Rol de las Abejas en la Polinización de Cultivos

July 22, 2017 | Autor: Anahi Solis Rosas | Categoría: Economía, Polinización, Abejas, Rol, Rendimientos, CULTIVOS
Share Embed


Descripción

$SLFXOWXUD

5ROGHODV$EHMDVHQOD 3ROLQL]DFLyQGH&XOWLYRV &TC/CTKPC$CUWCNFQ (CE%U8GVGTKPCTKCU 70%2$#241#2+ +PI#IT'PTKSWG $GFCUECTTCUDWTG %QQTFKPCFQT241#2+ +06#(COCKNN± 6WEWO±P

(OSULQFLSDODSRUWHHFRQyPLFRUHDOL]DGRSRUODVDEHMDVHQHO PXQGRHQWHURVXUJHGHVXWUDEDMRFRPRLQVHFWRV SROLQL]DGRUHVTXHLPSDFWDQRVRORVREUHORVUHQGLPLHQWRV VLQRWDPELpQVREUHODFDOLGDGGHORVIUXWRVHQPiVGH HVSHFLHV3HVH DTXH86'$FRQVLGHUDTXHHODSRUWHGHODV DEHMDVFRPRSROLQL]DGRUDVHVYHFHVVXSHULRUDVX SURGXFFLyQGLUHFWD\RWURVSDtVHVORFRQVLGHUDQD~QPD\RU HQOD$UJHQWLQDQRVHOHSUHVWDGHPDVLDGDDWHQFLyQ DHVWHWHPD /DSROLQL]DFLyQGH FXOWLYRV DGHPiVGHVHU ODDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDPiVLPSRUWDQWHUHD OL]DGD SRU ODVDEHMDVPHOtIHUDVUHSUHVHQWD OD H[SUHVLyQ SDOSDEOH GH OD FRHYROXFLyQ HQWUHDQJLRVSHUPDV\DEHMDV6LODSROLQL]D FLyQRFXUUHHQWUHODVDQWHUDV\HOHVWLJPDGH OD PLVPD SODQWD HO SURFHVR VH GHQRPLQD DXWRSROLQL]DFLyQVLRFXUUHHQWUHSODQWDVVH GHQRPLQD SROLQL]DFLyQ FUX]DGD /D LPSRU WDQFLD GH OD SROLQL]DFLyQ FUX]DGD IXH GHV FULSWD SRU 'DUZLQ\DHQ  SHUR OD HYD OXDFLyQ GH VX LQFLGHQFLD HQ OD SURGXFFLyQ GH IUXWRV FRPHQ]y D HVWXGLDUVH LQWHQVD PHQWHHQ(VWDGRV8QLGRVDSDUWLUGHORVWUD



LGLD;;,

EDMRV GH :DLWH HQ SHUDV   TXLHQ GHPRVWUy HO YDORU GH OD LQWHUSODQWDFLyQ GH FXOWLYDUHV\HOUROGHODVDEHMDVHQODWUDQV IHUHQFLD GHO SROHQ HQWUH ORV PLVPRV /RV WUDEDMRVGH:DLWHWXYLHURQXQDJUDQUHSHU FXVLyQ\HQORVIUXWLFXOWRUHVFRPHQ]D URQ D DOTXLODU FROPHQDV SDUD OD SROLQL]D FLyQ $ SDUWLU GH HVWH PRPHQWR OD PD\RU SDUWHGHORVHVWXGLRVVREUHSROLQL]DFLyQVH IRFDOL]DURQHQ HYDOXDUHO LPSDFWR GHO XVRGH DEHMDV HQ GLIHUHQWHV FXOWLYRV GH LPSRUWDQ FLD HFRQyPLFD VLHQGR PiV GH  ORV TXH UHTXLHUHQGHSROLQL]DFLyQFUX]DGD/D7DEOD FLWDDOJXQRVGHORVPiV LPSRUWDQWHV

$SLFXOWXUD  6CDNC%WNVKXQUFGOC[QTKORQTVCPEKCRQNKPK\CFQU RQTCDGLCUOGNÃHGTCU[QVTQUKPUGEVQU

,03257$1&,$'(/$32/,1,=$&,Ð1

(QODDFWXDOLGDGHOXVRGHODVDEHMDVPHOt IHUDVSDUDODSROLQL]DFLyQGHFXOWLYRVHVXQD SUiFWLFD FRUULHQWH HQ YDULDV SDUWHV GHO PXQGR(Q((88ORVDSLFXOWRUHVREWLHQHQ HO  GH VXV LQJUHVRV SRU HO DOTXLOHU GH FROPHQDVSDUDSROLQL]DFLyQ8QDDGHFXDGD SROLQL]DFLyQQRVRORLPSOLFDPD\RUSURGXF FLyQVLQRWDPELpQPHMRUWDPDxRXQLIRUPL GDGIRUPDPDGXUDFLyQWHPSUDQDHWFGH ORVIUXWRV\XQPD\RUYDORUFRPHUFLDOFRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD (OXVRGHDEHMDVHQIUXWDOHVHVWUDVFHQGHQ WH\DTXHHQVXPD\RUtDODDXWRLQFRPSDWLEL OLGDGLPSLGHODSURGXFFLyQGHIUXWRVDSDU WLUGHOSROHQGHODPLVPDSODQWD\UHTXLHUHQ

SROLQL]DFLyQ FUX]DGD SHUR DXQ HQ HO FDVR GH HVSHFLHV DXWR FRPSDWLEOHV ODV DEHMDV PHMRUDQVHQVLEOHPHQWHODSURGXFFLyQFRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD SROLQL]DFLyQ FUX]DGD R SRUHOHIHFWRPHFiQLFRGHODYLVLWDDODVIOR UHV/RVLQVHFWRVVRQUHVSRQVDEOHVGHO GHODSROLQL]DFLyQGHORVIUXWDOHV\VHHVWLPD TXH ODV DEHMDVPHOtIHUDVVRQUHVSRQVDEOHV GHO  GH OD SROLQL]DFLyQ UHDOL]DGD SRU LQVHFWRV (Q OD $UJHQWLQD VLQ HPEDUJR H[LVWHQSRFRVWUDEDMRVTXHHYDO~HQHOHIHF WR GH ODV GLVWLQWDV GHQVLGDGHV GH DEHMDV VREUH OD SURGXFWLYLGDG GHGLIHUHQWHVIUXWD OHV HQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV HFROyJLFDV GH FDGD UHJLyQ OR TXH DGTXLHUH HVSHFLDO LQWHUpV VL VH FRQVLGHUD OD IXHUWH LQWHUDFFLyQ FRQ HO DPELHQWH GH ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH SROLQL ]DFLyQ FUX]DGD HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ODV HVSH FLHV (VWHDVSHFWRHVD~QPiV UHOHYDQWHVL VHWLHQHHQFXHQWDTXHSDUWHLPSRUWDQWHGH

LGLD;;,



$SLFXOWXUD

ODVVXSHUILFLHVLPSODQWDGDVFRQPDQ]DQRV\ SHUDOHV UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH FRUUHVSRQGHQ D PRQWHVGHPiVGHDxRV\TXHHOHVIXHU ]RGHSROLQL]DFLyQGHEHDXPHQWDUVHFRQOD HGDGGHODVSODQWDV (Q DOPHQGURV ORV WUDEDMRV UHDOL]DGRV HQ 6DQ-XDQGHPRVWUDURQTXHODSURGXFFLyQVH LQFUHPHQWDED GHVGH  NJKD GH DOPHQ GUD FRQ FiVFDUD FXDQGR QR VH XWLOL]DEDQ FROPHQDVDNJKDFRQFXDWURFROPH QDV SRU KHFWiUHD\ NJKDFRQ RFKR FROPHQDV/DGLIHUHQFLDQRVRORUHVXOWyVLJ QLILFDWLYDHQFXDQWRDUHQGLPLHQWRVLQRWDP ELpQHQWpUPLQRVGH0DUJHQ%UXWR (1$/)$/)$ (Q VLVWHPDV GH SURGXFFLyQ GH VHPLOOD HO SURFHVR GH SROLQL]DFLyQ WDPELpQ WLHQH XQ LPSDFWR GLUHFWR \ KDVWD GHFLVLYR VREUH OD SURGXFFLyQ (Q HO FDVR GH SURGXFFLyQ GH VHPLOODV GH DOIDOID VH VDEH TXH FXDQGR H[LVWH DXWRIHFXQGDFLyQ VyOR HO  GH ODV IORUHVIHFXQGDGDVIRUPDQYDLQDVFRPSDUD GR FRQ XQ  HQ HO FDVR GH SROLQL]DFLyQ FUX]DGD $GHPiV GH UHGXFLU HO YLJRU GH OD SOiQWXODODDXWRIHFXQGDFLyQUHGXFHODSUR GXFFLyQGHVHPLOODHQXQ\ODGHIRUUD MH HQ PiV GHO  3DUD TXH XQD IORU GH DOIDOID VHD SROLQL]DGD HV LQGLVSHQVDEOH OD SUHVHQFLDGHLQVHFWRVODDEHMDGHEHLQWUR GXFLUVH HQWUH HO HVWDQGDUWH \ TXLOOD GH OD IORU FRQ HVWR VH SURGXFH HO OODPDGR GHVFHQODFHRVHDVHGHEHURPSHUODTXL OODIORUDOTXHFRQWLHQHGHQWURORVHVWDPEUHV FRQHOSROHQ(OHVWXGLRGHODUHODFLyQSODQ WDSROLQL]DGRU VH WRUQD UHOHYDQWH SDUD HQWHQGHU HO SURFHVR HQ HVWRV VLVWHPDV GH SURGXFFLyQ 7UDEDMRV UHDOL]DGRV HQ &DWDPDUFD GHPRV WUDURQ TXH DTXHOODV DEHMDV TXH WLHQHQ XQ LQSXWGHUHFROHFFLyQGHSROHQ 53 QRWUD WDQGHHYLWDUHOPHFDQLVPRGHGHVHQODFH\ SUHVHQWDQXQFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGLIHUHQFLDODO GHODVUHFROHFWRUDVGHQpFWDU 51 TXHHQHO  GH ORV PXHVWUHRVUHDOL]DGRVGHVHQOD ]DEDQ PHQRV GHO  GH ODV IORUHV 3RU OR FXDO UHDOL]DU XQ PDQHMR GH OD FRORQLD TXH DXPHQWHHOQ~PHURGH53HVLQGLFDGRSDUD DXPHQWDU OD SURGXFFLyQ GH VHPLOOD $GHPiV HVWRV WUDEDMRV FRQFOX\HURQ TXH XQDDEHMDFROHFWRUDGHSROHQSRVHHXQDHIL FLHQFLD SROLQL]DGRUD SRUFHQWDMH GH GHVHQ ODFH GHO“



LGLD;;,

&RQHVWDLQIRUPDFLyQVHORJUyFDOFXODUTXH FRQVRORXQDDEHMDFROHFWRUDGHSROHQFDGD PVHSXHGHSURGXFLUPiVVHPLOODVTXH ODTXHSXHGHQSURGXFLUFROHFWRUDVGHQpF WDU FDGD P 8WLOL]DQGR  y  FROPHQDV SRUKDGHFXOWLYRVHORJUDXQDEXHQDGHQVL GDGGHDEHMDVSROLQL]DGRUDV(OIDFWRUPiV LPSRUWDQWHDWHQHUHQFXHQWDSDUDODSROLQL ]DFLyQGHDOIDOIDFRQDEHMDVPHOtIHUDVHVOD SUHVHQFLD GH IORUD FRPSHWLWLYD TXH UHGXFH GUiVWLFDPHQWH VX HILFLHQFLD GDGR TXH ODV DEHMDVFRQVLJXHQSROHQGHRWUDVHVSHFLHV\ OLPLWDQVXDFWLYLGDGSHFRUHDGRUDHQDOIDOID VRORDODUHFROHFFLyQGHQpFWDUVLQSURGXFLU OD DSHUWXUD IORUDO (Q HVWDV FRQGLFLRQHV OD DEHMD PHOtIHUD UHVXOWD PXFKR PHQRV HIL FLHQWH TXH RWUDV DEHMDV VROLWDULDV R VRFLD OHVHQ HVWRV FDVRV HV FRQYHQLHQWH XWLOL]DU 0HJDFKLOHURWXQGDWD IDE  X 2VPLD PHODQ GHUL (1*,5$62/ (Q OR TXH UHVSHFWD D JLUDVRO VH UHDOL]DURQ WUDEDMRV FRQ HO ILQDQFLDPLHQWR GH VHPLOOH URVHQODUHJLyQSDPSHDQD(OREMHWLYRIXH PHGLU HO HIHFWR GH OD SROLQL]DFLyQ VREUH OD SURGXFFLyQGHDFHLWH\UHVROYHUHOSUREOHPD GHODIORUDFRPSHWLWLYDHQORVORWHVSDUDSUR GXFFLyQ GH VHPLOOD DMXVWDQGR XQ PDQHMR DGHFXDGRGHODVDEHMDVSDUDHVWDHVSHFLH /RVHVWXGLRVVREUHODGLQiPLFDGHOSROHQHQ HOVLVWHPDGHSURGXFFLyQGHVHPLOODKtEULGD GHJLUDVROVHKDGHPRVWUDGRTXHDEHMDVGH HFRWLSR VXEWURSLFDO FRQ PD\RU FRPSRUWD PLHQWRGHIHQVLYRUHFROHFWDQPiVSROHQGH JLUDVRO TXH DEHMDV GH HFRWLSR WHPSODGR HXURSHDV  $GHPiV VH KD REVHUYDGR TXH ODVDEHMDVSXHGHQDGTXLULUSROHQGHJLUDVRO HQ OD FRORQLD SRU FRQWDFWR DEHMDDEHMD \ TXHDODXPHQWDUODUHFROHFFLyQGHSROHQGH pVWD HVSHFLH DXPHQWD OD SURSRUFLyQ GH SROHQGHJLUDVROWUDQVSRUWDGRVREUHHOFXHU SR GH ODV DEHMDV IRUUDMHUDV (VWDV HYLGHQ FLDVVXJLHUHQTXHODHILFLHQFLDHQORVORWHV GHSURGXFFLyQGHVHPLOODVSXHGHLQFUHPHQ WDUVH VHQVLEOHPHQWH XWLOL]DQGR DEHMDV GH HFRWLSRVXEWURSLFDO 275$6$%(-$632/,1,=$'25$6 6LELHQODPD\RUtDGHORVHVWXGLRVHQSROLQL ]DFLyQGHHVSHFLHVFXOWLYDGDVVHKDQUHDOL ]DGR FRQ DEHMDV PHOtIHUDV H[LVWHQ RWURV

$SLFXOWXUD

LGLD;;,



$SLFXOWXUD

SROLQL]DGRUHV SULQFLSDOPHQWH RWUDV DEHMDV QDWLYDVTXHHQPXFKRVFDVRVVRQPiVHIL FLHQWHV /DV DEHMDV VROLWDULDV HVWiQ GLVWUL EXLGDVHQIDPLOLDVSULQFLSDOHV&ROOHWLGDH $QGUHQLGDH +DOLFWLGDH 0HJDFKLOLGDH $QWURSKRULGDH 0XFKDV GH HVWDV DEHMDV QLGLILFDQHQWLHUUD\FRQODLQWHQVLILFDFLyQGH OD DJULFXOWXUD VH GHVWUX\HQ ORV VLWLRV GH QLGLILFDFLyQ UHGXFLHQGR VX DEXQGDQFLD $GHPiVODKRPRJHQHLGDGTXHLQFRUSRUDOD DJULFXOWXUD LQWHQVLYD \ HO LQFUHPHQWR HQ HO XVRGHELRFLGDVWLHQGHDGHVWUXLUODGLYHUVL GDGGHLQVHFWRVSROLQL]DGRUHV(QHO12GH ((88\&DQDGiVHXWLOL]DQFRPHUFLDOPHQWH GRV HVSHFLHV 0HJDFKLOH URWXQGDWD IDE  R 1RPLD PHODQGHUL TXH VRQ PiV HILFLHQWHV TXHODDEHMDPHOtIHUDHQODSROLQL]DFLyQGH DOIDOIDOOHJDQGRDWULSOLFDUODSURGXFFLyQGH VHPLOOD(Q -DSyQVH XWLOL]DODGHQRPLQDGD DEHMDDOEDxLOHQSROLQL]DFLyQGHPDQ]DQRV\

FHUH]RV 2VPLD FRUQLIURQV  \ DFWXDOPHQWH VH SROLQL]DQ PiV GH  KD FRQ HVWDV DEHMDV(Q((88VHKDQUHSRUWDGRSURGXF FLRQHVH[FHSFLRQDOHVHQFHUH]RVXWLOL]DQGR RWUDV HVSHFLHV GH 2VPLD FRPR 2VPLD OLJ QDULD$EHMDVVRFLDOHVFRPR%RPEXVVSS HVWiQGLVSRQLEOHVHQGLIHUHQWHVOXJDUHVGHO PXQGR SDUD SROLQL]DFLyQ HQ LQYHUQDGHUR FRQH[FHOHQWHVUHVXOWDGRV(QHOFDVRGHOD SURGXFFLyQ GH WRPDWH EDMR FXELHUWD HQ PXFKRV SDtVHV FRPR -DSyQ ((88 \ 1XHYD =HODQGD  QR VH FRQFLEH VX SURGXF FLyQVLQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHFROPHQDVGHVFDU WDEOHV GH %RPEXV VS JHQHUDQGR XQ PHU FDGRPLOORQDULRGHHVWHWLSRGHLQVXPR $OJXQRV GH HVWRV JpQHURV HVWiQ UHSUHVHQ WDGRVHQOD$UJHQWLQDVLQHPEDUJRQRH[LV WHQWUDEDMRVWHQGLHQWHVDHYDOXDUHOLPSDF WR GH HVWDV DEHMDV HQ FXOWLYRV GH LQWHUpV FRPHUFLDO 

%LEOLRJUDItD %DVXDOGR0%HGDVFDUUDVEXUH(\'H-RQJ'$IULFDQL]HG+RQH\EHHV +\PHQRSWHUD$SLGDH KDYHDJUH DWHUILGHOLW\WRVXQIORZHUWKDQ(XURSHDQ+RQH\EHHV-RXUQDORI(FRQRPLF(QWRPRORJ\ %HGDVFDUUDVEXUH (/ %DLOH] 2 ,ULDUWH / 9DOHWWL 2 %DUOHWWD 80 3DODFLR 0$ \ &XHQFD (675$'$ *  $XWRJDPLDGHFXOWLYDUHVGHJLUDVRO,Q-RUQDGDGH$FWXDOL]DFLyQ7pFQLFDSDUDSURIHVLRQDOHVSS $]XO2FWXEUHGH )DULQD-6DQDKXMD$\%HGDVFDUUDVEXUH($SRUWHVSUHOLPLQDUHVDOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHLQVHFWRVQDWLYRVFRPR SRWHQFLDOHV SROLQL]DGRUHV GH IUXWDOHV HQ FXOWLYDUHV GHO YDOOH PHGLR GH 5tR 1HJUR $Q ,9 &RQJUHVR ,EHURODWLQRDPHULFDQRGH$SLFXOWXUD(G0LQ$JU*DQ\5HF5HQ$UJHQWLQDSS 5DLJyQ-0(IHFWRGHODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHFROPHQDVHQODSURGXFFLyQGHDOPHQGURZZZLQWDJRYDUVDQ MXDQ 5RELQVRQ:61RZRJURG]NL50RUVH57KHYDOXHRIKRQH\EHHVDVSROOLQDWRUVRI86&URSV$PHULFDQ %HH-RXUQDO9RO  



LGLD;;,

Lihat lebih banyak...

Comentarios

Copyright © 2017 DATOSPDF Inc.