Low-Energy, High-Renewables Sports Facilities
Descripción
LEED PlaNnum? Dragon-‐shaped Stadium, Seoul, Korea
LEED Silver, Arena Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
Low-‐E, High-‐RE Sports Facili6es
Michael P To,en, Senior Advisor, Green Sports Alliance, February 20, 2015
LEED Gold, SF 49ers Levi’s Stadium
LEED Gold, Consol Energy Stadium
Presidio Graduate School, Business of Sports & Sustainability Course
State of Art 70 AD Roman Colosseum when design by “computer digital algorithms” meant people with pencils with Velarium (shades) extended
Largest Amphitheater in World • Passive Solar Design – daylight, cooling, ven6la6on • Rapid ingress & egress 360° for 80,000 aLendees
Internet of Everything
IoE
Large Numbers Law
Building Zone evolu6ons From 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D BIM (Building InformaNon Modeling/ Building Intelligence Management)
Cradle-‐to-‐Cradle Con6nuous Commissioning
BIM7+
(Cradle-to-Cradle) Neil Calvert, “Why We Care About BIM…,” DirecNons Magazine, Dec. 11, 2013, h,p://www.direcNonsmag.com/arNcles/why-‐we-‐care-‐about-‐bim/368436
Increase in project Value with increase in BIM details Issa, Suermann and Olbina
Solar adia6on nalysis (A)RSolar radiation A Analysis
(C) Shading analysis Shading Analysis
(B) Daylighting analysis
Dayligh6ng Analysis
(D) Ventilation and Airflow Analysis Ven6la6on & Airflow Analysis
Figure 1: Different kinds of analysis performed by Autodesk Ecotect (Source: )
From 3D to IPv6 BIM7+
Con6nuous, smarter lifecycle performance
h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g04-‐G53mbmc
Enterprise IoT Market Overview
Stadiums
Retail stores - - - - -
Digital signage Info Kiosks POS Computers, servers Network infra
Manufacturing - - -
Robotics PLCs Any IP connected device
Cisco Confidential
C97-729611-00 © 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
*Virtual)Team)Member)
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
3
Michael Enescu CTO Open Source Initiatives LinuxCon 2014 – August 21
50
50 Billion Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCondevices 2014 smart
10
Billions of devices
20
1
Adoption 5x faster than electricity, telephony
40 30
1
0 Source: Cisco IBSG, 2011
Inflection point
25
12.5 6.8
7.2
7.6
Timeline 2010
2015
2020
Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
Michael Enescu, CTO, Open Standards IniNaNve (OSI) keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
5
not arch entially over
100,000,000,000,000
ly to be sioned by on. elopment* sors to
10,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000
Sensors/year
eir visions ). yet see this
verse, 3 ence at ions by
Trillion Sensor Visions
100,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
"Abundance" QCOM Swarm Lab, UCB Bosch Hewlett Packard Intel TI Internet devices Yole MEMS Forecast, 2012 TSensors Bryzek's Vision 10 year slope Mobile Sensors Explosion
1,000,000,000
100,000,000
10,000,000 2007
2012
2017
2022
2027
2032
2037
Roadmap to the Trillion Sensor Universe, Dr. Janusz Bryzek, VP Development, MEMS and Sensing SoluNons Fairchild Semiconductor Hayward, CA, iNEMI Spring Member MeeNng and Webinar, Berkeley, CA, April 2, 2013
Law of Accelerating Returns Information Technologies (of all kinds) double their power (price performance, capacity, bandwidth) every year -Doubling)(or)Halving)times) •
Dynamic RAM Memory “Half Pitch” Feature Size
5.4 years
•
Dynamic RAM Memory (bits per dollar)
1.5 years
•
Average Transistor Price
1.6 years
•
Microprocessor Cost per Transistor Cycle
1.1 years
•
Total Bits Shipped
1.1 years
•
Processor Performance in MIPS
1.8 years
•
Transistors in Intel Microprocessors
2.0 years
•
Microprocessor Clock Speed
2.7 years
Ray Kurzweil, What Does the Future Look Like, Sept 18, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe7hG1NXVdw
Moore’s)Law)is)only)one)example Exponential)Growth)of)Computing)for)110)Years) Moore's)Law)was)the)fifth,)not)the)first,) paradigm)to)bring)exponential)growth)in)computing Logarithmic+Plot
Year
Logarithmic+Plot
Logarithmic+Plot
Logarithmic+Plot
Logarithmic+Plot
16
Law of Accelerating Returns Every form of communications technology is doubling price-performance, bandwidth, capacity every 12 months Logarithmic+Plot Logarithmic+Plot
Ray Kurzweil, What Does the Future Look Like, Sept 18, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe7hG1NXVdw
Logarithmic+Plot Logarithmic+Plot
Law of Accelerating Returns Miniaturization: another exponential trend
Wireless smart sensor networks
Trillion$ Valuable Smartphone
NANO technology engineering & Mfg
Ray Kurzweil Exponential Finance July, 2014
h,p://www.ted.com/talks/ ray_kurzweil_on_how_technology_will_transform_u s?language=en
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnyQWr8hk0A
Law of Accelerating Returns Information technologies
Communication technologies
Miniaturized technologies
COIN technologies
Rise of the Industrial Internet
Global Energy Flows (2011)
Industrial Internet can impact 100% of energy producNon
Industrial Internet can impact 44% of global energy consumpNon
Market Segments for Internet of Things
Roadmap to the Trillion Sensor Universe, Dr. Janusz Bryzek, VP Development, MEMS and Sensing SoluNons Fairchild Semiconductor Hayward, CA, iNEMI Spring Member MeeNng and Webinar, Berkeley, CA, April 2, 2013
21
Michael Enescu CTO Open Source Initiatives LinuxCon 2014 – August 21 Network Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
Compute Storage
• Storage and Compute declining faster • Network scales very differently than compute Sensors will evolve faster than bandwidth Distributed computing more compelling over time
• Data gravity?
Moore’s and Nielsen’s predictions hold
Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
Michael Enescu, CTO, Open Standards IniNaNve (OSI) keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
7
Michael Enescu CTO Open Source Initiatives
46 million smart meters in the U.S alone 1.1 billion data points (. 5TB) / day Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
LinuxCon 2014 – August 21
A single consumer packaged good manufacturing machine generates 13B data samples/day A large offshore field produces 0.75TB data/week A jet engine produces 20TB flight data/hour
90% of the world’s data created in last 2 years Michael Enescu, CTO, Open Standards IniNaNve (OSI) keynote – “Cloud From toCFog loud o Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, Michael Enescu keynote – “From & tThe Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014 LinuxCon 2014
DATA
Michael Enescu CTO Open Source Initiatives LinuxCon 2014 – August 21
Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
SENSORS ACTION IoT Traffic will grow at 82% CAGR through 2017* Michael Enescu keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
Michael Enescu, CTO, Open Standards IniNaNve (OSI) keynote – “From Cloud to Fog & The Internet of Things” – Chicago, LinuxCon 2014
10
$6 B revenues
CGRs – Connected Grid Routers Connect to Anything on the Edge
• Over the spectrum of Legacy systems to Smart Centers • Backhaul to any network (wire, wireless, 3G, Satellite) • Host Fog compu6ng workloads
Integrated Designs & Integrated Opera6ons Lifecycle radle-‐to-‐Cradle From Integrated designs & to C integrated operations I N T E G R A T E D D E S I N G S
HVAC high-side HVAC low-side
buildings Building
Lighting Computing Plug Loads
Design stage – most efficient/peak
36 Mc2
Occupancy Weather Loads Operating hours
36
I N T E G R A T E D O P E R A T I O N S
Occupant behavior Infosys BPO awarded 5-Star Rating by Bure Efficiency (BEE)
Realistic scenario 5-star rating signifies being the-variables most energy efficient
Bangalore, India - May 13, 2010: Infosys BPO, the business subsidiary of Infosys Technologies, today announced that it has bee rating for energy efficiency by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for it Punit Desai, Environmental Sustainability at 2Infosys Driven by values, Powered Phase campus in Hinjewadi, Pune, India.by The rating is under the innovaNon, InfoSys, presentaNon to Rbuildings” MI, Sept 1scheme 5, 2014 of BEE that rates office buildings in India from wh rendered on a scale of 1 to 5 stars, where a 5-star rating signifies b efficient. The rating is valid for a period of 5 years.
13
Integrated and goal oriented design approach HVAC(Goal( G O A L(
T E A M
Ligh3ng(Goal(
!
Max envelope heat gain 1.0 W/sqft
!
LPD of 0.45 W/sqft
!
Total building @ 750-1000 sqft/TR
!
90% of building to be day lit > 110 lux
!
25 deg C, 55% RH
!
No Glare throughout the year
Water(Goal( !
Less than 25 LPD for office building
!
Zero discharge
!
100% self sufficient
!
Architects
!
Architects
!
PHE Engineers
!
Facade Specialists
!
Facade Specialists
!
Architects
!
IT Specialists
!
Lighting Specialists
!
Landscape Architects
!
HVAC Engineers
!
Electrical Designers
!
Lighting Specialists
Punit Desai, Environmental Sustainability at Infosys Driven by values, Powered by innovaNon, InfoSys, presentaNon to RMI, Sept 15, 2014
Building Analytics in action At one client facility running Building Analytics, the preheating coil and cooling coil were operating simultaneously and wasting more than $900 and 80,000 kBTUs on a daily basis. The problem was pinpointed at a leaking chilled water valve that once repaired produced $60,000 in annual savings with ROI in the first month.
SMALL SENSORS BIG DATA VISUAL ANALYTICS
Return fan status
Building name:#VJMEJOH Equipment name: ")6 Analysis name: ")6DPJMBOBMZTJT Estimated daily cost savings: Problem:
Excess or simultaneous heating and cooling 5IFQSFIFBUJOHDPJMBOEPSDPPMJOHDPJMBSF either providing excess heating or cooling or operating simultaneously. 5IJTNBZXBTUFBSPVOE BOEL#56TPWFSEBZ T
Possible causes:
7BMWFJTOPUTFBUJOHQSPQFSMZ and is leaking. 7BMWFJTTUVDL > Temperature sensor error or sensor installation error is causing improper control of the valves.
Outdoor air temp Simultaneous heating and cooling
“Occupancy” is at set point
Supply air temperature set point Mixed air temperature sensor
Supply fan status Heating valve position
Preheating discharge temperature
Cooling valve position
11
Benchmarking of Infosys buildings
India
US
Design%target%
Units%
Exis:ng%(US)% BeXer%
Best%prac:ce%
Infosys%
Delivered(energy(intensity(
kBtu/sfYy(
90(
40Y60(
?@A#&.'#[-64&.(6&5# energy use in sports arenas, and offers one of the fastest paybacks among energy efficiency upgrades.
P&%-,#>-&Z.0# \5)0#Y7&'# ](%64-.#@;;5(&.6-+#
WL# KLL#
^%4-,#
>
P
\5
](
1#;-,#+/)&,-#377%#&,-#).(/)-9#
L#
$;
#
^
$8+Million/yr Savings NHL/ NBA Smart LED Conversion More than $4.5 million per year ! (including 8 NBA-shared arenas excluded below)
NHL$30$arenas$ 30$arenas$ LED$lightng$ electricity$ Ligh5ng$annual$ conversion$30$ Gross$annual$ annual$ kWh$ arenas$CC$kWh$ savings$(10¢/ consump5on$ consump5on$ annual$savings$ kWh) (kWh)* (20%) (50%)
450,000,000
90,000,000
45,000,000
Demand$ Charge$ Savings
$4,500,000 variable
Tons$annual$ CO2$ Gross$cost$ Simple$ reduc5ons$(@$ per$ton$CO2$ NPV ROI Payback 1.6$ton/1000$ reduc5ons kWh)
72,000
C$62.50 ~2$yrs
*Based on NHL collected arena utility data
More than $3.4 million per year ! (excluding 8 NHL-shared arenas that are included above) NBA$21$arenas$ 21$arenas$ LED$lightng$ electricity$ Ligh5ng$annual$ conversion$21$ Gross$annual$ annual$ kWh$ arenas$CC$kWh$ savings$(10¢/ consump5on$ consump5on$ annual$savings$ kWh) (kWh)* (20%) (50%)
341,379,310
68,275,862
34,137,931
Demand$ Charge$ Savings
$3,413,793 variable
Tons$annual$ CO2$ Gross$cost$ Simple$ reduc5ons$(@$ per$ton$CO2$ NPV ROI Payback 1.6$ton/1000$ reduc5ons kWh)
54,621
C$62.50 ~2$yrs
*Based on NHL collected arena utility data
$8+M/yr Smart LED Savings = after-tax net earnings from 1.6 million more NHL/ NBA Arena Ticket Sales per year* (*based on illustrative average price $100 per ticket, and 5% after-tax net earnings)
11 NHL teams 2014 ticket price ranges $200 to $350! 19 NHL teams 2014 ticket price ranges $ 75 to $150
Nila Broadcast LEDs for NBA Tournament
Nila broadcast-‐quality smart LED luminaires were showcased at the NBA Development League tournament. The arena was lit exclusively with 115 tungsten-‐balanced Boxers, with a total power draw of 23,000 wa,s. That's in place of the usual load of 100,000 wa,s used by the tradiNonal fixtures at the previous year’s tournament – 77% savings. Nila’s luminaires are being used and assessed in the Staples arena to replace two exisNng lighNng systems (NBA and NHL). MulNple savings plus added benefits: energy, emissions, polluNon, lamp replacement, labor, color quality, lumen quanNty, visual acuity, instant restart.
LEEP -‐ Ligh6ng Energy Efficiency in Parking Campaign LED parking lamps last 5 6mes longer than tradi6onal outdoor lights, with rapid paybacks by cu{ng energy costs up to 70% and maintenance costs up to 90%.
Million Square Feet Installed or Planned
º C case, in thethe 85slow calculated lifeafter is well failseen to notice loss the of light until well it passes the 70% mark. over 250K hours but the reported lifetime is only
Arriving at L70 XLamp XP-G White LED six times 10,800(and hours that the10,000 LEDs hours) have at three junction temperatures: 6,000 hours the of testing optionally I 1000 mA actually tested to, as can be seen in the table Data Set 10 11 12 selected bybeen the manufacturer. (Note: Junction temperature, the internal temperature Tsp 55°C 85°C 105°C and graph to the left. Note: This data is updated fixture is an indicator of the quality of a system’s thermal management, and is import Sample Size 20 an LED 20 20 Gauging the Lifetime of to http://www.cree.com/ canperiodically. significantlyPlease affect refer LED light output and lifetimes.) L70 is then extrapolated from 10,080 hrs 10,080 hrs 6,048 hrs Test Dura on products/pdf/LM-80_Results.pdf for the most upextrapolated value because actual testing would take years longer than a product’s sh -4.219E-06 1.284E-06 5.561E-06 10,000 hours, capping the maximum rating to 36,000 to 60,000 hours. If you see claims in excess of those numbers, obsolete testing is complete. (For example, a 50,000-hour test would correspond to-datebefore information. 9.847E-01 1.016E+00 1.007E+00 be doubly sure to request the underlying data and make sure it is from a reputable source. example of TM-21 L70(6k) data: Reported me the varying L70(10k) > 60,500 60,500 hours > 36,300 hours
Smart LEDs are Long-Lasting Assets !
In addition to kWh savings, LEDs accumulate O&M savings from avoided relamping & labor maintenance costs Table 1: TM-21 data for a Cree XP-G LED run at 1000mA with a solder point temperature of 55 º, 85 º, and 105 º C respectively. As can be clearly seen in the 85 º C case, the calculated life is well over 250K hours but the reported lifetime is only six times the 10,800 hours that the LEDs have actually been tested to, as can be seen in the table and graph to the left. Note: This data is updated periodically. Please refer to http://www.cree.com/ products/pdf/LM-80_Results.pdf for the most upto-date information.
TM-21 Lifetime Report report TM21 Lifetime
110 105
100 95
% Luminous Flux
90
LED I Data Set Tsp Sample Size Test Dura on
Calculated Life me Reported Life me
XLamp® XP-G LEDs 10 55°C 20 10,080 hrs -4.219E-06 9.847E-01 60,500 hours
XLamp XP-G White 1000 mA 11 85°C 20 10,080 hrs 1.284E-06 1.016E+00 L70(10k) = 290,000 hours L70(10k) > 60,500 hours
12 105°C 20 6,048 hrs 5.561E-06 1.007E+00 L70(6k) = 65,500 hours L70(6k) > 36,300 hours
55°C (LM-80)
85
80
105°C (LM-80)
105
100
55°C (TM-21)
95
70
85°C (TM-21)
90
% Luminous Flux
60
85°C (LM-80)
110
75
65
Figure 1: Ty light sources incandescen after a poin (Source htt buildings/pu lightfair201
55°C (LM-80)
85
105°C (LM-80)
75
55
70
50
60
55°C (TM-21) 85°C (TM-21)
65
55
1,000
50
1,000
105°C (TM-21)
85°C (LM-80)
80
105°C (TM-21)
10,000
100,000 100,000 Time (hours)
10,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
Time (hours)
LEDs last 50k to 250k hrs
This document is provided for informational purposes only and is not a warranty or a specification. For product specifications,
Incandescents last 1k to 10k hrs! CFLs/HIFs last 10k to 20k hrs! HIDs last 20k to 30k hrs
please see the data sheets available at www.cree.com. This document is provided for informational purposes only and is not a warranty or a specification. For product specifications, Copyright © 2011 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Cree, the and XLamp are registered trademarks Cree, Inc. please see Cree thelogo data sheets available at ofwww.cree.com. Copyright © 2011 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Cree, the Cree logo and XLamp are registered trademarks of Cree, Inc.
an LED was not standardized, meaning that each vendor performed these calculation Unlike fluorescents, there are no ON/OFF cycling limitations for LED light sources, because frequent switching lifetime ratings claims that varied widely among vendors, does leadingnot to an unnecessary le impact the useful life of an LED. So, when LEDs are integrated industrial with occupancy and/or daylight harvesting sensors, and are consumers. cycled on and off more frequently, useable lifespan is being extended because they are being turned off when not needed.! The question then becomes: Can LED useful lifetime ratings be compared, on an apples-to-apples basis, to the lifetime ratings of incandescent lamps, which are based on MTBF? The short answer is yes. If incandescent lifetime ratings were
to their corresponding L70 values, the lamps fail (e.g., MTBF) well before they reached these typically over-light space to account for rapid Forextrapolated systems with incandescent, HIDwould and HIFexceed light sources, engineers initial TM-21, for 70 calculation. thresholds (see Figure 1). lumen depreciation. This adds to up-front costs and lifetime energy costs of incandescent, HIF & HID lighting applications. can be used in the extrapolation formula based on the sample size, number of hours The question then becomes: Can LED useful lifetime ratings be compared, on an apples-to-apples basis, toIt the temperature (ambient, high ambient). alsolifetime creates an upper limit to the extrapolat ratings of incandescent lamps, which are based on MTBF? The short answer If tested incandescent lifetime ratingsexcessive were vendor claims. Most LED ch numberisofyes. hours — thereby eliminating Digital Lumens 3 extrapolated to their corresponding L70 values, the lamps would fail (e.g., exceed MTBF) well before they reached these
We thus see the future of public lighting as a transition from analog to digital, from fluorescent lightbulbs to solid-state lighting—all connected to an energy grid through a variety of last-mile access technologies (see Figure 1).
Moving from “Traditional” to “Intelligent” Lighting Networks
Figure 1.
Moving from “Traditional” to “Intelligent” Lighting Networks.
Source: Philips and Cisco, 2012 source: The Time Is Right for Connected Public Lighting Within Smart Cities, CISCO & Philips, October 2012
LED Lighting Market Segmentation
SMART LED DIVERSITY OF LIGHTING APPLICATIONS
A19 /Standard
Replacement Lamps
The lamp technologies have been categorized as displayed below in Figure 2-1. The categories are based on those used in the 2001 LMC, the categories used in the various data sources, as well as input LED Lighting from members of the technical review committee. Descriptions of each lamp technology can be found Market in Appendix A. LED Replacement of:
Luminaire
Incandescent General Service - A-type General Service - Decorative Reflector Miscellaneous
Halogen General Service Reflector Low Voltage Display Miscellaneous
Compact Fluorescent General Service – Screw General Service – Pin Reflector Miscellaneous
Other LED Lamp Miscellaneous
Figure 2-1 Lamp Classification 6
Fluorescent T5 T8 less than 4 foot T8 4 foot T8 greater than 4 foot June13, 2012 T8 less than 4 foot T8 4 foot T8 greater than 4 foot T8 U-shaped T12 U-shaped Miscellaneous
High Intensity Discharge Mercury Vapor Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium Low Pressure Sodium
Luminaires
PARS MR16
Candelabras /Globes/ Decorative LFT
A-type - Incandescent lamps aluminized reflector lamps MR16 - multifaceted reflector halogen bulbs LFT- Linear Fluorescent tubes
© 2012 Strategies Unlimited PARS - parabolic 27
Efficacy of Various Light Sources Smart LEDs (tunable color spectrum) Incandescent Tungsten Halogen Halogen Infrared Reflecting Mercury Vapor Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) (5-26 watts) CFL (27-40 watts) Hi-Wattage CFL (55-200 watts) Fluorescent (full-size & U-tube) Electrodeless fluorescent Metal halide High-Pressure Sodium (HPS/HID) White Sodium Low-Pressure Sodium (yellow-orange color) 1
1
Lumens per Watt ! (lamp plus ballast) http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/hwcfl/HWCFL-efficacy.asp
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
Maintenance(savings( (
Dialight
Hazardous location example How$does$maintenance$savings$ affect$payback?$ Expected$life$ • Metal(halide(bulb(=(2(years( • LED(fixture(=(10+(years( Scenario$
• Maintenance(costs(up(to($2,000(per(lamp!(
• $1,000(/(year((
• Tradi:onal(lamps(o;en(don’t(reach(full( expected(life(due(to(vibra:on,(excessive(heat(
• (100)(153W(LED(High(Bays(replace((((((((((((((( • (100)(480W(HID(High(Bays(
• Hazardous(areas(require(mul:ple(personnel,( permiDng,(scaffolding(
Annual$Savings:$
• Produc:on(down(:me(=($$$(
• Maintenance(Savings($100,000(/(year( • ~1(year(payback(
Maintenance savings : $100,000 / year 22
Smart LEDs are Tunable ! Along Color Spectrum
Smart LED RFPs Should Include ! Key Technical Specifications Questions? Streetlighting Guidelin
Approved method describing procedures and precautions in performing reproducible measurements of LEDs:! and Design ! – total flux,
– electrical power,
– efficacy (lm/watt), and – chromaticity!
Decisions
NANCY CLANTON, PE, FIES, IALD LEED FELLOW CLANTON & ASSOCIATES, INC. BOULDER, COLORADO WWW.CLANTONASSOCIATES.COM
LED photometric testing standards: ! •
IES LM-79-08 Light output, efficacy, color for LED products!
•
IES LM-80-08 Light output over time, temperature for LED packages
www.clantonassociates.com IES TM-21-11 Extrapolating LM-80 test data to predict life!
•
IES LM-82-12 Light output, efficacy, color over temperature for light engines!
•
ANSI/UL 153:2002 (Secs. 124-128A) Methods for in-situ temperature www.clantonassociates.com ANSI/UL 1574:2004 (Sec. 54) method (ISTM) testing for EnergyStar!
•
IP6 Addressable
Financing Options: Comprehensive ! Lighting Retrofits with Smart LEDs 1. SelfCFinancing$(when$exceeding$internal$hurdle$rates),$loan$ 2. ProgramCRelated$Investment,$PRI$(taxCexempt$ philanthropic$founda5ons)$ 3. Commercial$Property$Assessed$Clean$Energy$(PACE)$(where$ available)$ 4. U5lity$OnCBill$Financing/OnCBill$Repayment$(OBF/OBR)$ (where$available)$ 5. Sustainable$Energy$Bonds$(SEB)$(for$publicCowned$ facili5es)$ 6. Energy$Service$Agreement/Managed$Energy$Service$ Agreement$(ESA/MESA)$ 7. Energy$Service$Performance$Contract$(ESPC)$by$an$Energy$ Service$Company$(ESCO)$(thirdCparty$financing)
Figure 2: Energy Efficiency Finance Models Energy Services Agreement (ESA)
Managed Energy Services Agreement (MESA)
Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE)
On-Bill Financing/ Repayment (OBF/OBR)
Low
Low
Low
Low
MUSH, Commercial, and Industrial On or Off $250,000 $10 million
MUSH, Commercial, and Industrial On or Off $250,000 $10 million
Undetermined $2,000 - $2.5 million
Residential, Commercial, and Industrial On or Off $5,000 $350,000
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Energy savings
Energy savings
Energy savings
Property assessments
Equipment
Equipment
Assessment Lien
Via utility bill Equipment; Service termination
Customer
MESA provider
Customer
Financing Model
Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC)
Market Penetration
High for MUSH; low for Commercial and Industrial
Target Market Segment Balance Sheet Typical Project Size Allows for Extensive Retrofits Repayment Method Security/ Collateral Responsibility for Utility Bills
*
MUSH, Commercial, and Industrial On or Off Unlimited
Depends on financing (e.g., lease or debt) ESCO or Customer
Residential, Commercial
Customer
*MUSH= Municipalities, Universities, Schools & Hospitals
This section describes in each of Efficiency these emerging models anSonsini, assessment the source: Innovations and Opportunities Energy Finance, White Paper, in 2ndbrief edition,and Mayprovides 2012, Wilson, Goodrichof & Rosati advantages and disadvantages associated with each.
Figure 3: ESPC Basic Structure
ESPC Basic Structure the capital cost of the upgrades will appear on the customer’s balance sheet. Investments that appear on a company’s balance sheet often face a more challenging internal approval process, even where an internal champion is supportive of the project. The energy efficiency investment is not likely central to the customer’s business and, from an accounting point of view, it’s better for the customer if treated as an expense kept off its balance sheet. As compared to the ESA and MESA models in which the monthly payments are simply off-balance sheet expenses, similarly sized monthly payments for debt service that are on the balance sheet will likely be treated with greater scrutiny. Legal Issues As part of its Dodd-Frank rulemaking process, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has proposed that ESCOs be required to register as "municipal financial advisors" and be subject to regulatory oversight as such. The ESCO industry, however, argues that ESCOs, like engineering firms, should be exempted from this new registration requirement. This debate is ongoing and has yet to be resolved. Overall Assessment
Strengths
Weaknesses
The baseline energy profile of the facility and predictability of the technology performance are also Performance guarantees reduce project - Contractor and financier incentives important inputs in - determining the financeability of ESPCs. Introducing innovative technologies that risks, which is valuable in large, complex limit deployment of new technology lack extensive performance data increases the overall risk of the project’s performance. Because neither retrofits - High transaction costs ESCOssee havesignificant a long history ofupside contracting - Long negotiation periods the lender nor the -ESCO for deploying more innovative (and potentially more experience and standardized processes - Not a realistic framework for smaller effective but less reliable) ESPC arrangements tend to remain on the technologically - Projectstechnologies, are maintained through rigorous projects and verification - Unclear will becan able to conservative side. Evenmonitoring for component providers, penetrating thewhether ESCOESCOs market be a long and slow administer programs or originate loans process, but it is not without reward given the multibillion-dollar market. withoutaddressable being registered Municipal Finance Advisors under the Dodd-Frank Street Reform and Consumer ESPC contracts can also be used in projects that bundleWall energy efficiency and renewable energy Protection Act improvements for the customer. For the customer that wishes to own energy efficiency improvements - On customer’s balance sheet
and on-site renewable energy generation, such as May a solar the source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiencyadding Finance,generation, White Paper, 2nd edition, 2012,photovoltaic Wilson, Sonsini, system, Goodrich &toRosati scope of the ESPCB.can Energy be an efficient way to accomplish Services Agreements (ESAs) (and finance) both. In some cases, an ESPC for
Figure 4: Basic ESA Structure
ESA Basic Structure
customer through energy savings. This model may face barriers to implementation if revised FASB standards result in on-balance sheet treatment and ESAs cannot be structured to meet revised FASB standards for off-balance sheet treatment.
Strengths Weaknesses Investors are repaid through the stream of customer payments for energy savings, tax incentives, - Currently, customersattributes. may finance energy - Proposed modification could rebates, and environmental The creditworthiness ofFASB therule customer and the ESCO will impact efficiency improvements off-balance sheet subject ESAs to new accounting rules the ability of the project developer to secure financing for an ESA-based project and the pricing of such - Customers pay only for actual savings - Project developer has to secure debt financing. In realized some cases, parent guarantees may beand/or needed innovative financing models until equity in financing from providers thatexposure. understand In thean ESAattempt model; investors in area become to reduce transaction - this Customers do not bearcomfortable operation and with their risk familiarity with the well-established costs and expand investment into this segment, the market may increasingly see transactions in which a maintenance responsibilities or performance PPA model, however, may help duringgroups the ESA contract term that meet certain single investorriskfunds of projects criteria. mitigate this weakness -
Project developers are incentivized to maximize energy savings or other Accounting Issues performance metrics ESAs may be treated as operating leases or capital leases. Under current Federal Accounting Standards - ESA provider may be able to monetize tax Board (FASB)benefits standards, ESAs that are treated as operating leases remain off the customer’s balance that customer could not - capital The ESA provider able to obtain sheet). However, FASB has proposed new rules that would sheet (while leasesmay arebeon-balance financing for groups of similarofenergy impact the accounting treatment operating leases. If FASB adopts this new lease treatment, ESA efficiency projects that meet certain criteria projects treated operating fromas a single investor,leases therebywould loweringnot remain off-balance sheet and instead would be placed on transaction costs the customer or obligor’s balance sheet. Under the proposed FASB revisions, however, an ESA can be
structured toin meet the service agreement criteria (which off-balance source: Innovations and Opportunities Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd would edition,remain May 2012, Wilson, sheet), Sonsini,avoiding Goodrich & Rosati treatment an on-balance operating lease. ESA providers and providers of emerging energy C. asManaged Energysheet Service Agreement (MESA) efficiency financing structures such as Managed ESAs are avoiding this potential accounting issue by
efficiency improvements. Figure 6: Basic PACE Structure Commercial PACE Basic Structure
of the FHFA’s rulemaking proceeding and federal litigation. PACE is advancing and holds promise as a model for financing energy efficiency improvements in the commercial sector.
Strengths
Weaknesses
In the event of a sale or transfer, the lien securing the assessments remains on the property, becoming an obligation- of Assessment the next property owner. Thus, the repayment obligation is tied to the entity benefiting lien is attractive to - Legal challenges to lien priority in the from the energy investors; savings achieved at the property. As with other tax and government assessment liens, security feature enables residential sector liens used to secure PACE assessments liens such as mortgages. This security competitive interest ratesare senior to privately- held Local government approval process feature reduces risk to bond investors and with lenders, thereby enabling governments to offer this - Repayment obligation remains required local to implement program financing at relatively lowininterest It or is important however, as with property property the eventrates. of sale transfer to note, - While PACEthat provides a model for taxes, in AUSTIN
BRUSSELS
by owner Term tied to payback period
GEORGETOWN, DE
HONG KONG
NEW YORK
PALO ALTO
19
SAN DIEGO
-
raising financing for capital investments, it does not provide a SAN FRANCISCO SEATTLE SHANGHAI WASHINGTON, DC model for financing the servicing aspects of energy efficiency No consensus yet regarding accounting treatment as on-balance sheet or offbalance sheet
source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati
E.
On-Bill Financing/Repayment
Figure 5 below provides an illustrative MESA structure. Figure 5: Basic MESA Structure
MESA Basic Structure
Sources of Financing The MESA project developer may finance a MESA project using the same strategies as the ESA developer described above, including the establishment of an SPE for each MESA project. MESA projects will attract lenders, however, who are generally willing and able to tolerate the risk on utility rates. Since the MESA project developer is responsible for utility payments, it carries the risk of utility rates increasing faster than predicted. As with the ESA structure, since energy efficiency improvements do not qualify for the ITC or PTC, unlike solar and wind-generation projects, tax equity investors are not a primary source of capital for energy efficiency projects. Overall Assessment
Strengths Weaknesses Sources of Financing - Currently, customers may finance energy The MESA project developer may finance a MESA project -using the efficiency improvements off-balance Same as same the ESAstrategies structure as the ESA developer sheet MESA project developer typically described above, including the establishment of an SPE- for each MESA project. MESA projects will - Customers do not bear operations and carries utility rate escalation risk attract lenders, however, who are generally willing and able to tolerate the risk on utility rates. Since the maintenance responsibilities or MESA project developer is responsible forMESA utility payments, it carries the risk of utility rates increasing performance risk during the faster than predicted. As with contract term the ESA structure, since energy efficiency improvements do not qualify for - Project developers are incentivized to projects, tax equity investors are not a primary source the ITC or PTC, unlike solar and wind-generation maximize energy savings of capital for energy efficiency projects. - Customer has a single point of contact and a single payment for all utility Overall Assessmentexpenses
source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati AUSTIN
Strengths
BRUSSELS
GEORGETOWN, DE
HONG KONG
NEW YORK
PALO ALTO
SAN DIEGO
Weaknesses
SAN FRANCISCO
SEATTLE
SHANGHAI
WASHINGTON, DC
customers’ regular energy bills, transferability of obligations in the event of property sale, and ways to ensure positive cash flows.
Utility OBF/OBR* Basic Structure Strengths -
-
-
Addresses “first-cost” hurdle to customer adoption by requiring little capital up front Shows strong record of repayment by customers to date Leverages existing utility resources and customer practices to collect payments Bundled utility bill clearly shows impact of energy efficiency on overall energy expenditures Payment obligation may follow the customer or the meter Can be structured to address diverse customers and market segments Can be structured to address split energy incentives of tenants and owners Accounting treatment may be on-balance sheet or off-balance sheet
Weaknesses -
-
-
-
In some cases, requires a third party to bear the “first costs” that are avoided by the customer Threat of utility disconnection is subject to legal uncertainty May require high up-front investment by utility to reform billing structures and other systems Assuring that energy savings will exceed loan/tariff payments is difficult Potential consumer lending regulations increase legal costs and uncertainty Obtaining landlord buy-in may be difficult if the tenant reaps all of the energy efficiency benefits Transaction and implementation costs can be relatively high Existing programs rely heavily on government funding and support
*OBF/OBR=OnCBill$Financing/OnCBill$Repayment source: Innovations and Opportunities in Energy Efficiency Finance, White Paper, 2nd edition, May 2012, Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati
TUNNELING THROUGH TO LOW-‐E
HVAC
ELECTRIC MOTOR SYSTEMS
Now use 1/2 global power 30-50% efficiency savings achievable w/ high ROI
ASHRAE--Chiller Plant Efficiency New Technology All-Variable Speed Chiller Plants
High-efficiency Conventional Older Chiller Optimized Code Based Plants Chiller Plants Chiller Plants
EXCELLENT
GOOD
FAIR
Chiller Plants with Correctable Design or Operational Problems
NEEDS IMPROVEMENT
kW/ton 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 C.O.P. (7.0) (5.9) (5.0) (4.4) (3.9) (3.5) (3.2) (2.9) AVERAGE ANNUAL CHILLER PLANT EFFICIENCY IN KW/TON (C.O.P.) (Input energy includes chillers, condenser pumps, tower fans and chilled water pumping) Based on electrically driven centrifugal chiller plants in comfort conditioning applications with 42F (5.6C) nominal chilled water supply temperature and open cooling towers sized for 85F (29.4C) maximum entering condenser water temperature and 20% excess capacity. Local Climate adjustment for North American climates is +/- 0.05 kW/ton
Trane, 0.59 0.59 typical TraneSingapore Guaranty 0.49 Infosys, Bangalore, India Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore
Sources: LEE Eng Lock, Trane, Singapore; Punit Desai, Infosys, Bangalore, India; Tom Hartman, TX, h,p://www.hartmanco.com/
Typical Chiller Plant -- Needs Improvement (1.2 kW per ton)
Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore
High Performance Chiller Plant (0.56 kW/t)
Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore
HOW? Bigger pipes, 45° angles, Smaller chillers
Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore
Big Pipe, small pumps ! Making pipes just 50% fatter reduces friction by 86% Pipe%Dia%in% Flow%in% inch% GPM%
Velocity% Ft%/sec%
Head%loss% S/100S%
6%
800%
8.8%
3.5%
10%
800%
3.2%
0.3%
Punit Desai, Environmental Sustainability at Infosys Driven by values, Powered by innovaNon, InfoSys, presentaNon to RMI, Sept 15, 2014
Simple Guide to retrofit success 0.50 kW/RT or better for chiller plant. 1. Ask for 0.60
2. Ask for performance guarantee backed by clear financial penalties in event of performance shortfall. 3. Ask for accurate Measurement & Verification system of at least +-5% accuracy in accordance to international standards of ARI-550 & ASHRAE guides 14P & 22. 4. Ask for online internet access to monitor the plant performance.
5. Ask for track record. Source: LEE Eng Lock, Singapore
Improvement Over Time Improvement in inAASHRAE SHRAE Standard 90.1 (1975-‐2013) Improvement Standard 90.1 (Year 1975-2013) 110 18.5%
14%
Normalized EUI (1975 Use = 100)
100 90-1975
90A -1980
4.5%
90
0.5%
12.3%
90.1-1989
80
90.1- 90.1-2001 1999
70
18.5%
4.5%
6~8%
90.1-2004 90.12007
60
90.12010
50 40
90.12013
30 20 10 0 1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
PNNL, Building Codes Commercial Landscape, PNNL-‐SA-‐103479, June 2014
10
Interrelationships Interrela6onships Building Energy Commercial Codes
ASHRAE 90.1 ASHRAE 189.1
IECC adopts 90.1 by reference – designer choice which to use but cannot ‘pick and choose’, must use one or the other only IgCC adopts the IECC by reference but adds criteria to address addi6onal items not covered in the IECC or increases stringency of the IECC IgCC adopts 189.1 by reference – designer choice which to use but cannot ‘pick and choose’, must use one or the other only ASHRAE 189.1 adopts 90.1 by reference but adds criteria to address addi6onal items not covered by 90.1 or increases stringency of 90.1
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 9Projections ASHRAE Standard 0.1 Projec6ons to 2030
Heating and cooling use index based on weighted equipment efficiency requirement changes; Envelope based on typical medium office steel frame wall and window areas with U-factor changes; Lighting power based on building area allowances weighted for U.S. building floor area; Overall Standard 90.1 progress 11 PNNL, Building Codes Commercial Landscape, PNNL-‐SA-‐103479, June 2014 based on PNNL’s analysis.
Annual global energy consumption by humans Oil Gas
1 Nme use
SOLAR PHOTONS ACCRUED IN A MONTH EXCEED THE EARTH’S FOSSIL FUEL RESERVES
Coal
Uranium
ANNUAL Wind Hydro
ANNUAL Solar Energy Photosynthesis Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2008, p. 366. The figure is based on National Petroleum Council, 2007 after Craig, Cunningham and Saigo.
In the USA, cities and residences cover 56 million hectares.
Every kWh of current U.S. energy requirements can be met simply by applying photovoltaics (PV) to 15% 7% of existing urban area— on roofs, parking lots, along highway walls, on sides of buildings, and in dual-uses. Requires 93% less water than fossil fuels. Experts say we wouldn’t have to appropriate a single acre of new land to make PV our primary energy source!
U.S. Wind Power LCOE PPA in 2013 2.5¢/kWh that the turbine scaling and other improvements to turbine efficiency described in Chapter 4 have Wheadwinds ind Power LCOE in lower. 2013 6.5¢/kWh more thanGlobal overcome these to help drive PPA prices
6¢/kWh 4¢/kWh 2¢/kWh
Source: Berkeley Lab
Figure 46. Generation-weighted average levelized wind PPA prices by PPA execution date and region
LCOE=Levelized Cost of Electricity
PPA=Power Purchase Agreement
Figure 46 also shows trends in the generation-weighted average levelized PPA price over time among four of the five regions broken out in Figure 30 (the Southeast region is omitted from Ryan Wiser & Mark Bollinger, 2013 Wind Technologies Market Report, Lawrence Berkeley, August 2014 Figure 46 owing to its small sample size). Figures 45 and 46 both demonstrate that, based on our data sample, PPA prices are generally low in the U.S. Interior, high in the West, and in the middle in the Great Lakes and Northeast regions. The large Interior region, where much of U.S.
Cents/kWh
FIRST SOLAR U6lity-‐Scale Solar PV 2013 LCOE $0.07-‐0.15/kWh*
*2013 data, costs depending on irradiance levels, interest rates, and other factors, e.g. development costs, h,p://www.firstsolar.com/en/soluNons/uNlity-‐scale-‐generaNon
Deutsche Bank Predic6ng Huge Distributed Solar PV Uptake 2015-‐2016
h,p://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/05/deutsche-‐bank-‐predicNng-‐huge-‐distributed-‐solar-‐pv-‐uptake/ , September 13, 2013, CleanTechnica
Deutsche Bank Predic6ng Huge Distributed Solar PV Uptake 2015-‐2016
h,p://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/05/deutsche-‐bank-‐predicNng-‐huge-‐distributed-‐solar-‐pv-‐uptake/ , September 13, 2013, CleanTechnica
Dragon-‐Shaped 100% Solar PV Stadium in Taiwan Designed by Toyo Ito, the dragon-‐shaped 50,000 seat arena is clad in 8,844 solar panels on 14,155 m2 roof.
It illuminates the track and field with 3,300 lux (lumens per m2). The Solar PV system provides 100% of the electricity during games, and surplus energy is sold during non-‐game periods.
Built upon a clear area of 19 hectares, nearly 7 hectares has been reserved for the development of integrated public green spaces, bike paths, sports parks, and an ecological pond.
The stadium also integrates addiNonal green features such as permeable pavements and the extensive use of reusable, local materials.
100 Addi6onal Slides
FIRST FUEL Remote Building Analy6cs pla~orm
FIRST FUEL Remote Building Analy6cs pla~orm
FIRST FUEL Remote Building Analy6cs pla~orm
Building Analy6cs pla~orm Analy6cs provide more ac6onable and informa6ve views into usage. Tools
that use mulNple data sources – such as FirstFuel’s combinaNon of weather data, interval usage data, and other publicly available informaNon found through semanNc search – allow for “mass customizaNon” of energy insight – an outcome that provides specific and acNonable informaNon about each building across a porzolio, at scale. Customer engagement remains a key nut to crack. While the value of remote analyNcs is becoming clearer for uNliNes and program administrators, building owners and operators have to see the value as well. Industry stakeholders are beginning to work together to educate end-‐users about the enormous power to be gained from be,er, faster, and cheaper insight into building performance.
Opera6onal savings opportunity is s6ll misaligned with opera6onal savings investment. Low -‐to-‐no cost operaNonal changes represent a huge opportunity for
energy and cost savings, but program spending pa,erns have not yet significantly shi€ed. Both the uNliNes and PUCs see operaNonal savings playing a criNcal role in energy efficiency impacts, but regulatory and program regimes need to adjust for this to become a reality.
LOW-‐E VIDEOS Arena Videos Architecture -‐ Design Engineering –ConstrucNon Real-‐Nme ConNnuous Commissioning DeConstrucNon – DeCommissioning – Circle Economy OpNmum Energy h,p://opNmumenergyco.com/resources/ #videos-‐presentaNons Introducing AutoDesk AEC Feed iPad app (0:41) h,p://youtu.be/1K7yChiNPtM Autodesk BIM 101: Intro to Building InformaNon Modeling (2:11) h,p://youtu.be/U2-‐rw3M3hgk
Fly-‐through MN Vikings new stadium design (2:40) h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAt_ooyAEsQ Future NHL Stadiums (2:10) h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Tzi81XXStk Top 10 Future Stadiums worldwide (3:10) h,p://youtu.be/yFWkutdlBYk Architectural AnimaNon: FIFA related World Cup 2022 Sports Complex CompeNNon 3D CGI VisualizaNon (6:38) h,p://youtu.be/ribw-‐EKXufU New NaNonal Stadium for Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics (4:11) by Zaha Hadid Architects Area: 290,000 m², Capacity: 80,000 people EsNmated compleNon: March 2019 h,p://youtu.be/w7II0J_aT7A
NHL to NBA at Air Canada Centre (2:55) h,p://youtu.be/_uFt-‐wEj7jY Consol Arena – IBWave.com Design for Stadiums, wifi, IP wiring of arena h,p://youtu.be/B75ilvgS394 (1:20) Consol Energy Center -‐ Pi,sburgh Penguins Arena Nmelapse 2008-‐2009 (3:10) h,p://youtu.be/nWGhE081uiU?list=PLi2-‐znfag4ZXgYAdwzv_3gg0LYXRKTu5i Barclays Center Arena Nmelapse (2:27) h,p://youtu.be/NUvqlkIGl8U Barclays Center Arena Curtainwall Install Sequence (0:27) h,p://youtu.be/qCfAaQEUFqY
2 Years of Vikings Stadium Construc6on in 2 Minutes
HI-‐RE VIDEOS BNSF Train hauling Vesta wind powers (4:32) h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch? v=okrS3bhNn24#t=56 Altair Hyperworks so€ware simulaNon visualizaNon (1.24) h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5Ioi_4bdL0 Siemens 3MW Wind turbine installaNon Hawaii (2 min) h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch? v=MHS10eGjNq8 WindFarmer – Wind Farm Design So€ware by GL Garrard Hassan (2:13) h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch? v=KLHHMtV0RW0
Solar Panel InstallaNon New Jersey Parking Deck h,ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2H1Ww6Ib_U
Key$principles$from$Internet$Tech.$
Universal%Interoperability% Any$device$should$work$with$all$other$objects$in$any$space$ $
• Across%building%types% – ResidenAal,%commercial,%vehicles,%…% • Across%geography% – Countries,%language,%…% • Across%Ame% – Worthy%of%durability% • Across%end%uses% – CoordinaAon,%cooperaAon% • Across%people% – Age,%disability,%culture,%acAvity,%context,%…% Bruce Nordman (LBNL), IoOT — learning from the first 13 billion*, ET, IoT session, 2014
Why Commercial Lighting is Migrating to LEDs • • • • • • • • • BRKIOT-1404
Produce more light per watt than other lights Last longer (4x) Run cooler Dimming with linear energy savings Don’t degrade as rapidly as fluorescents and degradation has no impact on energy consumption When properly controlled, they don’t flicker Cold temps don’t bother them Contain fewer rare earth materials and no Mercury Function on low voltage wire © 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
8
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
LEDs are Massively More Efficient… 150 100
50
140
50.8
LED 2014
LED 2013
LED 2012
Flourescent
13.6
Halogen
14.3
Incandescent
0
120
100
300 Lumens/Watt is already working in labs
Lumins/Per Watt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp#Comparison_with_alternative_technologies BRKIOT-1404
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Cisco Public
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How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
LEDs are Used Everywhere Indoor Lighting
Outdoor Lighting Hospitality
Portable Lighting
Architectural Lighting Street Lighting
Office & Industrial BRKIOT-1404
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Video Screens Area Lighting
Retail & Museum Cisco Public
10
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
Typical Lighting-class LED Package • LED Chip: Determines brightness and efficacy
Lens
• Phosphor system: Determines color point and stability
• Package: Protects the chip and phosphor; Helps with light and heat extraction
LED chip
http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=1iA73GwhEfY BRKIOT-1404
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Cisco Public
15
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
Traditional Lamp vs. LED Technology Traditional lamps: Reflector
Two Key Differences: light & heat
– Directionality of light • Omni-directional vs. directional
LEDs:
90°-140° viewing angle
light
light
– Means of evacuating heat
• Convection vs. conduction BRKIOT-1404
heat heat
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
Primary Source The Sun
Ultraviolet (tanning) BRKIOT-1404
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Visible Light Cisco Public
Infrared (heat)
18
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
The Gold Standard Artificial Source Incandescent
BRKIOT-1404
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How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
LEDs Provide Richer Color Perception Metal Halide
If this is the “Gold Standard”
Warm White LED
Incandescent Fluorescent
HPS
BRKIOT-1404
© 2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Which one is likely the “Best” artificial source? Cisco Public
Cool White LED
20
How IoT and PoE [Power over Ethernet] LED LighNng Will Transform IT, BRKSPG-‐1404, Ma, Laherty, Business Development Manager, Office of CTO, ENG Labs, 2014
LED Ligh6ng Using Power over Ethernet (PoE) LED lighNng that uses Power over Ethernet (PoE) can be powered not by an electrical powerline but by basic Ethernet cable. The low-‐voltage Category 5 or Cat 6 cable can send both power and data to LEDs. And that can save on wiring costs as well. The LED light fixtures get an IP address, interact with networked sensors, devices, and mobile users, and become fully programmable. By connecNng lighNng directly to the Internet, controls can be driven by so€ware. And new apps will make lighNng a service. Building owners can achieve lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) including lower first costs, lower operaNng expense, and lower cost of space-‐reconfiguraNon. Energy savings go beyond the efficiency of the LED light source, to capture addiNonal savings through more universal and pervasive controls. For example, so€ware technology allows for across the board load shedding including Demand-‐Response (DR) capabiliNes required by some uNlity companies.
SSL Saving Energy Today …but the full performance and energy savings potential of SSL is far from realized or assured
7
Source: Navigant Consulting
Multi-Year Program Plan TABLE 2.1 U.S. INSTALLED BASE AND ENERGY SAVINGS OF LED LIGHTING BY APPLICATION [7]
Application1
2013 LED Installed2 Penetration %
2013 LED Units Installed2 Millions
2013 Energy Savings TBtu (TWh)
40.5 (3.9) 79.7 3.4% 33.3 Directional (7.7) 15.3 Small Directional 16% 7.5 (1.5) 2.3 Decorative 0.7% 8.3 (0.2) 7.3 Linear Fixture 0.7% 4.9 (0.7) 9.2 Industrial 2.1% 1.8 (0.9) 7.4 Other3 0.5% 3.8 (0.7) 162 Total Indoor 1.3% 95.5 (15.6) 13.8 Area/Roadway 7.1% 3.3 (1.3) 6.5 Parking Garage 2.4% 0.8 (0.6) 5.4 Building Exterior3 7.9% 4.7 (0.5) DOE, Solid-‐State LighNng Research and Development, MulN-‐Year Program Plan , MAY 2014 1.2 Other3 2.9% 0.7 (0.1) A-Type
1.1%
34.2
Energy Savings Potential TBtu (TWh) 802 (77.3) 395 (38.0) 71.9 (6.9) 269 (25.9) 1,052 (101) 789 (76.0) 178 (17.1) 3,556 (342) 256 (24.7) 140 (13.5) 59.3 (5.7) 48.6 (4.7)
40.5 802 (3.9) (77.3) 79.7 395 3.4% 33.3 Directional (7.7) (38.0) 15.3 71.9 Small Directional 16% 7.5 (1.5) (6.9) 2.3 269 Decorative 0.7% 8.3 (0.2) (25.9) Multi-Year Program Plan 7.3 1,052 Linear Fixture 0.7% 4.9 (0.7) (101) 9.2 BY APPLICATION 789 TABLE 2.1 U.S. INSTALLED BASE AND ENERGY SAVINGS OF LED LIGHTING [7] Industrial 2.1% 1.8 (0.9) (76.0) 20137.4 Energy Energy178 2013 LED 2013 LED Savings 3 Other 0.5% 2 3.8 Savings Installed Units Potential 1 (0.7) (17.1) Application TBtu Penetration Installed2 TBtu 162 3,556 Total Indoor 1.3% 95.5 % Millions (TWh) (TWh) (15.6) (342) 13.8 256 40.5 802 Area/Roadway 7.1% 3.3 A-Type 1.1% 34.2 (1.3) (24.7) (3.9) (77.3) 6.5 140 79.7 395 Parking Garage 2.4% 0.8 3.4% 33.3 (0.6) (13.5) Directional (7.7) (38.0) 5.4 59.3 15.3 71.9 Building Exterior3 7.9% 4.7 Small Directional 16% 7.5 (0.5) (5.7) (1.5) (6.9) 1.2 48.6 2.3 269 Other3 2.9% 0.7 Decorative 0.7% 8.3 (0.1) (4.7) (0.2) (25.9) 26.9 504 7.3 1,052 Total Outdoor 5.8% 9.5 Linear Fixture 0.7% 4.9 (2.5) (48.6) (0.7) (101) 9.2 789 188 4,060 Industrial 2.1% 1.8 Total All 1.4% 105 (0.9) (76.0) (18.1) (391) 7.4 178 Notes: 3 Other 0.5% 3.8 1. Descriptions of each application group are provided in Appendix 5.2.3. (0.7) (17.1) 2. Installations are the total cumulative number of LED lamps and luminaires that have been installed 162 3,556 Total Indoor 1.3% 95.5 as of 2013. (15.6) (342) 3. The “other” and “building exterior” applications were not analyzed in 2012. 13.8 256 Area/Roadway 7.1% 3.3 (24.7) OLED technology has yet to gain a measurable share of the general(1.3) lighting market, but the OLED 6.5 140 community is making strides toward commercializing products for certain applications. Most OLED Parking Garage 2.4% 0.8 (0.6) lighting applications. (13.5) Initial prototypes have yet to attain light output levels suitable for many general 5.4products have been 59.3 products have been largely decorative in nature although some OLED Building Exterior3 7.9% 4.7 (0.5) (5.7) developed for task lighting applications, such as desk or table lamps and automotive interior lighting. 1.2 48.6 Other3 2.9% 0.7 (0.1) (4.7) 26.9 504 Total Outdoor 5.8% 9.5 Plan , MAY 2014 DOE, Solid-‐State LighNng Research and Development, MulN-‐Year Program (2.5) (48.6) A-Type
1.1%
34.2
Total All
1.4%
105
188
4,060 Page 13
$100 Mid 2009
Cool Target Mid 2009
Warm Target End 2009
End 2009 End 2010
LED Package Price ($/klm)
2010
End 2011
End 2010 End 2011
$10
End 2012
2011
2011
End 2013
End 2012
2013 2013
End 2013
2015
2015
2017 2017
$1
2020 2020
$0 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Multi-Year Program Plan 200 220 240
260
(lm/W) PROJECTIONS TABLE 2.3 SUMMARY OF LED PACKAGE PRICEEfficacy AND PERFORMANCE 2
FIGURE 2.9 PRICE-EFFICACY TRADE-OFF FOR LED PACKAGES AT 35 A/CM AND 25°C Metric 2013 2015 2017 2020 Goal Notes: 1. Cool-white packages assume CCT = 4746-7040K and CRI >70; warm-white packages assume CCT = 2580Efficacy (lm/W) 166 192 211 231 250 3710KCool-White and CRI >80. 2. Rectangles represent region mapped by maximum efficacy and lowest price for each time period. Cool-White Price have ($/klm) 4 2 1.3 0.7 0.5 3. The MYPP projections been included to demonstrate anticipated future trends. Warm-White (lm/W) 135 efficacy 169 197Each time 225 period250 Figure 2.9 charts theEfficacy evolution of LED package and price. is characterized by a rectangle with an area bound by the highest products.0.5 Efficacies as Warm-White Price ($/klm) 5.1 efficacy 2.3 and lowest 1.4 price0.7 high as 159 lm/W (cool white) and 123 lm/W (warm white) have been reported during 2013 as well DOE, Solid-‐State LighNng Rlow esearch and Development, MulN-‐Year Program Plan ,white). MAY 2014 as prices as have as $5/klm (cool white) andused $6/klm ThetoMYPP price-efficacy We chosen to normalize the values in this(warm and previous reports a specific current projections are and alsooperating included in Figure comparison purposes and are summarized density temperature in 2.9 orderfor to set projections and track progress. More recently, with in Table
Multi-Year Program Plan
FIGURE 3.9 ENERGY CONSUMPTION COMPARISON FROM DOE LCA STUDY [54] Source: Life-Cycle Assessment of Energy and Environmental Impacts of LED Lighting Product. Prepared by EERE Building Technologies Office, April 2013. Life-‐Cycle Assessment of Energy and Environmental Impacts of LED LighNng Product, DOE EERE Building Technologies Office, April 2013.
The DOE-sponsored LCA studies have shown that SSL can reduce energy use from lighting and maintain performance levels without using large amounts of toxic or rare-earth materials. Unlike
Lesson 2: Lifetime Despite the promise of long life, there is no standard way to rate the lifetime and reliability of LED products
LED package lumen maintenance is PART of the story but not the WHOLE story 5
www.ssl.energy.gov
What actually fails and why?
LED Systems Reliability Consortium, 2013
6
Lesson 5: Color stability The color delivered by some LEDs shifts over time, enough to negatively impact adoption in some applications
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
Lesson 5: Color stability - UPDATE • A few manufacturers now offer warranties for color shift • IES PIF on color stability – Should lead to a TM for projecting color shift over time
13
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
Lesson 6: Flicker Some LEDs flicker noticeably, which may negatively impact adoption in some applications
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
LEDs can flicker more than other sources 0.5
Incandescent, Metal Halide Magnetically ballasted fluorescent
Flicker Index
0.4
Electronically ballasted fluorescent Solid-State
0.3 0.2
0.15
0.1 0
13
40
0
25
50 Percent Flicker
www.ssl.energy.gov
75
100
Lesson 7: Glare LEDs can cause glare, which may negatively impact adoption in some applications
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
Lesson 7: Glare - UPDATE • NGL judges have noted improvements but glare remains their #1 complaint • Industry is taking this seriously – Diffusing lenses – Edge lit designs – Other optics that reduce spot luminance and reduce contrast of LED to background
NGL Indoor 2014 Noted for glare control Focal Point
Acuity Brands - Peerless
17
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
Lesson 8: Dimming Achieving high-quality dimming performance with LED lamps is difficult, but improving
Lesson 8: Dimming - UPDATE • NEMA SSL-7A compliant products beginning to appear Source: Modified from NEMA SSL-6 on market Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI • NEMA SSL-7B in www.ssl.energy.gov 18 progress
Lesson 8: Dimming Achieving high-quality dimming performance with LED lamps is difficult, but improving Depending on: 1) characteristics of the LED sources (drivers) 2) characteristics of the dimmer 3) number and type of light sources on the circuit
15
You might encounter: • Limited dimming range • Unpredictable dimming curve • Dead travel • Pop-on • Drop-out • Flashing, ghosting • Premature failure • Audible noise • Inoperability
www.ssl.energy.gov
Lesson 9: Interoperability Greater interoperability of lighting control components and more sensible specifications of lighting control systems are required to maximize the energy savings delivered by LED-based sources Lighting Control on Wi-Fi network
Example: ZigBee Light Link to Ethernet Gateway
ZigBee Light Link
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI 21
www.ssl.energy.gov
Lesson 9: Interoperability - UPDATE • Industry consortia actively working on interoperability – TALQ - outdoor – TCLA – indoor
• ANSI C137 Lighting Systems committee recently launched by NEMA
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
Lesson 10: Serviceability Lack of LED product serviceability and interchangeability has created market adoption barriers in certain sectors
Example: Zhaga Book 2 mechanical interface
17 Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Laboratory (PNNL), SSL: Early Lessons Learned on the Way to Market, Lighzair 2014, June 3, 2014
Lesson 10: Serviceability - UPDATE • NGL recognized several products for serviceability • Zhaga standards for 7 different LED light engine form factors so far; 3 more in development – 174 products certified so far GE Lighting
Examples of NGL Indoor 2014 Products noted for serviceability
H.E. Williams
Book 2 holder
Book 3 module
Book 3 luminaire
Book 4 module
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI 24
Lesson 11: Existing infrastructure - UPDATE • New innovative form factors • New controls approaches – Wireless – Networked – Luminaire integrated sensors
Blackjack Lighting
• New power distribution approaches – Low-voltage, DC power – Can be combined with control/communication – Power over Ethernet (PoE), other approaches GE Lighting Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI 26
Lesson 11: Existing infrastructure Existing lighting infrastructure limits the full potential of SSL; more effort is needed to open the doors to new lighting systems and form factors
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), SSL Early Lessons Learned – Progress and Updates, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop, Nov. 13, 2014 Detroit, MI
Beyond the Mainstream: What Else Can It Do?
“[LED] Light Bulbs Could Replace Your Wi-Fi Router”
“New Technology Inspires a Rethinking of Light”
10
“Casting [LED] Light on Astronaut Insomnia”
New Form Factors
Source: Acuity Brands
11
New Form Factors
Source: Fred Maxik, Lighting Science
Source: GE Lighting
Integrated Controls
• Integrated motion and ambient light sensors • Daylight harvesting • Vacancy sensing
13
Source: Cree
For the Latest Information
www.ssl.energy.gov 19
Pilot Projects 2nd Generation Tunable System
1st Generation Tunable System
2014 DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING MARKET DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP John Hwang, CEO of Planled, Tuning the Spectrum: Light, Health, and the Pursuit of Happiness, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
Spectrally Targeted System Interior
3500K FL
2700K~6500K SSL
Exterior
3800K HID
5000K SSL
John Hwang, CEO of Planled, Tuning the Spectrum: Light, Health, and the Pursuit of Happiness, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
2014 DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING MARKET DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP
Tunable Task Lighting
John Hwang, CEO of Planled, Tuning the Spectrum: Light, Health, and the Pursuit of Happiness, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
What does Tuning the Spectrum Mean?
Leslie North, Aurora LighNng Design, Tuning the Spectrum: Light, Health, and the Pursuit of Happiness, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
Dynamic Terminology • Dimming • Color Changing Color Preference
• Warm-Dim • Color Tuning • Circadian Reinforcement / Tracking Alertness Therapy / Circadian Mimicking Leslie North, Aurora LighNng Design, Tuning the Spectrum: Light, Health, and the Pursuit of Happiness, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state LighNng Market Development Workshop
Color Tuning (Light for Consistency / Refinement) • Can you Match Sources? • Color Temperature • Color Rendering • Tint Control • Binning Tolerances & Tolerance Over Time
Color Tuning (Light for Consistency / Refinement) Natural/Enhanced Color
Balanced Color
Vivid Color
Source: Acuity Brands
Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change Haitz’s Law Every decade, the cost per lumen falls by a factor of 10, and the amount of light generated per LED package increases by a factor of 20, for a given wavelength (color) of light.
The theoretical maximum for an economical white LED with phosphorescence mixing is 260300 lm/W.
The Manufacturer’s PerspecNve, Sco, J. Hershman MIES, LC, ExecuNve Vice President of Design and Product Development LF IlluminaNon, 2014 DOE Solid-‐state 10 LighNng Market Development Workshop
Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change • • • •
12
Identify the manufacturer Bar or QC codes Quick disconnects for drivers and LED’s Modular design of key components
Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change Standards Conventions which are voluntary undertaken by an industry. Widely Adopted • IES/ANSI RP1610 – Defined terms • LM-80 – LED package measurement procedure • TM-21 – Method for calculating lifetime based on LM-80 testing • LM-79 – Luminaire test procedure • ANSI C78.377 – Color characteristics Selectively adopted • Zhaga – Primarily deals with physical characteristics • Alternate color system metrics 15
Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change • Minimum luminaire performance. • Make the constants clear. (Lumens vs. Candela vs. Wattage) • Warranty • Consider the entire lighting system • Don’t neglect installation
17
Specifying LED in a World of Continuous Change To date standards and regulations have done little to influence interoperability of components. Standards are needed for: • Electrical operating characteristics of LED’s - voltage bins • Thermal characteristics and thermal transfer • Electrical connections – socketed solutions • Light Emitting Surface sizes • Dimming interfaces for drivers
16
ABOUT LEEP • Lighting Energy Efficiency in Parking (LEEP) Campaign – –
www.leepcampaign.com #LEEPCampaign
• Joint campaign organized by BOMA, Green Parking Council, IFMA, International Parking Institute, and DOE’s Better Building Alliance • Install or commit to install energy efficient lighting and controls in parking lots, structure, garages, or ramps – Year 1 goal: 100 million square feet (surpassed) – Year 2 goal: 500 million square feet (cumulative to year 1 values)
2
Jeff McCullough, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Taking the LEEP: Experience with LEDs in Parking Lots and Structures, LightFair Intl, June 2014
Ligh6ng Energy Efficiency in Parking (LEEP) Campaign LEEP Award Winner: MGM Detroit Grand
Energy Use Lighting Power Density (LPD)
•
Location: Detroit, MI
•
Square Feet: 2.6 million
•
Parking Spaces: 5,000+
•
Key Features: metal halide to LED
•
Award: Highest absolute annual energy savings in a retrofit at a single parking structure
Existing 4,993,796 kWh 0.25
New 1,015,248 kWh 0.05
Energy Savings 3,978,548 kWh ---
9
Jeff McCullough, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Taking the LEEP: Experience with LEDs in Parking Lots and Structures, LightFair Intl, June 2014
Power quality fundamentals • Power quality broadly describes the fitness of electric power delivered over networks to drive electric loads in a manner that allows the loads to function as intended without significant reduction in performance or lifetime • Power quality is a system characteristic, not a component characteristic. There are many ways in which electric power can be of poor quality and many more causes of such poor quality power. • Power quality can be degraded by displacement between voltage and current waveforms, and distortion of voltage or current waveforms • Displacement can be lagging or leading – Inductive loads (e.g. motors and magnetic transformers) cause lagging displacement – Capacitive loads (e.g. most SMPS and LED sources) cause leading displacement
• Voltage waveform distortions typically created by generators • Current waveform distortions typically created by loads Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014 2
Power quality fundamentals • Power quality degredation typically results in higher RMS currents, and harmonic currents • Higher RMS currents – Lead to greater electricity transport (I2R) losses – Require greater wire, circuit breaker, transformer, etc. sizes
• Harmonic currents – Can degrade performance of electronic equipment – Can damage some electronic equipment – Some (odd multiples of three) matter more than others
• Phase-cut dimming controls degrade the power quality of any circuit they are operating on, regardless of the light source technology being controlled
Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014
Power quality metrics • Common power quality metrics (e.g. power factor and THD) are useful but imperfect (not unlike CCT and CRI) – (True) power factor is a measure of displacement and distortion – THD is a measure of current (THD-I) or voltage (THD-V) distortion
• Proper use of power quality metrics requires an understanding of what they are attempting to characterize, and their limitations. • Low(er) power factor loads do not consume more energy, but they do draw more RMS current • A component in an electrical system (such as a lighting fixture on a circuit) with low power quality metrics does not necessarily degrade the power quality of the system, due to the potential for compensating effects among connected, interacting components in that system. Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014
Power quality math is not simple
LED Source A
LED Source B
LED Source C
A+B+C
Power
13W
6.1W
11W
30.1W
Power Factor
0.90
0.92
0.91
0.96
THD-I
46%
36%
39%
23%
Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014 6
Field Example: Aberdeen Federal Building • 7 stories, 210,466 square feet in Aberdeen, South Dakota • Targeted baseline lighting (Summer 2010) – – – –
4,981 fluorescent T8 4’ lamps x 28 watts = 139,468 watts 2 fluorescent T8 2’ lamps x 14 watts = 28 watts Total targeted baseline lighting = 139,496 watts Whole building power factor measured at/by utility meter = 0.8614 (averaged 15 minute data for June-July 2010)
• Retrofit lighting (Fall 2010) – – – – –
4,981 LED T8 format 4’ lamps x 14 watts = 69,734 watts 2 LED T8 format 2’ lamps x 7 watts = 14 watts Total retrofit lighting = 69,748 watts LED T8 format lamp power factor = 0.60 Whole building power factor measured at/by utility meter = 0.8603 (averaged 15 minute data for June-July 2011)
Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014 7
Relativity
Mobile Phone A
LED Source B
Power
6W1
9.5W
THD-I
126%1
13%
1Charging,
with 35% remaining battery life
Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014 10
Managing risk • Concerns over the power quality of a new technology replacing an incumbent should be weighed in context with: – the power quality of the incumbent – the relative power or current draw vs. the incumbent – the power quality and relative power or current draw of other connected components in the system.
• Specify ANSI C82.77-2002 recommendations today • The next update to ANSI C82.77 (currently under development) will take into account the expected market adoption of LED sources • Be aware of power quality design trade-offs – Cost, components, potentially lifetime and reliability – Some LED driver architectures commonly used in low-cost replacement lamps have a fundamental power factor vs. flicker trade-off
• Contact DOE if: – You have any evidence of a power quality problem caused by the installation of LED sources – You are planning a large retrofit of LED sources with power quality performance that does not meet ANSI C82.77-2002 recommendations Michael Poplawski, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Power Quality Myths and MisconcepNons: What you need to know, LightFair Intl, June 2014 11
Light Loss Factors: What Are They? • All lighting systems decline in lumen output over time due to reductions in lamp emissions and changing surface properties— lamp, luminaire, and room, if applicable. • This is accounted for by using a Light Loss Factor (LLF) during the design process. • A Light Loss Factor is a multiplier that is used to predict future performance (maintained illuminance) based on the initial properties of a lighting system. • LLF = 1 – Expected Depreciation • The Total LLF is determined by multiplying the independent effects of multiple factors. Michael Royer, Pacific NW NaNonal Laboratory (PNNL), Designing for the Future: Understanding Lumen DepreciaNon and Light Loss Factosr (LLF), LightFair Intl, June 2014
Lumen Depreciation for Conventional Sources
9
Adapted from: DiLaura DL, Houser KW, Mistrick RG, Steffy GR. Editors. 2011. The lighting handbook: Reference and application. 10th edition. New York (NY): Illuminating Engineering Society. 1,328 p.
Michael Royer, Pacific NW NaNonal Laboratory (PNNL), Designing for the Future: Understanding Lumen DepreciaNon and Light Loss Factosr (LLF), LightFair Intl, June 2014
Why Solid State Lighting? • Potential to save about 46% of lighting site electricity by 2030 • Huge energy resource on par with renewables
2
Energy Savings Potential of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications (January 2012) www.ssl.energy.gov/tech_reports.html
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Overcoming SSL Market Barriers, Midwest Energy SoluNons Conference, Session Topic: How Can Advanced LighNng & Controls RevoluNonize Efficiency? January 16, 2014
LED Lighting Facts • Manufacturers voluntarily list products in program, posting LM-79 information • Intended to promote accurate manufacturer performance claims • No minimum performance requirements • Used by utilities, lighting professionals, and retailers to qualify products • Some national retailers require LED Lighting Facts listing • New verification testing program launched
8
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Overcoming SSL Market Barriers, Midwest Energy SoluNons Conference, Session Topic: How Can Advanced LighNng & Controls RevoluNonize Efficiency? January 16, 2014
Output and Efficacy of Tested PAR38 Lamps
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Spotlight on Par38s, LightFair Intl, June 2014
4
Current Performance
Avg 65 lm/W
5/30/14 Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Spotlight on Par38s, LightFair Intl, June 2014
5
L Prize target
LED PAR38 Beam Quality: Spot Results
Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Spotlight on Par38s, LightFair Intl, June 2014 11
www.ssl.energy.gov
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
CALiPER Report 20.1 Conclusions • In each category, at least one LED lamp was rated more favorably than the benchmark halogen. Halogen should not always be considered the ideal source for lighting quality. • Single-emitter LED lamps were favored in both beam quality and shadow quality • Poor color consistency within the beam, and stray light outside the main beam pattern, were the attributes most likely to be noted by the observers as negatives • LED lamps with narrow spot distributions were generally viewed as having less-acceptable beam quality than their narrow-flood or flood counterparts • Observers generally preferred 3000 K LED lamps over 2700 K LED lamps, but their ranking of color quality did not always correlate with the CRI of the lamps Full report available at: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/caliper_20.1_par38.pdf Kelly Gordon, Pacific NW NaNonal Lab (PNNL), Spotlight on Par38s, LightFair Intl, June 2014
20
Fig. 3. Experimental Data of Flicker in Solid State Lighting Sources
0.5
Incandescent, Metal Halide Magnetically ballasted fluorescent
Flicker Index
0.4
Electronically ballasted fluorescent Solid-State
0.3 0.2
0.15
0.1 0
40
0
25
50 Percent Flicker
75
100
Fig. 4.Examples of Lighting Products on the Flicker Frame of Reference
2872 PROPOSING MEASURES OF FLICKER IN THE LOW FREQUENCIES FOR LIGHTING APPLICATIONS, Brad Lehman, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston MA Arnold Wilkins, Visual PercepNon Unit, University of Essex, Colchester, UK; Sam Berman, Senior ScienNst Emeritus Lawrence Berkeley NaNonal Laboratory, Berkeley CA Michael Poplawski, Pacific Northwest NaNonal Laboratory, Portland OR; Naomi Johnson Miller, Pacific Northwest NaNonal Laboratory, Portland OR, IEEE, 2011.
Some SSL products currently on the market have equal or be,er flicker performance than tradiNonal lighNng technology. Some SSL products currently on the market are clearly well outside the flicker frame of reference established by tradiNonal lighNng technology, and modulaNng luminous flux in previously unseen manners. Flicker index and percent flicker correlate fairly well at lower levels of percent flicker (< 40). However, shape variaNon captured by flicker index separates otherwise similar (same percent flicker) products at higher levels of percent flicker. SSL products currently on the market exhibit wide variaNon in flicker performance. Flicker performance is directly related to the LED power electronic driver, since luminous intensity is (approximately) proporNonal to current through the LEDs (Wilkins, 2010; IEEE PAR1789, 2010).
PROPOSING MEASURES OF FLICKER IN THE LOW FREQUENCIES FOR LIGHTING APPLICATIONS, Brad Lehman, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston MA Arnold Wilkins, Visual PercepNon Unit, University of Essex, Colchester, UK; Sam Berman, Senior ScienNst Emeritus Lawrence Berkeley NaNonal Laboratory, Berkeley CA Michael Poplawski, Pacific Northwest NaNonal Laboratory, Portland OR; Naomi Johnson Miller, Pacific Northwest NaNonal Laboratory, Portland OR, IEEE, 2011.
SIZE & INCENTIVES SCALABLE - COST CONTROL Small Commercial Lighting Program projects ◦ 1,000 to 10,000 square feet – Paid ~$0.05/sf ◦ 1,000 to 25,000 square feet – Paid ~$0.04/sf ◦ Incentives sliding scale based on size
Commercial Lighting Program projects
◦ 1,000 to 100,000 square feet – Paid ~ $0.035/sf ◦ Incentives sliding scale based on size
Today: Commercial Lighting Program projects ◦ 1,000 square feet to any size – Paid ~ $0.03/sf ◦ Incentive amounts capped ~ 200,000 square feet
Market TransformaNon through Quality LighNng, Kenn Latal, LC, IES ICF InternaNonal, November 13, 2014, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop
14
IN NEW YORK STATE SINCE PROGRAM RELEASE Over 1,250 lighting practitioner companies have joined the program Over 2,850 individuals have been trained in the principles of effective, energy-efficient lighting design; Over 2,250 projects have been implemented or designs developed totaling 23,811,366 sf; Peak demand reduced by over 33,500 kW, with energy savings of over 162 GWh. (~6.8 kWh/sf) Market TransformaNon through Quality LighNng, Kenn Latal, LC, IES ICF InternaNonal, November 13, 2014, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop
15
THE LIGHTING CRITERIA Color Rendering Index (CRI) Luminous Intensity (Glare) or Advanced Lighting Distribution with Glare Control Mean Illuminance (Light Level) Illuminance Uniformity (Light Uniformity) Energy Use (Watts per square foot) Market TransformaNon through Quality LighNng, Kenn Latal, LC, IES ICF InternaNonal, November 13, 2014, DOE SSL Market Development Workshop
LEDs and electronics L0 Die
L1 Package
L2 Carrier
L3 Module
LEDs
Current status
L4 Lamp / luminaire
L5 System
Drivers, controls, sensors…
Interface between LEDs and electronics • • • • •
Forward voltage range Forward current range Flux, efficiency Tolerances and distributions Peak voltage / current rating
• • • • •
Footprint and layout Electrical connections # of channels and drive requirements Thermal management …
Target Improve system cost and performance by better integration Two examples: 1. Hybrid light engines with integrated color control 2. High voltage light engines with integrated driver 3
February 2, 2014
Philips Lumileds
Ligh'ng,jargon,de?mys'fied,
CHROMATICITY* Chroma'city,is,an, objec've,specifica'on,of, the,quality,of,a,color, regardless,of,its,luminance, as,determined,by,its,hue, and,colorfulness.,It,is,the, quality,of,a,color,or,light, with,reference,to,its,purity, and,its,dominant, wavelength.,
Color*temperature,
Color,temperature,describes,whether,a,light,source, appears,‘warm’,or,‘cool’,–,indicated,by,the,correlated, color,temperature,(CCT).,Lamps,with,a,warm,appearance, have,a,CCT,of,2700?3000K,and,are,considered,appropriate, for,domes'c,seKngs;,cooler,lamps,might,be,4000K,and, are,used,more,oNen,in,offices,and,shops.,,
CRI
C
Short for color-rendering index, CRI is the ability of a light source to show the colours of objects accurately. The higher the CRI on a 1-100 scale, the more accurately the lamp will render colors. Lamps with poor color rendering will distort some colours. CRI only works for approximately white sources and doesn’t actually tell you which colours a light source renders well or badly.
Ligh%ng'jargon'de.mys%fied'
K' Kelvin
The'light'color'of'a'light'source'determines'the' atmosphere'in'the'room.'It'is'defined'by'the'color’s' temperature'of'ar%ficial'light'source,'expressed'in' Kelvin'(K).'Low'temperatures'create'warm'ligh%ng,' high'temperatures,'in'turn,'create'a'colder.looking' environment.'
Ligh%ng'jargon'de.mys%fied'
LED
Light'emiGng'diodes'(LEDs)'are'based'on'solid.state'semi. conductor'technology'and'are'the'most'efficient'white'light' source.'Having'no'air,'glass'or'fragile'filaments,'LEDs'are' extremely'resistant'to'shock'and'vibra%on.'They'deliver'big' energy'savings,'good'color'rendering,'dimmability'and'a' long'life'which'reduces'maintenance'needs.''
L' LED&driver&
LIGHT&ENGINE&
An'LED'light'engine'is'a'combina%on'of'one'or'more'LED' modules'together'with'the'associated'electronic'control' gear'(ECG),'also'known'as'an'LED'driver.'An'LED'module' contains'one'or'more'LEDs,'together'with'further' components,'but'excluding'the'ECG.'
An LED driver is a self-contained power supply that has outputs matched to the electrical characteristics of your LED or array of LEDs. There are currently no industry standards, so understanding the electrical characteristics of your LED or array is critical in selecting or designing a driver circuit. Drivers should be current-regulated (deliver a consistent current over a range of load voltages).
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PIR$ Short&for&passive&infrared,&PIR&sensors&are&electronic&sensors&that&measure&infrared&light& radia9ng&from&objects&in&their&field&of&view.&Some9mes&known&as&proximity&sensors,&they&can& detect&heat&from&objects&that&is&undetectable&by&mere&&humans.&When&combined&with&ligh9ng& they&can&be&used&to&deliver&the&light&only&when&needed,&for&example,&with&street&lights&which& would&otherwise&be&in&full&use&throughout&the&night&even&when&there&is&no&one&in&the&vicinity.&
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TRIPLE STRENGTH PORTFOLIO
SOURCE
Adopting Cost & Risk-Resilient Portfolio Using portfolios of multiple-benefit actions to become climate positive and revenue positive Pervasive Information & Communication Technologies Key to Success Ambitious, Continuous Efficiency Gains
Smart Green Power
Protecting Ecosystem Services
Promoting Triple S Portfolio through Innovative Policies 1)SHRINKING - CONTINUOUS EFFICIENCY Adopt decoupling+ and comprehensive IRP for delivering utility services to the point of use at least cost & risk, fully including end-use efficiency improvements and onsite/distributed generation
2)SHIFTING – GREEN/SMART ENERGY Select only verifiable ‘green power/fuels’ that are climate- & biodiversity-friendly, accelerate not slow poverty reduction, & avoid adverse impacts
3)SOURCING - ECOSYSTEM OFFSETS Add standards-based (CCB) carbon mitigation options to portfolio that deliver triple benefits (climate protection, biodiversity preservation, and promotion of community sustainable development)
$1.2 billion savings over 5 years on energy, water & chemical costs. 670% ROI So the financial incentive is there, but as CEO Pasquale Pistorio stressed, it’s not enough. “If the chief executive is not totally committed, it won’t succeed,” Pasquale Pistorio, CEO, STMicro, 1987-2005
STMicro Carbon Positive & Revenue Positive SHRINK: Reduce total emissions of CO2 due to our energy consumption (tons of CO2 per production unit) by 5% per year: SHIFT: Adopt whenever possible renewable energy sources of wind, hydroelectric, geothermic, photovoltaic, and thermal solar. SOURCE: Compensate the remaining direct CO2 emissions through reforestation or other carbon sequestration methods, to reach CO2 direct emissions neutrality by 2015.
Between 1998-2010 STMicro planted 10 million trees in reforestation programs in Morocco, Australia, USA, France and Italy (9,000 ha total). 179,000 tons of CO2 sequestered.
Source: STMicroelectronics, Sustainability Report 2010, Our culture of Sustainable Excellence in Practice, www.st.com/internet/com/CORPORATE_RESOURCES/FINANCIAL/FINANCIAL_REPORT/ST_2010_sustainability_report.pdf
Half to 75% of all natural resource consumption becomes pollution and waste within 12 months.
CLOSING THE LOOP– Reducing Use of Virgin Resources, Increasing Reuse of Waste Nutrients, Green Chemistry, Biomimicry E. Matthews et al., The Weight of Nations, 2000, www.wri.org/
as utility-scale PV in Chile. As solar technology gets cheaper we expect households and businesses to increasing opt for solar systems . There will however be opposition from utilities and changing rate structures for consumers. The first signs of this trend can already be observed : in Spain , for example , the government has threatened to impose a tax on electricity generated for
auto-consumption , although the final bill is still pending . Ultimately however we don't believe Global Residen6al-‐Scale Solar PV System Economics developments such as this will have a material effect on the size of the market in the long term ,
-
particularly as the small-scale power storage solutions become increasingly viable .
Figure 9: Global residential-scale PV system economics 2014
2025
450 400 1350
"'0 Q)
§. 250
c:.
500
500 ]
.
any
tit
Neth. • Slovakia Switz. Po 9
8
.Hawaii
Australia
100GW
450 .
400 350
-
Slovakia Neth.
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0
'§. 250
..
any
Denmark
I
Hawaii
stralia
•
Chile
"(ij
8. 200
-
'(ij
150
150
100
100
50
50
0 750
Arabia 1,250 1,750 Irradiation (kWhlkW/year)
2,250
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Fin ance. Note: NJ, New Jersey; CA, California. Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2030 Market Outlook: Solar, June 27, 2014
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