Solar-Electricity-PoweredTractor Engine.pdf

Disclaimer It should be noted that this Feasibility Study does not seek to endorse any of the technologies mentioned. The final choice of which technologies to use in specific experimentation will be for Innovator-Proponents to establish, based on the study and experiment requirements within which a Solar-Powered Engine for walk-behind or 2WT is expected to be deployed. All copyrights reserved by Rannie C. Agustin.

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In the Philippines, the 2WT is termed as “kuliglig” but used as a vehicle composed of a two-wheeled trailer pulled by a 2WT similar to a rotary tiller. It is powered by multi-purpose diesel or gasoline engine. The term kuliglig traces its etymology from the Filipino term kuliglig, meaning "cicada" (a type of noisy insect) which was adopted by one manufacturer as a brand for “innovated” vehicle but not required by Land Transportation Office to register the vehicle due to absence of serial number and has purposes other than simple transportation. However, banned or prohibited from major roads in later times. Farmers in Philippines rural areas began using 2WT for farming during the times of intensive campaign of late former President Ferdinand Marcos against Joma Sison‟s people‟s protracted war through land reform and KKK programs. The 2WT is called

by Filipino

famers

as “lanmaster” (synonymous to Sri Lankans‟

Landmaster) and mostly, are imported from Japan. From Europe to America to Asia, from year 1910 to present, the 2WT developed by a number of great inventors and manufacturers are commonly powered by electric, gasoline and diesels. Poor and small (landowners of 3 has. and below) veteran Filipino farmers refrained from use while newly-bred farmers are reluctant to use the farmmachine---2WT, due to high-cost of fuel and or rental fee for the tractor which usually owned by merchants engaged in usurious cash-lending and rice trading. They prefer the hard way of farming to save a little amount for the socioeconomically struggling family from tractor expenses contribution.

The researcher, Rannie C. Agustin, investigated the feasibility of manufacturing cost-efficient solar-electricity powered 2WT to help the poor Filipino farmers increase their farm productivity, easing the hard-way of farming with efficient and effective farm technology as tools for strategic and engineered timely land preparation and sowing, harvesting, threshing, processing and transporting. All of which, according to Biggs & Justice (2015)

lead to

productivity gains and increases in cropping intensification through quicker and higher turn-around or turn-overs of production cycles. Any successful outcome will be applied as well to fishing boat engines, threshers, irrigation pump sets and other farm machines in a very short time for agricultural revolutionary mechanization.

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2. Technical Feasibility 2.1. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework 2.1.1. Thermodynamic Cycle The Classical thermodynamics focused on time-invariant system. This includes, for example, efficiency, delivered power, and similar factors, for a quasi-static thermodynamic process, finite-time thermodynamics. Thermodynamic cycles include Carnot cycle; Otto cycle; Diesel cycle; Brayton cycle; Stirling cycle. The optimum thermal efficiency is approximated as the average of the respective efficiency as suggested by Curzon and Ahlborn but contrasted Novikov‟s finite-time thermodynamics. The concept of finite thermodynamics earned a lot of followers and works including Ondrechen et al.‟s work. DeVos developed the idea of heat transfer with laws of thermodynamics while Angulo-Brown developed the ecological optimization criterion , as an objective function to optimize the performance of a heat engine, taking into account the maximum output power and the rate of production of entropy. Showed that the production rate of entropy is greatly reduced by costing part of output power (knowledge confirmation of the theory of dynamics and speed of reactions, Cross-section Reaction-based Energy production, H, C, N, O. we will discuss this in the following theoretical framework in the proceeding pages).

Some engineers and scientist-product developers used the Clausius inequality to modify the parameters as well as a linear time-temperature relationship, and took into account the power loss, to obtain analytic solutions for both the output power and the thermal efficiency in Carnot Cycle. Ibrahim et al.‟s irreversible parameters - the isentropic ratio of the isothermal processes and thus optimized the Carnot cycle by a more practical manner. Chen and Yan‟s irreversible factors evaluated the maximum output power with the consideration of the irreversible factors, which are heat leakage, finite heat transfer between the heat reservoir and the heat engine in the compression and expansion processes while in an Atkinson cycle, the thermal efficiency at the point of maximum power density is always better than that at the point of maximum power. The position of irreversible principles proposed a generalized Otto cycle and quantified the degree of irreversibility in a study of performance optimization in various heat transfer modes. Ait-Ali considered the range of operating temperatures to optimize the output power of an endoreversible Carnot engine while Zhou et al. studied the effect of a generalized heat transfer law on the optimization of power output of a generalized Carnot engine with internal and external irreversibility. Hou proved that the

expansion ratio in an Atkinson cycle exceeds the compressive ratio in an Otto cycle. Lu et al. applied the energy equilibrium equation for a collecting plate to optimize a solar power generating system, in which the efficiency of the light collection unit of the solar concentrator was optimized at such operating temperature corresponding to the working fluid temperature; The finite-time thermodynamics, as its name indicates, applies in many range of fields, whenever heat transfer occurs in a device or a system of finite extent or within a limited period. Under some suitable assumptions, this work proposes a constrained model to optimize the performance of a practical heat engines with irreversible thermodynamic process. In finite-time thermodynamics, the optimization of performance indices involves the optimization of an overall system on the assumption of irreversibility. Comparing with the classical thermodynamics, it is more adequate when applied to practical applications, and is useful in studies of the best use of energy (Chen, Ho & Yau, 2012). Chen, Ho & Yau, (2012) investigated the maximum power output design problem for a solar powered Stirling engine, where the

thermal

efficiency

and

solar

collector

temperature

are

considered as the design parameters. The heat transfer between the solar collector to the engine and the surroundings is studied

such that the result can provide an adequate prediction for overall system thermal efficiency in practice. The findings of the Chen, Ho & Yau „s study ,for a given solar intensity, the relation between the thermal efficiency of a Stirling engine and the collector temperature include that Thermal efficiency of an engine can be improved by either increasing T3 of the isothermal heat addition process, or reducing T1 of the isothermal heat rejection process. In general, the heat rejection temperature will not fall below the ambient temperature, so the intended thermal efficiency can only be improved by elevating T3. Since the collector receives limited energy for a given solar intensity and it loses heat to the surroundings by both radiation and convection, a temperature upper bound will exist for the collector as well as the T3 of the thermal process. Also, the temperature difference between them will determine the heat been accumulated by the engine from the collector. In this study, a solar powered Stirling engine with the solar intensity = 4000 W/m2 is considered with system parameters. The law of conservation of energy (Isaac Newton) is used in Chen‟s study to determine the heat loss from the collector to the surroundings which can be used to determine a reasonable heat available for the engine. Data gathered reveals the heat loss by the collector with respect to collector temperature. When the collector

temperature exceeds 698 K, the heat loss from the collector exceeds

the

amount

of

solar

power

can

possibly

been

accumulated. The simulation yields a maximum output power of 596 W at a thermal efficiency of 0.363 and a collector temperature of 560.4 K. The genetic algorithm is used to reveal the maximum output power of a Stirling engine by determining the thermal efficiency, the collector temperature, and their corresponding values of the optimized

parameters. The

results

of the simulation herein

described can be directly applied to optimize the design of a practical solar powered Stirling engine. The proposed work investigates the maximum power output of a Stirling engine under the solar concentrated heat of 4000 W/m2. According to the optimal design, it reveals that maximum power can be generated if the engine is designed with efficiency 0.363 and temperature of collector is kept to be about 560.4 K, which can be achieved using a temperature regulating control loop. The collector temperature-factor and any other parts of the solar and engine systems may be valid with the data gathered and analysed. However, the Electromagnetic fields and waves, and distance were not considered in the studies as predictors of varying or losing Energy.

The theory of electromagnetic waves has roots from atomic reaction cycle theory in keeping the energy and temperature efficient. This will be discussed in proceeding topic part of the Theoretical and Conceptual framework of the study. 1.1.1. Cross-section Atomic Reaction-based Energy Energy is the active capacity of environment or ecological system available to a certain sector of elements, cells and atoms to perform expected natural reactions, expected behaviors of compounds and neutrons. The active capacity (Energy) is affected by changing (over) heat or temperature that makes it consumed or inactive, further accelerate the deterioration of capacity due to several activities or reactions happened caused by the changing heat and or temperature. It is also important to note that the activity of the capacity of a certain environment or ecosystem (Energy, for short) is dependent on the complete presence of elements and any absence of one element or two affects the capacity level (energy) of the environment or ecosystem which caused everything to fail. The theory of electromagnetic waves supports the validity of Agustin‟s (2017) claim that it is not the heat nor temperature efficiency per se that affect the performance of engines but the factors in the theory of optimization of Brown. The electrons need to be accelerated to produce electric field of waves and these waves in motion produces the waves of magnetic field. Perpendicularly oscillate to each other in one direction. The 2 fields‟ waves become the electromagnetic waves which usefulness is attributed to the energy efficiency. Failure to produce

positive behaviors from electrons causes the electromagnetic waves ineffective in carrying or transferring the energy required by the receiver/collector and modules which resulted to non-reaction of atoms that move or make the engine work continuously. Electrons are dependent on the presence of required elements and the absence of any vital elements caused by any delayed replenishments creates a domino effect to the whole ecosystem, which affect the successful travel of energy (active capacity or factor-enabling environment that powers or makes the elements and electrons able to discharge the required behavior).

Electric /Magnetic Fields

Electrons

Magnetic/Electric Fields

Elements

Energy

Figure 3. The Ecological Optimization Cycle (Agustin, 2017) Some elements are not able to function or perform the required or expected behaviors in an inactive environment (failed energy) while other elements, like H, are “consumed” or came into extinction (after a few cycles,

CNO). H is a critical element for the reaction cycle in any given long running time of operation. What do you think is the real usefulness of

water in the engine‟s

dynamic? Is it really the cooling system level requirement alone (theory of thermodynamic cycle) or it includes the continuous supply of H and continuous fueling the fire (or complement fuel for combustion) with O₂ (theory of atomic reaction cycle)? What is the purpose of Oxygen Sensor in an engine?

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The Cooling System

1. Water cooling system—Thermosiphon, pressurized (how can it be a cooling system if the water used for cooling is hot and with a characteristic of a constant boiling point of 100 degrees centigrade? Or it is properly termed as Heat Regulating System?, Agustin, 2017) 2. Air cooling system

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1.2.

Evaluation of Engine, Parts and Components to be powered by electricity generated through Solar Modules

1.2.1. Single-cylinder diesel engine for conversion The engine subject for the experiment will be the Single-cylinder diesel engine for conversion. 1.2.2. Evaluation for Solarizabilty of

Single-cylinder

diesel

engine (including the sizes, weight, dimension, hp, etc. for 2WT) Note:

For

identification

and

description

on

Experimentation process for documentation and evaluation.

1.2.3. Evaluation of

Single-cylinder

diesel engine for

conversion to solar (energy) and electricity (Solarcharged battery)-powered engine Note:

For

identification

and

description

on

Experimentation process for documentation and evaluation.

1.2.4. Alternative Options, substitutes, hybrid The alternative options, substitutes and hybrid parts may be considered along the experimentation process as need arises.

1.6.6. Stirling Solar Engine for reference and comparison The

design

mechanization

of

Stirling

engines,

according to numerous researches, is inspired by or within the framework of thermodynamic cycle particularly AnguloBrown‟s

theory

of

optimization

of

thermal

engine

performance dependent on maximum output power and the rate of production of entropy. Stirling engines, associated and misinterpreted in most studies to Carnot Cycle of thermal efficiency, perform instead within Angulo-Brown‟s theory of ecological optimization which, according to Agustin (2017), is founded on natural law of Atomic Reactions of H processed or facilitated by H and CNO (Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen) cycle as what we have discussed in our preceding Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks. Operating quietly due to a closed regenerative thermodynamic cycle, Stirling engines are unique heat engines in terms of performance due to engine construction (look

back

at

Conceptual

Framework

of

Engine

Constructions of alpha, beta and gamma types of engines) which affects the optimization of performance level by directly affecting the speed of entropy (thermal energy) reproduction (instead of thermal efficiency). The engine‟s construction, design, sizes, etc. are part of ecological factors

that affect self-performance (Frankian, et. al., 2014). Loss of heat along the process of transferring the heat from the collector to the piston is not caused by absorption neither by consumption (energy is rather consumed but not the heat). The heat on travel, in fact, decreases in temperature and not able to autonomically reproduce entropy as it is directly affected

by

the

construction,

characteristics

and

compositions of the environment. A typical automotive application of the Stirling engine is illustrated in Figure 7:

Figure 7. Automotive Stirling Engine. Photo courtesy of _____________________?

As with all hot air engines, according to Frankian, et al. (2014), Stirling engines require that their heat sources and sinks are oriented to ensure a sufficient volume of the working fluid is heated and cooled at the appropriate point in the cycle. Since the Stirling engine works on a temperature differential, any heat source can be used to bring heat for atomic reaction to produce and or carry energy to power the engine. The size of the Stirling engine can also be adjusted to affect or protect the heat (temperature survival) for the conservation of energy. H must be sufficient enough to produce He to keep the required level and stable high temperature. Atomic Reaction Cycle must be in equilibrium with other factors in a system (Agustin, 2017). Figure 8 illustrated the design of Stirling engine which is suited for heat being transferred by solar receiver.

Figure 8. Electric generating Stirling engine. Photo courtesy of __________________?

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1.8.

Selection

of

Energy-carrier/transferor

to

determine

appropriate Solar technology to be used 1.8.1. Solar energy brought by Electromagnetic Waves The

solar

heat

is

usually

interpreted

by

the

mechanical engineering sector to be good as carrier of solar energy to directly power up (with correct temperature, what is the universal correct temperature in the first place?) engines working in a theoretical framework of thermal efficiency. The solar energy, on the other hand, Energy is brought by Electromagnetic waves and most likely to be deficient by losing or decreasing efficiency (potential volts, currents or potential electro-magnetic energy, in contrast to temperature or thermal energy) in electricity transformation through the solar receiver/collector or modules. If true, the energy that travels through an input-for-electro-magneticenergy-loss-causing element (solar receiver/collector and or modules) is not practical and logical if we are concerned of efficiency and effectiveness particularly with the objective of powering 2WT one-cylinder engine with components and parts with small capacities (limited by the body-built size and maneuverability of the 2W tractor) for the reservation and

storage of power for 2WT with a long running time of workloads. Let us look at others works.

Solar energy brought by solar light The project outcome of Dr. Richard Swanson (1985) and his students in Stanford University (which resulted to a multi-million dollars solar module listed-company) confirmed favourably the knowledge about solar energy absorbed or Volts‟ potential abilities to produce currents, when carried by sunlight, and are lost due to high (over) temperature instead (while Chen, et. al.‟s study, decreased heat or temperature decreases energy efficiency). Dr. Swanson focused their study on Photons, and exerted too much effort and investments in capturing the sunlight for power and electricity generation instead of temperature or thermal energy. Photons are very important in energy delivery for generating Volts or in transforming solar energy to electricity (expressed as E=hf). Photons are present mostly in gamma rays which carry with highest amount of energy while the radiowaves carry the lowest amount of energy. The difference between gamma rays and radio waves is the length of their respective waves that are correlational

to their frequencies. Gamma rays, with highest frequency, have wave length which is too small (like a nucleus of an atom) while radio waves, with lowest frequency, has wavelength which size is likened to a soccer-field. The EM waves (shared analysis of Agustin, 2017) with their carried energy can travel on vacuum (medium less, in contrast to other studies that claimed that heat or temperatures

carry

or transfer energy successfully of

efficiently) are not dependent on temperatures but predictors of temperatures or causes of changing temperatures. The EM waves and energy are dependent on their oscillating

contacts

with each other (atomic reactions

occurrence), wavelength and frequencies. With decreasing interaction of waves, presence of waves and or energy, everything‟s temperature, in relation and effect, will fall or decrease not the other way around Thus, EM waves must be captured as much as possible for energy efficiency (ibid.). In power generation and electrical system of tractor engine, choosing the right solar module is vital and critical to the success of the experimentation.

Figure 10. The Solar Module

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1.9.1. Essential Parts & Components While Dr. Swanson acknowledged the fact that “through

a

mechanism

called

“recombination,”

some

electrons are lost before they ever reach the electrical contacts”, he sought for answers to reduce the effect of “recombination”

which

reduces

the

amount of power

generated by the solar cell. He developed a “passivating” silicon dioxide-made modules and strategic structure of the cell with unique all-back-contact technology. This suggests that some of the energy carried by Photons are not lost but were not able to absorb through the silicon but not allowed to escape but “reserved” for second chance absorption. Thus, energy efficiency is not lost due to temperature but disrupted by surfaces which create bottleneck or traffic along the way or process of creation of electrons to electricity (which, consistent to our framework of The Ecological Optimization Cycle (Agustin, 2017), farther develop EM waves through lamps, bulbs to radio, microwave appliances, etc.).

1.15.

Experiment Laboratory The location of the experimentation shall be in EVSU College of Technology Automotive Laboratory. The location for experimentation is the most enable, secure and safe from Patent infringements, “trade” (production in-process) secret theft, pilferage, and saboteurs.

2. Organising Feasibility 2.1.

Research & Experimentation Team Structure

DOST-TAPI

PROPONENTS

CONSULTANTS

MECHANICAL

ELECTRICAL POWER

DOCUMENTATION

Unit Functions 1. PROPONENTS 2. DOST-TAPI 3. CONSULTANTS 4. MECHANICAL UNIT 5. ELECTRICAL POWER UNIT 6. DOCUMENTATION UNIT

2.2.

Staffing, Duties and Responsibilities

3. Conclusion & Recommendations The conclusion of the study is quite feasible and the following are highly recommended:

1. Immediate

application

for

Grant

or

Funding

mentioned

in

subheading Source of Funding; and 2. Immediate preparation of Research and Experimentation Plan (see Appendix D).

APPENDIX D

Outline of Experimentation Plan Program of Activities 3.1.

Funding

3.2.

Formulation of Rules & Guidelines, and Policy

3.3.

Production Process General Policy

3.3.1. Assembly Procedures 3.3.2. Precautions 3.3.3. Standard Procedures 3.3.4. Factory Specifications and Instructions 3.3.5. Allowable Minimal and maximal limits 3.3.6. Adjustments 3.3.7. Troubleshooting

3.3.8. Disassembling Procedures 3.4.

Organising

3.5.

Procurement

3.6.

Instrumentation

3.7.

Experimentation & Data Gathering

3.8.

Samples Test

3.9.

Prototyping of the Feasibility Study and Tested Product Output

3.10. Overview & Summary Report of the Prototype, 10.1. Analysis of Performance; 10.2. Confirmation of Answers to statement of the Problem 10.3. Acceptance/Rejection of the Null Hypothesis and or Synthesis of the Findings from Library Research/Related Studies; 10..4. Conformance/Deviance Functional/Non-Functional; 10.5. Constraints and pre-requisites on the models; and 10.6. Lessons learnt during implementation. 3.11. Refinement/Adjustments of Guidelines if necessary; 3.12. Corrective

Actions----Process/Procedures,

Substitute/Replacement, if any, Reprototype; 3.13. Commissioning; 3.14. Business Feasibility Study 7.12.1. Nationalised? Privatised?

Technology

7.12.2. Commercialised? Socialised? 7.12.3. Patent Ownership, Registration 7.12.4. License Fee, Royalty Fee 7.12.5. Distribution, Supply-chain, value-added Management 15.

Entrepreneurial or Business?

3.15. Launching; and 3.16. Mass Production with Prototyped Product as Model

For BRAINSTORMING

Question # 1: How can we substitute or replace the fuel (Diesel) by solar energy carried/transferred by the heat? By generated electricity from solar energy stored in a battery? Question # 2: How can we “inject” (carry/transfer) the solar energy (directly) from solar modules into the cylinder? Generated electricity from battery to the cylinder?

Question # 3: What must be the correct engine operating temperature for the solar energy, carried/transferred by heat, sustain or keep constant/stable the working operation of the engine? Principles of heated air is part of Atomic Reaction Principle. Question # 4: Is it the air that gets lighter in weight if temperature increases? Or Piston? Question # 5: What is it that rises up, air or piston? Question # 6: What would happen to or be the movement of the Piston if the water is circulated through the cylinder? Atoms compress in low temperature and disengage (loose or spread) in high temperature.

Question # 7: How can we translate the theory of CNO Cycle to applied Reaction-Based Cycle as usually demonstrated by the dynamics of Piston‟s up and down movement? Question 8: what is the rate of reproduction of entropy (unit amount of energy/time) in any given temperature? Question #9: how can we reconcile the natural law of atomic elements (CNO) vis a vis optimum (best temperature with highest rate of entropy reproduction sensitive to range of acceptable temperature) rate of entropy reproduction with Isaac Newton‟s law of energy conservation?

Question # 10: If Diesel is used, what will be the required amount of Diesel for consumption for standard or allowable compression ratio? If generated electricity? Question # 11: If Diesel is used, what will be the required amount of energy for consumption to produce 20 hp /hour? To run for 1 kmph? If generated electricity?

Sources of energy 1. Electromagnetic waves (v=Af, where v=c speed of light; A =wavelength; f =frequency ) 2. Photon (E=hf where E is Energy of a Photon; h = Planck‟s Constant of 6.63x10ᵌ ⁴ joules/second; f-=frequency of EM wave 3. Types of Electromagnetic waves: a. Radio

b. Microwave c. Infrared d. Visible e. UV (ultraviolet) f. X-ray g. Gamma ray All EM waves have their own characteristics unique from each other. The major characteristics of EM waves include the

wavelength

measured in meters (m); frequency, measurable in Herz (Hz); and energy, measurable in Joules (J).