Proceedings Book Encuentros 2012 Conference Paris: Knowledge for Economic and Social Development.

 

 

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BUBOK PUBLISHING S.L. C/Aguacate 41, portal A2, planta 1a, oficina 8 28054, Madrid (España) www.bubok.es

© Editors:

Bernardita Devilat Loustalot Felipe Lanuza Rilling Vicente Sandoval Henríquez

ISBN: 978-84-686-3860-7

Esta obra ha sido publicada por su autor mediante el sistema de autopublicación de BUBOK PUBLISHING, S.L. para su distribución y puesta a disposición del público bajo el sello editorial BUBOK en la plataforma on-line de esta editorial. BUBOK PUBLISHING, S.L. no se responsabiliza de los contenidos de esta OBRA, ni de su distribución fuera de su plataforma on-line.

2nd edition, September 2013 Cover: Photo by Claudia Matus www.encuentros2012.org Follow us on twitter @E2012_Paris facebook.com/encuentros2012

Proofreading: Verónica González Temer (editorial, introduction, declaration and key speakers abstracts only)

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Proceedings Book Encuentros 2012 Conference Medicine Faculty of the Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 4th- 6th July 2012

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Photo: Bernardita Devilat

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In relation to the book contents, its organization follows the structure of the Conference as papers and posters are organised in their different thematic areas, for the reader to easily find the information. The invited keynote speakers of each of these sessions are also included in each one, as well as the abstracts of the main key speakers of Encuentros 2012, Bernard Seguin, Rainer Fischer and Saskia Sassen, who presented for all the audience.

Editorial

Finally, the Encuentros 2012 Proceedings Book is here. This book aims to compile the work presented at that Conference, which gathered more than 250 participants in Paris during three days in July 2012, confirming that it is the largest conference of Chilean researchers, professionals and students abroad. We see this publication as an important opportunity to disseminate the work of presenters in a broader way, now officially presented at the Encuentros 2013 Conference in Boston.

Besides, a series of dialogues and round tables also took place at the Conference. These special sessions were open to all attendants, who participated discussing central issues concerning Chile and Chileans abroad. They started with a Round Table called “Connecting Chile” guided by Mario Rosemblatt, Manuel Tuñón de Lara y Ana María Lennon. In the ʻOpen Dialogueʼ session, Pablo Simonetti led the debate. Also Patrice Vermeren, María José Navarrete, Mario Rosemblatt and Molly Pollack presented their views in the ʻBrain Gain, return of skills and human capitalʼ special session; and Pablo Valenzuela, Rainer Fischer and Luis Pablo Herve articulated a discussion in the session of ʻScience & Entrepreneurshipʼ. A final Round Table had the same name as the Conference: ʻKnowledge for social and economic developmentʼ, chaired by Matías Garretón, in which Stephan Klasen, Rodrigo Paillacar, and Daniel Grimaldi participated.

We want to say thanks to all the Encuentros 2012 presenters who sent their material and showed the willingness to collaborate with this initiative. This would not have been possible without their collaboration. Even though our original intention was to collect and publish all the papers and posters presented at the Conference, this book is not totally comprehensive. We regret not all the authors answered the Open Call we have done after the Encuentros 2012 Conference to collect the material, while others were not able to send us their work as they had other publishing commitments. However, a great number of authors participated by sending us their material, so this publication actually reflects what the Encuentros 2012 Conference was. Furthermore, the complete list of authors and their research titles is included in this book, as occurred at the Conference.

It is important to mention that each author is responsible for her/his material as presented here. This book has been designed for informational purposes only and the organizers and editors cannot guarantee accuracy and completeness.

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We invite you to explore it and impress yourself with the variety and the high quality research on Chile that is currently taking place all over the world.

The Editors

Bernardita Devilat Loustalot Felipe Lanuza Rilling Vicente Sandoval Henríquez

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Photos: Claudia Matus

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Photo: Claudia Matus

 

 

Index

00_ Introduction ……………………………………………………………….

Page

4

01_ Declaration Encuentros 2012 Conference ……………………………… Page

5

02_ Keynote Lectures & Open dialogues ……………………………………. Page

10

03_ Papers and posters

03_1 Natural Sciences, Renewable Energies and Environment …..Page

21

03_2 Medical Sciences and Life Sciences ………………………….. Page

53

03_3 Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences ……………………….. Page

71

03_4 Economy, Sociology and Public Policies …………………….. Page

91

03_5 Architecture, Urban Studies and Geography ………………… Page 115 03_6 Education and Communication ………………………………… Page 195 03_7 Information Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics …. Page 247

04_ List of Conference organizers .............................................................. Page 269

05_ Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………….. Page 273

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Photo: Felipe Lanuza

 

 

As a result of the good reputation the Encuentros brand has built, we can now gather -for three days- researchers, entrepreneurs and government officials to think Chile from outside. This valuable opportunity would not be possible if we did not have the support of our sponsors, which helped to fulfil complementary goals and share our vision. In practice, we combine their financial support and vision with our hard work and creativity in order to implement bottom-up initiatives that will have a positive impact in Chile.

00_ Introduction Since 2005, the Government of Chile has implemented an ambitious programme for advanced human capital formation in line with a knowledgebased national development strategy. This has allowed the creation of a broad community of highly skilled Chileans abroad. These men and women have a challenging goal ahead: to contribute to the development of Chile through their work and talent, capitalizing on their training, experience and networks abroad at the same time.

We are aware that much remains to be done and that the return on the investment that has been made in Encuentros is gradually bearing fruit. Through the Encuentros Conference we are creating a new way to connect the world with Chile. Indeed, Chile needs these connections and Chileans who are abroad play a key role in that integration.

The Encuentros Conference has emerged to fulfil this latent need to structure a community that promotes productive exchanges in science, research & development and entrepreneurship. The Encuentros Conference series was born in 2006 in Dresden, Germany, and has been held yearly ever since. The Conference is driven by the Chilean diaspora, which seeks to develop novel ways to connect with Chilean universities and companies that support the country's development through their research and new discoveries.

Encuentros has at least two audiences. Firstly, participants who physically attend the conference (250 people per year - which are then added to the Encuentros network that brings together more than 1000 people). Secondly, the Chilean society, as a whole, that benefits from this inspirational project, which is actively covered in the media, both via television and newspapers.

At the beginning, these meetings were of a technical nature. Then, as the years went by, the meetings expanded their focus to other subject areas, which not only included scientific discussions, but also shared knowledge about what was happening in Chile in terms of innovation, entrepreneurship, employment and academic development.

The organizers of Encuentros are very grateful for the sponsorsʼ contributions and deeply appreciate the effort and dedication the many volunteers have contributed to make this Conference a complete success.

Without any doubt, what started only as a conference of Chilean researchers abroad has become a true innovation movement driven by advanced human capital formed overseas.

With joy and pride, Cristian Hernandez-Cuevas Chairman Senior Advisory Board Encuentros Conference 2012

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01_ Declaration Encuentros 2012: Knowledge for social and economic development. The Encuentros 2012 Conference received more than two hundred and fifty researchers, both Chilean or strongly linked to Chile, during the 4th, 5th and 6th July, in Paris. They are citizens who work for our country, considering its present and future from different places and realities around the world. We discussed extensively about the current growth model in Chile and the need for structural changes, in order to promote socially inclusive development. This should not be understood only in terms of income, but rather as the progress of a society where everyone can achieve their goals and realize themselves, socially, intellectually and economically. This process should be focused on ending exclusion and putting the economy at the service of men. To do this, one first step is to agree on ideas from different disciplines and sectors to suggest reforms for inclusive development. These ideas should be transversal and coordinated across sectors, considering the interactions between the educational, labour and social welfare systems, and the capabilities of public and private investment. The following text presents a summary of the proposals at Encuentros Paris 2012. 1. Public education should be a State priority for social inclusion: Poverty and inequality in access to opportunities are major obstacles for both individual fulfilment and for the contribution of citizenʼs talents to the collective progress of society. In this sense, we argue that high quality education should be considered a universal right, where learning should depend only on the talent and effort of each student. We emphasize that the Chilean law that forbids lucre in education must be enforced. We insist that the market is inefficient to provide the social goods in this and other fundamental sectors in an inclusive way. Undeniable evidence in Chile shows that the current educational model has excessively increased costs for students, fostering competition through marketing and not by means of improvements in the quality of training. This imposes early indebtedness to ill-prepared professionals and thus accentuates inequality generation after generation. An egalitarian education system is necessary to lay the foundations for a sustainable and inclusive socio-economic model. 2. Create an equitable and non-discriminatory public health system: Ensuring high-quality health care for all citizens is a basic solidarity duty for preventing and recovering from diseases, and to foster the bio-psychosocial development of each individual. Access to an equitable health system should be based on a universal public fund, without discrimination of gender or medical risks, with transversal coverage and without deductions in health benefits. This should provide a long-term coverage, by means of an equitable, supportive and participatory health system that could offer services independently of beneficiary´s employment and financial capacity. In this sectorʼs decision-making, different participants must be included, such as social, community, public, private and academic organizations. The 4

 

national solidarity contribution and the participation of various stakeholders are necessary to constitute a health system focused on prevention, attentive to treatment throughout the life cycle of the population and able to consider the demographic and epidemiological evolutions of the country. 3. Reinforce the industrial and redistributive capacities of the State: The macroeconomic situation in Chile shows that nowadays we are in a condition that allows to provide dignified wages to all workers and to develop a social security system able to provide adequate safeguards to all its inhabitants. This requires a binding democratic debate on tax regulation and on the conditions of retirement savings, considering solidarity mechanisms between the state, enterprises and workers. Moreover, the exploitation of nonrenewable natural resources, such as large-scale mining, must be integrated into an industrial policy that encourages job creation and qualification. State action in the long term is crucial for the management of these resources, including the development of technologies related to these minerals and investment in industrial processes with higher added value. In particular, in northern Chile we propose the creation of a technological innovation cluster related to large-scale mining and non-conventional renewable energies. 4. Environmental protection should be a constitutional duty: The demand for growth should not deprive future generations from enjoyment of the common heritage of natural resources. In particular, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture need explicit policies to ensure sustainable management. In general, the exploitation of renewable resources should be regulated with indicators that accurately measure the negative externalities associated with these processes, and should strongly compensate the local communities affected by them. Moreover, state policies should be implemented to encourage research and innovation for the development of sustainable technologies, particularly in terms of generating non-conventional renewable energy such as solar, wind, geothermal and from biomass. 5. Citizen empowerment, participation and inclusiveness: In order to consolidate an inclusive society, responsive to citizens' welfare, democracy in Chile must be deepened. The significant decline in voter turnout and the loss of confidence in the political institutions are serious symptoms that warn of the need to renew the mechanisms of citizensʼ representation and accountability. This requires strengthening social capital, empowering communities through practices and skills for debating, with powers of collective supervision and eventually revocation of political mandates. In addition, there must be a constitutional recognition of our native peoples, which must have effective representation. Moreover, the principle of nondiscrimination of gender or sexual orientation must be respected, creating legal regimes for the formation of different family configurations. The deepening of democracy and the explicit inclusion of minorities are the best guarantees for building a just, representative and responsive society, where every citizen could be able to fulfil the duties and enjoy the rights mentioned in the preceding paragraphs.

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6. Creation of a Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation: As a broad scientific community, including the social, natural and exact sciences, we are committed to invest the knowledge gained in our respective areas of research, in order to contribute to the sustainable and solidary development of Chile. We sustain that science must play a role in identifying national challenges and in guiding public policy. Thus, we must generate fundamental knowledge and not only scientific goods for the market. In this regard we strongly oppose the idea of transferring CONICYT to the Ministry of Economy. As organizers of what has so far been the largest conference of Chilean researchers abroad, Encuentros Paris 2012, we believe that the creation of a Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation is a key instrument to consolidate a knowledge-based development. However, this will only be possible if this agency is provided with the resources and authority needed to perform its duties independently, transversally and with a decentralized approach.

In conclusion, the realization of the above proposals has as a common ground the reformulation of the role of the State in our society, which should evolve from a regulatory and subsidiary agency towards an institution dedicated to the active and effective promotion of equitable and inclusive development in Chile. This requires a legitimate structure of redistribution, considering cognitive, symbolic and material resources, with the capacity to close the existing divide in terms of quality of living, social security and real access to opportunities.

Matías Garretón, President Encuentros 2012 Antonio Serrano, Vice-president Encuentros 2012 Vicente Sandoval, Programme Director Amaranta Alfaro, Communications Director Carolina Pinto, Social Events Director Carlos Villalobos, Economics, Sociology and Public Policy Coordinator Jerusa Brignardello, Medical and Life Sciences Coordinator Jorge Hidalgo, Applied Sciences Coordinator Rene Rocha, Call for Communications Coordinator Dario Lafferte, Call for Communications Coordinator

 

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02_  Keynote  Lectures  &  Open  dialogues            

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Climate change and viticulture Bernard Seguin   INRA Avignon (France)

Abstract Appeared in the scientific community around 1970, the field of research on the impacts of climate change possibly induced by the increased concentration of greenhouse effect gases due to human activities has been rapidly enlarged. The tremendous amount of work devoted to its various aspects has been the object of an attempt to collect and analyse its evolution along the time by the setting-up of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change) in 1988. It was set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) as an effort by the United Nations to provide the governments of the world with a clear scientific view of what is happening to the worldʼs climate. This original structure has already delivered 4 reports (about one every 6 years), the last in 2007 having been awarded with the shared Nobel Peace prize. The main lines of its organization and functioning will be briefly described in the first part of the presentation, as well as the major components of climate change and its nowadays well-established impacts. They were illustrated in the second part by the consequences for the specific field of viticulture, which is a common subject of importance for both Chile and France. Considering its well-known dependency upon climate features, it was somewhat easy a long time ago to predict that wine production would be one of the most sensitive sectors to be impacted by climate change. But it has been largely confirmed by the more precise studies performed on the future projections these last ten years, as well by the already significant observed consequences of the recent warming at the same time. He presented them especially for the case of French vineyards, giving examples on significant changes in both harvest dates and characteristics in terms of alcohol content and acidity. The ongoing research projects in our two countries was presented, and future impacts were comparatively discussed in relation with their peculiarities, but also with the global international context for the wine market.

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Fundación Imagen de Chile Blas Tomic Executive Director Fundación Imagen de Chile

It is with great satisfaction that I can express the Fundación Imagen de Chileʼs support for the 2012 “Encuentros” Conference. This initiative, now in its seventh year, represents the enterprising and constructive spirit of Chileʼs students, professionals, and entrepreneurs and the importance of the exchange of knowledge between those who live abroad and those who reside in Chile. The Foundationʼs objective is to promote Chileʼs general image, to enhance its value, and make this undertaking a national mission. In reality, Chileʼs image is in itself a tool for our development. In this context, the Foundation and its network of talents, ChileGlobal, fully share the principles of this conference, and we are pleased to join forces with its organizers to ensure even greater impact on behalf of our country. The migration of talent from developing countries to developed countries has long been an issue of on-going concern. However, as of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, we have seen an unprecedented increase in the movement of people and the circulation of social, economic, and financial capital. This has led to mobility being identified as one of the most important principles of modernity, which now transcends the concepts of a territorially defined modern society. The so-called “brain drain” in todayʼs world becomes “brain circulation”, which is now a determining factor of innovation, of entrepreneurship, and therefore, of development. The organizers and participants of this conference are the best examples of this mobility of Chileʼs social capital, and this type of initiative plays a catalysing role that facilitates the exchange of knowledge, which in turn allows their experience, ideas, and talents to be used to the advantage of their countries of origin. Todayʼs world is more global, interconnected, and interdependent. With the aim of being able to capitalize on the benefits of this globalization, it is essential to have strategies in place that facilitate ties with Chileʼs “global citizens”. Networks such as ChileGlobal and conferences such as Encuentros contribute to achieving this goal. The contribution that all of you outstanding professionals, students, scientists, and entrepreneurs are making to the country, not only comes from your research, projects, ideas, and contacts... you are also builders and ambassadors of the image of Chile. Therefore, it is important for our Foundation to participate in and contribute to the success of this conference. For a country like Chile, located far from the most advanced centres of development, the existence of these instances facilitates the “bridge” role that you can play toward the development that we all desire. You are the ones who bring the world to Chile and Chile to the world. Congratulations… and much success to you all.

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Lectures / SOCIAL SCIENCES EXPULSIONS: A category for our age Professor Saskia Sassen Columbia University

Abstract When the cold war ended, a new struggle began (1) the period of Keynesian-led relative redistribution in developed market economies was followed by a radical reshuffling of capitalism. The Keynesian period brought with it an active expansion of logics that valued people as workers and consumers. The current phase of advanced capitalism does not. In the last two decades there has been a sharp growth in the numbers of people that have been “expelled” from homes, villages, life projects, support systems; their numbers are far larger than the newly “incorporated” middle classes of countries such as India and China. I use the term “expelled” to describe a diversity of conditions: the growing numbers of the abjectly poor, of the displaced in poor countries who are warehoused in formal and informal refugee camps, of the minoritized and persecuted in rich countries who are warehoused in prisons, of workers whose bodies are destroyed on the job and rendered useless at far too young an age, able- bodied surplus populations warehoused in ghettoes and slums. My argument is that this massive expulsion is actually signalling a deeper systemic transformation that has been documented in bits and pieces but not quite narrated as an overarching dynamic that is taking us into a new phase of global capitalism. The paper is based on the authorʼs forthcoming book Expulsions. (1) This is based on the authorʼs “A Savage Sorting of Winners and Losers.” Globalizations March–June 2010, Vol. 7, Nos. 1–2, pp. 23–50. A longer analysis can be found in her forthcoming book Expulsions: When Complexity Produces Elementary Brutalities.

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Lectures / EXACT AND NATURAL SCIENCES Innovation-Driven convergence of white, green, yellow and red biotechnology

Rainer Fischer Institut für Biologie VII, RWTH Aachen University and Fraunhofer IME

Abstract The ability of the German industry to compete in the international market depends to a large extent on the innovative power of its enterprises and its research organizations. With its clearly defined mission of application-oriented research and its focus on key technologies that are relevant to the future, the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft plays a prominent role in the German and European innovation process driven by applied research and development (R&D). The 60 Fraunhofer Institutes are continuously adapting their activities to meet current demand, thereby responding to the present and predicted needs of the market and its consumers. At the same time, they are contributing to the development of promising new technologies, platforms and product candidates through their own research and by supporting spin-off companies. This paper addresses the role of R&D policy in the innovation strategy of the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME) by outlining recent innovation initiatives, networks and methods, giving practical examples from areas such as medical, plant and industrial biotechnology, all encompassed within the holistic discipline of systems biotechnology. He emphasized common features of successful innovations and strategies to improve and accelerate innovation in the future. Finally, he considered the hurdles and stumbling blocks that prevent the conversion of innovations into real products, and strategies to improve the success rate at the interface of innovative applied R&D and industry on a global scale.

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Open Dialogue   Pablo Simonetti Writer and Columnist

Biography Pablo Simonetti is an Engineer and a writer. He graduated with a degree in Civil Engineering from the Universidad Católica and a M.A. in Engineering-Economic Systems from Stanford University. In 1996 Mr. Simonetti turned entirely to literature. The following year, his renowned story “Santa Lucía” won the first prize in an important writing contest. This and other short stories were collected and published in a single volume (“Vidas Vulnerables”, 1999). In 2004 Mr. Simonetti published his novel “Madre que estás en los cielos”, which has been translated into five languages and has become one of the three biggestselling Chilean novels in the past decade. In 2007 he came out with “La razón de los amantes”, a novel that has since attracted great interest among readers. “La barrera del pudor” is his most recent work. This novel has been published in Latin America and Spain, and has had an enthusiastic response from critics. Mr. Simonetti presides “Fundación =Iguales”, a non- governmental organization promoting equality and non-discrimination for the sexual diversity. He also writes for several important news media in Chile. In his columns Mr. Simonetti addresses subject matters ranging from literature to diversity rights including current affairs, politics and culture.

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03_  Papers  and  Posters       03_1 Natural Sciences, Renewable Energies and Environment

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03_1 Natural Sciences, Renewable Energies and Environment

Keynote speakers Professor Gilles Boeuf Biodiversity: between Rio and Rio + 20 Gregory Lemkine Watchfrog: from small model organisms towards big companies

Index of authors Meflah Aissa POSTER: Simulation of photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking MPPT control using MATLAB/Simulink Rodolfo Briones, Tatyana Krivobokova and Bert de Groot POSTER: Partial least squares functional mode analysis: application to membrane proteins Enrique Cabrera, Sara Olibet, Dominik Rudolph, Joachim Glatz-Reichenbach, Radovan Kopecek, Daniel Reinke, Anne Götz and Gunnar Schubert POSTER: Influence of Si surface texture on the glass distribution resulting from screen printed silver thick film solar cell contact formation Enrique Cabrera, Ernst Bucher, Monika Sarkadi, Tobias Klaus, Radovan Kopecek PAPER: Collaboration in photovoltaics Germany-Chile Fernando Cerda POSTER: Indirect structural health monitoring in bridges: scale experiments Roberto Chávez, Jan Clevers and Martin Herold POSTER: Earth observation for assessing water condition of arid vegetation Roberto Contreras and César Benito POSTER: Aluminium tolerance in Brachypodium distachyon Francisco de la Barrera PAPER & POSTER: A landscape that evolved from spinal to urban and nowadays provides ecological benefits to citizens

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Elizabeth Díaz, Pauline Mollema and Marco Antonellini POSTER: The influence of fractures on salt water intrusion in a carbonate aquifer, Monte Conero, Italy – preliminary results Paz Duran, Kevin J. Gaston PAPER: Effectiveness of the Chilean Protected Area Network Ignacio Espinoza, Peter Peschke and Christian Karger POSTER: Image-based computational simulation radiotherapy

of

tumour

response

to

Ignacia Fuentes, Daniel Karcher and Ralph Bock PAPER & POSTER: Grafting: An approach to study horizontal gene transfer between plan species Carla Hermann, Raul Celistrino Teixeira, Sha Liu, Sebastien Gleyzes, Michel Brune, Jean-Michel Raimond and Serge Haroche POSTER: Dipole Blockade effect and deterministic source of Rydberg atoms Darío Lafferte POSTER: Simulation of the impact of wind energy penetration into the northern interconnected power system of Chile (SING), considering legal, economical and technical factors Nicolas Maestripieri, Martin Paegelow and Gilles Selleron PAPER: Monitoring, modelling and predicting timber plantations dynamics. The case of San Juan de la Costa (Chile) Cristián Menzel and Stephen Yeates POSTER: Hydrophilic-hydrophobic polymerisation

core-shell

particles

by

suspension

Daniela Olmos POSTER: Proposal for the provision of emergency equipment, with independent energy supply, for urban zones at risk of natural disasters POSTER PRESENTATION WINNER Encuentros 2012 Conference Pablo Salas PAPER: Energy resources and climate change: Are we ready to decarbonise the economy? Antonio Serrano, Lorena Escudero G., Juan José Pueyo, Alex Echeverría and Cecilia S. Demergasso POSTER: Biogenic Formation of As-S Nanostructures by anaerobic culture from Salar de Ascotán Lucía Villar-Muñoz, Jan Behrmann, Heinrich Villinger, Jens Karstens, Dirk Klaeschen and Juan Diaz-Naveas PAPER: Spatial variation of the heat flow on the south-central Chilean fore arc

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Keynote lectures Biodiversity: between Rio and Rio + 20 Professor Gilles Boeuf University Pierre & Marie Curie

Abstract In Rio in June 1992, it was decided to create the Convention on Biological Diversity, 191 countries today have ratified such an agreement. In Johannesburg in June 2002, it was decided to curb the loss of biodiversity by 2010 and the European Community chimed in “stop”! We shall be far from it and the UNESCO Conference in Paris in January 2010 decided to achieve the objective again for 2020. Biodiversity is much more than the only inventory and catalogue of living species. It is most of all the set of the relations living beings establish between themselves and with their environment. It is the living fraction of Nature. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) announced in its formal report that living species are passing away at a race from 100 to 1,000 faster than that was estimated during those last 500 million years. The human being has become the most powerful force of evolution on the planet and must imperatively change his habits if he wants to carry on living in harmony with nature: he is tightly intertwined with that diversity and cannot do without it. These aspects will be discussed in Rio 2012 and so, the 2020 aim, realistic objective or complete utopia? Will we be able to better succeed for a target we were not able to reach between 2002 and 2010? Situations between Western Europe and Chile, are they so different?

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Keynote lectures Watchfrog: from companies

small model organisms towards big

Gregory Lemkine PhD, Founder and chief executive officer of WatchFrog

Abstract Any attempt to further our understanding of how environmental stressors impinge on environmental health must involve increasing our knowledge of the physiological effects of synthetic chemicals. However, it is almost impossible to make causal links between contaminant exposure and major patho-physiological damage. WatchFrog creates and markets innovative solutions for the in vivo detection of a wide range of chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic substances. This new generation of tests is allied to early embryonic stages of aquatic models, just after hatching of the eggs, in order to replace, reduce or refine the use of animal models (3Rs of animal protection policies). When a biological function is activated, WatchFrog models “light up” (through emission of fluorescence, Figure 1). The automation of reading results in vivo, allows researchers to detect prolonged and acute low dose toxicity, through disruption of endocrine functions; and detect and quantify toxic substances in the environment (e.g. drinking water, lake/river water, reuse water ground, water runoff, effluent, sludge, industrial waste, etc.).

Biography Dr.Lemkine has a thorough understanding of the technical, scientific and marketing of biotechnologies and completed a training/action cycle of HEC School of management. Prior to inception of the company, Dr. Lemkine was in charge of technology transfer in the Museum National dʼHistoire Naturelle in Paris. He holds a PhD in Physiology and has published many articles in international scientific journals.

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Influence of Si surface texture on the glass distribution resulting from screen printed silver thick film solar cell contact formation POSTER Enrique Cabrera, Sara Olibet, Dominik Rudolph, Joachim GlatzReichenbach, Radovan Kopecek, Daniel Reinke, Anne Götz and Gunnar Schubert International Solar Energy Research Centre -ISC- Konstanz, Rudolf Diesel-Str. 15 D-78467 Konstanz, Germany Email: [email protected] Phone: +49-(0) 75313618356

Abstract The growth of Ag crystallites into Si is essential for current conduction from the Si emitter into the silver finger. There is strong experimental evidence that for low specific contact resistance (ρC), the largest current contribution needs to flow through Ag crystallites in direct contact with the Ag finger. In this work we focus on the origin of these directly connected Ag crystallites. We study contact formation on different surface topographies on mono- and mc-Si material. We discovered that the wetting behaviour of the glass is highly Si surface topography dependent, resulting in glass free texture tips and thus Ag crystallites in direct contact, as long as the texture tip heights exceed the thickness of the glass layer. A high density of Ag crystallites is not always synonymous for good contact, but the frequency of these Ag crystallites in direct connection with the silver finger is decisive for low ρC. We conclude the glass coverage on Ag crystallites, thus the contact quality depends on the corresponding surface energies produced by abrupt Si surface features.

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Collaboration in Photovoltaics Germany-Chile PAPER1

Enrique Cabrera, Ernst Bucher, Monika Sarkadi, Tobias Klaus and Radovan Kopecek International Solar Energy Research Centre -ISC- Konstanz, Rudolf Diesel-Str. 15 D-78467 Konstanz, Germany Email: [email protected] Phone: +49-(0)75313618356

Abstract The investigation presented in this paper provides comprehensive and relevant information about Photovoltaics (PV) in the world; PV market, solar industry and technologies, as well as a useful overview about the advances of PV in Chile, such as the solar power potential, progress on laws and PV generated electricity. Finally, the focus is on SolChile project, where ISC-Konstanz advises and supports Chilean institutions in the education of student and engineers in the field of PV through seminars, training and demonstration PV projects. Keywords: Photovoltaics, collaboration, Germany, Chile

                                                                                                                1

Enrique asked for only the abstract of his paper to be published in this book, as it was already published .

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Earth observation for assessing water condition of arid vegetation POSTER Roberto O. Chávez, Dr. Jan G.P.W. Clevers, Prof. Dr. Martin Herold. Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected] Phone: +31 317 481552 Fax: 31 317 419000

Abstract Atacama desert in Northern Chile is considered the driest place on Earth. This is enough reason to consider the case of the Tamarugo (Prosopis tamarugo) forest, located in the heart of Atacama, as one of the most amazing examples of plant adaptation to arid environments. However, Tamarugo forest is under threat due to overexploitation of the groundwater aquifer, the only water source available, highly demanded by industry and human consumption. This problem is common in arid ecosystems. Thus, methodologies to quantify the impacts on vegetation are needed by policy makers, managers, and the scientific community. Earth observation (EO) has become increasingly a powerful tool to study different processes occurring at the earth surface. Among others, quantitative estimations of vegetation water stress seem to be very promising. Nevertheless, evaluating water stress of arid vegetation using EO techniques can be challenging since arid species are: a) naturally sparse and disaggregate, hence difficult to see from space; b) highly adapted to survive water scarcity, thus symptoms occur in long term and some adaptations can affect measurements from space (spectral reflectance); and c) temporal dynamic of vegetation water condition is unknown in most of the cases, so thresholds of anthropogenic affectation are difficult to define. In this poster we show the main results of the PhD project: “Assessment and monitoring water stress condition of arid vegetation using remote sensing techniques. The Atacama Desert (Chile) case” in which different EO techniques are combined and applied to the case of the Tamarugo forest.

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Aluminium tolerance in Brachypodium distachyon POSTER Roberto Contreras1 and César Benito2 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, UCM. C/José Antonio Nováis 2, Madrid 28040 (1) [email protected], 34-91-3944841 (2) [email protected], 34-91-3944860

Abstract Aluminium (Al) toxicity is the main abiotic stress limiting plant growth and productivity on acid soils. Several studies on aluminium tolerance have been conducted in Poaceae species (wheat, barley, rye, rice, etc.) but their genomes are usually very complex and difficult molecular studies. Brachypodium distachyon has many qualities (small genome, small physical stature, self-fertility, short lifecycle, and an efficient transformation system) that make it an excellent model plant in grasses. To evaluate Al tolerance in B. distachyon, root regrowth at different Al concentrations were measured in several diploid lines from different origins. Results showed that B. distachyon is an Al sensitive species. In addition, four different root staining methods were used in order to detect lipid peroxidation (Schiffʼs reagent), cell death (Evans blue), Al accumulation (Morin), and H2O2 production (2ʼ,7ʼdichlorofluorescein diacetate, DCF-DA) in diploid and tetraploid (2n=30) lines. The roots of diploid lines showed a more intense staining than the tetraploid lines, indicating that latter are more Al tolerant than diploid lines. Furthermore, the mRNA expression changes of several candidate genes involved in Al tolerance in different plants species were studied in B. distachyon by semi quantitative, and quantitative RT-PCR. Tolerant and non-tolerant diploid lines exhibited different expression patterns with (20µM Al) and without Al.

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Monitoring, modelling and predicting timber plantations dynamics. The case of San Juan de la Costa (Chile) PAPER Nicolas Maestripieri1 [email protected] Martin Paegelow2 [email protected] Gilles Selleron3 [email protected] 1-2-3

Université de Toulouse 2. Laboratoire de GÉOgraphie De lʼEnvironnement (GEODE). Maison de la Recherche, 5, allées Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse, cedex 9. Keywords: Timber plantations – Sustainable development – Land Use and Cover Change – Prospective - Scenario

Introduction Intensive forestry is a notable manifestation of land use/cover changes (LUCC) (Bull, 2006) characterized by its well-known environmental and socio-economic impacts at multiple scales (Arroyo et al., 2000). The Chilean industrial forestry is focused on the intensification of the pulp and cellulose production, in order to improve its place into the world pulp market. The DL 701 (1974 - and its repeated updating) covering up to 75% the plantations costs was the keystone of the forest expansion of pine and eucalyptus species. The timber plantations are mainly concentrated from the 8th Region of Bío Bío to the 10th Region de Los Lagos (Lakes Region). However, their distribution is not uniform and there is a clear interregional imbalance. Given that, the corporate strategy is to expand their forest heritage, the companies actually focus on new suitable areas for afforestation, as the municipality of San Juan de la Costa. With the weakest national HDI, this municipality is particularly exposed to develop a spatially explicit model of land cover change. The goal is to develop future and contrasted scenarios in order to implement sustainable policies.

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Methods Study area The study area is located at the northwest of the Lakes Region, between parallels 73°47ʼ and 73°18" (western longitude) and 40°14ʼ and 40°44ʼ (southern latitude) (Figure 1). The native forest covering this area is part of one of the highest priority areas recognized by the World Wild Fund (WWF). According to the National Statistics Institute (INE, 2002), more than 89% of the population lives in the countryside (7,929 habitants). The indigenous people called “Mapuche-Huilliche” represent 62% of this rural territory. The municipality is divided by two topographical units, the Coastal range and the Piedmont.

Figure 1: Location of the study area at the north-west of the Lake Region, Chile

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Data and land use/cover change detection In order to predict the future LUCC we applied a prospective scenario-based approach following Godet (1986), Hatem (1993), De Jouvenel (1999) and Houet (2008). The elaboration of the scenarios is based on a retrospective LUCC analysis of the municipality. To do this, we used three Landsat TM images (path 233, row 88) taken in 1986, 1999 and 2008. A supervised multi-temporal classification was performed to get land use/cover (LUC) at these three dates. Four LUC classes are distinguished: timber plantations, native forest, “other” category (including second growth forest, shrub land, grassland and bare land) and open water. The “other” category allows focusing on the timber plantations and the native forest, thus simplifying the modelling process. More than three hundred field points were taken with a GPS in order to estimate the global accuracy of each classification. Analysis of land use/cover changes (LUCC) occurs in three stages, with (i) quantifying losses and gains, the analysis (ii) of the spatial distribution of these changes, and (iii) trajectories of evolutions. Then we have refined this analysis by the identification, characterization and weighing of many factors that have induced this expansion. Spatial analysis, expert analysis, stakeholder interviews and bibliographic revision assess drivers of timber plantation dynamics at local, regional, national and global scales. Modelling future dynamics Taking into account the past dynamics, the aim is reaching a vision of the future land use/cover changes (2017, 2026 and 2035), more specifically about the possible influences of multinational forest companies in a municipality where indigenous land recognition is lacking. Two spatially explicit models are tested: CA-Markov (Eastman, 2006) and Land Change Modeler (Eastman, 2009). With CA-Markov the spatial allocation of future dynamics is supervised by Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), which generates suitability maps in order to allocate Markov chain predicted quantities of changes (Paegelow and Camacho, 2008). Land Change Modeler allows an automatic calibration of the model using a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) that is an artificial neural network (ANN). The spatial allocation procedure is performed by a multi-objective land allocation (MOLA). As for CA-Markov, quantities of expected changes are predicted by Markov chain. Both model tools are used to predict LUC in 2008, based on training data from 1986-1999. This is the calibration step before prospective scenarios. 2008 predicted LUC is compared with observed LUC in 2008 by various statistical tests.

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Figure 2. Land use/cover in San Juan de la Costa in 1986, 1999 and 2008.

Figure 3. LUCC for 1986-1999 (up) and 1999-2008 (bottom) (in per cent). The loops represent persistence and the arrows changes.

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Results Land use and cover change in San Juan de la Costa The native forest is the predominant land cover with 110,775 ha in 1986 (71.7%), 104,322 ha in 1999 (67.5 %) and 96,857 ha in 2008 (62.7 %). They are mainly localized on the Coastal Range, and in a more fragmented way on the Piedmont (Figure 2). The “other” category shows an increase of 44% between 1986 and 1999. The timber plantations present the largest increase with 95%, covering almost 10,000 ha in 2008 and are located on the Piedmont. Finally the water resources remain stable with 408 ha (0.26%). The major change was a conversion of 12,700 ha from native forest to “other” (12% of deforestation) between 1986 and 1999 (Figure 3). At the same period, timber plantations regained 1,483 ha from native forest (1% of substitution) and 2,329 ha from “other” (5%). Between 1999 and 2008 the process of substitution of native forest and “other” became more intensive (respectively 1,883 ha and 3,803 ha). LUCC driving forces The LUCC are influenced by a wide range of environmental and social factors (direct and indirect). According to Eric Lambin and Helmut Geist (2007), these factors have an influence on land use decisions “across a wide range of spatial scales, from household level decisions that influence local land use practices, to policies and economic forces that can alter land use regionally and even globally”. Succinctly the main drivers are the Decree Law 701, land ability, afforestation costs, property taxes, land property, cultural factors (household consumption), unemployment, poverty, migration, slope, altitude, road network (accessibility), distance from existing land cover, distance from ports, social conflicts, etc. Scenarios and future land use/cover dynamics The first is a business as usual scenario (SC-TEND), based on the assumption that previous tendencies will continue. It reaches to 2017 in order to fit the time frame used during the calibration of the model (9 years). Land availability, DL 701 update (2012), bio-energy, and the approval of the native forest law are taken into account. Results show an increase of timber plantation (15,590 ha, + 58%), while native forest decline remarkably (90,184 ha, - 7%) and the “other” category slightly increases (48,295 ha, + 2%)2. The next two prospective scenarios are developed for 2035 because they take more time to implement themselves, given the growth of native species. The sustainable scenario (SC-SUST) is based on a sustainable vision of the resource management, the recognition of the indigenous lands with the setting up of

                                                                                                                2

Open water is not modeled because of its persistence between 1986-1999 and 1999-2008.

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development politics. SC-SUST integrates suggestions of the Agrupación de Ingenieros Forestales por el Bosque Nativo (AIFBN), the Mapu Lahual Territory Project, incentive to agroforestry, promotion and distribution of native forest resources (firewood). This scenario (i) stimulates the native forest expansion regaining new areas (100,600 ha, + 3%), (ii) decreases the exotic species expansion after an increase in 2017 and 2026 (10,600 ha, + 8%) and shows a reduction of the “other” category (42,700 ha, - 8%). The third scenario is a preservation scenario (SC-0P) with an eco-centric vision. Assumptions include relocation of forest companies that leave the municipality, public demand in environmental advantages, protected areas planning and ecotourism. This scenario shows a net increase of native forest (119,500 ha, + 23%) and the timber plantations collapse (5,400 ha, - 45%). At last, the intensive scenario (SC-2E) called “Sembremos Futuro” (in radical opposition with the previous scenario) is based upon an increase of the incentive for afforestation, making the assumption that international pulp market and competition explodes, land abandonment by small landowners, establishment of a pulp/cellulose factory in the region and redefinition of the routing of Coastal Range Road linking Valdivia to Puerto Montt. It extends the trend of sustained manner until 2026. The plantation areas could reach more than 54,973 ha (+ 456 %), while the native forest could fall below of 71,930 ha (- 26%). The spatial rendering of each scenario is realized by CA-Markov. Even if both models give acceptable results as for spatial allocation – at least visually –, CAMarkov turns out to be more efficient than LCM for the baseline dynamics. The statistical operations show this model presents better results. Furthermore, conceptually, it gives more leeway – to build back casting scenario – and to measure the relative importance of the criteria (assignation of weighting factors).

Conclusion Prospective modelling, and more precisely the spatial dimension, proves to be an advantage to model spatial interactions between environmental and socio-economic dynamics, which was largely lacking in the municipality of San Juan de la Costa. These four scenarios give contrasting visions of future land use/cover dynamics, and represent a basis of reflection in order to suggest efficient environmental policies. “What we support is prospective thinking, that means to prepare oneself to anticipated changes (pre-activity) and to promote actions leading to the desirable objectives (pro-activity)” (Godet, 1990, p.731).

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References Arroyo M.T.K., Marticorena C., et al., 2000, "Plant Invasions in Chile: Present Patterns and Future Predictions", in Mooney H.A., Hobbs R.J. (eds.), Invasive species in a changing world, Washington, D.C., 385-421. Bull G.Q., Bazett M., Schwab O., Nilsson S., White A. and Maginnis S., 2006, "Industrial forest plantation subsidies: Impacts and implications", Forest Policy and Economics, vol. 9, 13-31. De Jouvenel H., 1999, "La démarche prospective. Un bref guide méthodologique". Futuribles, n° 247, 24 p. Eastman J.R., 2006, IDRISI Andes. Guide to GIS and Image Processing, Worcester, Clark University, 457 p. Eastman J.R., 2009, "The Land Change Modeler for Ecological Sustainability", IDRISI Andes. Guide to GIS and Image Processing, Worcester, 234-256 Godet M., 1986, "Introduction à la Prospective. Seven key ideas and one scenario method". Futures, pp.134-157 Godet M., 1990, "Integration of scenarios and strategic management. Using relevant, consistent and likely scenarios". Futures, pp.730-737 Hatem F., 1993, La Prospective. Pratiques et Méthodes. Paris : Edition Economica, 390 p. Houet T., 2008, "Modélisation prospective spatialisée à lʼéchelle locale : approche méthodologique. Application à la gestion de lʼeau en Bretagne". Revue Internationale de Géomatique, pp. 345-373. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE), 2002, Estadísticas Sociales de los pueblos indígenas en Chile. Censo 2002. Santiago de Chile, 201 p. Lambin E.F. and Geist H. J., 2007, "Causes of land-use and land-cover change", Cutler J. Cleveland. from http://www.eoearth.org/article/Causes_of_landuse_and_land-cover_change Paegelow M. and Camacho Olmedo M.T., 2008, Modelling Environmental Dynamics: Advances in Geomatic Solutions. Berlin- Heidelberg: Springer, 390 p.

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Photo: Claudia Matus

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Proposal for the provision of emergency equipment, with independent energy supply, for urban zones at risk of natural disasters POSTER PRESENTATION WINNER Encuentros 2012 Conference Daniela Victoria Olmos Gormaz Architect, ULS. Master in Architecture and Environment: Integration of renewable energy in architecture; Master (in progress) in Architecture, Energy and Environment, UPC, Barcelona, Spain. Avenida República Argentina Nº 231, 3ª-2ª, Barcelona, 08023, España. Email: [email protected] Phone: +34 662 003 333

Abstract A country like Chile is constantly under threat of physical events that could potentially lead to disasters, causing loss of life and destruction of social and economic activity. It is important to make decisions that help us to be more resilient. This project aims to provide emergency equipment at a neighbourhood level, to become available at the moment of the population “cut-off” from basic services, in particular concerning information services. This would be provided through a hybrid energy system, composed principally of solar voltaic energy, independent of the local energy network. In order to do that, an area is defined, subdivided into polygons of coverage according to defined parameters such as: topography, accessibility and density of the population. Each of these polygons has a supply and emergency point decided by the choice of an urban void that integrates the polygon, taking into account that it should be in a secure and accessible zone. Once these voids were chosen, an energy analysis of each was carried out to determine its potentials, and according to those potentials, we chose which ones we would deal with to obtain the necessary supply in accordance with the functional and technical requirements of the proposed installations. Finally, the void was provided with support capable of bringing together a fixed number of inhabitants, corresponding to the area being covered. Moreover, we proposed guidelines on how to incorporate this new installation into the existing functioning protocol of the ONEMI and the role it would have during an emergency.

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Energy resources and climate change: Are we ready to decarbonise the economy? PAPER Jean-Francois Mercure, Pablo Salas Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research (4CMR) Department of Land Economy University of Cambridge 19 Silver Street, Cambridge, CB3 9EP, United Kingdom Phone: +441223764876 Email: [email protected]

Abstract Realistic energy scenarios of the future can only be designed based on thorough assessments of the potential of natural energy resources. They are essential for energy planning and policy making, two important instruments to encourage investors to shift toward low-carbon energy technologies. Using a non-traditional approach based on cost supply curves and probability distributions to define ranges of energy potentials and confidence intervals, this work aims to present an up-to-date assessment of global energy resources, which is part of a larger project of design and implementation of a dynamic model of the energy sector. Keywords: energy resources, climate change, decarbonisation.

The extensive consumption of fossil fuels during the last centuries has been one of the main reasons for the increase in atmospheric green house gases (GHG) concentration (IPCC 2007). If the climate response models presented in the last report of the IPCC are correct, and the global energy consumption patterns do not change abruptly, it is expected for the end of this century an average increase in the global temperature between 1.2 and 3.4 °C with respect to the year 2000 (IPCC 2007). According with the International Energy Agency, the energy sector was responsible for 65% of all greenhouse-gas emissions globally in 2010 and is expected to see its share increase to 72% in 2035 (IEA 2011). While on one hand it can be seen as a serious threat imposed by our current fossil fuel energy dependency, on the other hand it can be seen as a big opportunity for GHG emissions reduction. If low carbon energy technologies as well as carbon sequestration technologies are deployed fast enough, it is possible to limit the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, abridging the temperature increment associated to the greenhouse effect.

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Besides the compelling necessity to decarbonise the global economy (IPCC 2007), the evolution of the energy sector toward a low-carbon generation system is still far from being accomplished. For instance, in 2009, while the share of electricity production using fossil fuels added up to more than two thirds, the electricity produced by non-conventional renewable energy sources (such as wind or solar energy) were less than 3% (IEA 2011). This is closely related to the fact that low carbon energy technologies do not accomplish yet grid parity3, and therefore they are not yet attractive to private investors as replacement of less expensive energy sources, such us oil, gas or coal (IEA 2011) (IPCC 2011). However, the inclusion of financial mechanisms such as carbon taxes or cap and trade programs, that apprise the externalities associated to carbon-intensive energy use, is increasing the competitiveness of alternatives energy sources, accelerating the grid parity for wind and solar energy in the short term, and other non-traditional renewable energies in the medium and long terms. The abatement of anthropogenic GHG emissions depends, and will continue to depend, strongly on the decarbonisation of the energy sector. Given the current globalisation and gradual liberalization of the energy markets, financial mechanisms in coordination with public policies are the main instruments that policy makers have in order to encourage investors to shift toward low-carbon energy technologies. The effectiveness of those mechanisms relies on realistic energy scenarios of the future, which can only be designed based on accurate information about natural sources and energy flows in the different world regions. Therefore, assessments of the potential of natural energy resources are essential to energy planning and policy, and correspondingly, to decarbonise the global economy. In that direction, and based on a comprehensive review of resource availability in 190 countries, this work presents an up-to-date assessment of twelve main primary energy sources separated in two groups: renewable energies (hydroelectricity, wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass, wave energy and tidal energy) and stock resources (coal, oil, gas, uranium and thorium). While several studies have been written about global energy potentials (UNDP 2000) (BGR 2010) (IPCC 2011) (WEC 2010), most of them omit the economic structures associated to the energy resources, presenting values for resource potentials without linking them to cost distributions. In reality, resources are not randomly exploited, but they are rather harnessed in order of their cost of extraction. Therefore, energy potentials are better defined as function of cost, rather than constant values. In our work, local resources are ranked in order of cost of extraction, and presented in the form of cost supply curves. These curves were constructed for every single country and every energy resource, and then aggregated in world regions (Mercure & Salas 2012). It is not unusual that different assessments present unequal values for the same resources. The inherent uncertainty associated to assumptions such as future levels of technology, or land use, among others, leads to significant differences in the energy potentials presented in the literature. For instance, while (UNDP 2000) estimated the solar PV energy potential to be between around 1,500 and 50,000 EJ/y, (de Vries, van Vuuren & Hoogwijk 2007) made a more compact estimation between 3,380 and 14,778 EJ/yr, and (Hoogwijk 2004) estimated the same potential

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Grid parity is the point at which alternative electricity generation sources are cost-competitive with conventional energy sources.

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in 1,340 EJ/yr. In order to take into account the uncertainty associated to different assumptions, a probabilistic approach was taken in this work, in order to define ranges of energy potentials and confidence intervals based on an extensive literature review, instead of presenting single values. The global assessment of energy resources presented as a set of cost supply curves, even though it is a very valuable contribution by itself, it is also a part of a bigger project that aims to make a dynamic model of the energy sector based on market price competition, technological substitution and resource use and depletion (Mercure 2012). While the model is still in a very early stage of development, some interesting results have been already obtained. Using average efficiency values for the different energy technologies, together with the projected demand of energy up to 2100 from the International Energy Agency (IEA 2011), some scenario-based simulations have been made. For instance, in the case of an aggressive policy of decarbonisation such as the “100% Renewable by 2050” presented by (WWF, Ecofys & OMA 2011), it is estimated that more than 10% per cent of the global land area will be necessary to host the production of primary energy, which will be mostly based on solar, wind, hydro and biomass energy resources. In parallel with the inclusion of the cost supply curves in the energy sector model; we are currently working in linking the power sector with the rest of the economy, using the global macroeconomic model E3MG. This connection will allow us to understand the interaction of energy investment with macroeconomic variables such as employment and economic growth, particularly under stringent decarbonisation scenarios.

References BGR 2010, 'Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy Resources', BGR. de Vries, B, van Vuuren, D & Hoogwijk, M 2007, 'Renewable energy sources: Their global potential for the first-half of the 21st century at a global level: An integrated approach', Energy Policy, vol 35, pp. 2590-2610. Hoogwijk, M 2004, 'On the global and regional potential of renewable energy sources', Universiteit Utrecht. IEA 2011, World Energy Outlook 2011, IEA/OECD. IPCC 2007, 'Energy Supply', in Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press. IPCC 2011, Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, Cambridge University Press. Mercure, J-F 2012, 'FTT:power : A global model of the power sector with induced technological change and natural resource depletion', Energy Policy, vol 48, pp. 799-811.

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Mercure, J-F & Salas, P., 'An assessement of global energy resource economic potentials', Energy, vol 46, Issue 1, pp. 322-336. UNDP 2000, World Energy Assessment, UNDP. WEC 2010, '2010 Survey of Energy Resources', WEC. WWF, Ecofys & OMA 2011, 'The Energy Report. 100% Renewable by 2050'. World Wildlife Fund.

Authorʼs biography Pablo Salas is currently pursuing a Ph.D in Land Economy at the University of Cambridge. He is currently affiliated to the Cambridge Centre of Climate Change Mitigation Research (4CMR), under the direct supervision of Dr. Jean-Francois Mercure, and under the general supervision of Dr. Douglas Crawford-Brown, Director of 4CMR. With a background in Electrical Engineering from the University of Chile (1998 - 2004) and a Master of Science in Economics from the University of Hamburg (2009 - 2011), Pablo's research focuses on the process of decarbonising the power sector and its effect on the global economy, using E3 modelling tools. Current work includes the development of a model of endogenous technological transitions in the energy industry, based on endogenous investment, natural resource availability and exogenous emissions reduction policies. The new model is being constructed using a probabilistic framework, in order to incorporate climate policy uncertainty as well as risk analysis. During the years 2004 -2008, Pablo was working as Electrical Engineer in Chile, first as a Project Engineer based on Santiago and then as a Business Manager based on Los Angeles. During his work in Santiago, he designed and implemented the radio communication system for the L4/4A subway line (Metro-Santiago) and other lines (34 stations in total), among other engineering projects. In Los Angeles, he implemented the first automatic fire detection system for forests in Chile. The system incorporated a broadband network with 23 nodes over an area of 20,000 Km2, with 10 nodes working with off-grid solar energy sources (photovoltaic arrays).

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Biogenic formation of As-S Nanostructures by anaerobic culture from Salar de Ascotán POSTER Antonio E. Serrano1, Lorena Escudero G.1, 2, Juan José Pueyo 3, Alex Echeverría1 and Cecilia S. Demergasso1, 2 1

Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile Centro de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica para la Minería, Antofagasta, Chile 3 Facultat de Geologia. Universitat de Barcelona, Spain 2

Abstract Prokaryotes catalyze the formation of minerals with special physical and chemical properties that are not possible to be produced by abiotic processes. The production of arsenic sulfide by microbial cultures isolated from Salar de Ascotán in Chile has been previously described, as well as the evidences to support the hypothesis of the in situ occurrence of biogenic mineral formation. Our main goal was to understand the effect of the growth stage on the characteristics of the particles produced by anaerobic cultures, isolated from Salar de Ascotán in the Chilean Altiplano. The characterization by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of the biogenic mineral obtained from anaerobic cultures, indicate that realgar (As-S) is formed via the reduction of As(V) under anaerobic conditions. Batch cultures were sacrificed every day and cells were collected by centrifugation. The biogenic mineral formation was evidenced from the third day of the culture growth. Transmission electron microscopy analyses showed an increase in the aggregation of the particles produced by anaerobic cultures in a time-dependent way. According to the SEMEDS experiments, these particles could be realgar, but to confirm this assertion further investigation is required. These findings could contribute to predict the shape and size of realgar nanoparticles, produced by microbial biogenesis, helping to establish this technology for pharmaceutical applications and other Nano technological industrial processes in Chile.

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Photo: Claudia Matus

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03_2 Medical Sciences and Life Sciences

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03_2 Medical Sciences and Life Sciences

Keynote speakers Fernando Monckeberg The nutrition impact in the development of human capital: the case of Chile Jean-Pierre Changeux Toward a neuroscience of the human person?

Index of authors

Jerusa Brignardello, Samuel Durán and Gustavo Cediel POSTER: Relation between nutritional status and sleep duration in scholars from Santiago, Chile Álvaro Bustos POSTER: Kon-tiki function during Drosophila nervous system development María Eugenia Castro, Héctor Rodrigues, Juan Inostroza and José Gonzales POSTER: Time intervals in classical conditioning effectiveness in rats Luis Córdova, P Rosset, J Amiaud, S Battaglia, C Charrier, N Passuti, M Berreur and D Heymann PAPER: Bisphosphonates: An alternative for surgical treatment of orthopaedic implant loosening? Pre-clinical study. Camila Corral Núñez, , Claire Field, John Whitworth and Ruth Valentine POSTER: Cellular responses to Biodentine Paula Farías POSTER: The activation of the septum lateral increased the release of brain histamine. POSTER PRESENTATION WINNER Encuentros 2012 Conference Cristián Fernández POSTER: Radiobiological effects of Synchrotron Microbeam Radiation in the treatment of normal and glioblastoma multiform bearing rats

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Pablo Godoy PAPER: The role of ABC transporter proteins in macrocyclic lactone resistance in Haemonchus contortus: a model to investigate and remediate anthelmintic resistance development in veterinary nematodes in Chile Paula Irles and M. Dolors Piulachs POSTER: The Hippo pathway regulates cell proliferation in the follicular epithelium Gudrun Kausel POSTER: Next Generation Scientific Cooperation Chile Germany and DFG Camille Lassale, Pilar Galán, Katia Castetbon, Serge Hercberg and Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot POSTER: Relative influence of quality of diet and physical activity on the risk of overweight and obesity in different socioeconomic populations: Findings from the nutrinet-sante study Carolina Roldán Barraza POSTER: Simplified speech therapy to modify swallowing patterns in elder patients Felipe Soto Pérez, Manuel Franco, Teresa Cid-Bartolomé, Fátima González-Palau, Raquel Losada, Claudia Monardes Seemann, Mercedes Bernardo-Ramos and Mara Bernate-Navarro PAPER: NTICs & Mental Heath

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Keynote lectures The nutrition impact in the development of human capital: the case of Chile Fernando Monckeberg INTA / Universidad de Chile

Abstract Researches done in Chile during the sixties and seventies showed the existence of a high index of chronic under nutrition, which affected, in different grades, more than sixty per cent of child population between the age of 0 and 6. This disease caused higher early child mortality, serious after-effects in the physical and intellectual development of the survivors. The deficiencies became evident later, during the beginning of learning and this was the main cause of scholar desertion at primary school. As a consequence, the average schooling in those years were 2,8 years (1965). The researches proved the physical and mental damage in the infant population. This was produced during the fast grow stage: from the last month of pregnancy to the first years of extra uterine life. This resulted in the hypothalamic “imprinting” in the base of brain, which persists throughout life. The percentage of damaged population was so high, that it not only had effect on the infant population, but on the whole Chilean society. Looking at the infant population, the initiation of inequality of opportunities became evident. For society, this was the main obstacle for its progress and development. During the period 1973-1990 there was a holistic strategy implement as a state policy, with the aim of preventing the “socio genetic-biological” damage, that ancestrally was producing in the first stages of life. With the investment of 23 thousand millions of dollars, programs of nutrition, education and environmental sanitation were implemented with wide coverage. This controlled child malnutrition after 20 years. As a consequence of that, twenty years later, Chile has reached an important, and constant progress in economical and social areas, protruding from the other countries of the region. Currently, 100 per cent of the Chilean population is finishing primary education, 75 per cent is finishing secondary education and 46 per cent is entering undergraduate studies leading to the fact that the entire population has attained an average schooling of 12 years.

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Photo: Claudia Matus 57

 

Keynote lectures Toward a neuroscience of the human person? Jean-Pierre Changeux Collège de France & Institut Pasteur

Abstract The Epigenesis theory of development can be traced back to William Harvey (1651), who stated, in contrast to contemporary preformation views, that the embryo arises by “the addition of parts budding out from one another”. The word Epigenesis was subsequently used by Conrad Waddington (1942) to specify how genes might interact with their surroundings to produce a phenotype. This is also the meaning we adopted in our paper, « Theory of the Epigenesis of Neuronal Networks by Selective Stabilization of Synapses » (Changeux et al. 1973; Changeux & Danchin 1976), according to which the environment affects the organization of connections in an evolving neuronal network through the stabilization or degeneration (pruning) of labile synapses associated with the state of activity of the network. This definition contrasts with the recent and more restricted sense of the status of DNA methylation and histone modification in a particular genomic region. The synapse selection theory was introduced to deal with two major features regarding the genetic evolution of the human brain. Firstly, the non-linear increase in the organisational complexity of the brain despite a nearly constant number of genes. Secondly, the long postnatal period of brain maturation (ca. 15 years in humans), through which critical and reciprocal interactions take place between the brain and its physical, social and cultural environment. This theory will be evaluated and updated in the framework of the recent human/primate genome data, analysis of gene expression patterns during postnatal development, brain imaging of cultural pathways, such as those for language learning, and current views about the neural bases of higher brain function, in particular the global neuronal workspace architectures for access to consciousness and its pathologies (see Dehaene and Changeux 2011).

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Photo: Claudia Matus

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Bisphosphonates: An alternative for surgical treatment of orthopedic implant loosening? Pre-clinical study PAPER Cordova L1, 2, 5, Rosset P1, 2, 3 , Amiaud J1, 2, Battaglia S1, 2, Charrier C1, 2, Passuti N1, 2, 4, Berreur M1, 2, Heymann D1, 2, 4. 1

INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 France. Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption Laboratory, Nantes, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035, France. 3 Tours University Hospital, François Rabelais University, Tours, France. 4 Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France. 2

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Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile – CONICYT, Santiago, Chile.

Abstract Periprosthetic osteolysis by wear debris particles is a main cause of orthopedic implant loosening. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammatory osteolysis is a major point for the development of new therapeutic strategies. The use of Zoledronic acid ((ZOL) a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate) has showed good results in the treatment of osteolysis associated to metabolic and neoplastic diseases; however their effects in inflammatory microenvironment are not still clearly identified. The aim of this experience was to assess the effect of ZOL in a mouse calvaria model of UHWMPE particles induced osteolysis. Eighteen mice (C57BL/6) of 12 weeks old were randomly divided in 3 groups (Control group with no particles, vehicle treated animals after particle implantation and ZOL treated animals after particles implantation). A cranial middle sagittal incision of 1cm of length was performed and 5 mg of UHWMPE particles were implanted subperiosteally in calvaria mice and animals were then treated or not with 50 mg/Kg ZOL (s.c.) twice a week. All the animals were euthanized at day 7 of post operatory. Micro computed tomography and histomorphometry analysis were then carried out. UHWMPE particles induced a dramatically decrease of bone surface characterized by TRAP positive osteoclastic cells and an increase of thickness of inflammatory membrane. ZOL diminished significantly the osteolytic process induced by UHWMPE particles but not the inflammatory parameters. ZOL is an effective protective role in UHWMPE particles induced osteolysis in mouse calvaria model.

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The Hippo pathway regulates cell proliferation in the follicular epithelium POSTER4 Paula Irles and M.Dolors Piulachs

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster, the classical model of meroistic ovaries has been deeply studied in the past years. However, some information is available about the molecular mechanisms regulating oogenesis in panoistic ovaries. In an attempt to afford data on this primitive ovarian type, we work on Blattella germanica, a cockroach species having panoistic ovaries where only the basal oocyte is developed in each gonadotrophic cycle. In the long-term, our interest is to understand the evolutionary transition between panoistic and meroistic ovary types. As the hippo pathway is conserved in all organisms studied to date, it can be a suitable model to afford data on the evolution of these two ovary types. Ovarian transcriptomes obtained in our research group throws us most of the components of the hippo pathway, allowing us to study their expression by real-time PCR, and the function of the hippo core pathway in the regulation of the follicular epithelium using RNAi techniques. Most of the genes participating in the hippo pathway are good candidates to be regulated by microRNAs and our idea is to identify them and deciphered their role in the regulation of the path. Our first results show that in ovaries with hippo components depleted, follicular cells over-proliferate forming a double layer and also the stalk cells in the follicle lost their cell fate. These results are consistent with the previous studies done in the meroistic ovary of D. melanogaster, thus suggesting that the function of hippo pathway is generally conserved in insect ovaries.

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Paula asked for only the abstract of her poster to be published in this book.

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Next Generation Scientific Cooperation Chile Germany and DFG POSTER Gudrun Kausel Academic Representative German Research Foundation DFG Chile Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Valdivia, Chile, Phone:+56981377852 E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Chile has developed from a country that received funds for international cooperation to a responsible partner co-financing research. This new level of co-operation enables Chile to mobilize much more funds causing greater impact on medium and long term in the frame of the “short cut strategy” to improve economic growth and development. This renewal of interactions demands a phase of adaptation, screening the differentiated research funding for possibilities how Chile could increase responsibility and resources to reinforce cooperation at different levels. Relations between Chile and Germany in terms of scientific and technological cooperation clearly intensified over the last decade, corroborated in more than 3000 joint scientific articles. The number of joint publications increased from 100 articles in the year 2000 to more than 500 in 2010. Regular mobility funding schemes encourage initiation and intensification of collaboration culminating in requirement of co-financing complete research projects. Recently, joint research funding was launched by CONICYT-DFG, starting with projects in astronomy and biomedical science thus entering a new phase in support of chilean-german scientific cooperation. In addition, CONICYT announced the strategic importance of internationalization and new programs underway to foster binational Excellence Research Centres. Attracted by re-insertion and postdoctoral programs young scientists trained abroad will play an important role in establishing and strengthening international networks.

Keywords: International Scientific Cooperation German Research Foundation DFG joint research funding Chile Germany

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