Pediatric Emergencies Chief Residents
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Pediatric Emergencies Chief Residents
At LaRa, Friday 4pm 7 year old female s/p PICU admission for MVA resulting in multiple fractures, transferred to LaRa three hours ago for PT/OT Called to the bedside by RN because patient “is having trouble breathing and just threw up” What else do you want to know?
Differential Diagnosis Panic Attack Acute anxiety attack PE Vocal cord dysfunction SVT Aspiration Scombroidosis Food poisoning Asthma attack Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis Acute, potentially lethal, multisystem syndrome
Anaphylaxis Definition: A serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death
Signs and Symptoms A combination of 40 symptoms • Skin: > 90% of episodes – Generalized hives, itching or flushing, swollen lipstongueuvula, periorbital edema, conjunctival swelling
• Respiratory: > 70% of episodes – Nasal discharge, nasal congestion, change in voice quality, sensation of throat closure or choking, stridor, shortness of breath, wheeze, cough
• Gastrointestinal: ~ 45% of episodes – Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and crampy abdominal pain
• CV: ~ 45% of episodes – Hypotonia, syncope, incontinence, dizziness, tachycardia, and hypotension
Disease Course: Rapid onset, Evolution, and Resolution • Mild course & spontaneous resolution – Compensatory mediators (Epi, Angio II)
• Severe course & life threatening – Lack of compensation
Evolution • Typical – Minutes to hours
• Biphasic – Recurrence of sxs without reexposure – ~11% of peds cases – 812 hours after resolution • Up to 72 hours
• Protracted – Hours, days, weeks
Don’t miss it! • Hypotension or shock NOT needed for diagnosis • Timing of exam – After EMS administered EPI? • BP, skin findings
• Nonspecific sympotms – Stridor, dyspnea, confusion, wheeze, incontinence
• Everything that wheezes is not Asthma! – Especially in an asthmatic
• Are they on other medications with antihistamine effects – Sedatives, hypnotics, ethanol, recreasional
Treatment Rapid treatment essential to prevent death! 164 fatalities due to anaphylaxis: Time from onset of symptoms to cardiac arrest 5 minutes in iatrogenic 15 in inset stings 30 in foodinduced anaphylaxis
How do you treat? CAB, CAB, CAB, CAB, CAB, CAB
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Details about next steps Remove offending agent Call Dr. CART Intubate if stridor is present IM Epi à consider drip if severe Place in supine position with elevated LE Supplemental Oxygen Volume resuscitation with Large bore IVs Adjunctive therapy: Antihistamines, bronchodilators, glucocorticoids, vasopressors
What dose of Epi should be used? IM instead of SQ 0.01mg/kg IM of 1mg/mL epinephrine
To watch or to discharge? • Admission for OBS: – Moderate anaphylaxis that doesn’t respond promptly to EPI – Severe anaphylaxis
• ER OBS (810 hrs) – Anaphylaxis with prompt and complete resolution with treatment
• Discharge WITH EpiPen
Not actually an emergency… But feels like one because you are so far away from home You are a hospitalist covering a shift at St. Nowhere (~ 60 minutes away from Comer)
The last patient you hear about is a 3yearold female with a history of neuroblastoma 18 months ago, admitted for a cleanout secondary to constipation
Want to ask any other questions?
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Differential Diagnosis Constipation •
Functional – Dietary factors (inadequate dietary fiber, excessive cow's milk intake, dehydration, malnutrition) – Motility disturbance – Stool withholding – inflammatory bowel disease
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Structural abnormalities – Anal disorders (imperforate anus, anteriorly displaced anus, anal or perianal fissures, anal stenosis) – Colonic strictures (primary or secondary), pelvic masses (sacral teratoma)
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Endocrine – metabolic Immunologic conditions: celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, hypokalemia, hypothyroidism, pregnancy, uremia
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Neurogenic conditions –
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Neuromuscular conditions –
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aganglionosis (Hirschsprung's disease, Chagas' disease), infant botulism, pseudo obstruction syndrome
Connective tissue disorders –
•
cerebral palsy, hypotonia (Down syndrome, prunebelly syndrome), spinal cord abnormalities (spina bifida, spinal tumors)
scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus
Drugs –
antacids, anticholinergics, antidepressants, bismuth, laxatives, opiates, phenobarbital, sympathomimetics
Workup and plan
MRI
Spinal Cord Compression Injury to spinal neurons by tumor compression Associated edema in the rigid space of the spinal canal Diagnosis: Radiologic evidence of indentation of the thecal sac http://www.oncolink.org/resources/images/spinalcordcompression.jpg
Spinal Cord Compression MEDICAL EMERGENCY Early diagnosis and intervention are critical to preserving and restoring neurologic function
Spinal Cord Compression Presentation • Symptoms – 80% of children present with radicular back pain – Progressive weakness – Sensory abnormalities – Paresis – Incontinence – Gait abnormalities – Constipation and refusal to walk – Most common symptom in infants
Spinal Cord Compression Diagnosis EMERGENT MRI With and without contrast
Spinal Cord Compression Treatment Consult the experts: Neurosurgery, Radiation Oncology, Neurologist Highdose steroids (Dexamethasone 12mg/kg initially followed by 0.250.5mg/kg Q6)
Spinal Cord Compression Treatment continued • Surgical decompression/Debulking – Immediate relief – When disease progresses despite radiation and chemo – Risk of worsening postoperative edema
At Larabida Friday evening...8 pm • 10 y M with HbSS c/o of shortness of breath and found to be febrile 38.9. He was admitted for hypertransfusion • What else would you like to know?
DDx: Fever in HgbSS
Immunologic Transfusion Reactions Febrile nonhemolytic • cytokines from transfused leukocytes. • Tx: stop the transfusion, rule our other concerns (hemolysis, sepsis) • Prevention: leukoreduction Acute hemolytic : (medical emergency) • ABO/Rh incompatibility Fever, Flank Pain, red/brown urine • Tx: supportive (risk of DIC, hypotension, Acute Renal Failure) • Prevention: appropriately matched blood products Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions: • Antibody produced days after transfusion (AnitJka, AntiJkb) • Dx: repeat antibody screening of pt plasma (new alloantibody), positive DAT • Tx: supportive • Prevention: using RBCs that lack this antigen
Immunologic Transfusion Reactions Anaphylactic transfusion reactions Urticarial transfusion reactions: • 2/2 preexisting IgE responding to allergenic substance in the transfusion • Only reaction in which the transfusion can be continued/resumed
Transfusionassociated lung injury (TRALI) • dyspnea, pulmonary edema, hypotension, and fever within 6 hours of transfusion. • TRALI is the leading cause of transfusionrelated mortality in the United States. It is due primarily to the interaction between leukocytes from the recipient and antiHLA
What are your next steps 1. Stop Transfusion 2. CAB 3. New IV tubing, IVF (Normal Saline *(no LR) 4. Labs 1. DAT, Type and Screen 2. Urine “transfusion reaction”àHematology 3. CBC, culture*
5. BLOOD BANK x26827 6. Send remaining blood and attached IV tubing to blood bank station #402 7. EPIC Order: Transfusion Reaction Evaluation 8. IF stable continue frequent monitoring of vitals
Direct vs. Indirect Coombs
Looks for the presence of antibodies on RBC’s (eval for antibody mediated hemolysis)
Looks for what antibodies an individual carries “Antibody Screen”
Metabolic Toxicities Associated with Transfusions (Name 2) • Citrate: – Hypocalcemia and/or hypoglycemia
• Hyperkalemia – large volumes of blood – irradiated blood
• Osmotic Diuresis: – mannitol (a component of preservative solutions) in neonates who receive large volumes of blood may result in an osmotic diuresis.
• Nephrotoxicity – accumulation of adenine (a component of preservative solutions)
Just Another Evening on Maroon… • You are the night senior/night intern team called by RN at 7: 05 pm to assess 6 mo admitted for bronchiolitis, states she is “lethargic” • Signout: 6 mo FT on 0.5 L NC, wean O2
DDx: Lethargy
DDx: Lethargy
Physical Exam • Narrow your differential • Next steps in management:
Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) • Definition: abnormally rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles, often with narrow complex QRS, absent/abnormal p waves – Infants >/= 220, children >/= 180
• Most common rhythm disturbance in children • 2 most common forms are : – Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) • Includes WPW
– AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)
• Most have structurally normal hearts
Initial Management of SVT • What question do you need to answer first? – Hemodynamically Stable or NOT?
Vagal Maneuvers • Bearing Down/Rectal Stim: 1520 sec • Ice on the face: 1530 sec, Diving reflex. Effective in 3060% of cases • DO NOT DO Carotid Massage or Orbital pressure
Adenosine • MOA: A1 receptors, slows sinus rate, increases AV node conduction delay, Interrupts the reentrant circuit of tachycardias that require the AV node • Dose: – 0.1 mg/kg (max 6 mg), second dose 0.2 mg/kg (max 12 mg)
• Administration: supine, “fast at the hub”, immediate 5 mL flush • Side Effects: – flushing, N/V, chest pain, dyspnea (resolve quickly) T ½:
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