IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12): 6541-6564
ISSN: 2277–4998
MILESTONES OF NANOSCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY- A REVIEW SAIMA SHAKIL MALIK*, ZEHRA KAZMI, NAILA SAFDAR Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall Rawalpindi, 46000 (Pakistan). *For correspondence:
[email protected]; Phone # +92- 333-8403698 Financial assistance: There was no particular grant or financial assistance available for this study. Conflict of interest: All the authors declare no conflict of interests. ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is an emerging field that has the ability to consistently change and modify the properties of nanostructures by controlling their surface properties and structure at a nanoscale level. These valuable characteristics make nanoparticles highly attractive candidates for use in the field of environmental biotechnology ranging from fundamental scientific studies to commercially useable treatment technologies. Nanotechnology had played immense role in sensing and detecting various pollutants, pollution prevention and in vast number of remediation treatment technologies. It plays a vital role in the development of new methodologies to produce novelnano-products, to replace already existing equipment and to reformulate new chemicals and materials with enhanced performance and efficacy. All these improvements results in less energy consumption, detection and sensing of pollutants, environmental remediation, water, soil and air purification, cleaner production and prevention of food contamination and spoilage which in turns provides great human health and life style benefits. Environmental applications of nano science not only addresses the development of solutions to cope with existing environmental problems but also elaborate different preventive measures for various problems that may occur in the future. This review discusses the recent advances and application of nanotechnology in the field of environmental biotechnology. It sheds light on the process and pros and cons of almost
6541 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
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Review Article
all the nanomaterials such as metal oxides, metal nanoparticles, zeolites, carbon compounds, filtration membranes, nanoadsorbents, and photocatalysts for efficient environment treatment and remediation. Not only the beneficial properties but their comparisons with conventional processes are also reported. This review briefly illustrates the commercialization aspect together with the future prospects of nanotechnology related to environment, health and production process. Keywords: Nanoscience, nanomaterials, pollutants, nanoadsorbents, photocatalysts nanoparticles, environmental remediation. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND With rapid industrialization and enhanced
nausea,
anthropogenic activities, different grades of
reduced work capacity, cancer, premature
pollutants had been generated. Common
death,
pollutants
cardiovascular problems,
are
carbon
monoxide
(CO),
pulmonary
congestion,
influenza,
visual
asthma,
impairment, less
manual
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), heavy metals
dexterity along with stomach problems, liver
(arsenic, chromium, lead, cadmium, mercury
toxicity and neurological disorders. For
and zinc), hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides,
environmental cleanup process, different
organic
techniques have been used and the most
compounds
(volatile
organic
compounds and dioxins), sulphur dioxide and
recent
particulates. Major factors that are meant to
Nanotechnology is the understanding and
be the cause of pollution in water include
management
waste disposal, oil spills, and release of
between
fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, by-
nanometers, where unique phenomena enable
products
novel
of
industrial
processes
and
one
of
is
nanotechnology.
matter
at
dimensions
approximately
1
and
applications
Nanoscience
concerned
Gaseous and solid waste pollutants include
characterization, evaluation and application
molds, germs, viruses, mites, allergens, dust
of devices together with materials on
particles, pungent odor, toxicants, smoke and
nanoscale. Nanomaterials are highly reactive,
VOCs. Water is also contaminated by a
have large specific surface area, high degree
number of pollutants including organic and
of
inorganic wastes. Health effects of pollutants
dependent
include
properties make them suitable for large
problems,
coughing,
functionalization
design,
is
combustion and extraction of fossil fuels [1].
respiratory
with
[2].
100
and
characteristics.
synthesis,
various
size
All
these
6542 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
Saima Shakil Malik et al
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number of applications in different areas.
water comprises of proteins, carbohydrates,
Nanoscience has played its great role in
oils and fats, surfactants, bacteria, viruses
different environmental remediation and
and other microorganisms. The treatment
detection techniques and this review paper
process of wastewater is based on the
illustrates
composition
good
examples
of
these
techniques.
of
the
wastewater.
The
conventional treatment of the wastewater
NANOTECHNOLOGY
IN
consists of certain steps which are given in
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
the figure 1. Introduction of the tertiary
Any water which is contaminated by
treatment process greatly ensures the purity
microorganisms,
bacteria,
industrial
of the wastewater after treatment [3].
effluents,
metals
organic
Unfortunately it is too expensive that
heavy
and
pollutants is termed as wastewater. Waste
• Remove coarse aand suspended solid materials • upto 0.01mm size
Preliminary treatment
Primary treatment
• Remove both organic and inorganic suspended solid materials •0.1mm - 35µm
•Biological treatment • Degrade organic matter and other nutrients
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
industries fails to find any interest in it.
•Remove remaining organic and inorganic materials together with microbes and viruses • Includes filtration and chemical disinfection
Figure 1: Scheme of conventional wastewater treatment process
Industrial wastewater contains a wide variety
processes of water purification and there is a
of effluents depending upon its source like
scarcity of water on the Earth. In the
wastewater from agriculture, steel, iron, food
developing countries approximately 90% of
and mining industry. Uncontrolled human
the diseases are caused by the usage of
population and increased industrialization
contaminated water [4]. Therefore it is
without planning disturbed
necessary to treat and purify the water before
the
natural
6543 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
Saima Shakil Malik et al its
consumption.
Review Article
But
the
conventional
There
are
two
features
nanosorbents
treatment to such an extent that it can be
effective. a) They have high specific surface
called as safe for human consumption. So, it
areas which helps in increased affinity
has been a great challenge to find out such a
towards
cost effective
and efficient wastewater
contaminants. b) Their pores are of nano size
treatment processes. Nanotechnology offers a
so, efficient sorption of contaminants takes
great potential for this purpose.
place. It has been illustrated that 3D
Nanotechnology for efficient wastewater
flowerlike
treatment:
nanostructures can efficientlyabsorb organic
Recently, different techniques and tools have
dyes and remove heavy metal ions from the
been developed by nanotechnology, in order
wastewater [6]. Nanoparticles are magnetic
to purify water and provides new alternatives
in nature. So, it is easy to separate and
for wastewater treatment in more efficient
regenerate them by magnetic separation and
and cost effective way [3]. Some of the
catalytic combustion respectively. Some of
important features of nanomaterials that
the important nanomaterials which serves as
made them so important are:
sorbents are given in the Table# 1.
a. They are very small and highly reactive in their action.
make
them
of
methods were not efficient in the wastewater
the
which
salient
more
greater number of target
iron
oxide(self-assembled)
Photocatalysis: Photocatalysis is one of the important
b. They provides precise and accurate results.
treatment technology used for wastewater. It
c. Nanomaterials
uses nanostructured catalyst medium (light
are
cost
effective
and
environment friendly. Different
Nano-science
active) for the degradation of a range of based
treatment
pollutants in the water. It is a surface
technologies are available for wastewater
phenomenon
treatment
mechanism comprising of 5 different steps
[5]
including
Nanosorbents,
Photocatalysis and Nanofiltration.
illustrated
and
in
involves
a
figure
complex
2.
Nanosorbents:
6544 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
Saima Shakil Malik et al
Reactants diffusion on catalysts surface
Review Article
Reactants adsorption on catalysts surface
Products desorption from the surface of catalyst
Reaction at the catalysts surface
Products diffusion from the surface of catalyst
Figure 2: Basic steps involved in photocatalysis
An ideal photocatalyst should be highly
this separation technique pressure-driven
photoactive, biologically and chemically
membrane is used to purify the water by
inert, non-toxic, photo-stable and cost
high permeation rate and repulsion property
effective [7]. Titanium dioxide, ferric oxide,
based on charge. It uses minimum energy
zinc oxide, cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide
and is much popular in the developed
are commonly used examples of nano-
countries. It gains importance in different
structured semiconductor photo-catalysts. It
industries
like
pharmaceuticals,
has been greatly used to degrade harmful
petrochemical
industry
textiles,
organic
industry and many more. It can not only
contaminants,
heavy
metals
(recovery of gold, platinum, rhodium &
filter
removal of mercury & cadmium) and
contaminants but also the microbes because
microbes
of various membrane [8].
(Escherichia
coli
&
out
the
organic
and
dairy
inorganic
Staphylococcus aureus) from the waste
Carbon nanomaterials are often studied and
water [5].
used because of their high mechanical
Nanofiltration:
robustness, ease of preparation and excellent
Filtration is the most common and older
ability to reject contaminants. Their pore
technology and had passed through a
size ranges from 1-10µm. So, only water can
number of changes with reference to pore
pass through it. Metal oxides are also used
size and filtering material with the passage
as another low cost alternative for the
of
fabrication
time.
Conventional
filtration,
of
nano-filter
membranes.
microfiltration and then even ultrafiltration
Common metal oxides used are TiO2, ZnO,
fails to remove some of the contaminants
SiO2 and ZrO2 [5].
from the wastewater. So, scientists move
Zeolites also find enormous applications in
towards a better option, nanofiltration. In
nanofiltration because of their chemical and 6545
IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
Saima Shakil Malik et al
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thermal stability. They are microporous
their pore sizes ranges from sub-nanometer
crystalline aluminosilicate materials and
to nanometer scale [8, 9].
Table 1: Some important nanomaterials as sorbents Principle Properties Uses (Removal/ reduction) Derived from ↓cost, ↑efficiency, Derivatives of agricultural& ↓biological&agricultural dioxins. biological materials. sludge, Used for the removal no need of additional nutrient Organic of pollutants which ®enerative contaminants. are present in minute quantities in water. Heavy metals
Nanosorbents Biosorbents DNA matrix -Trioleinembedded biosorbents -Chitosan-based sorbents -Bio-sorbent from black liquor
References [10]
[11]
[12]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
Nano zero valent iron
Metal Oxide Nanosorbents -Iron and silicon oxides
Adsorption of pollutants depends upon the morphology & surface status of CNTs. Newly discovered for the removal of a wide range of organic & inorganic pollutants from water.
highly specific,chemically and thermally stable, reactivity can be varied by functionalizing their surface
Metal oxides are used as adsorbent materials.
Materials used are of low cost. Easily functionalized to tune adsorption capacity and selectivity.
Highly reactive and short lifetime, surface-modified, emulsified, bimetallic, better distribution on carbon support
Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) & Ni(II) 1, 2-dichlorobenzene with Cd & Pb. Dyes.
[13] [14, 15]
Heavy metals (Cu, Ag reduced & Zn, Cd adsorbed). Precipitation &adsorption for As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ba, Co & U ions.
[16]
[17]
Organic pollutants Heavy metals [18, 19, 20] Organic dyes
-Tungsten oxide Carbon Nanosorbents
Carbon nanomaterials are used for the adsorption of different organic &inorganic pollutants present in water.
↑adsorption capacity, ↑thermal stability,↑resistance against attrition losses ↓cost.
Benzene & toluene. Hg(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) Cd(II), Pb(II), Cr(III) & Cr(VI)
[21]
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN GASEOUS
Electrostatic Filters, Ozone gas, Ultraviolet
TREATMENT
radiations
Nanotechnology also plays an important role
complete removal or excellent results can
in
only
cleaning
environment.
toxic
gases
Different
from
the
treatment
and
be
many others. But
observed
by
using
the
the
nanotechnology (photocatalyst).
technologies are available for the removal of
Applications
germs, molds, viruses, allergens, mites, dust
comparison with conventional treatment
particles, specific odor, toxicants, smoke and
methodologies
volatile organic compounds including High
Polychlorinated
Efficiency
polychlorinated dibenzofuran are extremely
Particulate
Air
Filters,
of
nanotechnology
biphenyls,
dioxins
in
and
6546 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
Saima Shakil Malik et al
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toxic and stable pollutants. Adsorbents like
Factory (BASF), a chemical company along
γ-aluminum oxide, clay, zeolites and even
with
activated carbon were unable to remove
photocatalyst using solar energy to convert
these toxic compounds [22]. So, Long and
CO2 into ethanol and explains its potential
coworkers explores the use of carbon
use as fuel.
nanotubes for their complete removal or
Removal of VOCs especiallytoluene, hexane
degradation [23].
and acetaldehyde can be efficiently done by
Continuous efforts had been made to find
manganese oxide (highly porous) with gold
out the treatment technologies for the
nanoparticles
removal of oxides of nitrogen, sulphur and
conventional catalyst methods [26].
carbon from air. Various adsorbents were
In 2014 Prof Tony Ryan (scientist) and Prof
used for nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide
Simon Armitage (poet) from University of
removal like zeolites, ferric oxy-hydroxide
Sheffield, UK had made a poster coated with
(FeOOH), activated carbon [24] and zeolite,
nanoparticles (titanium dioxide) which can
activated carbon and silica respectively. But
clean the air from different sized dust
they are unable completely remove these
particles and nitrogen dioxide as well
oxides and also cause some hazardous
[27].Different
problems[25]. Use of chemically modified
nanotechnology based approaches to clean
CNTs,
the environment along with their potential
and
a
nanocatalyst
containing
platinum and cobalt particles provides
different
universities
as
prepared
compared
industries
to
a
the
using
benefits are given in the Table 2.
astonishing results. Baden Aniline and Soda Table 2: Companies, products and their benefits for the treatment of wastewater and air by nanotechnology Product/year launch Company Benefits [References] Capillary ultrafiltration membrane University of Stellenbosch Cost effective,excellent removal of Fe, Al & technology (2003) &Water Research Mn oxides from industrial, sea & Commission (South Africa) wastewater[28] Nano-composite catalyst (2004) NanoStellar Low cost technology due to less use of (United States) platinum [29] Nanofiltration membrane (2006) Saehan Industries Used in China & Iran. Requires less energy (Korea) than reverse osmosis [30] Manganese Oxide nanopowder American Elements Removal of VOCs from industrial emissions (2006) (United States) in the air [29] Nanorust or *CBEN’s arsenicRice University low-cost technology to remove arsenic from removing technology (2009) (United States) water [30, 31] Virus-free water (2009) Rice University Silicone &TiO2 were used to disinfect water (United States) in min. than hours [32, 33] Membranes based on nanotube Poriferia Efficient removal of carbon dioxide [29] (2009) (Greece) Quad-Nano Extreme (a metal Air OasisAir Purifiers Air clarifier, reduces ozone in the catalyst) (2006) (United States) environment to a safer level [34]
6547 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
Saima Shakil Malik et al
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Gens Nano (a photocatalyst) (2009) Elbegast (2012)
Green Earth Nano Science Inc. (Canada) Goldemar (United States)
Removes formaldehyde, NOx, benzene, VOCs & automobiles exhaust [35]
Low cost as compared to platinum & removes VOCs, CO, SOOT, HCs & NOx [36] *CBEN- Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology
APPLICATION OF
halogenated
NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR
pentachlorophenol,
TREATMENT OF CONTAMINATED
trichloroethane,
SOILS
trinitrotoluene. These chemicals are also
Various
organic
chemicals
compounds
like
trichloroethylene, dinitrotoulene,
and
are
placed in the EPA list of priority pollutants.
resistant to biodegradation are mainly
As these carcinogenic contaminants are also
contributing to the contamination of surface
immune to biodegradation and persist in the
and subsurface soils. These are posing a
environment (Vogel et al., 1987).
serious threat to safety of living organisms
Remediation techniques
and their natural habitats as many of these
Different remediation techniques have been
are of toxic and mutagenic nature. These
used for the soils contaminated with PAHs.
persistent
These
chemicals
which
organic
include
polycyclic
include
various
chemical
and
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) comprising
biological approaches like Fenton reaction
heavier fractions of petroleum with two or
for pyrene removal (Chang et al., 2003).
more benzene rings and relative stability.
Moreover,
Due
U.S.
subsurface soils with different surfactants is
Environmental protection Agency (EPA) has
also tested. As four column experiments
enlisted 16 of these PAHs as priority
have been conducted to evaluate the
pollutants. Some of these chemicals are used
potential
to manufacture different kind of stuff like
tertrachloroethylene extraction from sand
dyes, explosives, medicinal drugs etc.
particles.
However exposure of soil to these pollutants
phenanthrene from soil by using different
may be caused by industrial activity
surfactants is also reported (Pennell et al.,
including oil leaks, improper disposal and
1994). However, Wilson and Jones (1993)
incomplete combustion (Chang et al., 2005).
found that use of in situ techniques for
In addition, several sites are also found
removal of most of the PAHs from
which
contaminated soil do not give sufficient
to
their
are
hazardous
heavily
nature,
contaminated
with
treatment
of
In
of
aqueous
addition,
surface
surfactants
separation
and
for
of
6548 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
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results. Therefore, more effective techniques
like chlorinated ethylenes, halomethanes,
are required to effectively remove PAHs.
nitroaromatic
Permeable
pentachlorophenol, chlorinated pesticides
reactive
barrier
(PRB)
compounds,
technology
such as DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls,
The traditional methods for treatment of
atrazine etc. (Reddy, 2010). It involves use
halogenated contaminants like soil washing,
of zero-valent iron Fe○ as reactive medium
thermal desorption and bioremediation are
for de-halogenation of contaminants as they
considered less effective due to their high
react with iron and are reduced into non-
cost, secondary waste production and slow
toxic form (Sharma and Reddy, 2004).
rate. Permeable reactive barrier (PRB)
Possible reductive reactions between zero-
technique is effectively used to treat ground
valent iron and a halogenated compound are
water contaminated with various compounds
given as following;
Reactions of zero-valent iron (Fe0) with a halogenated organic compound (RX) in water Reaction
Mechanism
Anaerobic corrosion of iron
Fe + 2H 2O = Fe2+ + H2 + 2 OH-
Aerobic corrosion of iron
2Fe + O 2 + 2H2O = 2Fe2+ + 4OH
Possible reductive reactions of iron with RX Reaction of RX with ferrous ion in the aqueous phase
RX + 2Fe2+ + H+ = 2 Fe3+ + RH + X
Reaction of RX at the surface of the metal (electron transferreaction)
RX + Fe + H + = RH + Fe2+ + X
Adsorption of RX to the metal surface and the
Fe = Fe2+ + 2e-
subsequent surface reaction of the organic radical R*
RX + e- = R* + X R* + H+ + e- = RH
ii) Air contact reduces the ability of iron
Limitations of PRB Although PRB technique has advantage of
to reduce halogenated compounds.
being relatively economical due to low cost
iii) Variation in reactivity of zero-valent
○
of Fe , easy handling and operational
iron for different compounds thus
activity.
reaction rate is not predictable.
However,
its
efficiency
is
compromised by following factors; i) Formation of oxide surface film which reduces the reactivity of Fe○.
These
limiting
factor
reduce
the
effectiveness of PRB for long term in situ remediation (Reddy, 2010).
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Use of Nano-scale iron particles (NIP) for
In contrast, nanoscale iron particles are
soil treatment
widely used due to their environment
Nanotechnology
the
friendly nature, low cost, easy injecting
remediation techniques with the tool of
procedure and fast reaction which results in
nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (NIP)
production of less toxic waste products.
which can be used for treatment of various
Reactivity of NIP
non-degradable organic compounds from
Reaction time, concentration of both NIP
soil and groundwater. These particles are
and contaminant act as limiting factors for
more effective than PRB due to following
reactivity of NIP. Whereas, rate of reaction
properties;
is affected by pH, temperature and absence
i)
has
equipped
Higher reducing ability and rate of
or presence of oxygen etc. The reaction
reaction as compared to PRB
involves following steps;
technique. ii)
In
a) Halogenated
situ
detoxification
of
compounds by direct injection of NIP into contaminated soil as compared
to
PRB
in
which
contaminated water passes through the PRB. iii)
move
from solution towards iron particles. b) Absorption of these compounds at surface of iron. c) Reduction reactions resulting in dehalogenation of compounds. d) Desorption of compounds from iron
Increased surface to volume ratio which
contaminants
makes
the
NIP
more
reactive.
particles. e) Movement of reduced products back into the solution (Shih et al., 2008).
Moreover, several studies have reported the
Modification of NIP to increase the
effectiveness of nanoscale iron particles as
reactivity and stability
compared to iron fillings which is used in
Increased
permeable reactive barrier method (Cao et
achieved by modification of NIP. Reactivity
al., 2005).
is increased by synthesis of composite
Though several nanoscale metal oxides are
nanoparticles/ bimetallic particles which
considered
soil
involves combining NIP with a noble metal
treatment. However, some of these like ZnO
e.g. Ag/Fe, Cu/Fe, Ni/Fe. The noble metal
and AgO2 are avoided due to their toxicity.
protects the iron core against oxidation
suitable
for
use
for
reactivity
and
stability
are
6550 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
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reactions and acts as a catalyst (Li et al.,
with high permeability when used with
2006). Since these particles are prone to
pressurized delivery system. Whereas, soils
clustering due to magnetic properties and
with low permeability need electro kinetic
van der walls attractions. Furthermore, these
delivery system for effective transport of
have greater density as compared to water
lactate modified NIP (Reddy, 2010).
which results in quick settlement. Thus the
NANOTECHNOLOGY
rate of NIP delivery to contaminated zone is
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
compromised
Anthropogenic
due
to
clustering
and
IN
activities
particularly
sedimentation. This problem can be solved
industrialization and extensive utilization of
by increasing the stability of iron particles
chemicals in
by using different modifiers like polyacrylic
pollution in soil, water and air. Monitoring
acid, potato starch, guar gum etc. which
pollution and contaminants in air, water and
modify the surface of NIP and increase both
soil are very important to assess risks in
their reactivity and movement towards
environment. Detection of environmental
contaminated sites (Saleh et al., 2007).
pollutants is required for the safety of living
Soil treatment with NIP and modified
organisms [50]. Environmental monitoring
NIP
includes
Soils can be directly injected with NIP
monitoring emissions in air and drinking
slurry due to their small particle size.
water, aquatic environment, air quality and
However, reaction rate is slower in soil as
depositions. Conventional chromatography
compared to aqueous media (Varanasi et al.,
and
2007). Reaction rate can be increased by
environmental monitoring like (GC/MS) and
both increasing the concentration of NIP and
(HPLC/MS) are time consuming, expensive
reaction time. Use of NIP has been proved
and requires a lot of expertise. For water
to remove 60% of pyrene from soils in
samples it is difficult to carry out these
Taiwan (Chang et al., 2007). However
activities outside laboratory [50, 51]. Instead
modification may compromise the transport
of relying on conventional procedures,
and reactivity of NIP which can be avoided
electrochemical
by using suitable modifier like lactate
techniques
modification
delivery
developing biosensors with rapid and on-site
system. It is considered effective in soils
monitoring [52]. Recently different types of
and
appropriate
`agriculture have caused
various
aspects
spectroscopic
is
and gaining
including
techniques
for
immunoassay importance
for
6551 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
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biosensors have been utilized for the
nano
purpose
monitoring.
quantization of nano materials are the key
Biosensors can be defined as the analytical
factors due to which nano-materials exhibit
devices
material
very different properties. Laws of absolute
incorporated in them and it is linked with a
quantum chemistry or classical physics are
physiochemical transducer which can be
not followed by nano-materials [55]. As
optical,
nanoparticles are smaller than characteristic
of
environmental
with
a
biological
electrochemical,
micromechanical,
magnetic,
systems
and
size
or
length they exhibit new chemistry, new
piezoelectric detector [53]. Biosensors can
physics and thus new properties which is
be classified on the basis of biological signal
largely
(enzyme, antibody, DNA, cell based and
Nanotechnology has
biomimetic) or transducer (electrochemical,
scientific industry and nano-materials have
piezoelectric,
optical).
been utilized in many different commercial
Many of the biosensors are commercially
industries. Nano-materials find immense
available Biosensors field has flourished to
applications
an extent that it has allowed to develop
technology. It has a promising role in
biochip for real time monitoring with low
pollution sensing field due to the unique
costs [54].
properties of nano-materials
In the search of perfection, quest of
surface area, great catalytic efficiency, high
developing next generation biosensors has
surface reactivity and strong adsorption
led us to the point where incorporation of
capacity
nano-materials in biosensors takes place and
candidates for sensing devices [58].Because
reveals a great state of the art technology
of high sensitivity and great recognition,
with bright prospects.
nanosensors are labeled as “smart devices”
ROLE
OF
thermometric
crystalline
calorimetric
and
NANO-SENSORS
IN
influenced
in
by
the
makes
the
size
[56].
revolutionized
field
of
the
sensing
[57].Large
nano-materials
ideal
[59]. Nanosensors can possess the capability
ENVIRONMENT
of
Size of nano-materials is smaller than 100
microorganisms in minute amounts [57].
nm.
properties
There are many advantages of nano-material
different form other materials as they are
enabled biosensors including sensitivity,
smaller than solids but larger than individual
selectivity, small size, low cost and fast
atoms and molecules. High dispersity of
response
Nano-materials
exhibit
detecting
time
pollutants,
[52,
45].
toxins
Varieties
and
of 6552
IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
Saima Shakil Malik et al
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nanomaterial have been employed for
with their specifications used within the last
environmental monitoring with different
ten years have been described in Table 3.
modifications.
Some of the nanosensors
Signal transduction method Electrochemical Change in sensor resistance Optical properties (color/ refractive index) changes when exposed to organic vapors
Chemosensor for colorimetric recognition, Color change
Table 3. Nanosensors and their specifications Recognition element Type of Nano-particle employed Solids-state Gas sensor Metal oxide is coated with coupled with GIS modeling electrodes on substrate, incorporation of GIS modeling Volatile organic Vapochromic complex is used compounds as a sensing material and ESA (electrostatic self-assembly) method to build nano-cavities on optical fiber by depositing ionic monolayers doped with vapochromic complex Mercury ions Chemically synthesized azochromophores fabricated with compact nanopore compact discs available as strips
Electrochemical, AC voltage and frequency
Humidity sensor
LiCl doped TiO 2electrospunnanofibers
Multiple depending on particular type e.g., fluorescence, colorimetric
Small organic molecules, proteins, metal ions
Photoluminescence
Hydrogen gas sensing at room temperature
Change in Refractive index/ color detection by optical spectroscopy
DNA, proteins, enzymatic activity
Aptamer (oligonucleotide) functionalized Nanobiosensors, a number of nanomaterials can be employed most successful are silver and gold nanoparticles Single ZnO nanowire sensor invented utilizing focused ion beam instrument LSPR-based nano-biosensors, metal nanoparticles prepared by nanolithography incorporated to sensor moiety
Electrical current and sensor resistance
Selective and sensitive detection of NO2gas
Fluorescence/ magnetic fluorescence/ surface plasmon resonance/ Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Pathogens detection in water
Electrochemical
Microorganisms, toxins, small organic molecules
Single walled carbon nanotubes
Electrochemical detection, Oxidation, reduction current of enzymatic products, change in pH
Organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents
Gold nanoparticles and chemically reduced graphene oxide nanosheets
Nanosensor based on tungstenoxide mesocages, hollow spheres and nanowires Quantum dots, metals, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, dye doped nanoparticles
Comments
Ref.
Gas adsorption and sensitivity increased at nanoscale
[60}
High reproducibility, efficient, nano-cavity sensitive to alcoholic vapors
[61]
Visual detection of ultra-trace HgII ions, Cost effective, energy saving system and ecofriendly, analysis can be done on site and in-situ without need of complex sample treatments Highly sensitive, stable, can measure humidity at room temperature, good reproducibility Highy selective interaction of oligonucleotide (DNA/RNA) with sample, high amplification signal, pH, viscosity ionic strength affects oligonucleotide Possible to tune gas response and selectivity
[62]
Refractive index sensitivity of metal nanoparticles can be influenced by size and shape, combining SPR in metal films and LSPR by nanostructures enables detection of biochemical interactions inside nanoholes Inexpensive, scalable synthesis method, significant response at low concentration Whole cell detection of water borne pathogens, differentiation of viable from non-viable cells and detection of viable but non-culturable cells is still a challenge High response, magnificent sensing behavior, rapid, labelfree Stability, trace pesticide detection, optimization for broad substrates required
[66]
[63]
[64]
[65]
[67]
[68, 69]
[70]
[65]
6553 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
Saima Shakil Malik et al
Review Article
It can be stated explicitly that a variety of
IMPACT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY ON
nanosensors have been employed in a
ENVIRONMENT
number
environmental
With the advancement in nanotechnology its
monitoring. Design of nanosensors differs
impacts on environment and public health
according to the type of nanoparticle used,
need to be considered. Vast research is
signal transduction method and type of
needed in this regard to identify the
recognition element which it has to detect.
environmental
Nanosensors allow more rapid and sensitive
opportunities to eradicate that problem and to
detection of analyte as compared to the
evaluate the impact of nanotechnology in
conventional methods of detection. Thus,
environment. For cleanup of environment
structure of nanosensors largely depends on
nanomaterials are used that include nanoscale
the function it will be carrying out. Efforts
zeolites, metal oxides, carbon nanotubes and
are underway to design advanced and
fibers,
modernizednanosensors that can accumulate
[mainly as bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs)],
present advantages of nanosensors with the
and titanium dioxide. One of the most
provision of environmental monitoring on
commonly used nanomaterial is zero-valent
site with naked eye.
iron (nZVI).
of
studies
Compound TiO2 based nanoparticles
Iron based nanoparticles
bimetallic nanoparticles
Nanoclays
for
Dendrimes
various
Table 4: Environmental Nanoparticles: Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Non-toxic Large volume of sludge generation photo-stable Difficult recovery water insoluble Costly Soil & water insitu remediation Safe Cost effective removal persistent organic compound such as hexachloroccyclohexane Highly reactive in redox reactions
low cost unique structures Highly stable Reusable high sorption capacity easy to recover large surface area Adsorption of heavy metals, anions and organic pollutants high thermal and electrical conductivity Rigid and stable renewable
Nanotube
enzymes,
problems,
Hard recovery Sludge generation Sludge disposal is expensive Negative health impacts DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative damage of proteins Hard recovery Sludge generation Difficult disposal Production of toxic products large amount of sludge generation poor porosity
different
noble
References [71]
[72-74]
[75]
[75, 76]
high operational cost generation of sludge difficult to recover poses health problems
[77]
Conformational dynamics and 3-D
[78]
metals
6554 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
Saima Shakil Malik et al
Review Article
magnetite nanoparticles
Carbon nanotubes
large binding capacity cost-effective pollutant reduction adsorb organic pollutants and heavy metals less sludge generation
structure are not well understood
highly specific, thermally & chemically stable
GREEN
SYNTHESIS
FOR
[75]
Requires external magnetic field for separation Highly expensive.
[2]
Lung diseases Cancer Alzheimer’s disease
vomiting and diarrhea. In some cases
ENVIRONMENT
respiratory problems and allergies were also
With the advancement in nanotechnology,
reported so scientists tried to degrade it with
green chemistry and green technology are
the help of nano-particles.Most frequently
working on finding ways to eliminate toxic
iron
ingredients from the manufacturing processes
synthesized using different plants extracts.
in
Tea extract was most commonly used plant
order
to
reduce
their
release
in
and
magnetic
resource
established that require low temperature,
nanoparticles. Hoag with his coworkers
consume less energy and use renewable
synthesized iron based nanparticle from
resources
Green
Camellia sinensis (green tea) extract. Tea
nanotechnology is trying to incorporate these
polyphenols act as reducing agents. They
ideas and aims to not only contribute to
have iron chelates, used for bromothymol
lessen the environmental problems, but also
blue degradation [80].
to
synthesize
such
possible.
nanomaterials
the
synthesis
of
were
environment. Such processes need to be
wherever
for
nanoparticles
iron
and
products that have minimum negative impact
Another study used three different types of
on the environment and human health. If all
tea extracts, namely, green tea (GT), oolong
the aforementioned prerequisites are full
tea (OT), and black tea (BT) to synthesize
filled precisely, green nanotechnology should
iron nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were
results in environmentally friendly and
tested for their capacity to act as a catalyst
energy efficient manufacturing processes
for
[79].
monochlorobenzene (MCB). It is a solvent
Bromothymol blue is a dye and it can cause
and a chemical intermediate.
skin and eye irritation. It is also associated
inhalation exposure to animals produced
with ingestion problems and May cause
narcosis, restlessness, muscle spasms and
gastrointestinal
tremors. Long-term exposure to humans
irritation
with
nausea,
Fenton-like
oxidation
of
Its acute
6555 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
Saima Shakil Malik et al
Review Article
affects the central nervous system. Signs of
modified yeast cells was three times more
neurotoxicity in humans include cyanosis,
than that of unmodified yeast cells [84].
numbness,
Banana peel ash extract was also utilized to
muscle
spasms
and
hyperesthesia.Highest (69%) removal of
produce
MCB was observed with green tea based iron
aqueous extract of Colocasia esculenta leaves
nanoparticles.
was
Green
tea
based
iron
iron
used
oxide
to
nanoparticles,
reduce
graphene
and
oxide.
nanoparticles were also able to oxidatively
Nanohybrids of iron oxide/reduced graphene
degrade 81% of MCB along with a 31%
oxide were synthesized and they were able to
reduction in chemical oxygen demand [81].
remove 10 ppm of tetrabromobisphenol A in
Huang et al also used Oolong tea extract for
30 minutes, lead and cadmium in 10 minutes
synthesizing iron nanoparticles to efficiently
at optimum experimental conditions [85].
degrade Malachite green dye (75.5% in 60
Plantain
minutes) which is otherwise difficult to
Venkateswarlu
degrade [82].
magnetite nanoparticles as a low-cost bio-
Eucalyptus globules leaf extract was used as
reducing
a bio-reducing agent to synthesize nZVI.
nanaoparticle is mesoporous, possess ample
Plant extract contain polyphenolic compound
surface area (11.31 m2/g) and have high
named oenothein B which is responsible for
saturation magnetization. Due to these
synthesis
and
stabilization
nanaoparticle. These
peel
extract
was
used
by
et al. for synthesis of
agent.
The
structure
of
of
iron
properties these nanoparticles can be used in
nanoparticles
were
the field of environmental remediation for
found to be stable even after two months and
the removal of toxic metals and dyes [86].
a very small quantity was sufficient to
CONCLUSION
remove a huge amount of (98.1%) hexavalent
PROSPECTS
chromium just within 30 minutes [83].
With
Iron nanoparticles were synthesized using
urbanization and industrialization, huge list
pomegranate leaf extract and were coated on
of
the two strains of heat-killed yeast cells
environment so, past efforts and treatment
Yarrowia lipolytica. This bionanocomposite
methods are not sufficient to sequester them.
was used to degrade hexavalent chromium.
So, there is a need of technologies that can
The
make pollution free environment. With
sorption
capacity
of
magnetically
rapid
pollutants
AND
increase
is
FUTURE
in
population,
contaminating
the
emerging technology like phytoremediation, 6556 IJBPAS, December, 2015, 4(12)
Saima Shakil Malik et al
Review Article
nanotechnology offers great deals to treat [1] Krantzberg G, Tanik A, do Carmo J S A, contaminants.
Nanoengineered
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Indarto A and Ekda A, Advances in water
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