Montero Herrero S. Augusto y las aves. Las aves en la Roma del principado: prodigio, exhibición y consumo. Instrumenta 22..

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22

C o l · l e c c i ó

INSTRUMENTA

AUGUSTO Y LAS AVES. LAS AVES EN LA ROMA DEL PRINCIPADO: PRODIGIO, EXHIBICIÓN Y CONSUMO

Santiago Montero Herrero

Publicacions i Edicions

U UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA

B

AUGUSTO Y LAS AVES. LAS AVES EN LA ROMA DEL PRINCIPADO: PRODIGIO, EXHIBICIÓN Y CONSUMO

Santiago Montero Herrero

Publicacions i Edicions

U UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA

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