LOS NUEVOS ESTEREOTI POS DE GÉNERO EN LOS DIBUJOS ANIMADOS: EL ASOMBROSO MUNDO DE GUMBALL Y HORA DE AVENTURAS 3PTBMCB.BODJOBT$IÈWF[ 6OJWFSTJEBEEF4FWJMMB SNBODJOBT!VTFT "OB.BSÓB0SUFHB1ÏSF[ 6OJWFSTJEBEEF4FWJMMB BOBPSUQFS!HNBJMDPN Resumen: MPT NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJØO BVEJPWJTVBM VUJMJ[BO IBCJUVBMNFOUF FTUFSFPUJQPT QBSB TJNQMJGJDBS DPOUFOJEPT Z GBDJMJUBS MB DPNQSFOTJØO EFM FTQFDUBEPS &M QSPCMFNB TVSHF DVBOEP FTPT FTUFSFPUJQPT WBO FODBNJOBEPT B SFGPS[BS VOBJNBHFO RVFEJGJDVMUB FM BWBODF IBDJB MPTWBMPSFTRVFTF TVQPOFO FO VOB TPDJFEBE EFNPDSÈUJDB &O FM DBTP EF MPT FTUFSFPUJQPT EF HÏOFSP MPT FTUVEJPT TPO NÞMUJQMFT TJO FNCBSHP NJFOUSBT QFSTJTUB MB QSÈDUJDBZ FM VTP EF FTUPT FTUFSFPUJQPT B OVFTUSP KVJDJP EB×JOPTQBSBMBDPOGPSNBDJØOEFVOJNBHJOBSJPDPMFDUJWPEFFRVJEBE MPTFTUVEJPTEFHÏOFSPTFHVJSÈO TJFOEPOFDFTBSJPT&OFTUFUSBCBKPOPTDFOUSBNPTFOFMBOÈMJTJTEFEPTTFSJFTEFBOJNBDJØORVFPDVQBO HSBOQBSUFEFMBPGFSUBFOUFMFWJTJØOQBSBOJ×PTFO&TQB×B&MBTPNCSPTPNVOEPEF(VNCBMMZ)PSBEF BWFOUVSBT1BSUJNPTEFMBJEFBEFRVFMPTFTUFSFPUJQPTDBNCJBOQBSBBEBQUBSTFBVONVOEPRVFFYJHF PUSP UJQP EF OBSSBUJWBT QFSP OP TVQPOFO VO HSBO BWBODF FO NBUFSJB EF JHVBMEBE EF HÏOFSP -B NFUPEPMPHÓBTFSÈFMBOÈMJTJTEFDPOUFOJEPBQBSUJSEFMBTCBTFTUFØSJDBTQSFWJBT/PTDFOUSBSFNPTFOFM BOÈMJTJTEFQFSTPOBKFTQBSBEFNPTUSBSMBTDBSBDUFSÓTUJDBTRVFTFTF×BMFO1SFUFOEFNPTBQPSUBSVOQVOUP EFWJTUBDSÓUJDPFOUPSOPBMUFNBZIBDFSRVFMBJOWFTUJHBDJØOHJSFFOUPSOPBMBCÞTRVFEBEFMBTDBVTBTZ DPOTFDVFODJBTEFMVTPEFFTUFSFPUJQPTEFHÏOFSP Palabras clave:FTUFSFPUJQPT EJCVKPTBOJNBEPT (VNCBMM )PSBEFBWFOUVSBT
1.
I ntroducción
-B OBSSBUJWB BVEJPWJTVBM IB DBNCJBEP TV GPSNB EF QMBOUFBS MPT FTUFSFPUJQPT EF HÏOFSP MBT GPSNBT DMÈTJDBTTFIBOWJTUPNBSHJOBEBTZTVTUJUVJEBTQPSOVFWPTQMBOUFBNJFOUPT&OFTUFUSBCBKPQSFUFOEFNPT JEFOUJGJDBSFTPTOVFWPTFTUFSFPUJQPTEFHÏOFSPRVFTFQVFEFOJEFOUJGJDBSFOMPTEJCVKPTBOJNBEPT $POTJEFSBNPTEFFTQFDJBMSFMFWBODJBQSFTUBSBUFODJØOBMPTDPOUFOJEPTBVEJPWJTVBMFTEJSJHJEPTBOJ×PT QPSRVFFMDSJUFSJPBÞOOPFTUÈEFTBSSPMMBEPZMBDBQBDJEBEQBSBEJTUJOHVJSFOUSFFMNFOTBKFEJSFDUPZMB JSPOÓBPMBDSÓUJDBFTUÈFOQSPDFTPEFGPSNBDJØO TFBMDBO[BDPOMBNBEVSF[&OMBFUBQBEFMBJOGBODJB FM TFSIVNBOPDBSFDFEFFYQFSJFODJB EJTUBODJBNJFOUPZTFOUJEPDSÓUJDPQBSBEFTDPNQPOFSMBEJNFOTJØO NBOJQVMBEPSB RVF TF FTDPOEF USBT MPT NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJØO .POUPZB -PT NFEJPT BVEJPWJTVBMFTMPHSBOTFSBMUBNFOUFQFSTVBTJWPTQBSBMBWJEBEFMPTOJ×PTQVFTTFFODVFOUSBOQSFTFOUFT EFTEFBOUFTEFRVFTVQFSTPOBMJEBEFTUÏGPSNBEBQPSDPNQMFUP DPOTJEFSBOEPMPTQPTUVMBEPTUFØSJDPT EF 1JBHFU
MB QFSTPOBMJEBE EF MPT OJ×PT FT VO QSPDFTP RVF DPNJFO[B B QBSUJS EF MPT B×PT Z DPODMVZFBQSPYJNBEBNFOUFBMPT1SPDFTPUBNCJÏOFOFMDVBMMPTOJ×PTBERVJFSFOPDPOTPMJEBOTV QSPQJB FTDBMB EF WBMPSFT B QBSUJS EF JOTUJUVDJPOFT DPNP MB GBNJMJB MB FTDVFMB FM FOUPSOP TPDJBM Z MPT
NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJØO "OUFT Z EVSBOUF FTB FUBQB MPT OJ×PT IBO DPOTVNJEP NJMFT EF NFOTBKFT NFEJÈUJDPT $POUJOVBOEP DPO FTUB TFSJF EF BGJSNBDJPOFT MPT JOEJWJEVPT FO TV QSJNFSB FUBQB WJUBM FTUP FT FO MB JOGBODJB TPO FTQFDJBMNFOUF WVMOFSBCMFT FO MP RVF SFTQFDUB B MB JOUSPZFDDJØO EF QBUSPOFT EF DPNQPSUBNJFOUP 1SFUFOEFNPT BCPSEBS PT FTUFSFPUJQPT EF HÏOFSP RVF TF QSPZFDUBO FO TFSJFT EF BOJNBDJØOEFTUJOBEBTBMQÞCMJDPJOGBOUJM &O USBCBKPT BOUFSJPSFT IFNPT EFNPTUSBEP MB TJNQMJGJDBDJØO EFM NFOTBKF B USBWÏT EF FTUFSFPUJQPT EF HÏOFSPFOMPTNFEJPTEFDPNVOJDBDJØO .BODJOBT$IÈWF[ .BODJOBT$IÈWF[ .BODJOBT $IÈWF[ /PHBMFT #PDJP Z #BSSJHB $BOP Z IFNPT IFDIP ÏOGBTJT FO MB SFQSFTFOUBDJØO EF MPT DPODFQUPT DMÈTJDPT EF MP GFNFOJOP Z MP NBTDVMJOP WJODVMBEPT B DJFSUBT OPSNBT Z DPOEVDUBT RVF TF FTQFSBODPNPSFTVMUBEPEFTVTJUVBDJØOTFYVBM&OFTUFUSBCBKPBOBMJ[BNPTEPTTFSJFTEFBOJNBDJØORVF QMBOUFBOVOBOVFWBEJOÈNJDBZVOBOVFWBSFQSFTFOUBDJØOEFMPTHÏOFSPT QSFUFOEFNPTFODPOUSBSMBT DMBWFTEFFTUFDBNCJP 2.
Antecedentes
4JOMVHBSBEVEBT MBPGFSUBNFEJÈUJDBZMBTPDJFEBEEFMBJOGPSNBDJØO DPOUPEPTMPTGBDUPSFTRVFFTUP JNQMJDB IB TVQVFTUP VO IJUP IJTUØSJDP TJO QSFDFEFOUFT FO MP RVF SFTQFDUB B MB SVQUVSB EF GSPOUFSBT FTQBDJP DPNVOJDBDJØONFEJBEBSFTVMUBOIPZFOEÓBJNQSFTDJOEJCMFTBMBDJVEBEBOÓBQBSBFOUFOEFSFMNVOEPFO FMRVFWJWF -PTDFSUBMFT &O DVBOUP B MB DPODFQDJØO EF MPT FTUVEJPT EF HÏOFSP QBSUJNPT EFM DPOWFODJNJFOUP EF RVF IBZ VOB SFUØSJDBTFYJTUBEFUSÈTEFMBJOEVTUSJBEFMFTQFDUÈDVMP RVFWBMJEB FODJFSUBGPSNB MBFTUSVDUVSBTPDJBM EFMQBUSJBSDBEPDPNPTJTUFNBEFSFGFSFODJBFOMBTFTUSVDUVSBTEJGVOEJEBTQPSFMNFOTBKFÞOJDPEFMPT NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJØO 4JFSSB $BCBMMFSP "DUVBMNFOUF FM NBSDP EF JOUFSQSFUBDJØO EF MPT BDPOUFDJNJFOUPTZMPTGFOØNFOPTEFMBWJEBTPDJBMEFQFOEFFOHSBONFEJEBEFMQSPDFTPEFNFEJBDJØO TPDJBMRVFFKFSDFOMPTNFEJPTEFDPNVOJDBDJØO&TUPFT TJOEVEB VOPEFMPTQSJODJQBMFTGBDUPSFTRVF JOGMVZFO FO MB DPOGPSNBDJØO EF JEFPMPHÓBT EF HÏOFSP BM PSJFOUBS MB GPSNB DPODSFUB EF FOUFOEFS Z WBMPSBSFMNVOEP-BDPODFQUVBMJ[BDJØOEFMPNBTDVMJOPZMPGFNFOJOP MBBUSJCVDJØOEFSPMFT OPSNBTZ DPOEVDUBT JOEJWJEVBMFTEJTUJOUBT QBSBDBEBVOPEFMPTHÏOFSPTTPOEFTJHOBEBTEFNBOFSBTVUJMFOMPT QSPEVDUPTDVMUVSBMFTEFFOUSFUFOJNJFOUP 4JFSSB$BCBMMFSP -PTNFEJPTCBTBEPTFOMBQBMBCSB DPNPGPSNBEFUSBOTNJUJSJOGPSNBDJØO IBOTJEPTVTUJUVJEPTQPSMPT NFEJPTCBTBEPTFOMBJNBHFODPNPFMFNFOUPFYQSFTJWPQSJWJMFHJBEP RVFQSPNPDJPOBVOBOVFWBGPSNB EFDPODFCJSFMNVOEP DVZPTDPOUFOJEPTTPOEFBERVJTJDJØOSÈQJEBFJOUVJUJWBQPSRVFWBOEJSFDUBNFOUF B MPT TFOUJEPT -PTDFSUBMFT -PT NFEJPT PGSFDFO NPEFMPT QBSB DPODFCJS MB SFBMJEBE DPOPDJEPT DPNPFTUFSFPUJQPT TPOGPSNBTEFDPNQSFOEFSMPTDPODFQUPTEFGPSNBNÈTTFODJMMB4JOEVEBBMHVOB QPTFFOQPUFODJBMTVGJDJFOUFQBSBDPOUSJCVJSBMBDPOTUSVDDJØOTPDJBMEFMHÏOFSP TFHÞOTFBFMUSBUBNJFOUP RVF IBDFO EF IPNCSFT Z NVKFSFT Z EF MPT EJWFSTPT DPODFQUPT RVF WJODVMBO B MP GFNFOJOP Z B MP NBTDVMJOP " USBWÏT EF MPT DPOUFOJEPT MPT NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJØO PGSFDFO VOB TFSJF EF WBMPSFT Z NPEFMPT EF DPNQPSUBNJFOUP RVF BDUÞBO DPNP FMFNFOUPT QFSTVBTJWPT EF TPDJBMJ[BDJØO &TUPT QBUSPOFT EF DPNQPSUBNJFOUP TPO BTVNJEPT DPNP hOPSNBMFTh P EFTFBCMFT QPS MB PQJOJØO QÞCMJDB OP TPMP QPSRVF SFTVMUBO DPNÞONFOUF BDFQUBEPT TJOP UBNCJÏO QPSRVF MPT BTVNJNPT EF VO NPEP NVZ TVUJM Z OBEB GPS[BEP%FIFDIP FTUFUJQPEFQBVUBTTPDJBMFTTPOJOUFSJPSJ[BEBTTJOPQPTJDJØO TJODVFTUJPOBSMBTZ OJ
NVDIPNFOPT TJOQMBOUFBSBMUFSOBUJWBT&TMPRVFTVDFEFQPSFKFNQMPDPOMBBTVODJØODPNPQSPQJPT EFWBMPSFTQSFTFOUFTFOFMEJTDVSTPNFEJÈUJDPDPNPMBDPNQFUJUJWJEBE MBQPQVMBSJEBE MBBNCJDJØO FM DPOTVNJTNP FM DVMUP BM DVFSQP MB QSPNJTDVJEBE TFYVBM FUD UPEP FMMP DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBT DPOTJEFSBEBT DPNPOFDFTBSJBTQBSBFMÏYJUP -B QSPGFTPSB 'FMJDJEBE -PTDFSUBMFT EFGJOF FTUFSFPUJQP DPNP VOB HFOFSBMJ[BDJØO FO MBT BUSJCVDJPOFTTPDJBMFTTPCSFVOBQFSTPOBQPSDBVTBEFTVQFSUFOFODJBBVOHSVQPEFUFSNJOBEP4FUSBUB EF UFPSÓBT JNQMÓDJUBT EF MB QFSTPOBMJEBE P DPOPDJNJFOUPT OP GVOEBNFOUBEPT FO MB DFSUF[B RVF VO HSVQPEFQFSTPOBTDPNQBSUFTPCSFTVQSPQJPHSVQPZTPCSFMBTQFSTPOBTRVFQFSUFOFDFOBPUSPHSVQP -BJNQPSUBODJBEFFTUVEJBSMPTFTUFSFPUJQPTEFHÏOFSPFOMPTNFEJPTBVEJPWJTVBMFTTFEFSJWBEFMBGVFS[B RVF IBO EFNPTUSBEP UFOFS FO MB DPOTUSVDDJØO EF DPODFQUPT EF MPT TFSFT IVNBOPT 5SJOJEBE /Þ×F[ TPTUJFOFRVFFMQPEFSEFMBTJNÈHFOFTKVOUPDPOMBGVFS[BEFMBTQBMBCSBTOPTMMFWBBJEFBMJ[BSB MPT QFSTPOBKFT Z B DJFSUPT FTUJMPT EF WJEB -BT JNÈHFOFT BVEJPWJTVBMFT UJFOFO UBM QPEFS TFEVDUPS RVF QVFEFO MMFHBS B DFHBS BM SFDFQUPS IBTUB QSPWPDBS RVF DPOGVOEB MBT TJUVBDJPOFT Z BTVNB MBT QSPCMFNÈUJDBTEFMPTQFSTPOBKFTDPNPTJGVFSBOSFBMFT:TJFTPTSFDFQUPSFTTPOMPTOJ×PT MBNF[DMBEF SFBMJEBE Z GJDDJØO QVFEF TFS JODMVTP NÈT DPOGVTB Z QFMJHSPTB TPCSF UPEP TJ BEFNÈT EF WJTJPOBS QSPHSBNBTBQBSFOUFNFOUFJOGBOUJMFT TPOFTQFDUBEPSFTEFQSPHSBNBTDPOTJEFSBEPTQBSBBEVMUPTZRVF TFFNJUFOFOIPSBSJPEFNÈYJNBBVEJFODJBPEFQSJNFUJNF RVFTFJOJDJBBQBSUJSEFMBT&OFTUF IPSBSJPZBDBTJTFIBBDBCBEPMBGSBOKBEFQSPUFDDJØO ZEFQSPUFDDJØOSFGPS[BEB ZFOEÓBTMBCPSBMFT EFMPTGJOFTEFTFNBOB "VOBTÓ DBEBWF[TPONÈTMBT GBNJMJBTRVFSFUSBTBOTVDFOBQBSBBEBQUBSTFBMPTIPSBSJPTEFQSPHSBNBTDPNP&M)PSNJHVFSP -B7P[ P &M *OUFSNFEJP RVF DPNJFO[BO B MBT QBSB DPNFS BOUF FM UFMFWJTPS &O FTUPT NPNFOUPT MB QVCMJDJEBEQVFEFDPOTJEFSBSTFNÈTBHSFTJWBQPSRVF FOUFPSÓB FTUÈDPODFCJEBQBSBVOQÞCMJDPBEVMUP RVFUJFOFNFDBOJTNPTEFEFGFOTBGPSNBEPTQBSBDPNCBUJSDPOUSBMBTFEVDDJØOZMBQFSTVBTJØOQSPQJB EF MBT FTUSBUFHJBT QVCMJDJUBSJBT Z EF DPOUFOJEP UFMFWJTJWP /P PCTUBOUF FM QÞCMJDP JOGBOUJM FT NÈT WVMOFSBCMFZDBSFDFEFUBMFTCBSSFSBT DPOMPRVFQVFEFBGFDUBSBMDPSSFDUPEFTBSSPMMPEFTVQFSTPOBMJEBE Z EF MBT FTUSVDUVSBT DPHOJUJWBT BGFDUJWBT Z TPDJBMFT #FSNFKP #FSSPT -BT UFMFWJTJPOFT Z MPT BOVODJBOUFT TBCFEPSBT EF RVF TPO DBEB WF[ NÈT MPT OJ×PT RVF USBTOPDIBO BOUF MB QBOUBMMB IBO DPOGJHVSBEPTVTFNJTJPOFTQBSBIBDFSMBTNÈTBUSBDUJWPTQBSBFTUFOVFWPQÞCMJDPRVFQVFEFOTVQPOFS VOBFMFWBDJØOFOMBTDVPUBTEFBVEJFODJBZFOFMDPOTVNP 3.
Oferta audiovisual para la infancia en España
&M QBTP EF MB UFMFWJTJØO BOBMØHJDB B MB UFMFWJTJØO EJHJUBM UFSSFTUSF FO B USBWÏT EF MB -FZ (FOFSBM "VEJPWJTVBM EF EF NBS[P TVQVTP MB QSPMJGFSBDJØO EF VO BCBOJDP EF DBOBMFT EF EJGFSFOUFT DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBTZEJSJHJEPTBBVEJFODJBTFTQFDÓGJDBT%FFTUBGPSNB FMQÞCMJDPGFNFOJOPGVFDPOUFNQMBEB FOVODBOBMFTFTQFDÓGJDPT %JWJOJUZ EF.FEJBTFU&TQB×B
FMNBTDVMJOPUFOÓBTVTQSPQJPTDBOBMFT /JUSP EF"USFTNFEJBP&OFSHZ EF.FEJBTFU
BTÓDPNPFMKVWFOJM /FPY EF"USFTNFEJB 5BNCJÏOIBCSÓB VOBTFHNFOUBDJØOQBSBUJQPTEFDPOUFOJEPQFMÓDVMBT -B4FYUB UBNCJÏOFMJNJOBEBQPSMBTFOUFODJB EFM 4VQSFNP DBOBMFT IPSBT I EF 357& EFQPSUFT 5FMFEFQPSUF EF 357&
TFSJFT Z EPDVNFOUBMFT .FHB EF"USFTNFEJB '%' EF.FEJBTFU $POFTUBEJWJTJØOEFQÞCMJDPTZDPOUFOJEPT QPSGSBOKBEFFEBE HÏOFSPZDBSBDUFSÓTUJDBTTPDJBMFT TFBUSBÓBBVOBNBZPSBVEJFODJB QFSGFDUPQBSBMPT BOVODJBOUFT DPO VO OVFWP OJDIP Z NBZPSFT CFOFGJDJPT DPO OVFWBT FTUSBUFHJBT FTQFDJBMJ[BEBT 1PS %FTBQBSFDJEP USBT MB 4FOUFODJB EFM 5SJCVOBM 4VQSFNP RVF FMJNJOBCB OVFWF DBOBMFT EF 5%5 FO QPS BEKVEJDBDJØO JOBQSPQJBEB"USFTNFEJBQFSEÓBDBOBMFT /JUSP 9QMPSBZMB4FYUB
.FEJBTFU EPT -B4JFUFZ/VFWF
6OJEBE&EJUPSJBM EPT 57ZMB5FMFUJFOEB Z7PDFOUP PUSPTEPT .57Z1BSBNPVOU$IBOOFM
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