The electric power produced could fulfil the energy demand of the wastewater treatment plant and the thermal energy could be used to heat the digesters and space heating. A CHP has various advantages for wastewater treatment plants (Rajaram, Siddiqui, Agrawal, & Khan, 2016).

4.6

Wastewater to energy conversion calculation

According to Denny Halim report in City College of New York on Energy Recovery in Wastewater Treatment in 2012, if 1 Mgal (3785 m3) of wastewater with COD concentration of 430 mg/L is treated in a day then chemical energy that could be recovered is 21158.15 MJ or 5882 kWh. 28

In Uttar Pradesh, the 73 treatment plants have a total capacity of 2646.84 MLD. The calculation below shows the amount energy potential in 2646.84 MLD. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 3.785 𝑀𝑒𝑔𝑎 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 (𝑀𝐿) = 21158.15 𝑀𝑒𝑔𝑎 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒(𝑀𝐽) ∴ 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑀𝐿 =

21158.15 𝑀𝐽 = 5590 𝑀𝐽 3.785

∴ 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 2646.84 𝑀𝐿 = 5590×2646.84 𝑀𝐽 = 14795835.6 𝑀𝐽 ≅ 4113242.297 𝑘𝑊ℎ = 4113.242 𝑀𝑊ℎ In 2013-2014, Uttar Pradesh was facing an energy gap of 6832 MW which could be bridged using the energy recovered from wastewater treatment plants (Energypedia, 2015).

29

Chapter 5. Political Framework India has a detailed political framework with more than 200 laws for environmental protection. The national laws for the prevention and control of urban and industrial pollution are as follows: •

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, amended in 1988

•

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act of 1977, amended in 1991

•

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981, amended in 1987

•

Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 (EPA)

•

Public Liability Insurance Act of 1991

•

National Environmental Tribunal Act of 1995

•

National Environmental Appellate Authority Act of 1997

The institutions responsible for the formulation and enforcement of these acts are Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Departments of Environment, State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) and Municipal Corporations (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2006). Uttar Pradesh Water Management and Regulatory Commission (UPWMRC) Act, 2008 was responsible for restructuring of water sector and water resource management in Uttar Pradesh (Koonan & Bhullar, 2012). Until 2000, Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board (UPSEB) took responsibility of generation, transmission and distribution of power in Uttar Pradesh. In 2000, UPSEB got divided and afterwards Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) was responsible for transmission and distribution, Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (UPRVUNL) was responsible for thermal generation of energy and Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited (UPJVNL) was responsible for hydro-energy generation within the state (Bellur & Ladislaw, 2017).

5.1

Aid by the Government

The primary agency called Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development Agency (UPNEDA) is coordinating and implementing various energy programs in the state. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has encouraged national programme for the recovering of energy from urban and industrial wastes. There are various financial 30

incentives and other eligibility criteria offered by MNRE to promote the set-up of waste-toenergy plants. Some of those assistances are listed below (Energy Alternatives India, 2017): •

Financial support is provided by the way of interest subsidy for commercial projects.

•

Financial assistance is given on the capital cost for innovative projects in terms of generation of energy from municipal/industrial wastes.

•

Financial help is provided for power generation in sewage treatment plants.

•

Financial encouragements are given to municipal corporations for supplying garbage free of cost at the project site and for giving land.

•

Incentives are giving for promotion, co-ordination and monitoring of such projects to the state nodal agencies.

•

Financial promotion is given for carrying out studies on waste-to-energy projects, covering full cost of studies.

•

Support is given for training courses, seminars and workshops and generating awareness.

40% of financial assistance is given on the total project cost subject to maximum of Rs. 2.0 Crore/MW for projects generating power from biogas at sewage treatment plant. The project cost includes engine-genset cost, H2S removal plant and other required equipment. Based on the biogas/power generation potential from sewage treatment plant, expenditure on operation and maintenance can be balanced by earning ‘carbon credits’ on recurring basis (Energy Alternatives India, 2017).

5.2

Example of such projects

Some few examples of treatment plants which not only treat wastewater but also generate energy are given below. Most of these treatment plants do not commercialize the energy but rather use it for their own plant operation which reduce the energy consumption of the plant from exterior sources and also reduce the greenhouse gas emission of the plant. The treatment plants are: •

Kodungaiyur sewage treatment plant in Chennai, India with a maximum capacity of 275 MLD generates 1290 KW energy from biogas engine which makes the plant 98% energy neutral.

31

•

The Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) and Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited (Mahagenco) will be using treated sewage to generate power. The sewage treatment plant is ready and waiting for its inauguration (Anparthil, 2015).

The list of waste to energy projects in India with their status is given below in Table 14. Table 14: Status of Waste to Energy projects in India during 2014-2015 (Government of India, 2015) S. No.

Projects

Capacity

Status

1.

M/s. Shri Varlakshmi Company, Tamil Nadu

1.68 MWeq.

Sanctioned on 25.06.2014

2.

M/s.

Green

Elephant

India

Pvt.

Ltd., 1.60 MWeq.

Maharashtra 3.

Sanctioned on 23.07.2014

M/s. Pioneer Industries Ltd., Punjab

1.2 MW

Sanctioned on 20.08.2014

4.

5.

M/s. Nava Bharat Agro Products Ltd., Andhra 0.95 MW

Sanctioned on

Pradesh

25.08.2014

M/s. Bharat Bio Gas Energy Limited, Gujarat

1.16 MWeq.

Sanctioned on 13.10.2014

6.

M/s. Pioneer Industries Limited, Punjab

1.0 MWeq.

Sanctioned on 07.01.2015

7.

M/s.

Patanjali

Bio

Research

Institute, 0.50 MWeq.

Uttarakhand 8.

M/s. Sampurn Agri Venture Pvt. Ltd., Punjab

Sanctioned on 10.12.2014

1.0 MW

Sanctioned on 04.12.2014

9.

M/s. Spectrum Renewable Energy Pvt. Ltd., 1.25

Bank loan documents

Uttar Pradesh

sought from the promoter

MWeq/S

on 10.02.2014 10.

11.

M/s. Vihan Bioenergy Project, Gujarat

M/s. MGN Green Energy Pvt. Ltd., Haryana

0.141

Documents sought from

MWeqS

SNA14 on 29.10.2014

0.25 MWeq.

Documents/clarifica tion sought from SNA 14.10.2014

12.

M/s. Vadilal Industries Limited, Gujarat

0.040 MW

Documents sought from SNA on 03.09.2014

14

SNA is Social Network Analysis

32

13.

M/s.

Vitthalrao

Shinde

Sahkari

Sakhar 3.0 MW

Karkhana Ltd., Maharashtra 14.

M/s. DIDASK Bioenergy Pvt. Ltd., Gujarat

Documents sought from SNA on 29.10.2014

0.91 MWeq.

Documents sought from SNA on 29.10.2014

15.

M/s. NS Starch Industries, Tamil Nadu

5725 m3/day

Documents sought from SNA on 20.11.2014

16.

M/s. Sengotaiah Sago Factory, Tamil Nadu

2300 m3/day

Documents sought from SNA on 20.11.2014

17.

18.

M/s. Sri Nallavalli Amman Sago Factory, 3442 m3/day

Documents sought from

Tamil Nadu

SNA on 20.11.2014

M/s. Jayam Vinayaga Sago & Co., Tamil Nadu

2885 m3/day

Documents sought from SNA on 20.11.2014

19.

20.

M/s. Sri Velmurugan Sago Factory, Tamil 3170 m3/day

Documents sought from

Nadu

SNA on 20.11.2014

M/s. SBM Starch, Tami Nadu

3

5773 m /day

Documents sought from SNA on 20.11.2014

21.

M/s. Selvakumar Sago Factory, Tamil Nadu

4042 m3/day

Documents sought from SNA on 20.11.2014

22.

23.

24.

M/s. Sree Rajasekaran Sago Factory, Tamil 2885 m3/day

Documents sought from

Nadu

SNA on 20.11.2014

M/s. Sri Kalai Selvan Sago Factory, Tamil 3467 m3/day

Documents sought from

Nadu

SNA on 20.11.2014

M/s. Muruganna Sago Factory, Tamil Nadu

5623 m3/day

Documents sought from SNA on 20.11.2014

25.

26.

3

M/s. Sri Velmurugan Starch Industries, Tamil 3442 m /day

Documents sought from

Nadu

SNA on 20.11.2014

M/s. Venkateswara Sago Products, Tamil Nadu

3170 m3/day

Documents sought from SNA on 20.11.2014

27.

M/s. V.V. Industries, Tamil Nadu

3954 m3/day

Documents sought from SNA on 20.11.2014

28.

M/s. Samagra Agro, Uttar Pradesh

0.41 MWeq.

Documents sought from SNA on 05.12.2014

29.

M/s. Swaraj Farms & Stores, Haryana

0.125 MWeq. Documents sought from SNA on 05.12.2014

30.

M/s. Sarovar Agro Farms & Biogas Pvt. Ltd., 0.125 MWeq. Documents sought from Haryana

SNA on 05.12.2014

33

Chapter 6. Conclusion For the treatment of wastewater, anaerobic digestion is the most cost effective and environmentally promising technique to stabilize the sewage sludge. Wastewater treatment is the important contributor to energy use in the urban water cycle. The self-supplied energy from the wastewater treatment plant lowers the imported electrical power and fuel requirements. Apart from the process, plant design, maintenance and control also contributes to the efficient working of the treatment process and energy recovery (Haas & Dancey, 2015). This study concludes with the advantages and disadvantages of any technology implementation. Table 15: Advantages and disadvantages of wastewater treatment technologies Anaerobic Digestion Advantages • •

Can process a variety of biomass

digestion

does

not

resulting

easily be captured and used for soil

Government standards. •

digestate

may

not

meet

Poor feedstock used in the anaerobic

and/or electricity.

digestion process can result in the

Produces the least amount of air and solid

production of unusual by-products. •

Depending on the feedstock, anaerobic

management and processes such as

digestion

incineration, pyrolysis and gasification.

digestates that are high in metals such as

Anaerobic digestion plants can be small

mercury. •

may

create

contaminated

Combustion of biogas produces nitrogen

suitable for location within towns.

oxides, which is associated with lung

Digestion of sewage waste via anaerobic

problems and allergies.

digestion results in 10% reduction in •

anaerobic

Produces practical by-products which can

and unobtrusive, which makes them •

If

completely digest all the waste, the

emissions in comparison to typical waste

•

•

materials.

fertilization and the generation of heat •

Disadvantages

•

Biogas

is

composed

of

high

carbon dioxide emissions.

concentrations of methane and carbon

Anaerobic digestion with combined heat

dioxide which are toxic greenhouse gases

and power produces net reductions in

associated with climate change.

pollutant emissions.

34

Microbial Fuel Cell •

Environment friendly working

•

High cost of instalment

•

Easy installation

•

Less life span

•

Simple working mechanism

•

Rare availability of some elements in the

•

Low maintenance

•

Direct conversion of organic waste into

cell •

Limited power density

electricity •

Lower greenhouse gas emission impact

•

Uses bacteria which is inexpensive and easily grown Oxidation Pond

•

Easy to construct

•

Requires a large land area

•

Low maintenance cost

•

High BOD and total suspended solids

•

Effluent does not require disinfection

•

Capable

of

handling a

with algae concentrations

variety of

hydraulic loads •

Ideal for small communities and tropical region

•

Completes sludge treatment

•

Handles

varying

wastewater

types

(industrial or municipal) •

BOD, faecal coliform, and helminth removal is higher than by other treatment methods

•

Such as activated sludge, biological filters,

and

rotational

biological

contactors Karnal Technology • •

Relatively cheap than other technologies

Requires fast growing trees which can

and no major capital is involved

transpire large amount of water and

Generates gross returns from the sale of

withstand high moisture content

fuel wood •

•

•

Not suitable for all kind of vegetation

Relatively unfertile wastelands can be used

Source: (Caruso, Sorenson, & Mossa, 2006), (Butler, et al., 2015), (ScienceProg, 2009)

35

There are different available technologies with certain advantages and disadvantages. Hence, while selecting a treatment technology there are many constraints like budget, location, quantity of available wastewater etc. which should be kept in mind. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state of India so the amount of wastewater generation is also high and continuous thus anaerobic digestion is recommended as it generates biogas which can be used for generating heat and electricity. Moreover, most of the treatment plants in Uttar Pradesh have anaerobic treatment technology which makes easier to modify the plant to extract biogas and use it for other purposes. With the incorporation of technology in wastewater treatment plants, there is a huge potential of recovering energy which can be used to electrify many urban areas which are facing electricity deficiency. Moreover, if the energy generated from the wastewater treatment plants could not be commercialized then also it will help to make the treatment plant energy neutral. This will directly result in saving the energy and using it for other purposes. It will also help to reduce the energy consumption thus will reduce the dependency of the Uttar Pradesh on other non-renewable sources of energy. It is also a step towards decrement in the amount of pollution or waste in the state and making it greener for all.

36

References Alley, K. D., Thakkar, H., Hile, R., Mitra, C., Shakya, S., Carter, M., . . . Lane, N. (2017, January 12). Ganga Brahmaputra. Retrieved from Auburn University College of Liberal Arts: http://cla.auburn.edu/gangabrahma/intro12.cfm Anparthil, A. (2015, December 21). Country’s first: STP that means Sewage To Power. Retrieved from The Times of India: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Countrys-first-STP-that-meansSewage-To-Power/articleshow/50260021.cms Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation. (2015). STATE ANNUAL ACTION PLAN (SAAP) UTTAR PRADESH. Lucknow: Governmet of Uttar Pradesh. Bellur, S., & Ladislaw, S. (2017). Understand Uttar Pradesh’s Energy Personality in 10 Questions. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic & International Studies. Bera, S. (2016). India’s potable water crisis is set to worsen. India: HT Media Ltd. Board, C. P. (1999). Status of water supply and Wastewater Collection Treatment & Disposal in Class I Cities. Control of Urban Pollution Series. Butler, E., Yung-Tse, Ahmad, M. S., Yeh, R. Y.-L., Liu, R. L.-H., & Fu, Y.-P. (2015). Oxidation pond for municipal wastewater treatment. Applied Water Science, 1-21. Caruso, W., Sorenson, D., & Mossa, A. (2006). Alternative Energy Technologies. Massachusetts: Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Central Electricty Authority, M. o. (2015). Executive summary of month of November 2015. India: Government of India. Daily News & Analysis. (2014, November 8). Uttar Pradesh power crisis: State and central government officials meet to discuss low supply. Press Trust of India. Energy Alternatives India. (2017). Indian Government Support for Urban Waste to Energy Projects. India: Energy Alternatives India. Energy Alternatives India. (2017). Indian Government Support for Waste to Energy Projects. India: Energy Alternatives India. Energypedia. (2015, December 9). Uttar Pradesh Energy Situation. Retrieved from Energypedia: https://energypedia.info/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Energy_Situation ENVIS Centre on Hygiene, S. S. (2016, December 08). National status of waste water generation & treatment. Retrieved from Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India: http://www.sulabhenvis.nic.in/Database/STST_wastewater_2090.aspx

37

Gellings, C. W., & Parmenter, K. E. (2004). Energy efficiency in fertilizer production and use. In C. W. Gellings, n Knowledge for Sustainable Development—An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (pp. 419-450). UK: Eolss Publishers: Oxford. Government of India. (1999). Integrated Water Resource Development: Report of the National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development. India: Ministry of Water Resources. Government of India. (2011). Urban Water. India: Uttar Pradesh, Government of India. Government of India. (2015, March 18). INVENTORIZATION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS. Retrieved from National River Conservation Directorate : http://nrcd.nic.in/writereaddata/FileUpload/NewItem_210_Inventorization_of_Sewag e-Treatment_Plant.pdf Government of India. (2015, January 18). status of projects received under WTE during 2014-2015. Retrieved from Ministry of New and Renewable Energy: http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/status-of-project-received-under-WTEduring-2014-15.pdf Government of India. (2017, March 3). Sewage/ Wastewater Treatment Technologies. Retrieved from Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change: http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/NRCD/technologies.html Gude, V. G. (2016). Wastewater treatment in microbial fuel cells – an overview. Journal of Cleaner Production, 287-307. Gurtoo, A., & Pandey, R. (2000). Uttar Pradesh Power Sector: Past Problems and the Initial Phase of Reforms. Lucknow: Prayas - Focus Events on Power Sector Reforms. Haas, D. d., & Dancey, M. (2015). Wastewater Treatment Energy Efficiency. WATER, 53-58. Halim, D. (2012). ENERGY RECOVERY IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT. New York: City College of New York. Heidrich, E. S., Curtis, T. P., & Dolfing, J. (2011). Determination of the Internal Chemical Energy of Wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology, 827-832. International Energy Agency. (2010). CHP and District Cooling: An Assessment of Market and Policy Potential in India. India: International Energy Agency. Koonan, S., & Bhullar, L. (2012). Water Regulatory Authorities in India : The Way Forward? India: International Environmental Law Research Centre. Lier, J. B., Mahmoud, N., & Zeeman, G. (2008). Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment. In J. B. Lier, Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles Modelling and Design (pp. 401442). London: IWA Publishing. 38

Logan, B. E. (2008, May 27). Research - Bioenergy. Retrieved from Pennsylvania State University: https://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/bioenergy/research_mfc.htm MapsofIndia. (2014, September 11). Uttar Pradesh. Retrieved from Maps of India: http://www.mapsofindia.com/uttar-pradesh/ Marimuthu, C., & Kirubakaran, V. (2014-2015). A Critical Review on Potential of Energy Recovery and Carbon Saving Through Anaerobic Digestion Method in India. International Journal of ChemTech Research , 1902-1912. McCarty, P. L., Bae, J., & Kim, J. (2011). Domestic Wastewater Treatment as a Net Energy Producer–Can This be Achieved? Environmental Science & Technology, 100-106. metrovancouver. (2016). Turning Wastewater into Energy . Vancouver: Metro Vancouver. Monteith, H. (2011, Aprl 19). Energy Recovery in Wastewater Treatment - More than Biogas! Retrieved from Edmonton Waste Management Centre of Excellence: http://www.ewmce.com/Resources/Documents/Energy%20Recovery%20in%20WW %20Treatment%20-%20H%20Monteith.pdf Narain, S. (2002, May 14). Flushing it down the system. Retrieved from Business Standard: http://www.business-standard.com/ Nathanson, J. A. (2016, April 15). wastewater treatment. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/technology/wastewater-treatment/Oxidationpond Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2006). Environmental Compliance and Enforcement in India: Rapid Assessment . India: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Owen, & F, W. (1982). Energy in Wastewater Treatment. In Owen, & W. F, Prentice-Hall INc. (p. 373). New Jersey: Eaglewood Cliffs. Qadir, Z. (2015). DEMOSOFC: Turning waste into energy in Turin, Italy. Retrieved from Sustainable Gas Institute: http://www.sustainablegasinstitute.org/demosofc-turningwaste-into-energy-in-turin-italy/ Rahimnejad, M., Adhami, A., Darvari, S., Zirepour, A., & Oh, S.-E. (2015). Microbial fuel cell as new technology for bioelectricity generation: A review. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 745-756. Rajaram, V., Siddiqui, F. Z., Agrawal, S., & Khan, M. E. (2016). Liquid Waste Management. In V. Rajaram, F. Z. Siddiqui, S. Agrawal, & M. E. Khan, Solid and Liquid Waste Management: Waste to Wealth (pp. 180-181). India: PHI Learning Private Limited. Robinson, P. (2016, May 18). Protonex Technology Corporation. Retrieved from Protonex a Ballard Company: https://protonex.com/blog/what-is-a-microbial-fuel-cell/ 39

ScienceProg. (2009, March 10). Fuel Cell Technology: Advantages and Disadvantages. Retrieved from ScienceProg: http://www.scienceprog.com/fuel-cell-technologyadvantages-and-disadvantages/ Scott, L. (2017). CAPTURING ENERGY IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS. WaterWorld, 28(9), 1. Retrieved from WaterWorld: http://www.waterworld.com/articles/print/volume-28/issue9/departments/wwema/capturing-energy-in-wastewater-treatment-plants.html Strik, d. i. (2016, September 6). Wageningen University & research. Retrieved from Wageningen University & research: http://www.wur.nl/ Tchobanoglous, G, Burton, & L, F. (1991). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reuse. In Tchobanoglous, G, Burton, & F. L, McGraw Hill Inc. (p. 1334). New York: McGraw Hill Inc. Tennessee Valley Authority. (2017, February 10). Turning Memphis Wastewater into Energy. Retrieved from Tennessee Valley Authority: https://www.tva.gov/Newsroom/Turning-Memphis-Wastewater-into-Energy The International Water Association . (2017). Up Flow - Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB). Retrieved from The International Water Association Publishing: http://www.iwapublishing.com/news/flow-anaerobic-sludge-blanket-reactor-uasb Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. (2015, February 24). Renewable energy obtained from wastewater. ScienceDaily, p. 1. Uttar Pradesh Information Department, I. (2004). State Introduction. Retrieved from Government of Uttar Pradesh: http://up.gov.in/upstateintro.aspx Water Environment & Reuse Foundation. (2014). Energy from wastewater. USA: American Biogas Council.

40