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ATR 2168
No. of Pages 3, Model 1G
25 February 2015 Annals of Tourism Research xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 1
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Annals of Tourism Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/atoures
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BOOK REVIEW
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Turismo y Cultura: Retos y Perspectivas en América Latina
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Edited by Julian Osorio and Edna Rozo. Editorial de La Universidad Externado de Colombia. 2013 xxv + 513 pp. (figures, tables, bibliography, index), Price Hd £80.00. ISBN: 978-958772080. This book is a result of the efforts of many people, but especially of Edna Rozo and Julian Osorio who carefully selected 15 high-quality chapters integrated into three main sections. This collection focuses on the complex interplay of tourism and culture. These phenomena take myriad forms, often shaped by market forces. They represent a serious challenge for local communities facing substantial cultural changes. In particular, the process of globalization as well as modern technology has expanded the reach of states, creating opportunities for some and problems for others. What this book explores is to what an extant culture is altered by the interaction between host and guests. To some extent, tourists, who are interested in experiencing other customs, traditions, and lore, not only learn from others by widening their tolerance, but also encourage the phenomenon of ‘‘cosmopolitanism’’. However, these encounters can create unexpected costs for local communities. Most certainly, one of the problems of tourism relates to the divergence between the imaged image and real experience. Starting from the premise the tourist buys the product before travelling, often an imagined landscape is not what is delivered. The same applies to a nation’s patrimony, which is negotiated by local actors and reinterpreted by First-world countries according to their interests. The discourse of patrimony alludes to the creation of local identities that structure daily behaviour. Depending on how patrimonial assets are created, the culture may be commoditized as a souvenir, visually consumed by richtravellers, or in MacCannell’s familiar terminology, presented as staged authenticity. The seeker of patrimony today consumes a staged version of culture that caters to the visitor’s desires for relaxation and curiosity about others. Rozo and Osorio remind us that this encounter, far from being real, is based on the instrumentalization of the ‘‘Other’’ for hedonistic purposes. Word limits here preclude an adequate summary of the contents of this 500-page volume; however, the structure of the book can be described as follows. The first section examines public policies in tourism applied to prevent the negative effects the sector exerts over local cultures. A great variety of case studies drawn from Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia, Brazil, and Mexico call attention to accelerated real estate conversions in tourist destinations. If tourism can be a valid source of action to mitigate the poverty in some destinations, commercial tactics used by the market often excludes local voices by imposing a one-sided discourse and interpretation of the patrimony of the destination. The second section discusses in-depth the concept of place. Its aesthetic logic joined to nostalgia is one of two key factors that determine postmodern tourism. This need of evocation leads policy-makers to create pseudo-places of mass consumption to recreate a political view of a place’s past. For that reason, it is important to explore what contributors to this section call, ‘‘the tourist imaginaries’’ (Enríquez Acosta & Galvez Andrade, 2013: 189). The main argument of the contributors to this section is that, to a major or lesser degree, elite discourses establish their power and enhance their legitimacy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.02.006
ATR 2168
No. of Pages 3, Model 1G
25 February 2015 2
Book Review / Annals of Tourism Research xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
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The re-conceptualization of history through tourist-gaze can be a valid instrument to validate economic policies otherwise neglected by citizenship. Nowadays, tourists have the power not only to modify how the ‘‘local’’ perceives itself, but also creates its own access to history and tradition. This suggests that the world is what the experience of the tourist demands. The last section discusses the asymmetries generated by tourism in the culture as well as the risks of development. What is distinctive and important about this book? Rozo and Osorio worked hard to present not only an informed argument that critiques current research in the fields of patrimony, heritage, and tourism, but also defies the north-south hegemony respecting to knowledge production. Latin American scholars have for years adopted without critique insights fabricated in the US and Europe. The role of Latin American researchers was limited to only adding flesh to a skeleton designed by others. In contrast, this book produces theory on the basis of local studies presented by knowledgeable researchers throughout Latin America. As a result, the reader who opens this collection will find a description of the Latin American experience with tourism, which is useful not only for social scientists but also for practitioners and policy-makers of the industry. It is important not to lose the vision of the editors of this collection who articulate the needs of uncovering the historically silenced voices or marginal peoples. They have devoted considerable effort to describing the subordinated image of the aborigine. In doing so, European visions of civilizations were imported and widely accepted not only to impose an ideological discourse that controls the workforce, but also modifies traditional historiography. The literature played a vital role in configuring a dependency in the intellectuals respecting to Europe. It consists of what Korstanje and Skoll (2013) called ‘‘the epicentre of imperialism’’. As Riesman (2001) puts it, empires expand their hegemony by changing a tradition-oriented culture to an ‘‘other-oriented’’ culture. This facilitates not only the circulation of goods, but also the expansion of travels as an instrument of ossification. The ‘‘Other’s’’ gaze becomes a reagent to advance the values of these of hegemonic civilizations. The question whether tourism may alter or strength this logic of submission is the main point of entry brilliantly assessed by Rozo and Osorio; deep-seated issue that merits discussion in next years.
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References
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Enríquez Acosta, J., & Galvez Andrade, J. M. (2013). Imaginarios sociales y percepciones en las ciudades turísticas de Puerto Penasco, Sonora y Playas de Rosarito, Baja California. In J. En Osorio & E. Rozo (Eds.), Turismo y Cultura (pp. 183–228). Bogota: Universidad Externado de Colombia. Korstanje, M., & Skoll, G. (2013). Special section: The dialectics of borders, empires and limens. Rosa dos Ventos, 5(1), 77–185. Riesman, D. (2001). The lonely crowd: A study of the changing American character. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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Maximiliano E. Korstanje Department of Economics, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Capital Federal 1414, Argentina Tel.: +54 11 4855 6754; fax: +54 11 4855 6754. E-mail address:
[email protected]
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Received 01 October 2014; Revised 13 November 2014; Accepted 22 November 2014
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Available online xxxx
