Reseña de: Charles Bowden, Ciudad del crimen. Ciudad Juárez y los nuevos campos de exterminio de la economía global, México, Grijalbo, 2010.

México, criminal

%./!+&*+&:'%

4*.&:%"!-)!*

E1*%";(82=%**4:0%1

>&KDUOHV %RZGHQ M.)&0&# &*'# 4-./*"Y# M.)&0&# Q)2-*;# 6# '%+# ")*9%+# 40/,%+# &*# *\$*-/.".%# &*#'0#*4%"%/@0#B'%T0'0p[LFR *ULMDOER@

&

RQIUHFXHQFLDORVHVWXGLRVVREUHORVIHQyPH/ QRVGHODGHPRFUDWL]DFLyQVHRFXSDQGHXQL/ GDGHV *+,04.0'*+ GH DQiOLVLV GDGDV ODV GL¿/ FXOWDGHVPHWRGROyJLFDVTXHSUHVXSRQHQODVXQLGDGHV WHPSRUDOHVHQODLQGDJDFLyQVREUHHOFDPELRSROtWLFR (VGHFLUODHVSDFLDOLGDGGHODQiOLVLVVLJQL¿FDODSR/ VLELOLGDG GH LQGDJDU \ FRQVWDWDU OD *\.+$*"4.0# GH ORV OXJDUHV HQ ORV FXDOHV ODV GLQiPLFDV GHO FDPELR SR/ OtWLFR VH GHVDUUROODQ SRU HMHPSOR ODV VHGHV LQVWLWX/ FLRQDOHVGHOUpJLPHQ\GHOVLVWHPDSROtWLFR±SDUWLGRV FRQJUHVRVHOHFFLRQHVJRELHUQRVFODVHSROtWLFD±TXH DOSUHFLVDUVXOXJDUHQHOHVSDFLRSHUPLWHQXQDQiOLVLV *\$*"+.9%#UHVSHFWRDXQSHULRGRGHWLHPSRHVSHFt¿FR ORTXHVXJLHUHOD³LQYHQFLyQ´GHXQDOtQHDGHFRQWL/ QXLGDG,%-#&*70)'$\DTXHODXQLGDGHVSDFLDOTXHGD ³HQFDSVXODGD´HQHOSDUpQWHVLVWHPSRUDOTXHFDVLSRU IXHU]D PXHVWUD XQ LQLFLR \ XQ ¿QDO GH OR FRQWUDULR ¢FyPRSRQHUHQHYLGHQFLD\GLVHFFLRQDUHOGHVDUUROOR GHXQIHQyPHQR SROtWLFR VL D~Q VLJXH HQ FXUVR"6LQ HPEDUJRQRHVIRUWXLWRTXHHQWRGRDQiOLVLVHVSDFLDO GHORVPRPHQWRVFDUDFWHUtVWLFRVGHORVIHQyPHQRVGH GHPRFUDWL]DFLyQTXLHQHVORVHVWXGLDQHQDOJ~QSXQWR WLHQHQTXHGDUFXHQWDGHOSURFHVR±QRGHOIHQyPHQR±

WHPSRUDO GH TXLHEUD \ GHVJDMDPLHQWR GH OD SROtWLFD (VGHFLUFRQODTXLHEUDGLYHUVRVPRPHQWRVGHODVHV/ WUXFWXUDVSROtWLFDVVHURPSHQ\SLHUGHQ\FRQHOGHV/ JDMDPLHQWRDOJRVHGHVSHGD]D\DEDQGRQDSRUORFXDO VRQFXDWURGLPHQVLRQHVHVWUHFKDPHQWHFRQHFWDGDVODV TXHDSDUHFHQ\PHUHFHQQXHVWUDDWHQFLyQ 6LELHQHVFLHUWRTXHODTXLHEUDGHOWLHPSRVXSR/ QH XQ FDPELR DJXGR GH ODV SHUVSHFWLYDV HVSDFLDOHV FRQUHODFLyQDODVPRGDOLGDGHVGHRUJDQL]DFLyQ\DG/ PLQLVWUDFLyQ GHO SRGHU S~EOLFR \ SROtWLFR DVt FRPR GH ORV DFXHUGRV WiFLWRVH[SOtFLWRV HQ ODV IRUPDV GH SURGXFFLyQ GH ODV UHODFLRQHV GH PDQGRREHGLHQFLD TXHHVWiQHQVXEDVH\TXHSHUPLWHQVXVGHVDUUROORV 3R]DV +RUFDVLWDV   \ VV  WDPELpQ UHVXO/ WD IXQGDPHQWDO LQWHUURJDUQRV VREUH HO SHVR TXH GH/ WHUPLQDGRV PRPHQWRV R ,*-$)-T04.%"*+# KLVWyULFDV WLHQHQ±HQWpUPLQRV."$*"+.9%+±SDUDXQFRQMXQWRGH HYHQWRVSROtWLFRVTXHORVHJXLUiQSHURTXHWDPELpQ ORKDQDFRPSDxDGR\RDQWHFHGLGR \DTXHOOHJDUiQD FDPELDUODGLUHFFLyQ\GHVHQODFHGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQ/ WRV0iVD~QFXDQGRODVSHUWXUEDFLRQHVGLVFRQWLQXL/ GDGHV TXLHEUDV \ GHVJDMDPLHQWRV  QR FRUUHVSRQGHQ HVSDFLDOPHQWHDODOyJLFDGHODSROtWLFDVLQRTXHVX #-)$('+S)&,$!SbU@(cd?(ePWTK(8(QNfgTNULMN(ON(HIJH

HLR

&#(%-P)$/(Q0+&,$//0 01*%"7(/)=%**2!0%1

RULOODGHLQLFLRHVGHRWUDtQGROHFRPRSXHGHVHUHO FDVRGHOSURFHVRGHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHOUpJLPHQHFR/ QyPLFR GH XQD QDFLyQ R DTXHO GH OD 9.+.T.'.&0&# GH ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQTXHQRHVVLQyQLPRGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQ SROtWLFDPXFKRPHQRVLQGLFDWLYRGHVXVFXRWDVHQXQ PRPHQWRKLVWyULFRGHWHUPLQDGRSRUHOSURFHVRSROt/ WLFR EDMRODVIRUPDVGHODSURWHVWDYLROHQWDRQR GH ODPLJUDFLyQ\RKDUWD]JRHQWpUPLQRVLGHROyJLFRV\ SHUIRUPDWLYRVRGHOUHFKD]RDFHSWDFLyQGHODVQRFLR/ QHVKLVWyULFDVSUHGRPLQDQWHVHQWRUQRDODDXWRULGDG\ HORUGHQ&RYDUUXELDV  (QHVWHVHQWLGRM.)&0&#&*'#4-./*"Y#M.)&0&#Q)2-*;# 6# '%+# ")*9%+# 40/,%+# &*# *\$*-/.".%# &*# '0# *4%"%/@0# B'%T0'# GHO HVFULWRU QRUWHDPHULFDQR &KDUOHV %RZGHQ HVXQDREUDTXHH[SUHVDDOJXQRVGHORVSURFHVRVGH TXLHEUD \ GHVJDMDPLHQWR WHPSRUDO PiV UHFLHQWHV HQ ODIURQWHUDQRUWHGHQXHVWURSDtVVREUHWRGRFXDQGR KD VLGR FODUR HO LQFUHPHQWR GH OD YLVLELOLGDG GH XQ SDUWLFXODUWLSRGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQTXHKDHQFRQWUDGRVX LPSURQWD HQ HO FULPHQ \ DVHVLQDWR (VWR QRV REOLJD DH[SDQGLUHOFDPSRLQWHOHFWXDOGHVGHHOFXDOHVSR/ VLEOH HQWHQGHU ODV PDQHUDV GH SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ XQD VRFLHGDG GHWHUPLQDGD KLVWyULFDPHQWH SRU IRUPDV GH H[SUHVLyQTXHHQSULPHUDLQVWDQFLDDSDUHFHQFRPR SRFRFRQYHQFLRQDOHVRDGKHULEOHVDODVIRUPDVWtSLFDV GHODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ0iVD~QFXDQGRREVHUYDPRVHO SUREOHPDHQXQDFLXGDGGRQGHHODVHVLQDWRKRPLFL/ GLR QRPDQL¿HVWDFRQVWDQWHVFODUDVHQWpUPLQRVKLV/ WyULFRV$SULQFLSLRVGHORVDxRVQRYHQWD-XiUH]WHQtD XQDWDVDGHKRPLFLGLRPHQRUDSRUFDGDPLO KDELWDQWHV SDUD DOFDQ]DU XQ SLFR GH  KRPLFLGLRV SRUFDGDPLOKDELWDQWHVHQGHVFHQGHUKDVWD KRPLFLGLRVHQSDUDSRVWHULRUPHQWH³HVWDEL/ OL]DUVH´HQWUHORVDxRV\OXHJRPDQLIHVWDU XQD WHQGHQFLD GHFUHFLHQWH KDVWD  SHUR TXH QR GHMDGHHVWDUSRUDUULEDGHODWDVDQDFLRQDOGHKR/ PLFLGLRV (VFDODQWH *RQ]DOER    $ SHVDU GHORLQDSUHQVLEOHGHOQ~PHUR\VXFDSDFLGDGFHQVX/ UDGRUDHQ&LXGDG-XiUH]ORVSDWURQHVGHOKRPLFLGLR FDPELDURQ UDGLFDOPHQWH D SDUWLU GH  FXDQGR OD WDVDGHKRPLFLGLRVVHGLVSDUyKDVWDDOFDQ]DUHQ HVHDxR/RVDxRVSRVWHULRUHVIXHURQHQDVFHQVR KRPLFLGLRVHQHQHQ!'# ]".9*-+0'   (Q JUDQ PHGLGD HO UHSXQWH FRLQFLGHFRQORVHVIXHU]RVGHXQDVHULHGHHVWUDWHJLDV HVWDWDOHV PXQLFLSDOHV TXH HQ HO FDVR GH -XiUH] QR FXHQWDQ PXFKR  \ IHGHUDOHV FRQWUD OD GHOLQFXHQFLD RUJDQL]DGD TXH HQ HO LQWHQWR GH HYLWDU HO DVHVLQDWR WHUPLQDSRUUHSURGXFLUOR /DREUDGH%RZGHQVHHQFXHQWUDOHMRVGHORVOX/ JDUHV FRPXQHV TXH DVXPH HO SHULRGLVPR PH[LFDQR #-)$('+S)&,$!SbU@(cd?(ePWTK(8(QNfgTNULMN(ON(HIJH

HHL

DFHUFD GH ORV IHQyPHQRV FRQWUDULRV DO RUGHQ TXH OH VXE\DFHQDODFRUQLVDVHPiQWLFDGHOFULPHQGHV RUJD/ QL]DGR\OHMRVWDPELpQGHODSUHWHQVLyQGH04$)0'.&0&# GHORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQGHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV SROtWLFDV\GHODLQGXVWULDHGLWRULDOTXHHVWiUHEDVDGD SRUODYHORFLGDGFRQODFXDOFDPELDQORVYHFWRUHVGH UHODFLyQGHORVSURFHVRVFRQWLJXRVDODFULPLQDOLGDG \ GHVRUJDQL]DFLyQ VRFLDO \ DQWH ORV FXDOHV VXFXP/ EH $O UHVSHFWR %RZGHQ VHxDOD ³+D\ GHPDVLDGRV DXWRUHV HVFULELHQGR GHPDVLDGRV FXHQWRV VREUH ORV FDGiYHUHV KD\ GHPDVLDGRV HVWLORV GH HVFULWXUD \ GHPDVLDGRV HVSHFLDOLVWDV IRUHQVHV REQXELODGRV SRU ODV IRUPDV FULPLQDOHV GH OD SURVD 1R LPSRUWD TXp WDQLQWHOLJHQWHVHDHOTXHH[DPLQDVLHPSUHKD\XQD SXHUWDGHWUiVGHFXDOTXLHUH[SOLFDFLyQTXHVHRIUH/ FH´SS (VGHFLUXQD,)*-$0#&*$-2+#TXH SURGXFHXQDSDUDGRMDFRQVWLWXWLYDHQODVIRUPDVFDX/ VDOHVGHH[SOLFDFLyQGHORVIHQyPHQRVYLQFXODEOHVD ORFULPLQDOGRQGHORHYLGHQWHHVTXHFDGDUHVSXHVWD DXQDLQWHUURJDQWHGHWHUPLQDGDSURGXFHQXHYRVSUR/ EOHPDV\QXHYDVYtDVLQWHUSUHWDWLYDV (QHVWHVHQWLGRHODXWRUQRVSUHVHQWDXQDUHÀH[LyQ QRVXSHU¿FLDOHQHOVHQWLGRGHTXHQR³PLUD´H[FOX/ VLYDPHQWH OD VXSHU¿FLH GHO FULPHQ SUHVHQWH HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV HQ &LXGDG -XiUH] VLQR TXH VH LQWHUUR/ JDVREUHORTXHRFXOWDSUHFLVDPHQWHODSUHWHQVLyQGH DFWXDOLGDGGHODYLROHQFLDFRPRIHQyPHQRFXOWXUDO\ SROtWLFRSHURDGHPiVFRPRVtQWRPDGHODVHVWUDWHJLDV GHFRQMXQFLyQGHODYLGDHQVRFLHGDG3XEOLFDGRKDFH GRVDxRVHVWHOLEURQRGHMDGHPRVWUDUQRVFRQFODUL/ GDG TXH HV XQD UHÀH[LyQ SDUD HO WLHPSR SUHVHQWH \ TXHOHMRVGHVHUXQWUDEDMRGHDFWXDOLGDGSROtWLFDPH/ UHFHGRUGHXQDVHULHGHFRPHQWDULRVLQPHGLDWDPHQWH GHVSXpV GH VX SXEOLFDFLyQ \ SXHVWD HQ FLUFXODFLyQ SURSRQHXQOHQJXDMHGLVWLQWR\YDOLRVRSDUDSUHVHQWDU DODYLROHQFLDTXHFDPELyGHULWPR\YDULDELOLGDGHQ &LXGDG-XiUH]HQWUHORVDxRV\ORTXHOOH/ YDDODXWRUDLQWHUURJDUVH\TXHEUDUPtQLPDPHQWHODV IRUPDV VLVWHPiWLFDV GH ³LJQRUDU D ORV PXHUWRV HQ OD WLHUUDGHODVHVLQDWR´S  6LQ HPEDUJR HVWD IRUPD GH LJQRUDQFLD VH SXHGH XELFDUHQPHGLRGHDTXHOSURFHVRTXHWHQWDWLYDPHQWH GH¿QLUpFRPRHOPRPHQWRGHODDSDULFLyQGHOVXMHWR FULPLQDODOWLHPSRTXHGHVDSDUHFHGHODFWRFULPLQDO\ HOSURGXFWRGHpVWH~OWLPRYtFWLPD 1RSXHGHQUHX/ QLUVHHQHOPLVPRFDPSRGHH[SHULHQFLDPXFKRPH/ QRVHQHOPLVPRQLYHOVHPiQWLFR(VGHFLUDTXHOTXH *+\TXHDGHPiVUHVXOWDLGHQWL¿FDGRFRPRHO0)$%-#GH ODYLROHQFLDWURSLH]DLUUHPHGLDEOHPHQWHFRQHODQRQL/ PDWRLQVWLWXFLRQDOLQKHUHQWHSRUHMHPSORH[SUHVDGR HQ ORV SDVDPRQWDxDV XVDGRV GH PDQHUD VLVWHPiWLFD

&EG0/)?("1+%:)(:)!7"(«@ KDFHU FDVR RPLVRGHORVPXHUWRVSHUPLWHD(VWDGRV8QLGRVRE/ YLDUHOIUDFDVRGHORVHVTXHPDVGHOLEUHFRPHUFLRTXH HQ -XiUH] HVWiQ SURGXFLHQGR SREUHV \ PXHUWRV FRQ PiVUDSLGH]TXHFXDOTXLHURWURSURGXFWR´S 6H SXHGHVXJHULUHQWRQFHVTXHODUDFLRQDOLGDGHODVHVLQD/ WRHVLPSXHVWDSRUHOPHUFDGR\VXFLUFXODFLyQDOVHU HOKRPLFLGLRODIRUPDVRFLDO\SROtWLFDTXHRSHUDWLYL/ ]DGHWHUPLQDGRVQLYHOHVGHVRFLDOL]DFLyQHQPHGLRGH ODLPSXQLGDGFDVLFRPSOHWDGHODGLQiPLFDFULPLQDO IURQWHUL]DM7-&RYDUUXELDV 3RUHMHP/ SORODWDVDGHGHVHPSOHRHQ-XiUH]KDFLD¿QDOHVGHO VLJOR;;HUDGHSRUFLHQWRIUHQWHDOSRUFLHQWR GH(O3DVR/DSULPHUDJHQHUDEDPLOHPSOHRVSRU DxR\ODVHJXQGD~QLFDPHQWH(OFRQWUDVWHEUX/ WDO HUD HO SURPHGLR GH LQJUHVR DQXDO SHU FiSLWD HQ &LXGDG-XiUH]HUDGHPLOGyODUHV\HQ(O3DVRGH PLO(VWHGDWRVHLQYHUWtDFRPSOHWDPHQWHFRQUHODFLyQ DODYLROHQFLD(O3DVRHUDODVHJXQGDFLXGDGPHQRV YLROHQWDGHOHVWDGRGH7H[DV\&LXGDG-XiUH]ODPiV YLROHQWD GHO HVWDGR GH &KLKXDKXD !"4)*+$0# *+,*> 4.0'#+%T-*#."4.&*"4.0#&*'.4$.90#*"#'0#4.)&0&#&*#Q)2> -*;1!M5.5)05)0\!'#,0+%Y#K5*#:*U#A'&# :HVW(O3DVR3UR¿OH (FRQRPLF6XPPDU\  &RPR VHD PiV TXH VHJXLU OD UHSURGXFFLyQ GHO FDPSRVHPiQWLFR\SROtWLFRGHO(VWDGRIDOOLGRORTXH SRQHHQHYLGHQFLDHOFDVRGH&LXGDG-XiUH]DWUDYpV GHM.)&0&#&*'#4-./*"#HVODFUHDFLyQ\DJXGL]DFLyQGH ORTXH7XQDQGHU GH¿QHFRPRODDFFLyQGH OD IRUPD GXDO HQ ODV HVWUXFWXUDV GH VHJXULGDG GRQ/ GH DO XVR RIHQVLYR GH ORV DSDUDWRV GH VHJXULGDG GHO (VWDGRHMpUFLWRV\SROLFtDV DSDUHFHWDPELpQXQXVR GHIHQVLYR GH ORV DSDUDWRV GH VHJXULGDG GH GHWHUPL/ QDGRVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVIUHQWHDRWURVJUXSRVVRFLDOHV \WDPELpQFRQWUDHO(VWDGR3HURDGHPiVDSDUHFHVX #-)$('+S)&,$!SbU@(cd?(ePWTK(8(QNfgTNULMN(ON(HIJH

HHH

&#(%-P)$/(Q0+&,$//0 01*%"7(/)=%**2!0%1

UHYHUVLELOLGDGHOHMpUFLWR\ODVSROLFtDVSXHGHQDFWXDU RIHQVLYDPHQWH FRQWUD XQ GHWHUPLQDGR JUXSR VRFLDO SDUDSURGXFLUXQDGHIHQVLYDTXHDVHJXUHLQWHUHVHVTXH QRQHFHVDULDPHQWHFRUUHVSRQGHQFRQORVGHO(VWDGR *+> $0$0'#±7XQDQGHUXVDODQRFLyQGH+$06>T*5."&±GRQGH HVQHFHVDULDODOyJLFDFODQGHVWLQDGHORVGLIHUHQWHViQ/ JXORVGHODFULPLQDOLGDG&**,#=$0$* SDUDPDQWHQHUHQ SLHODYLJHQFLDGHO(VWDGRGHPRFUiWLFR\VXVVLVWHPDV GHUHIHUHQFLD'HDTXtSXHVTXHVHDHYLGHQWHSHQVDU HO RUGHQ HVWDWDO PH[LFDQR HQ IXQFLyQ GH ORV FDPSRV GHGLVSXWDGHGLYHUVRVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVSROtWLFRV\HFR/ QyPLFRVTXHKDQHVWDEOHFLGRXQDOyJLFDGH+%T*-0"@0# 4-./."0'TXHQRVyORLQFOX\H\UHSURGXFHODVGLVWRU/ VLRQHVGHO(VWDGRHQGHEOHGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDOHJDO HQQXHVWURSDtV,QFRUSRUDGDDORUGHQHVWDWDOFRQWUROD \GHVDUUROODOD$*"+.8"\OD$%-+.8"#GHPXFKRVGHVXV FRQWHQLGRVSULPDULRV4XL]iDSDUWLUGHXQDLQGDJDFLyQ WHPSRUDO VREUH ODV ]RQDV \ IUDFWXUDV LQFOXVR I~WLOHV TXHSHUPLWHQODGLODWDFLyQGHFLHUWRViPELWRVGHOFDP/ ELRSROtWLFRVHUiSRVLEOHGHVHQWUDxDUODVDUWLFXODFLRQHV TXHPDQWLHQHQODVLWXDFLyQSUHVHQWH (QUHDOLGDGORTXHVXFHGHHQ&LXGDG-XiUH]QRHV XQDQRYHGDGSRUORFXDOVXOHFWXUDHVFDSDDODDFWXDOL/ #-)$('+S)&,$!SbU@(cd?(ePWTK(8(QNfgTNULMN(ON(HIJH

HHJ

GDGHQHOVHQWLGRGHVXVWUDHUVHGHRWRUJDULPSRQHUXQD UHVSXHVWDFLUFXQVWDQFLDO³«@´S  (VWHSDQRUDPDWHUPLQySRUFRQVWLWXLUXQR[tPRURQ (QHOLQLFLRGHOVLJOR;;,&LXGDG-XiUH]VHSUHVHQ/ WDFRPRXQDUHDOLGDGFRQWUDIiFWLFDTXHVyORHQDxRV PiVUHFLHQWHVHQFRQFRUGDQFLDFRQODVVHPiQWLFDVGH/ FODUDGDVHQFRQWUDGHOFULPHQRUJDQL]DGRHQHODFWXDO VH[HQLRVHYXHOYHXQPRWLYRGHXQH[SHULPHQWRDOH/ MDGRGHODH[SHULHQFLDVRFLDOTXHWLHQHVXVSXQWRVGH LQÀH[LyQPiVDOWRVHQHOSDUWLFXODU\SDWpWLFRFDVRGH OD SROtWLFD GHO DVHVLQDWR LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGR OOHYDGD D FDERSRUHODQRQLPDWRGHORVSDVDPRQWDxDVPLOLWDUHV \SROLFLDFRVODPLPHVLVSRUSDUWHGHDOJXQRVJUXSRV FULPLQDOHV GH ORV XQLIRUPHV FRQ¿UPDQ HVWH KHFKR  LQFOXLGD OD LQGXVWULD GH OD FUXHOGDG H[WUHPD \D TXH HOHMpUFLWR\ODSROLFtDIHGHUDOWHUPLQDQSRUSURGXFLU HLQYHQWDUQRVyORDODYtFWLPDVLQRDORVWUD¿FDQWHV \DVHVLQRVTXHVRQMX]JDGRVFRPRDVHVLQRVGHVSXpV GHVHUDVHVLQDGRV³+D\DTXtXQVLVWHPDGHFRQVXH/ OR 1DGLH VDEH UHDOPHQWH TXLHQHV VRQ ORV PDORV HQ -XiUH]+DVWDTXHVRQDVHVLQDGRV\XQDYH]TXHVRQ DVHVLQDGRVWRGRHOPXQGRVDEHTXHVRQPDORVSRUTXH ODJHQWHEXHQDQRWLHQHQDGDTXHWHPHU´S  )XHDVHVLQDGRSRUTXHHUDDVHVLQR/DWUDPSDWDX/ WRORJtD\ODUHSHWLFLyQHQVDxDQHOXQLYHUVRGHLQWHOL/ JLELOLGDGGHODFXHVWLyQ3HURWDPELpQFXEUHQHOHV/ SHFWURSROtWLFRDOREVHUYDUXQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHORV FULWHULRVS~EOLFRVGHODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGTXHWHUPLQDQ IXJiQGRVH FDGD YH] TXH DSDUHFH OD SUHJXQWD VREUH VLUHDOPHQWHHUDXQDVHVLQRUHFXpUGHVHODHMHFXFLyQ FROHFWLYDHQXQFHQWURVRFLDOSDUDDGLFWRVHQ  (VWRQRVOOHYDDVXJHULUTXHVLWRGDpWLFDVHHPSDUHQWD FRQXQDSROtWLFD\XQFDPSRHVSHFt¿FRGHORSROtWLFR HQWRQFHVWRGDGHQXQFLDTXHVHLQVWDODHQHOFDPSRGH OD HVFHQL¿FDFLyQ S~EOLFD GH OD YLROHQFLD \ HO GHOLWR SURGXFHQVXVYtFWLPDVQRH[LVWHYLROHQFLDTXHQRODV SURGX]FD6LQHPEDUJRHVQHFHVDULRGHFLUTXHHQHO FDVRGH&LXGDG-XiUH]HVRWDPSRFR\DHVVX¿FLHQWH VLODYtFWLPDHVXQDWLVERXQUHVWRTXHTXHGDHQIRUPD GHGHQXQFLDRFODPRULJXDOPHQWHSXHGHGLQDPLWDUOD SURGXFFLyQGHXQDDXWpQWLFDSROtWLFDGHODPHPRULD 3HUR HO SUREOHPD UDGLFD HQ TXH OD PHPRULD VH GHV/

&EG0/)?("1+%:)(:)!7"(&.4.*/T-*# &*# `aag! %RZGHQ&HG  Q)2-*;Y#K5*#C0T%-0$%-6#%7#  &LXGDG-XiUH],QVWLWXWR0XQLFLSDOGH,Q/ A)-#X)$)-*+RQJ.RQJ$SHUWXUH YHVWLJDFLyQ\3ODQHDFLyQ &RYDUUXELDV, ³/DPHPRULD\ODLQIDPLD/D HQFUXFLMDGDGHODYLROHQFLDHQFRQWUDGHODPXMHU (VFDODQWH*RQ]DOER) ³3DQRUDPDGHOKRPL/ FLGLR HQ 0p[LFR (VTXHPD GH DQiOLVLV WHUULWRULDO HQ &LXGDG -XiUH]´ !+$)&.%+# &*# R%'@$.40# 6# =%4.*> ´HQ$UWXUR$OYDUDGR\0yQLFD6HUUD/ &0&DxRYROQ~PRFWXEUHGLFLHPEUH QRHGV IJY#=*B)-.&0&#"04.%"0'#6#+*B)-.&0&#."> &RYDUUXELDV ,   ³/HQJXDMH SROtWLFR \ PHUFD/ $*-.%-0p[LFR&ROPH[ GRVFULPLQDOHV8QDSUREOHPDWL]DFLyQVHPiQWLFD´ 3R]DV +RUFDVLWDV 5   ³(O R¿FLR GHO SRGHU´