Participación política: concepto y modalidades

FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA - UBA / SECRETARÍA DE INVESTIGACIONES / ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIONES / VOLUMEN XVII

PARTICIPACIÓN POLÍ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

DE LA PÁGINA 211 A LA 220

211

PARTICIPACIÓN POLÍTICA: CONCEPTO Y MODALIDADES POLITICAL PARTICIPATION: CONCEPT AND TYPES Delfino, Gisela I.; Zubieta, Elena M.

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`"P'3./0*$"SWXXE]"+!'5%0'"8.0"a%$*$("!$("'.%$< ,0("8.0"'3$,*'5"0(%'"/.0(%)45"%)05057")-+!6/)%'"$"0>+!6< /)%'-05%07" .5'" /$5/0+/)45" -2(" $" -05$(" 0!'3$,'*'7" ,0(+0/%$"'"8.9"/$5*./%'("/'30"/'!)B/',"/$-$"+',%)/)< +'/)45"+$!6%)/'b"S+;"cE];"^()-)(-$7".5'"'-+!)'"A'-'"*0" '.%$,0("(0"&'5"*0*)/'*$"'"0(%.*)',"*)(%)5%'("/$5*./%'(" 8.0"*',6'5"/.05%'"*0"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/';" 5"(.",0#)()45"*0"!$("0(%.*)$("*0*)/'*$("'"'5'!)C',"!'" 0B/'/)'"+$!6%)/'"?"+',%)/)+'/)457"Q!'5*0,-'5("SWXcd"05" P'3./0*$7" WXXE]" *0(%'/'" /$-$" .5'" *)1)/.!%'*" 05" !'" 0#'!.'/)45"*0"!$("%,'3':$(7"!'"*)#0,()*'*"/$5"8.0"&'"()< *$"$+0,'/)$5'!)C'*'"!'"#',)'3!0"'//)45"+$!6%)/'W; @$,"(."+',%07"[)!3,'%&"SWXE\]"/$-+','"0(%.*)$(",0'!)C'< *$("&'(%'"+,)5/)+)$("*0"!$("eEF("/$5"0!"$3:0%)#$"*0"/$5$< /0," /4-$" ?" +$,8.9" !'" A05%0" (0" )5#$!./,'" 05" +$!6%)/';" O$-$",0(.!%'*$"*0"(."'52!)()("(.3,'?'"!'")-+$,%'5/)'" *0"/$5%',"/$5".5'"*0B5)/)45"8.0"*)(%)5A'"!'("'//)$50(" +$!6%)/'("*0"!'("5$"+$!6%)/'("'"!'"#0C"8.0"*0B50"'"!'"+',< %)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"/$-$"a0!"/$-+$,%'-)05%$"8.0"'10/%'" $"3.(/'"'10/%',"!'("*0/)()$50("*0!"A$3)0,5$b"S+;"W];"P$(< %)050"8.0"!'"+$!6%)/'"*0"!'("$,A'5)C'/)$50("5$"A.30,5'< -05%'!0("S0A;")A!0()'(]"5$"0(%2"/$5%0-+!'*'"05"!'"*0B< 5)/)45" ?" 0>+!)/'" 8.0" !'" '//)45" +$!6%)/'" +.0*0" %050," *)(%)5%'("(.3'+$='%$"+$!6%)/$"S+;"\\d]; ^"B50("*0"!$("lcF7"O$5A0"SWXcc]"+,0(05%'".5"',%6/.!$"*0" ,0#)()45"8.0",0(.!%'"/!',)B/'*$,;"P$3,0"!'"3'(0"*0"0(%.< DE LA PÁGINA 211 A LA 220

*)$("/!2()/$("ST',50(7"Q''(0"0%"'!;Z"T$$%&"U"P0!)A($5Z" g0!($5Z"M0,3'"U"g)0]7"0!"'.%$,"(0G'!'"8.0"!'("*)(/,0+'5< /)'("05%,0"!'("*)(%)5%'("'+,$>)-'/)$50("'"0(%'"/.0(%)45" (0"+!'5%0'5"05"%$,5$"'"(0)("+.5%$(I" W;"1$,-'("'/%)#'("#(;"+'()#'(I"_!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'" *030,6'" (0," *0B5)*'" 05" %'5%$" '//)45" %$("/.!%.,'!0(7"?"3]"0(%',"/),/.5(/,)+%'"'".5"*0%0,-)< 5'*$"2-3)%$I"'!A.5'("'//)$50("*0305"(0,"0>/!.)*'("'" B5"*0"'!/'5C',".5"3.05"+$*0,"0>+!)/'%)#$;" !"'.%$,"+,$< +$50"SO$5A07"WXcc7"+;"fYE+!)< /'"8.0 0!"&0/&$"8.0".5'"'//)45"+$!6%)/'"5$"$3%05A'"!$(",0(.!< %'*$("+0,(0A.)*$(7"5$"*030"(0,".5"$3(%2/.!$"+','" 8.0"*)/&'"'//)45"(0'"/$5()*0,'*'"/$-$"+',%)/)+'/)45" +$!6%)/'"SJ$*,6A.0C7"O$(%'"U"P'3./0*$7"WXXd7"+;"f\] K0"0(%0"-$*$7"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"+','"P'3./0*$" SWXXE]"&'/0",010,05/)'"' '8.0!!'("'//)$50(")5%05/)$5'!0(7"!0A'!0("$"5$7"*0('< ,,$!!'*'("+$,")5*)#)*.$("?"A,.+$("/$5"0!"$3:0%)#$"*0" '+$?',"$"/.0(%)$5',"'"/.'!8.)0,'"*0"!$("*)(%)5%$("0!0< -05%$("8.0"/$5BA.,'5"0!"2-3)%$"*0"!$"+$!6%)/$I"%$-'" *0"*0/)()$50(7"'.%$,)*'*0("?"0(%,./%.,'("S+;"cX]; P$3,0"!'"3'(0"*0"!$"&'(%'"'8.6"*0(',,$!!'*$"?"()A.)05*$" '"#'5"K0%&"SfFFW]"a!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"+.0*0"(0," *0B5)*'"*0"1$,-'"!'>'"/$-$"!'"'/%)#)*'*"*0"!$("/).*'< *'5$("*0(%)5'*'"'")5=.05/)',"!'("*0/)()$50("+$!6%)/'(b" S+;"Y];"@',,?7"[$?(0,"?"K'?"SWXXf"05"#'5"K0%&7"fFFW]" +,0(05%'5".5'"*0B5)/)45"*0"0(%0"%05$,"?"'/!','5"8.0"!'(" *0/)()$50("8.0"!$("/).*'*'5$(")5%05%'5")5=.05/)',"($57" 05"D!%)-'")5(%'5/)'7"%$-'*'("+$,"!$(",0+,0(05%'5%0("?" 1.5/)$5',)$("+$!6%)/$(;" 5"!'"-)(-'"!650'7"M0,3'7"P/&!$C< -'5"?"T,'*?"SWXX\]"0>+!)/'5"8.0"a!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)< /'"!0("$1,0/0"'"!$("/).*'*'5$("05".5'"*0-$/,'/)'"!'" $+$,%.5)*'*"+','"/$-.5)/',!0("'"!$("1.5/)$5',)$("*0!" A$3)0,5$" (.(" +,0$/.+'/)$50(" ?" +,010,05/)'(" ?" +','" +,0()$5',!$("'",0(+$5*0,b"S+;"dh];"@$,"(."+',%07"g$,,)(" SfFFW"05"#'5"K0%&7"fFFW]")5*)/'"8.0"+',%)/)+'/)45"0(" K0"'/.0,*$"/$5"J$*,6A.0C"SWXXf7"+;"fY]"-./&$("'.%$,0("+,0B0< ,05"0!"%9,-)5$">%$=1>3+'+F8!*)E+"05"#0C"*0"+>3%*'E)%"!$3%*"*03)*$" '"!'("/$55$%'/)$50("-2("A050,'!0("*0"9(%07"8.0")5/!.?0"'/%$("#)$< !05%$("?"!$"8.0"(0"*0B50"/$-$"/$5*./%'")!0A'!7"5$"/$5#05/)$5'!"$" 5$"$,%$*$>';

Y

DE LA PÁGINA 211 A LA 220

FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA - UBA / SECRETARÍA DE INVESTIGACIONES / ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIONES / VOLUMEN XVII

%$*'" '/%)#)*'*" 8.0" 3.(8.0" )5=.)," 05" 0!" A$3)0,5$" $" 0!" +,$/0($"+$!6%)/$7"05"!'"($/)0*'*"/)#)!"$"8.0"3.(8.0"'!%0< ,',"+'%,$50("()(%0-2%)/$("*0"/$-+$,%'-)05%$"($/)'!;" P0AD5"#'5"K0%&"Sf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fFFEZ" L$,/'!7" [$,'!0(" U" @9,0C/0+/)45"'"0('".5)*)-05()$5'!)< *'*I"0!"#$%$;" (%0"%)+$"*0"/$5*./%'"+$!6%)/'"5$"(0"':.(%'< 3'"'"!$(",08.)()%$("*0"0(/'!'-)05%$"*0"V.%%-'57"/$5(%)< %.?05*$".5'"'/%)#)*'*"/!','-05%0"*)10,05/)'*'"*0"!'(" '5%0,)$,0(;" k%,$"*'%$"8.0",0(+'!*'"!'"%0()("*0"8.0"0!"#$%$"0(".5'" '/%)#)*'*"+$!6%)/'"*1)'F!$!8)*7"(0"05/.05%,'"05"0!"%,'3':$" *0"[)!3,'%&"SWXEc"05"P'3./0*$7"WXcc];" 5"0(0"0(%.*)$" (0" +.0*0" $3(0,#'," 8.0" !'" /$5*./%'" *0" #$%$" '+',0/0" '($/)'*'"'"'B,-'/)$50("*0"/!',$"/$5%05)*$"+'%,)4%)/$" %'!0("/$-$"+;%'+';B'/!.),"0(%0"%)+$"*0"+',%)/)+'/)45;"H'"+',< %)/)+'/)45"0!0/%$,'!7"+$,"%'5%$7"?"*03)*$"'"!'("/','/%0,6(< %)/'("0(+0/)'!0("8.0"/$5/.,,05"05"!'"-)(-'7"(.0!0"(0," '5'!)C'*'"05"0(%.*)$("*0(%)5'*$("0(+0/)'!-05%0"'"%'!" 010/%$"S0A;"T,'G'7"P'3./0*$"U"^,/07"WXXWZ"Q,'-+057" fFFFZ"@0',!"U"^5*0,($57"fFFhZ"P'3./0*$"U"J$*,6A.0C7" WXXF3Z"P$3,'!7"P'3./0*$"U"M',A'(7"WXcE]; 5"/.'5%$"'"!$("$%,$("%)+$("*0"'/%)#)*'*"+$!6%)/'"/$5#05<

216

/)$5'!7" 05" '!A.5$(" 0(%.*)$(" (0" +,0(05%'5" *'%$(" 8.0" '+$?'5"!'"0>)(%05/)'"*0"'A,.+'-)05%$("/!','-05%0"*)10< ,05/)'*$(;"M0,3'"?"g)0"SWXhf]"(0G'!'5"8.0"!'"+',%)/)+'< /)45" +$!6%)/'" 5$" *030" /$5()*0,',(0" /$-$" .5" -$*0!$" .5)*)-05()$5'!7"()5$"/$-$".5"-$*0!$"/$-+.0(%$"+$," /.'%,$"1'/%$,0(7"'"('30,I"']"'/%)#)*'*0("*0"/'-+'G'(" +$!6%)/'(7"3]"'/%)#)*'*"/$-.5)%',)'7"/]"/$5%'/%$("/$5"!'" '*-)5)(%,'/)457"*]"#$%$;"[)!3,'%&"SWXcW]"%'-3)95"(.A)0< ,07"'+$?25*$(0"05"!$(",0(.!%'*$("$3%05)*$("%'5%$"05"0!" %,'3':$"*0"M0,3'"?"g)0"SWXhf]"/$-$"05"!$("*0"9!"-)(-$7" 8.0" +.0*05" *0%0/%',(0" *)(%)5%$(" -$*$(" *0" '/%.'/)45" +$!6%)/'"/$5#05/)$5'!;" ($("-$*$("($5"!$("/.'%,$",0/$< A)*$("+$,"M0,3'"?"g)07"-2("$%,$"'!"8.0"*05$-)5'"/$-.< 5)/'*$,0(; K0"!$"&'(%'"'8.6"0>+.0(%$"(0"*0(+,05*0".5"&0/&$"/$5< ()(%05%0"'"%,'#9("*0"!$("*)#0,($("0(%.*)$(I">;&=:5:&>?& @93&7:9A@753&2:;95>&A6C>4>9763A3&A>;& 4>?5:;" (0"'/.0,*$"A050,'!)C'*$"($3,0"0(%0"+.5%$"5$" (0"&'/0"0>%05()#$"'"!'("*0-2("1$,-'("*0"+',%)/)+'/)45" /$5#05/)$5'!I"-)05%,'("8.0"+','"M0,3'"?"g)0"SWXhf]"?" [)!3,'%&" SWXcW]7" !'" +',%)/)+'/)45" +$!6%)/'" /$5#05/)$5'!" 0(%2" /$5(%)%.)*'" +$," 1'/%$,0(" )5*0+05*)05%0(" )(%0".5)*)-05()$5'!)*'*"05"0(%0"%)+$"*0"'/%)#)*'*; 5",0'!)*'*7"0(%'("+$()/)$50("5$",0(.!%'5"%'5"$+.0(%'(" /$-$"05".5"+,)5/)+)$"+$*,6'"(.+$50,(0;" g$"+$*0-$("(0,"%'5")5A05.$("/$-$"+','"/,00,"8.0" 0($("+'%,$50("/$5*./%.'!0("%)0505".5"/',2/%0,".5)< #0,('!"?"(0"+,0(05%'5"*0!"-)(-$"-$*$"05"/.'!8.)0," %)0-+$"?"!.A',;"^5%0("'!"/$5%,',)$7"*030-$("($(+0< /&'," 8.0" 0(%0" %)+$" *0" '/%)#)*'*" 0(%2" 65%)-'-05%0" #)5/.!'*'"'"*)(%)5%$("-$-05%$("&)(%4,)/$(7"($/)'!0("?" /.!%.,'!0(;"@$,"0!!$7"()"0>)(%05"*)10,05/)'("()A5)B/'%)< #'("05"'!A.5$("*0"0($("+',2-0%,$(7"%'-3)95"*030" &'30,!'("05"0!"%)+$"*0"'/%)#)*'*0("8.0"(0",0A)(%,'5"?" 05"(."0(%,./%.,'/)45"SP'3./0*$7"WXcc7"+;"WEc];" K0"&0/&$7"?"%'!"/$-$"(0"-.0(%,'"05"0!"%,'3':$"*0"Q''(0" ?"[',(&"SWXhX3]7"!'".5)*)-05()$5'!)*'*"*0"!'"0(/'!'"*0" +',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"0,'"-2("*93)!"05" (%'*$("j5)*$(" 8.0"05"!$("+'6(0("0.,$+0$("S+;"cE];"@$,"0!!$7"?"%05)05*$" 05"/.05%'"8.0"0!"%,'3':$"*0"M0,3'"?"g)0"SWXhf]"(0"!)-)%4" '"0('"5'/)45"'-0,)/'5'7"!$(",0(.!%'*$("?'"5$",0(.!%'5" %'5"/$5%,'*)/%$,)$(;"Q''(0"?"[',(&"SWXhX3]"+,0(05%'5" .5'"'/!','/)45"8.0"#'"05"0(%0"(05%)*$ 0("+$()3!0"8.0"!'"%05*05/)'"&'/)'"!'"1,'A-05%'/)45"*0" !'"'/%)#)*'*"05"^-9,)/'"0(%9"'($/)'*'"'"!'("-D!%)+!0(" *)#)()$50("9%5)/'(7",0A)$5'!0("?"+,0()$50("*0"A,.+$(" *0")5%0,9("+D3!)/$"8.0"/','/%0,)C'5"'"!'"+$!6%)/'"'-0,)< /'5'"?"8.0"/$5%,'(%'"1.0,%0-05%0"/$5"!'"/!'(0"*$-)< 5'5%0"?"*)#)()$50(",0!)A)$('("8.0"/','/%0,)C'5"'"!$(" /.'%,$"+'6(0("0.,$+0$("*0"5.0(%,$"0(%.*)$"S+;"cE75:43;7"8.0")5/!.?0"'/%)#)*'*0("%'!0(" /$-$" /$5#05/0," '" $%,$(" +','" 8.0" #$%05" /$-$" .5$" ?" '/.*),"'"-6%)50(; FE&,345676237689&7:9=>976:93;7"8.0"(0"/','/%0,)C'"+$," '8.0!!'("'/%)#)*'*0("8.0"(0"-'5%)0505"*05%,$"*0"!'"!0< A'!)*'*"#)A05%0"?"8.0"%,'%'5"*0")5/)*),"05"0!"/.,($"*0"!$(" DE LA PÁGINA 211 A LA 220

'/$5%0/)-)05%$("+$!6%)/$9537"8.0")5%0A,'"'//)$50("/$-$" *'G$("'"!'"+,$+)0*'*"?"#)$!05/)'"',-'*'; AE&,345676237689&A64>753&237)(%0"05%,0"!'"+',%)/)< +'/)45"+$!6%)/'"/$5#05/)$5'!"?"!'"5$"/$5#05/)$5'!;"g$" $3(%'5%07"J$*,6A.0C"SWXXf7"+;"Y\]",0B0,0"8.0"0!"%,'3':$" *0"k++7"T.,$N)(%05/)'"*0".5" ($!'+'-)05%$" 05%,0" !'(" *)#0,('(" 1$,-'(" *0" '/%.'/)45" +$!6%)/'"+0,$"(0G'!'5"8.0".5"5D-0,$")-+$,%'5%0"*0"(.< :0%$("*)(+.0(%$("'",0'!)C',"'//)$50("+$!6%)/'("-2("*),0/< %'("5$"+',%)/)+'3'5"05"!'("-2("/$5#05/)$5'!0(;"u)5'!< -05%07"Q''(0"SWXcd"05"P'3./0*$7"WXcc]"($3,0"!'"3'(0" *0"5.0#$("*'%$("*.*'"($3,0"!'("'B,-'/)$50(",0'!)C'< *'("($3,0"0(%'"/.0(%)45"05"'8.0!"%,'3':$"*0"WXh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g$,,)(Z" f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d];" 5"!$"8.0"&'/0"'"(.("-$*'!)*'*0(7"!'"1.0,%0"%,'*)/)45" /05%,'*'"05"!'("'/%)#)*'*0("'($/)'*'("'!"+,$/0($"0!0/< %$,'!"?"!'"/$5*./%'"*0"#$%$7"-2("!'"0#)*05/)'"*0"8.0"0!" #$%$"(0"*)10,05/)'"/!','-05%0"*0"$%,'("1$,-'("*0"+',%)< /)+'/)45"?"(0"'($/)'"'"1054-05$("+()/$($/)'!0("-2(" /$-+!0:$("SP'3./0*$7"WXcc]"&'/0"8.0"0(%'"*)-05()45" '+',0C/'"/$5")*05%)*'*"+,$+)'7"/$5(%)%.?95*$(0"05".5'" '/%)#)*'*"(.)"A050,)(;" !"5)#0!"*0"'/.0,*$",0(+0/%$"'"!'"+',%)/.!',)*'*"*0!"#$%$" 5$"0("0>%05()#$"'"!'"%)+$!$A6'"*0"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'" /$5#05/)$5'!"!'%:'3P!'418%P" P" +;"g0N"p$,tI"i$!-0("'5*"[0)0,; O'-+30!!7" ^;Z" O$5#0,(07" @;Z" [)!!0,7" z;" U" P%$t0(7" K;" SWXEF];" MP!' I;!8)>+$'E%3!8;"g0N"p$,tI"z)!0?; O'-+30!!7"^;Z"V.,)57"V;"U"[)!!0,7"z; ;"SWX\Y];"MP!'E%3!8'=!>)=!*;" z&)%0"@!')5(7"g0N"p$,tI"J$N7"@0%0,($5"U"O$-+'5?; O$&057"^;Z"M)A$*'7" ;"U"P'-$,!?7"^;"SfFFW];"^5'!?()("$1"%&0"-0*)< '%)5A" 0110/%" $1" +0,($5'!P%"%FC&' 66'^W_7"hfh)!$>!' I**%>)+3)%$" %"%FB+'@%"BN 3)>+&'6b7"YW%;+$' @%")3)>+"' Z>)!$>!' Q!N E)!X&'.`6'^6_7"fdd+"' Q!*!+8>P' P'e1+83!8"C&'6``.&'aW7" h\W+"' +>3)%$?' ;+**')8+>)!*-"T0#0,!?"i)!!(7" O'!)1$,5)'I"P'A0;" Q'((07"[;"U"[',(&7"^;"SWXhX3];"[0'(.,)5A"+$!)%)/'!"'/%)$5;" 5"P;" i;"T',50("U"[;"Q''(0"0%"'!;"@%")3)>+"'+>3)%$?';+**')8+>)!*-"T0#0,!?"i)!!(7"O'!)1$,5)'I"P'A0;" Q,'-+057"V;"SfFFF];"L,'5()%)$5"$1"'*$!0(/05%"+$!)%)/'!"'/%)$5"$,)< 05%'%)$5("%$"#$%)5A"30&'#)$,")5"0',!?"'*.!%&$$*")5"#)0N"$1"'"($< /)'!+;N %;1$)>+>)%$!*' ,,,' J%$F8!*%'L+>)%$+"'=!'@*)>%"%FB+'Z%>)+"&'.7"\cY)+"&'.7"\h%;+"' @*C>P%"%FC&' c' ^d_7" \\W< \hd; M'!05/)'7"v;u;"SWXcX];"[$%)#'/)$50("+','"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'" 5$" )5(%)%./)$5'!;" 5" [;" M)!!',0'!" SK),;]" 5%E);)!$3%*' *%>)+"!*;" P'5" P03'(%)257" (+'G'I" P0,#)/)$" *)%$,)'!" j5)#0,()*'*" *0!" @'6("M'(/$; #'5"K0%&7"v;z;"SfFFW];"P%.*?)5A"+$!)%)/'!"+',%)/)+'%)$5I"%$N',*("'" %&0$,?"$1"0#0,?%&)5A`"L,'3':$"+,0(05%'*$"05"!'"Y%)$3'Z!**)%$' %:' [%8S*P%)+'@%"B3)>+&'.d7"\W)%$!*&';%E)")R+>)A$'C'))A$'>)=!$N 3+"!*;"['*,)*I"O05%,$"*0" (%.*)$("@$!6%)/$("?"O$5(%)%./)$5'!0(;

M0,3'7" P;Z" P/&!$C-'57" Q;H;" U" T,'*?7" i; ;" SWXX\];" \%)>!' +$=' !T1+")3C?' >)E)>' E%"1$3+8)*;' )$' I;!8)>+$' +"'Q!*!+8>P7"WF7"++;" W+'!$'"%*'9AE!$!*'F+""!F%*?' :+>3%8!*'=!3!8;)$+$3!*;"L0()("*$/%$,'!;"j5)#0,()*'*"*0"P'5%)'< A$"*0"O$-+$(%0!'7" (+'G'; J$*,6A.0C7"[;H;Z"O$(%'7"[;"U"P'3./0*$7"v;[;"SWXXd];"@+83)>))A$')+"!*;"P'5"P03'(%)257" (< +'G'I"P0,#)/)$" *)%$,)'!"j5)#0,()*'*"*0!"@'6("M'(/$; P'3./0*$7"v;[;"SWXXE];"@*)>%"%FB+'3+*'=!"',,'J%$F8!*%'L+>)%$+"'=!'@*)>%"%N FB+'Z%>)+"&'b7"Yh