PhD dissertation (Contents and Abstract): Los imaginarios geográficos de Sierra Nevada (siglos XVI-XIX): modelos de representación y prácticas espaciales en la circulación global del conocimiento de la montaña
Descripción
Los imaginarios geográficos de Sierra Nevada (siglos xvi-xix): Modelos de representación y prácticas espaciales en la circulación global del conocimiento de la montaña Carlos Cornejo Nieto
Director: Dr. Nicolás Ortega Cantero TESIS DOCTORAL DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOGRAFÍA. FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID
Los imaginarios geográficos de Sierra Nevada (siglos xvi-xix): Modelos de representación y prácticas espaciales en la circulación global del conocimiento de la montaña Carlos Cornejo Nieto
Director: Dr. Nicolás Ortega Cantero TESIS DOCTORAL DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOGRAFÍA. FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID
Índice
13
Índice Capítulo 1. Presentación, objetivos y metodología 1.1.
Introducción: la montaña en los imaginarios geográficos de
19 21
Occidente 1.2.
Contribución, objetivos y estructura de la investigación
36
1.3.
Consideraciones metodológicas
41
1.3.1
La elección del caso de estudio
41
1.3.2
La metodología de la investigación histórica en geografía: el
43
conocimiento del espacio geográfico y la clasificación, el análisis y la interpretación de las fuentes
Capítulo 2. Marco teórico
49
2.1.
Los imaginarios geográficos y sus formas de representación
51
2.2.
Marcos de interpretación: el viaje, sus formas culturales impresas
59
y la circulación del conocimiento 2.3.
La contribución social de un estudio sobre los imaginarios
65
geográficos
Capítulo 3. La geograficidad y la visibilidad mediática de Sierra Nevada
71
3.1.
La materialidad de una montaña imaginada y representada
73
3.2.
Sierra Nevada en la cultura local contemporánea: la reactivación
77
de los imaginarios geográficos 3.2.1
Sierra Nevada 1960: visibilidad mediática y persuasión pública
77
3.2.2
La Exposición Cartográfica Histórica de Sierra Nevada 1995 y Luces
84
de Sulayr 2009-2010: la mediatización de la Sierra al abrigo de los grandes eventos
Índice
14
Capítulo 4. Los imaginarios fundacionales de Sierra Nevada 4.1.
La Sierra en los imaginarios de época antigua y medieval: origen
91 93
y límite de la riqueza del territorio 4.2. 4.2.1
La Sierra y los imaginarios de lo maravilloso La montaña como elemento de identidad local en las imágenes
98 99
corográficas de Granada 4.2.2
La Sierra como un espacio geográfico beneficioso en las crónicas
103
cristianas 4.2.3
La Sierra como un espacio geográfico cualitativo de riquezas naturales
110
en los diccionarios geográficos 4.2.4
La Sierra como un espacio terapéutico en las topografías médicas
116
4.2.5
La Sierra como un referente visual en las primeras descripciones
123
paisajísticas 4.3.
Conclusiones
127
[Figuras]
131
Capítulo 5. Sierra Nevada y los imaginarios legendarios y religiosos
137
5.1.
La aparición de los imaginarios legendarios en la montaña
141
centroeuropea 5.1.1 5.2.
Criaturas y leyendas fantásticas en los Alpes La Sierra como un espacio geográfico de leyenda
141 144
5.2.1
Lagunas y grutas como lugares sobrenaturales
144
5.2.2
Las cumbres como almacenes de tesoros en el imaginario islámico
148
5.3.
La Sierra como un espacio religioso
155
5.3.1
El culto a la Virgen de las Nieves
155
5.3.2
El Mulhacén y el Veleta como símbolos nacionales de la identidad católica
5.3.3 5.4. [Figuras]
Las cumbres como lugares para la celebración litúrgica Conclusiones y discusión
160 163 167 170
Índice
Capítulo 6. Sierra Nevada y el imaginario alpino romántico 6.1.
La construcción del imaginario alpino en la cultura británica
15
175 178
de los siglos XVIII y XIX 6.1.1
El viaje al continente y el encuentro con los Alpes
179
6.1.2
Las metáforas del caos y de la ruina en lo sublime alpino
187
6.1.3
La ruina, lo gótico y la formulación de lo pintoresco
192
La circulación del imaginario alpino en Granada y Sierra Nevada
197
6.2.1
La ascensión al Picacho del Veleta y la experiencia de lo sublime
199
6.2.2
La Sierra y la Alhambra como paisaje gótico-sublime medieval
208
Cumbres alpinas y ruinas medievales
208
La montaña nevadense y lo gótico
213
6.2.
6.2.3
Granada, la Sierra y la Vega como paisaje pintoresco
219
6.2.4
La Sierra y la Vega como un locus amoenus
224
6.3.
Conclusiones y discusión
230
[Figuras]
235
Capítulo 7. Sierra Nevada y el imaginario científico
239
7.1.
Los modelos científicos de representación de la montaña
243
en los siglos XVIII y XIX 7.1.1
La mirada global desde la cumbre: la ordenación del caos
244
7.1.2
El canon de la montaña como modelo biogeográfico insular
250
7.2.
La circulación del imaginario científico en Sierra Nevada
260
7.2.1
Las cumbres nevadenses como observatorios topográficos
260
7.2.2
La Sierra como un laboratorio natural
268
7.2.3
La Sierra como un modelo humboldtiano de montaña insular
271
7.2.4
El Corral del Veleta como un jardín floral
275
7.2.5
La Sierra como un espacio medicinal
280
7.2.6
La Sierra como el “Montblanc de España”
287
Índice
16
7.3.
Conclusiones y discusión
293
[Figuras]
298
Capítulo 8. Sierra Nevada y el imaginario alpinista
309
8.1.
Las narrativas de la exploración física de la montaña en el siglo XIX
313
8.1.1
La ascensión a la montaña en las expediciones científicas
313
8.1.2
La montaña como un espacio masculino de conquista y patriotismo:
315
el alpinismo deportivo 8.1.3 8.2.
La ascensión a las cumbres y la rememoración de la historia La circulación del imaginario alpinista en Sierra Nevada
320 322
8.2.1
El Corral del Veleta como un “terreno de juego” del alpinismo británico
322
8.2.2
La Sierra como la Suiza granadina
330
8.2.3
El Mulhacén como un lugar de rememoración histórica
333
8.2.4
La concepción programática de la ascensión al cordal de los tresmiles
337
8.2.5
La Sierra como una montaña patriótica de aventura y desafío
342
8.3.
Conclusiones y discusión
347
[Figuras]
352
Capítulo 9. Sierra Nevada y el imaginario excursionista
359
9.1. 9.1.1
Las retóricas del excursionismo en la montaña en el siglo XIX La montaña como un espacio colectivo de aprendizaje: el
363 363
excursionismo pedagógico 9.1.2
La circulación del ideal de la montaña pedagógica: el krausismo
366
español y el excursionismo institucionista 9.1.3 9.2. 9.2.1
Los modelos retóricos del excursionismo institucionista
370
La circulación del imaginario excursionista en Sierra Nevada
376
La Sierra como un espacio excursionista: ¿hacia un proyecto
376
pedagógico?
Índice
17
9.2.2
La Sierra como un espacio de integración de conocimientos
378
9.2.3
La Sierra como una montaña para la élite intelectual local
384
9.3.
Conclusiones y discusión
389
[Figuras]
395
Capítulo 10. Conclusiones generales y discusión final
399
10.1.
Sierra Nevada: la complejidad de una “montaña de recepción” entre lo global y lo local
10.2.
Sierra Nevada: la conflictividad de una montaña polivalente
10.3.
Repercusiones de los imaginarios geográficos históricos en la actual visibilidad mediática de Sierra Nevada
401 405 406
General conclusions and final discussion
411
Dissertation abstract
418
Bibliografía
423
418
Dissertation abstract
Dissertation abstract Mountains are the most striking landforms of the earth. Throughout history, they have always held an important place in Western geographical imaginations. They represent spaces where forces of nature, power of reasoning and impulse of fantasy meet together. Mountain chains have never quit stirring attraction in the bosom of science, philosophy, culture and religion, representing multilayered processes of signification. This interest has responded to different aims, which, in turn, have been conveyed by different representations and narratives, echoing the most negative and enriching aspects of mountains. Hence, fascination with mountains has appeared through both scientific perspectives and subjective approaches. Thereby, the concept of mountain has been defined by the connection between the physical form of the world and the human imagination. It is a category of collective thinking that translates an idea of our image of nature, constituting a unifying concept of multiple meanings within scientific knowledge and symbolic understanding of territory. Studies on mountains across social and human sciences have sought to integrate discourses of European science with modern issues, as travel, and with cultural systems and aesthetic languages. These studies have consolidated the possibility of addressing a physical and material study object from a hermeneutic perspective by disclosing the metaphors that have been used in human relations to geographical high places. Sierra Nevada has also constituted an important geographical area in which a wide range of imaginaries, of unquestionable relevance in the current management of the Betic Mountain, have been shaped. However, humanities have usually overlooked the formation and potential of the Massif’s geographical imaginations. While the historical knowledge of the Sierra has been studied, and many iconographic materials related to the Massif have been showed in public exhibitions, the symbolic formations of its geographical imaginaries have not been investigated yet. Metaphors, images, rhetorics and narratives that shaped these mountain interpretations, global contexts and discourses from which they arose, and historical interconnections produced between them have not been analyzed within the most recent debates of Cultural Geography. This thesis attempts to fill in that gap. The dissertation explores the collective imaginations created from the Sierra Nevada geographic conditions. It aims at analyzing the meanings of its imagined geographies from the 16th century until the beginning of the 20th century. It presents, examines and discusses the different interpretations through which the Sierra has been scientifically studied, symbolically understood and corporeal experienced throughout modernity. In order to do so, the dissertation studies the representations and narratives by which the imaginations have been conveyed in diverse printed forms. It illustrates the origins of local and foreign historical visions of Sierra Nevada, and their effects in the present management and exploitation of the Betic Mountain.
Dissertation abstract
419
In order to contextualize and interpret the multiple perspectives on the Sierra, the thesis sets out a comparative study between the Sierra Nevada models of representations and spatial practices, and those renderings and narratives employed in the comprehension of other high mountain areas. Against the theoretical framework of circulation of knowledge and “travelling landscapes” through printed forms, this research explores the transmission of different modes of knowledge of foreign mountains to Sierra Nevada. The dissertation aims to show how the Sierra became an important space of reception of the geographical imaginations shaped in the Alps, the Pyrenees and other mountain chains, emerging as a site of relocation and reinterpretation of rhetorics and representations of Western high mountain. From this hypothesis, the thesis investigates of what these narratives, metaphors and models of representation consisted, how they were formed, and how they circulated in time and space to be adopted and transformed in the historical understanding of Sierra Nevada. After the presentation of the state of the art and objectives in Chapter one, Chapter two provides some theoretical considerations. It explains the concept “geographical imaginations”, and outlines the most relevant changes of the idea of landscape occurred in Cultural Geography. It also summarizes the significance of representation, and methods used for its analysis, in discipline approaches since the 1980’s. Finally, this chapter presents the social contribution of the research considering current problems with the Sierra Nevada management and its surroundings. Chapter three functions as a hinge section. It presents the Sierra Nevada physical and natural features so as to think about its geographical particularities in the symbolic formation of its imaginaries. This introduction also reflects on recent cultural visibility of the Sierra through three major exhibitions held in Granada in the years 1960, 1995 and 2009 as starting points of the research on the Betic Mountain geographical imaginations of the past. The chapter discusses the objectives of these exhibitions, as well as its reception by locals. Chapter four examines the foundational imaginaries of Sierra Nevada. It discusses how the Sierra was interpreted as the border space of productive areas in the region local communities’ collective imaginations in medieval times. Then, by studying ways of knowing the mountain from the 16th century until the Enlightenment, this section focuses on the Sierra as a territory of essential natural resources for locals’ ways of life, who conceptualized the Massif as an abstract geographic space of “wonders”. The metaphors of the Massif as a mountain of wonders will be reappearing in its subsequent interpretations throughout modernity. Thus, the chapter seeks to highlight the early social and economic importance of different assessments of the Betic Mountain, rooted in pre-scientific understanding of its natural resources and its geographical context.
420
Dissertation abstract
Chapter five analyzes popular imaginaries that turned Sierra Nevada into a natural space of legend and a place with religious connotations. This section also aims to emphasize the historical importance of the Massif’s pre-scientific visions, based on its materiality and its geographical features. Likewise, it points out the social and intellectual significance of these interpretations in later ways of conceptualizing the Sierra. Chapter six focuses on foreign collective imaginations of Alpine evocation shaped by British travellers during the first half of the 19th century. Through the analysis and cultural contextualization of images and narratives of Sierra Nevada appeared in British travel accounts, this section shows how the aesthetic patterns, conventional narratives, and romantic myths of high mountain landscapes, previously employed in the symbolic acquaintance of the Alps, travelled across time and space through different cultural media, and were reinterpreted in the descriptions of Sierra Nevada. Thereby, the chapter discusses how the Sierra was imagined as a sublime and picturesque landscape of Alpine evocation, thus carving out the iconic landscape of Granada, Sierra Nevada and the Vega. Chapter seven examines the scientific models of representation of Sierra Nevada during the course of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Through the study of images and narratives published as a result of scientific expeditions to the Massif by Spanish and foreign geologists and botanists, this section shows how methodological procedures, scientific practices and rendering models of foreign mountain chains, as the Alps and Pyrenees, shaped by the regulation of European geographical sciences, were transmitted to the Sierra Nevada. Through their application to the Sierra, these models, procedures and theories contributed to the definition of the first modern scientific knowledge of the Massif’s nature. Chapter eight studies narratives and renderings shaped by the act of climbing the Betic summits by both local and foreign mountaineers. It investigates the circulation of ways of interpreting the European high mountain as a geographical space of conquest through alpinism appeared in the second half of the 19th century. By analysing accounts and images of early non-scientific expeditions to Sierra Nevada, this chapter discusses the comprehension and reinterpretation of the masculine rhetoric that sustained the rise of Alpine mountaineering in British modern society. Chapter nine also focuses on Sierra Nevada physical exploration, but in this case through the practice of hiking carried out by local associations. Based on the analysis of hiking reports and photographs, the section examines the circulation of educational discourse that nourished this practice of mountaineering in both the Alps and Spanish mountains, especially in the Sierra de Guadarrama through the example of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza. Considering the participation of several
Dissertation abstract
421
members of the Institución in the rambles to Sierra Nevada, this chapter argues whether the Betic Massif, as in the case of the Guadarrama, was conceptualized as a collective geographical space with educational purposes. Likewise, the chapter explores the interweaving between masculine rhetorics of sport mountaineering and narratives of local hiking. Finally, Chapter ten outlines the general conclusions of the issues and debates set out throughout the thesis, and presents the final discussion. This section also draws the recent effects of the geographical imaginaries in the present media representation of the Sierra, focusing on its recent development and its current canonical image within tourism and winter sports.
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