Supplemental data: Insecticide resistance: a silent base prediction

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Correspondence

Supplemental data: Insecticide resistance: a silent base prediction Mylène Weill, Arnaud Berthomieu, Claire Berticat, Georges Lutfalla, Vincent Nègre, Nicole Pasteur, Alexandre Philips, Jean-Paul Leonetti, Philippe Fort and Michel Raymond Acknowledgments We thank C. Bourgoin, F. Chandre, A.-B. Failloux, D. Fontenille, A. Hadjivassilis, S. Manguin, C.-L Qiao, F. Salazar, F. Schaffner and A. Yébakima for access to mosquito samples, C. Bernard and M. Marquine for technical help, and V. Durand for literature search. Supported by Ministère de la Recherche (PAL+ No 2002-45), CNRS "Postséquençage Anophèle", Academica Sinica, French Embassy in Manilla, and the Comité de Coopération "Marseille, Provence, Méditerranée, Tunisie". Publication ISEM 04.037. References S1.Machado-Allison, C.E., and Craig, G.B. (1972). Geographic variation in resistance to desiccation in Aedes

aegypti and Ae. atropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65, 542–547. S2.Lourenço de Oliveira, R., Vazeille, M., Bispo de Filippis, A.M., and Failloux, A.-B. (2004). Aedes aegypti in Brazil: genetically differentiated populations with high susceptibility to dengue and yellow fever viruses. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 98, 43–54. S3.Mousson, L., Vazeille, M., Chawprom, S., Prajakwong, S., Rodhain, F., and Failloux, A.-B. (2002). Genetic structure of Aedes aegypti populations in Chiang Mai (Thailand) in relation with dengue transmission. Trop. Med. Int. Health 7, 865–872. S4.Huber, K., Le Loan, L., Hoang, T.H., Ravel, S., Rodhain, F., and Failloux, A.B. (2002). Genetic differentiation of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam) using microsatellite markers. Mol. Ecol. 11, 1629–1635. S5.Ton Nu Van Anh., Mousson, L., Huber, K., Le Viet Lo., and Failloux, A.-B. (2001). Aedes aegypti (Linné, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera : Culicidae) in dengue transmission in Nha Trang (South Vietnam): preliminary results. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 37, 473–479. S6.Vazeille, M., Mousson, L., Rakatoarivony, I., Villeret, R., Rodhain, F., Duchemin, J.B., and Failloux, A.B. (2001). Population genetic structure and competence as a vector for dengue type 2 virus of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from Madagascar. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65, 491–497. S7.Failloux, A.-B., Vazeille, M., and Rodhain, F. (2002). Geographic genetic variation in populations of the dengue virus vector Aedes aegypti. J. Mol. Evol. 55, 653–663. S8.Paupy, C., Girod, R., Salvan, M., Rodhain, F., and Failloux, A.-B. (2001). Population structure of Aedes albopictus from La Réunion

Island (Indian Ocean) with respect to susceptibility to a dengue virus. Heredity 87, 273–283. S9.Vazeille-Falcoz, M., Failloux, A.-B., Mousson, L., Elissa, N., and Rodhain, F. (1999). Réceptivité orale d’Aedes aegypti formosus de Franceville (Gabon, Afrique centrale) pour le virus de la dengue type 2. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 92, 341–342. S10.Failloux, A.-B., Fouque, F., Vazeille, M., and Rodhain, F. (2002). Isoenzyme differentiation of Aedes aegypti populations in French Guiana. Med. Vet. Entomol. 16, 456–460. S11.Vazeille-Falcoz, M., Mousson, L., Rodhain, F., Chungue, E., and Failloux, A.-B. (1999). Variation in oral susceptibility to dengue type 2 virus of populations of Aedes aegypti from the Islands of Tahiti and Moorea, French Polynesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60, 292–299. S12.Paupy, C., Chantha, N., Vazeille, M., Reynes, J.-M., Rodhain, F., and Failloux, A.-B. (2003). Variation over space and time of Aedes aegypti in Phnom Penh (Cambodia): genetic structure and oral susceptibility to a dengue virus. Genet. Res. 82, 171–182. S13.Failloux, A.-B., Raymond, M., Ung, A., Chevillon, C., and Pasteur, N. (1997). Genetic differentiation associated with commercial traffic in the Polynesian mosquito, Aedes polynesiensis Marks 1951. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 60, 107–118. S14.Hemingway, J., Smith, C., Jayawardena, K.G.I., and Herath, P.R.J. (1986). Field and laboratory detection of the altered acetylcholinesterase resistant genes which confer organophoshate and carbamate resistance in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 76, 559–565. S15.Schaffner, F., Marquine, M., Pasteur, N., and Raymond, M. (2004). Genetic differentiation of Anopheles claviger s.s. in Europe.

Figure S1. Alignment of Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens and Anopheles gambiae AChE1 amino acid sequences. Identical amino acids are shown in grey, conserved amino acids in blue and non conserved amino acids in red. The conserved glycine "119" (amino acid position 247 in Ae. aegypti and C. pipiens and 280 in A. gambiae) is shown on a dark background.

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Table S1. Polymorphism analysis of the glycine "119" codon in Aedes aegypti populations. Country or Region

Locality

Sample Name

Gly 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 0 1 4 8 0 0 0 4 5 2 3 4 4 5 4 9 7 2 3 6 9 5 1 3 9 0 1 0

Carribean Brazil

Unknown Quixeramobim Boa Vista Commendador Soares Nuea Saket Ho Chin Minh city Ho Chin Minh city Ho Chin Minh city Nha Trang Nha Trang Nha Trang Hanoi Hanoi Hai Phong Anamakia Europa Island La Possession Franceville Degrad de Cannes Kourou Tonnegrande Tahiti Phnom Penh Toek Thla Stung Meanchey Bouaké Conakry

ROCK QUI BOA CSO NUEA1 SAKET2 LOI BIN NBE NT1 NT4 NT5 A B HP6 MAN EU1 POS GA1 DDC KOU2 TON1 PAEA PP15 PP16 PP19 BO CON

G A -

Thailand Vietnam

Madagascar Mozambique channel Reunion Island Gabon French Guiana

French Polynesia Cambodia

Ivory Coast Guinea

C T -

A C C -

T C C -

A C G -

A G G -

T C -

T C C C -

A G G G -

G T -

G -

G -

A -

T C C -

A 293 bp fragment containing the Gly119 codon (shaded) was amplified by PCR from Aedes aegypti individuals from various countries worldwide. The fragment spans from +500 to +792 with respect to the start codon of the reference ROCK strain sequence. See Table S2 for references and accession numbers.

Table S2. References for samples of Table S1, and accession number of the corresponding sequence. Sample

Accession Number

References

ROCK QUI BOA CSO NUEA1 SAKET2 LOI BIN NBE NT1 NT4 NT5 A B HP6 MAN EU1 POS GA1 DDC KOU2 TON1 PAEA PP15 PP16 PP19 BO CON

AJ621915 AJ621905 AJ621909 AJ621911 AJ621913 AJ621914 AJ621899 AJ621900 AJ621901 AJ621896 AJ621897 AJ621898 AJ621902 AJ621903 AJ621904 AJ621889 AJ621890 AJ621891 AJ621888 AJ621912 AJ621906 AJ621910 AJ621892 AJ621893 AJ621894 AJ621895 AJ621907 AJ621908

[S1] [S2] [S2] [S2] [S3] [S3] [S4] [S4] [S4] [S5] [S5] [S5] A. B. Failloux, pers. comm. A. B. Failloux, pers. comm. A. B. Failloux, pers. comm. [S6] [S7] [S8] [S9] [S10] [S10] [S10] [S11] [S12] [S12] [S12] [S7] A. B. Failloux, pers. comm.

J. Med. Entomol., in press. S16.Cohuet, A., Simard, F., Berthomieu, A., Raymond, M., Fontenille, D., and Weill, M. (2002). Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus. Mol. Ecol. Notes 2, 498–500. S17.Weill, M., Fort, P., Berthomieu, A., Dubois, M.-P., Pasteur, N., and Raymond, M. (2002). A novel acetylcholinesterase gene in mosquitoes codes for the insecticide target and is nonhomologous to the ace gene in Drosophila. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 269, 2007–2016. S18.Weill, M., Lutfalla, G., Mogensen, K., Chandre, F., Berthomieu, A., Berticat, C., Pasteur, N., Philips, A., Fort, P., and Raymond, M. (2003). Insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors. Nature 423, 136–137. S19.Kengne, P., Trung, H.D., Baimai, V., Trung, H.D., Coosemans, M., and Manguin, S. (2001). A multiplex PCR-based method derived from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers for the identification of species of the Anopheles minimus group in Southeast Asia. Insect Mol. Biol. 10, 425–435. S20.Annan, Z., Kengne, P., Berthomieu, A., Antonio-Nkondjo, C., Rousset, F., Fontenille, D., and Weill, M.

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Table S3. Geographical origin and reference of the samples used in Table 1. Species in alphabetical order. Species

Sample Location or Strain Name

Identification and Reference

Aedes aegypti Ae. albopictus Ae. cinereus Ae. eatoni Ae. polynesiensis Ae. taeniorynchus Ae. vexans Anopheles albimanus A. arabiensis A. claviger A. darlingi A. funestus A. gambiae A. hyrcanus A. maculatus A. minimus A. moucheti A. nili A. pseudopunctipennis A. stephensi A. sacharovi A. subpictus A. sundaicus Armigeres subalbatus Culex cinereus C. deserticola

Many countries China & Madagascar France Madeira island French Polynesia Martinique France El Salvador (Pest strain) Gabon, Maurice isl., Sudan France Bolivia Cameroon Ivory Coast France Philippines Vietnam Cameroon Cameroon Bolivia India Turkey Vietnam Vietnam China Ivory Coast Tunisia

C. hortensis C. pereexiguus C. pipiens pipiens C. pipiens quinquefasciatus C. pipiens molestus C. tarsalis C. tigripes C. thelieri C. torrentium C. tritaeniorynchus Culiseta annulata C. longeareolata Ochlerotatus caspius O. cataphylla O. detritus s.l. O. japonicus O. mariae Uranotaenia unguiculata

France Cyprus Many countries Many countries Australia Strains Poso & CarBlack Ivory Coast Cyprus Sweden China Cyprus France France and Tunisia France Tunisia China France Cyprus

A.-B. Failloux, pers. comm. This study & C. Bourgoin, pers. comm. D. Rey, pers. comm. Prof. R. Capela, this study [S13] A. Yébakima, pers. comm. D. Rey, pers. comm. [S14] D. Fontenille, pers. comm [S15] D. Fontenille, pers. comm [S16] [S17,S18] F. Schaffner, pers. comm F. Salazar, pers. comm. [S19] [S20] [S21] D. Fontenille, pers. comm C.L. Qiao, pers. comm. [S22] S. Manguin, pers. comm. D. Fontenille, pers. comm. This study, confirmed by ITS sequencing F. Chandre, pers. comm. This study, based on Brunhes, 2000, Identification CD ROM sofware, IRD Edition. [S23] F. Schaffner, this study [S18] [S18] S. O'Neill, pers. comm. [S24,S25] F. Chandre, pers. comm. F. Schaffner, this study [S26] Dr. Zhao Tongya, this study, confirmed by ITS sequencing F. Schaffner, this study This study This study D. Rey, pers. comm. This study Dr. Zhao Tongya,this study S. Gourmala, pers. comm. F. Schaffner, this study

(2003). Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers from the mosquito Anopheles moucheti, malaria in Africa. Mol. Ecol. Notes 3, 56–58. S21.Berthomieu, A., Kengne, P., Awono-Ambene, P., Raymond, M., Fontenille, D., and Weill, M. (2003). Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers in the malaria vector Anopheles nili. Mol. Ecol. Notes 3, 394–396. S22.Guillemin, M.-L., Severini, C., Berthomieu, A., Raymond, M., and Weill, M. (2003). Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers in the malaria vector Anopheles sacharovi. Mol. Ecol. Notes 3, 338–340. S23.Gazave, E., Chevillon, C., Lenormand, T., Marquine, M., and Raymond, M. (2001). Dissecting the cost of insecticide resistance genes during the overwintering period of the mosquito Culex

pipiens. Heredity 87, 441–448. S24.Raymond, M., Beyssat-Arnaouty, V., Sivasubramanian, N., Mouchès, C., Georghiou, G.P., and Pasteur, N. (1989). Amplification of various esterase B’s responsible for organophosphate resistance in Culex mosquitoes. Biochem. Genet. 27, 417–423. S25.McDonald, P.T., Asman, S.M., and Terwedow, H.A., Jr. (1978). Sexlinked translocations in Culex tarsalis: chromosome-linkage group correlation and segregation patterns. J. Hered. 69, 304–310. S26.Raymond, M. (1995). On the breeding period of Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium (Diptera, Culicidae) in Uppsala, Sweden. Entomologisk Tidskrift 116, 65–66.