Pactos sociales para una protección social más inclusiva: Experiencias, obstáculos y posibilidades en América Latina y Europa

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PACTOS SOCIALES PARA UNA PROTECCIÓN SOCIAL MÁS INCLUSIVA

Experiencias, obstáculos y posibilidades en América Latina y Europa Martín Hopenhayn Carlos Maldonado Valera Rodrigo Martínez María Nieves Rico Ana Sojo Editores



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