La tesis de los límites físicos del crecimiento: una revisión a los informes del Club de Roma

PERSPECTIVAS Revista de Análisis de Economía, Comercio y Negocios Internacionales Volumen 5, Número 2

Julio - Diciembre, 2011

Sumario Presentación

1

Matching models with capacity restriction: variation of the quota Mabel Marí

3

Alternativa metodológica para el cálculo de las reservas internacionales óptimas y adecuadas de Guatemala Herberth Solórzano y Juan Antonio Ibáñez

37

La tesis de los límites físicos del crecimiento: una revisión a los informes del Club de Roma Ignacio Rodríguez Rodríguez

75

Capital social y desarrollo en las redes de innovación españolas Pablo Galaso

105

La certificación como atributo de calidad en los mercados de productos primarios: el caso de la agricultura orgánica Sofía Boza Martínez

133

PERSPECTIVAS, Volumen 5, No. 2, Julio - Diciembre de 2011, es una publicación semestral editada por la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, a través de la Facultad de Economía. Av. Pintores s/n, Col. Burócratas del Estado, C.P. 78213, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México. Tel. (444) 8131238, (444) 8135558. http://publicaciones. eco.uaslp.mx/ Editor responsable: Dr. Joss Erick Sánchez Pérez. Reserva de Derechos al Uso Exclusivo No. 04-2010-062413595800-102; ISSN 2007-2104, ambos otorgados por el Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor. Impresa por Astra Ediciones S.A. de C.V., Valle de los Cedros 2837-1, Col. Jardines del Valle, C.P. 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, México. Este número se terminó de imprimir el 15 de Enero de 2012 con un tiraje de 300 ejemplares. Queda estrictamente prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de los contenidos e imágenes de la publicación sin previa autorización de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Índices en los que aparece: • Sistema Regional de Información en Línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal (Latindex).

PERSPECTIVAS Revista de Análisis de Economía, Comercio y Negocios Internacionales Presentación La Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí a través de la Facultad de Economía, edita este quinto volumen de PERSPECTIVAS: Revista de Análisis de Economía, Comercio y Negocios Internacionales; presentando temáticas de gran relevancia como la teoría económica, que es una línea de investigación que viene trabajando el cuerpo académico de análisis microeconómico de esta facultad. De igual manera, se presentan artículos de gran importancia relacionados con crecimiento económico, desarrollo y mercados, entre otros. Cada vez son más las redes académicas con otras universidades de México y del extranjero, de colaboración en temas afines de lo que sucede en nuestras regiones económicas, lo que enriquece la generación de productos académicos que favorecen el debate, así como las propuestas viables de solución para un mejor desarrollo económico local, regional y nacional. La elaboración periódica de estas investigaciones, contribuirá a enriquecer la interacción entre estudiantes, profesores e investigadores, y permitirá cumplir con una de las funciones sustantivas de la Universidad que consiste en la difusión de las ideas y pensamientos críticos que se dan en el seno del quehacer educativo universitario. Hoy la Facultad de Economía aporta, produce y eleva en forma constante la calidad académica de profesionistas competitivos y con un alto sentido humano que hagan un México mejor.

Mtro. David Vega Niño Director de la Facultad de Economía Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí 1

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La tesis de los límites físicos del crecimiento: una revisión a los informes del Club de Roma

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PERSPECTIVAS. Revista de Análisis de Economía, Comercio y Negocios Internacionales / Volumen 5 / No. 2 / jul-dic 2011

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AC@5F44:X? 4252 G6K >2J@C 6? @EC@D D64E@C6D 64@?X>:4@D 2=: >6?E24:X? D6CG:4:@D J @EC@D 4@?DF>@D F2?5@ 6D@D D64E@C6D 56;2? 56 4C646C 6= 4C64:>:6?E@ 56>@8CTL4@ E2>3:U? 46D2 $62 5@HD 6E 2=   A  ? 6DE6 6D46?2C:@ D:>F=25@ =2 6G@=F4:X? 56 =2 5:?T>:42 56 =2 A@3=24:X? >F?5:2= J =2 64@?@>V2 >2E6C:2= 6G:56?4:232 6? 6= D:8=@ // =2 AC6D6?4:2 56 =@D =V>:E6D 7VD:4@D 56= A=2?6E2 BF6 A=2?E62 6= >@56=@ 56 4C64:>:6?E@ 6IA@ ?6?4:2= 56 =2 D@4:6525 56 =@D Y=E:>@D EC6D D:8=@D DE@D =V>:E6D D6 AC@5F4V2? E2?E@ 6? =2 AC6D:X? D@3C6 =@D C64FCD@D 4@>@ 6? =2 42A24:525 56 2D:>:=24:X? 56 =2 3:@D76C2 56 =@D 56D649@D BF6 D6 G:6CE6? 6? 6==2 *:? 6>32C8@ =2 4@> A=6;:525 56= D:DE6>2 56>@8CTL4@64@?X>:4@2>3:6?E2= :>A65V2 D@3C6 F?2 32D6 4:6?EVL42 6DA64:L42C 4@? 6I24E:EF5 BFU 6=6>6?E@ D6 6C:8:CV2 L?2=>6?E6 6? 6= 7C6?@ Y=E:>@ 56= 4C64:>:6?E@ $625@HD 6E 2=   %@ @3DE2?E6 5252 =2 AC6D6?4:2 56 6DE@D =V>:E6D =@D :?G6DE:825@C6D 56= 6BF:A@ $625@HD 4@?4=FV2? P? E@52D =2D AC@J644:@?6D C62=:DE2D @3D6CG2>@D BF6 6DE@D =V>: E6D :>A@?6? 6= L? 56= 4C64:>:6?E@ 7VD:4@ 6? .@C=5 6? 2=8Y? >@>6?E@ 56= D:8=@ // Q $625@HD 6E 2=   A  56>TD E2= J 4@>@ 24=2C232? =@D :?G6DE:825@C6D 56= $ + ? 4252 F?@ 56 =@D 42D@D :?4:6CE@D 96>@D EC2E25@ 56 9246C =2D AC6G:D:@?6D >TD @AE:>:DE2D 6? 4F2?E@ 2 =2D 42?E:5256D 56D4@?@ 4:52D J E2>3:U? 96>@D 9649@ 42D@ @>:D@ 56 6G6?EF2=:5256D E2=6D 4@>@ 8F6CC2D J 6A:56>:2D BF6 AF652? A@?6C L? 2= 4C64:>:6?E@ >F49@ 2?E6D 56 =@ BF6 :?5:42 ?F6DEC@ >@56=@ ? @EC2D A2=23C2D 6= >@56=@ 6DET D6D825@ A2C2 A6C>:E:C BF6 6= 4C64:>:6?E@ 4@?E:?Y6 5FC2?E6 >F49@ >TD E:6>A@ 56= BF6 AC@323=6>6?E6 4@?E:?F2CT 6? 6= >F?5@ C62= "+ $" " )!!  $ !#( $  "   ,#""  $  ""# #$  "$!!* -   !#  !# $"#! '  !*) "$!# " #!*  *" #!!   #! "$!"  !,& "  $625@HD 6E 2=   AA    

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DE23:=:K24:X? 56 =2 A@3=24:X? 2 EC2GUD 56 =2 :8F2=525 56 =2 E2D2 56 ?2E2=:525 J =2 56 >@CE2=:525 6?   ? 42>3:@ D6 A6C>:E6 BF6 6= 42A:E2= :?5FDEC:2= 2F>6?E6 ?2EFC2=>6?E6 92DE2  A2C2 6DE23:=:K2C=@ 2 A2CE:C 56 6D6 2W@ :8F2=2?5@ =2 E2D2 56 :?G6CD:X? J =2 56 56AC64:24:X?



'2C2 6G:E2C F?2 A6?FC:2 56 C64FCD@D ?@ C6?@G23=6D   D6 C65F46



-2=6 C64@C52C BF6 6= EUC>:?@ PDFDE6?E23:=:525Q E@52GV2 ?@ D6 923V2 24FW25@ 6? 6= >@>6?E@ 56 =2 AF3=:424:X? 56= AC:>6C :?7@C>6 56= =F3 56 )@>2 6?   6 9649@ UDE6 EUC>:?@ D6 4@>:6?K2 2 FD2C 2>A=:2>6?E6 6?  8C24:2D 2 =2 A@AF=2C:525 BF6 2=42?KX 6= 6DEF5:@ $"#! $#$! - 6=23@C25@ A@C =2 @>:D:X? $F?5:2= D@3C6 $65:@ >3:6?E6 J 6D2CC@==@ AC6D:5:52 A@C =2 6I AC:>6C2 >:?:DEC2 ?@CF682 C@ 2C=6> CF?5E=2?5

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6= 4@?DF>@ 56 C64FCD@D A@C F?:525 56 AC@5F4E@ :?5FDEC:2= 2 F? 4F2CE@ 56 DF G2=@C 6?   DE2 A@=VE:42 J =2D 4:?4@ D:8F:6?E6D D6 :?EC@5F46? 6?  



'2C2 C65F4:C E@52GV2 >TD 6= 28@E2>:6?E@ 56 =@D C64FCD@D J =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? =2 D@4:6525 @C:6?E2 DFD AC676C6?4:2D 64@?X>:42D 924:2 D6CG:4:@D 4@>@ =2 65F424:X? J 6= >6;@C2>:6?E@ 56 =2D 4@?5:4:@?6D 56 D2=F5 J >6?@D 924:2 =@D 3:6?6D >2E6C:2=6D AC@5F4:5@D 6? =2D 7T3C:42D DE2 C6@C:6?E24:X? 56 AC676C6?4:2 D6 9246 2 EC2GUD 56 =2 C6=24:X? 6? =2 BF6 =@D D6CG:4:@D A6C 4TA:E2 P:?5:425@DQ @ P56D625@DQ D@? 7F?4:X? 56= 2F>6?E@ 56= :?8C6D@



#2 86?6C24:X? 56 4@?E2>:?24:X? A@C F?:525 56 AC@5F4E@ :?5FD EC:2= J 28CV4@=2 D6 C65F46 2 F? 4F2CE@ 56 DF G2=@C 6?  



@>@ =2D A@=VE:42D 2?E6C:@C6D DX=@ EC26CV2? 4@>@ C6DF=E25@ F? G2=@C >TD 3:6? 32;@ 56 =@D 2=:>6?E@D A6C 4TA:E2 2=8F?2 A2CE6 56 =2 A@3=24:X? D68F:CV2 6DE2?5@ >2= 2=:>6?E252 56 A6CD:DE:C =2D 56D:8F2= 5256D EC25:4:@?2=6D 56 =2 5:DEC:3F4:X? '2C2 6G:E2C=@ D6 2D:8?2 >FJ 6DA64:2= :>A@CE2?4:2 2 =2 AC@5F44:X? 56 2=:>6?E@D DFL4:6?E6D A2C2 E@ 52 =2 A@3=24:X? '@C =@ >:D>@ 6= 42A:E2= D6 56DG:2CV2 924:2 =2 AC@ 5F44:X? 56 2=:>6?E@D 2F? 4F2?5@ 6D2 :?G6CD:X? 7F6C2 4@?D:56C252 P2?E:64@?X>:42Q DE6 42>3:@ D6 C62=:K2 2 EC2GUD 56 =2 C6=24:X? P:? 5:4252Q 56 2=:>6?E@D A6C 4TA:E2



= :?E6CUD 6? F?2 28C:4F=EFC2 2=E2>6?E6 42A:E2=:K252 D: 3:6? ?646 D2C:@ A2C2 AC@5F4:C DFL4:6?E6D 2=:>6?E@D ==6G2CV2 2 =2 CTA:52 6C@D:X? 56= DF6=@ J 2= 28@E2>:6?E@ 56 =2 76CE:=:525 56 =2 E:6CC2 56DECFJ6?5@ 2DV =2 6DE23:=:525 2 =2C8@ A=2K@ 56= D64E@C 28CV4@=2 ? 4@?D64F6?4:2 D6 92 >@5:L425@ 6= FD@ 56= 42A:E2= 28CV4@=2 A2C2 52C 2=E2 AC:@C:525 2= 6?C:BF64:>:6?E@ J =2 4@?D6CG24:X? 56= DF6=@ DE2 A@=VE:42 :>A=:42 A@C 6;6>A=@ 6= FD@ 56 42A:E2= A2C2 2AC@G6492C =@D 56D649@D @C8T?: 4@D FC32?@D J 56G@=G6C=@D 2 =2 E:6CC2 ACT4E:42 BF6 E2>3:U? C65F46 =2 4@?E2>:?24:X?

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#2 5:DEC:3F4:X? 56= 42A:E2= :?5FDEC:2= 924:2 6= >6;@C2>:6?E@ 56 =@D D6CG:4:@D J 924:2 =2 AC@5F44:X? 56 2=:>6?E@D 6= C64:4=2;6 56 C64FC D@D J 6= 4@?EC@= 56 =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? 32;@ =2D D6:D 4@?5:4:@?6D 2CC:32 6?F>6C252D ==6G2CV2? 2 BF6 6= ?:G6= L?2= 56= 246CG@ 56 42A:E2= :? 5FDEC:2= 7F6C2 >FJ 32;@ '2C2 4@?EC2CC6DE2C 6DE6 6764E@ D6 2F>6?E2 6= A6C:@5@ 56 G:52 >65:2 56= 42A:E2= :?5FDEC:2= 2F>6?E@ BF6 :>A=: 42 F? >6;@C 5:D6W@ A2C2 =@8C2C 5FC23:=:525 J C6A2C23:=:525 J >6?@C 56D42CE6 56 42A:E2= A@C @3D@=6D46?4:2 DE2 A@=VE:42 E:6?56 E2>3:U? 2 C65F4:C 6= 28@E2>:6?E@ 56 =@D C64FCD@D J =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? $625@HD 6E 2=   AA    

'@C E2?E@ 2 ;F:4:@ 56 =@D :?G6DE:825@C6D 56= $ + F?2 G6K BF6 D6 2A=:42 32? 6DE2D >65:52D 4@CC64E@C2D D6 A@5V2 ==682C 2 F? 6BF:=:3C:@ 8=@32= DFD E6?E23=6 @ 5FC256C@ #2 AC@AF6DE2 56= >@56=@ 56 6BF:=:3C:@ 8=@32= BF6 6D 3@K232? =@D $625@HD 6? 6= BF:?E@ J Y=E:>@ 42AVEF=@ 56= :?7@C>6 :?5:4232 BF6 D6 ==682 2 F?2 D:EF24:X? 6? =2 BF6 #2 A@3=24:X? >F?5:2= 6DE23=6 6D 2A6?2D DFA6C:@C 2 =2 A@3=24:X? 24EF2= #@D 2=:>6?E@D A@C A6CD@?2 D6 5FA=:42? C6DA64E@ 2= G2=@C >65:@ 56   J 6= A6C:@5@ 56 G:52 >65:2 6D 56 42D:  2W@D = AC@5F4E@ :?5FDEC:2= >65:@ A6C 42A:E2 6D >FJ DFA6C:@C 2= ?:G6= 24 EF2= J =@D D6CG:4:@D D6 EC:A=:42? = AC@5F4E@ :?5FDEC:2= >65:@ A6C 42A:E2 AC@5F4E@ :?5FDEC:2= 2=:>6?E@D J D6CG:4:@D 4@>3:?25@D 6D 56 46C42 56  5X=2C6D 2=C6565@C 56 =2 >:E25 56= :?8C6D@ >65:@ 6? DE25@D ,?:5@D :8F2= 2= 24EF2= AC@>65:@ 6FC@A6@ J EC6D G646D 6= :?8C6D@ >65:@ >F?5:2= 56 9@J 6? 5V2 #@D C64FCD@D D6 28@E2? E@52GV2 8C25F2=>6?E6 4@>@ 32;@ 4F2=BF:6C 9:AXE6D:D C62=:DE2 A6C@ =2 E2D2 56 28@E2>:6?E@ 56 =@D C64FCD@D 6D =6?E2 J 92J E:6>A@ A2C2 BF6 =2 :?5FDEC:2 J =2 E64?@=@8V2 D6 2;FDE6? 2 =@D 42>3:@D 6? =2 5:DA@?:3:=:525 56 =@D C64FCD@D $625@HD 6E 2=   AA    ? DF>2 E@>2?5@ 6? 4F6?E2 =@D 5:DE:?E@D P>F?5@D A@D:3=6DQ @ 6D46?2 C:@D BF6 D6 AC6D6?E232? 6? 6= 7FEFC@ 56 =2 9F>2?:525 D6 A@5V2? 6DE23=646C =2D AC:?4:A2=6D 4@?4=FD:@?6D 56= :?7@C>6 $625@HD

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*: D6 >2?E:6?6? =2D E6?56?4:2D 24EF2=6D 56 4C64:>:6?E@ 56 =2 A@3=24:X? >F?5:2= :?5FDEC:2=:K24:X? 4@?E2>:?24:X? 2>3:6?E2= AC@ 5F44:X? 56 2=:>6?E@D J 28@E2>:6?E@ 56 =@D C64FCD@D 6DE6 A=2?6E2 2= 42?K2CT =@D =V>:E6D 56 DF 4C64:>:6?E@ 6? 6= 4FCD@ 56 =@D ACXI:>@D 4:6? 2W@D = C6DF=E25@ >TD AC@323=6 D6CV2 F? DY3:E@ 6 :?4@?EC@=23=6 56D 46?D@ E2?E@ 56 =2 A@3=24:X? 4@>@ 56 =2 42A24:525 :?5FDEC:2=



D A@D:3=6 2=E6C2C 6DE2D E6?56?4:2D 56 4C64:>:6?E@ J 6DE23=646C F?2 4@?5:4:X? 56 6DE23:=:525 64@=X8:42 J 64@?X>:42 BF6 AF652 >2? E6?6CD6 5FC2?E6 =2C8@ E:6>A@ = 6DE25@ 56 6BF:=:3C:@ 8=@32= AF656 5:D6W2CD6 56 >2?6C2 BF6 4252 D6C 9F>2?@ AF652 D2E:D7246C DFD ?646D: 5256D >2E6C:2=6D 3TD:42D J 8@K2C 56 :8F2=525 56 @A@CEF?:5256D A2C2 56D2CC@==2C DF A@E6?4:2= A2CE:4F=2C



*: =@D D6C6D 9F>2?@D 564:56? 6>A6W2C DFD 6D7F6CK@D 6? 6= =@8C@ 56= D68F?5@ C6DF=E25@ 6? G6K 56= AC:>6C@ 4F2?E@ >TD AC@?E@ 6>A:646? 2 EC232;2C 6? 6D6 D6?E:5@ >2J@C6D D6CT? =2D AC@323:=:5256D 56 UI:E@ $625@HD 6E 2=   AA   

9@C2 3:6? 4@?G:6?6 56DE242C BF6 D6 92 4@?G6CE:5@ 6? F? =F82C 4@>Y? 42=:L42C 56 42E2DEC@LDE2D J 2A@42=VAE:4@D 2 =@D 2FE@C6D 56= :?7@C>6 $62 5@HD  *:? 6>32C8@ F?2 =64EFC2 56D2A2D:@?252 56 =2D 4@?4=FD:@?6D 56= 6DEF 5:@ ?@D ==6G2 2 232?5@?2C =2 :562 DF>2>6?E6 5:7F?5:52 J 246AE252 56 F? A=2?E62>:6?E@ 42E2DECXL4@ 56E6C>:?:DE2 2CA:?E6C@  D 564:C ?@ D6 56DAC6?56 56 =2D 4@?4=FD:@?6D 56= :?7@C>6 BF6 =2 6G@=F4:X? 56 =@D 76?X>6?@D 

? 86?6C2= ?@ DX=@ 2 =@D 2FE@C6D 56= AC:>6C :?7@C>6 56= =F3 56 )@>2 D:?@ BF6 E2>3:U? 2 E@5@D 2BF6==@D BF6 D6 92? A@D:4:@?25@ :?E6=64EF2=>6?E6 2 72G@C 56= >6?D2;6 BF6 EC2?D>:E6? =2D 4@?4=FD:@?6D 56 DF EC232;@ '6C@ =2 4CVE:42 G2 >TD 2==T J 6?8=@32 E2>3:U? 2 =@D AC64FCD@C6D 56= 5632E6 24EF2= %@ 6? G2?@ $2=E9FD BF6 6D 6= 2?E64656?E6 A@C 6I46=6?4:2 92 D:5@ 56D4C:E@ 4@>@ P6= 9@>3C6 >6;@C F=EC2;25@ 56 DF E:6>A@Q 2C36C

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?2EFC2=6D 6DEU 4@>A=6E2>6?E6 56E6C>:?252 A@C =2D 4@?5:4:@?6D :?:4:2=6D D:?@ BF6 A@C 6= 4@?EC2C:@ D6 :?5:42 BF6 6I:DE6 F? >2C86? 56 >2?:@3C2 6? =2 9F>2?:525 A2C2 2=42?K2C D:>F=ET?62>6?E6 =2 6DE23:=:525 64@=X8:42 =2 D2 E:D7244:X? 56 ?646D:5256D >2E6C:2=6D 3TD:42D J =2 :8F2=525 56 @A@CEF?:5256D ? A2=23C2D 56 -V4E@C ,CBF:5: 6? 6= ACX=@8@ 2 =2 65:4:X? 6? 6DA2W@= 56 =2 @3C2 P= >6?D2;6 BF6 ?@D 56;2 " +#"  !# 0   1 6D BF6 E@52GV2 ?@D BF652 E:6>A@Q ,CBF:5:   A  '@C E2?E@ 6= AC@3=6>2 C25:42 6? EC2?D:E2C 56 =2D E6?56?4:2D 56AC6525@ C2D 24EF2=6D 6? =@D >@5@D 56 AC@5F44:X? J 4@?DF>@ 2 @EC2D C6DA6EF@D2D 4@? 6= 6?E@C?@ ?2EFC2= 6? =2D BF6 =2 4F6DE:X? 56 =@D =V>:E6D 7VD:4@D 56= A=2?6 E2 D6 6?4F6?EC6 AC6D6?E6 A2C2 4@?4:=:2C =@D D:DE6>2D D@4:2=6D J ?2EFC2=6D 6? F?2 A6CDA64E:G2 5:?T>:42 56 =2C8@ A=2K@ ? 56L?:E:G2 4@>@ D6W2=232? =@D :?G6DE:825@C6D 56= $ + D6 EC2E2 56 4@>AC6?56C J AC6A2C2C?@D PA2C2 F? 8C2? A6C:@5@ 56 EC2?D:4:X? =2 EC2?D:4:X? 56= 4C64:>:6?E@ 2= 6BF:=:3C:@ 8=@ 32=Q $625@HD 6E 2=   A  @?G6?:>@D 4@? 2CA:?E6C@  BF6 6? ?:?8Y? >@>6?E@ D6 923=2 56 BF6 =2D E6?56?4:2D 24EF2=6D D62? :CC67FE2 3=6D J ?@ AF652? D6C >@5:L4252D 2= 4@?EC2C:@ D6 2A6=2 2 =2 42A24:525 56 =2D A6CD@?2D A2C2 42>3:2C =2D E6?56?4:2D J D6 :?DE2 2 9246C=@ '@C @EC2 A2CE6 6D :>A@CE2?E6 56DE242C =2D D:>:=:EF56D BF6 6I:DE6? 6? =@D 6?7@BF6D 56 =@D 2FE@C6D 56= :?7@C>6 56= =F3 56 )@>2 J =@D 56= 64@?@>:DE2 :?8=UD 56= D:8=@ / / !@9? *EF2CE $:== 6? DF @3C2 'C:?4:A:@D 56 4@?@>V2 '@=VE:42 56   >3@D J2 D62 FE:=:K2?5@ =2 ?@4:X? 56 6BF:=:3C:@ 8=@32= @ =2 56 6DE25@ 6DE24:@?2C:@ 4@?E6>A=2? 6DE2 D:EF24:X? 4@>@ F?2 A6CDA64E:G2 56D623=6 =6;@D 56= 42E2DEC@LD>@ ? 6764E@ 2= :8F2= BF6 D6W2=232 $:== =@D 2FE@C6D 56 #@D =V>:E6D 56= 4C64:>:6?E@ 56DE24232? BF6 6BF:=:3C:@ ?@ D:8?:L42 6DE2?42>:6?E@ J BF6 PA@?6C =V>:E6D 2= 4C64:>:6?E@ >2E6C:2= ?@ D:8?:L42 C6?F?4:2C 2 =2 >6;@C2 56 =2 G:52 9F>2?2 D:?@ AC64:D2>6?E6 =@ 4@?EC2C:@Q ):649>2??   A 

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PERSPECTIVAS. Revista de Análisis de Economía, Comercio y Negocios Internacionales / Volumen 5 / No. 2 / jul-dic 2011

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PERSPECTIVAS. Revista de Análisis de Economía, Comercio y Negocios Internacionales / Volumen 5 / No. 2 / jul-dic 2011

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AC@A:2 56 =2 64@?@>V2 ?6@4=TD:42 6? =2 BF6 =@D AC@46D@D 56 252AE24:X? GV2 AC64:@D D@? 7F?52>6?E2=6D *:? 6>32C8@ 4@>@ D6W2=X 6= 64@?@>:DE2 =2? @55:?8E@? #@ :?E6C6D2?E6 56= >@56=@ 56 " +#"  !# 6DEC:32 :?5F523=6>6?E6 6? =2 :>A@CE2?4:2 BF6 2EC:3FJ6 2 =@D AC@46D@D 56 2FE@CC67F6CK@ 0@ C6EC@2=:>6?E24:X?1 6? 56EC:>6?E@ 56 =@D AC@ 46D@D 56 252AE24:X? 0GV2 AC64:@D1 BF6 4@?DE:EFJ6? 6= AF?E@ 7@42= 56 =2 64@?@>V2 ?6@4=TD:42 FT= 56 =@D 5@D AC@46D@D C6DF=E6 >TD A@56C@D@ 2 =2 =2C82 6D F?2 :?E6C6D2?E6 6 :>A@CE2?E6 4F6DE:X? 4FJ2 D@=F4:X? ?@ AF656 D:>A=6>6?E6 A@DEF=2CD6 ? A2CE:4F=2C ?@ A@56>@D 52C A@C D6?E25@ BF6 =@D AC@46D@D 56 2FE@CC67F6CK@ BF6 24EY2? 6? " +#"  !# ?@ >6C6K42? 6DEF5:2C D6 A@C =2 D:>A=6 C2KX? 56 BF6 6I:DE6? AC@46D@D 56 252AE24:X? ):649>2??   A   ? D68F?5@ =F82C D6 4C:E:4X =2 ?@ 4@?D:56C24:X? 2 =2 42A24:525 56 =2 E64?@=@8V2 J DF AC@8C6D@ A2C2 DFDE:EF:C F?@D >2E6C:2=6D A@C @EC@D @? G:6?6 C64@C52C BF6 6= 6DEF5:@ " +#"  !# :?4=FV2 F? 42AVEF =@ 6= 4F2CE@ 56= :?7@C>6 6?E6C2>6?E6 565:425@ 2 6DE2 4F6DE:X? 6= 4F2= ==6G2 A@C ?@>3C6 P#2 E64?@=@8V2 J =@D =V>:E6D 56= 4C64:>:6?E@Q 56>TD C6DF=E2 4F2?5@ >6?@D 6IEC2W@ BF6 D6 24FD6 2 =@D :?G6DE:825@C6D C6DA@?D23=6D 56= :? 7@C>6 56 DF36DE:>2C 6= AC@8C6D@ E64?@=X8:4@ 4F2?5@ AC@G:6?6? 56= CFA@ 56 :?T>:42 56 *:DE6>2D 56 =2 *=@2? *49@@= @7 $2?286>6?E 56= $2DD249FD6EED ?DE:EFE6 @7 +649?@=@8J $ + 6D 564:C 56 F?2 56 =2D F?:G6CD:5256D >TD AC6DE:8:@D2D 6? 6= T>3:E@ 56 =2 E64?@=@8V2 ):649>2??   %@ @3DE2?E6 >TD 2==T 56 =2 2?U45@E2 A2C646 BF6 6? 6DE6 42>A@ 56 5:D4FD:X? =2D 5:76 C6?4:2D 6?EC6 =2D A@DEFC2D 56 F?@D J @EC@D D6 6?4F6?EC2? A@C F? =25@ 6? =2 4@?L2?K2 BF6 D6 E6?82 6? =2 42A24:525 56 =2 9F>2?:525 A2C2 6?7C6?E2C =@D 56D27V@D 7FEFC@D J A@C @EC@ =25@ 6? =2 4@?46A4:X? D@3C6 6= A2A6= BF6 E:6?6 6= D6C 9F>2?@ 6= C6DE@ 56 =2D 6DA64:6D J =@D 64@D:DE6>2D 6? 6= >F?5@ ? C6=24:X? 2 =2 AC:>6C2 56 =2D 5:D4C6A2?4:2D 2AF?E252D 6D 564:C 2BF6 ==2 BF6 8:C2 D@3C6 =2 4@?L2?K2 6? 6= A@56C 56 =2 E64?@=@8V2 4236 D6W2=2C BF6 =2 A@=U>:42 6? E@C?@ 2 " +#"  !# 86?6CX 5@D A@DEFC2D

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:?E6=64EF2=6D 6?7C6?E252D 2CA:?E6C@  FCT?  6 F?2 A2CE6 D6 6?4F6?EC2? =@D 4@C?F4@A:2?@D BF6 4@?7V2? 6? =2 :?G6?E:G2 9F>2?2 A2C2 D@=F 4:@?2C E@5@D =@D AC@3=6>2D 64@=X8:4@D@4:2=6D  6 =2 @EC2 =@D ?6@>2=E9F D:2?@D 4@?D:56C2? BF6 =2D 5:L4F=E256D BF6 E:6?6 BF6 6?7C6?E2C =2 9F>2?:525 D@? 4252 G6K >TD 4@>A=6;2D J 5F52? BF6 =2D D@=F4:@?6D E64?@=X8:42D AF652? C6D@=G6C =@D C6E@D BF6 A=2?E62 =2 24EF2= 6?4CF4:;252 64@=X8:42 2 ?F6DEC2 D@ 4:6525 2DE2 C6G:D2C 4F2=BF:6C =:3C@ D@3C6 9:DE@C:2 56 =2 4:6?4:2 A2C2 4@?G6?46CD6 56 BF6 =2 4@?EC@G6CD:2 6D 6= AC:?4:A:@ C64E@C 56 =2 4:6?4:2 DF 2G2?46 6DET A=2825@ 56 A@=U>:42D J ACT4E:42>6?E6 E@5@D =@D E6>2D J 4F6DE:@?6D D@? @3;6E@ 56 F? :?E6?D@ 5632E6 6 24F6C5@ 2 =@D C64@?@4:5@D 9:DE@C:25@C6D 56 =2 4:6?4:2 3C:ET?:4@D '6E6C @H=6C 6 H2? )9JD $@CFD   AA     >65:52 BF6 =2 4:6?4:2 92 :5@ 56D6>A6W2?5@ F? A2A6= 4252 G6K >TD :>A@CE2?E6 6? ?F6DEC2D G:52D =2D A@D:3:=:5256D 56 A@=U>:42 D6 92? :5@ 2>A=:2?5@ 56 E2= >@5@ BF6 29@C2 :?4=FJ6? ?F6DEC2 42A24:525 A2C2 :?E6C76C:C 6? =@D 2DA64E@D 6D6?4:2=6D 56 ?F6DEC2 ?2EFC2=6K2 3:@=X8:42 J AD:4@=X8:42 6 :?4=FD@ 6? =2 AC@A:2 3:@D76C2 56= A=2?6E2 6 9649@ D6CV2 F?2 D@CAC6D2 BF6 =2 9:DE@C:2 56 6DE2D TC62D 56 =2 4:6?4:2 ?@ 7F6C2 4@?EC@G6CE:52 :6CE2>6?E6 6= AC@8C6D@ 56 =2 4:6?4:2 92 2=42?K25@ =@8C@D 2D@>3C@D@D BF6 92? 2764E25@ 2 ?F6DEC2D G:52D J 92? EC2?D7@C>25@ 4@>A=6E2>6?E6 ?F6D EC2 4:G:=:K24:X? -2=6 564:C BF6 =2 9:DE@C:2 56 =@D 2= >6?@D Y=E:>@D EC6D4:6? E@D 2W@D 92 D:5@ EC6>6?52>6?E6 6I:E@D2 A2C2 =2 9F>2?:525 P6? DF =F492 4@?EC2 =@D =V>:E6D 2A2C6?E6D 56 =2 A@3=24:X? J 6= 4C64:>:6?E@ 64@?X>:4@Q $625@HD 6E 2=   A   A@C =@ BF6 2=8F?@D @A:?2? BF6 C6DF=E2 ?2 EFC2= A6?D2C BF6 6DE@D =@8C@D >2E6C:2=:K25@D 2 EC2GUD 56= 2G2?46 E64?@=X8:4@ D68F:CT? AC@5F4:U?5@D6 6? 6= 7FEFC@ D@D=2J2?5@ :?56L?:52>6?E6 =2 4F6DE:X? 56 =@D =V>:E6D 7VD:4@D 2= 4C64:>:6?E@ 56 =2 A@3=24:X? J =2 64@?@>V2 >2E6C:2= @? 6= AC@AXD:E@ 56 2?2=:K2C =2 G:23:=:525 56= 4C64:>:6?E@ 6IA@?6?4:2= 56= D:DE6>2 >F?5:2= 6? " +#"  !# =@D $625@HD >@5:L 

6 24F6C5@ 2 =2 )62= 4256>:2 DA2W@=2 =2 4@C?F4@A:2 6D F? G2D@ 6? 7@C>2 56 4F6C?@ BF6 C6AC6D6?E2 =2 23F?52?4:2 HHHC266D

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42? F?2 D6C:6 56 C6DF=E25@D BF6 923V2? @3E6?:5@ :?:4:2=>6?E6 6? DF >@56=@ A2C2 2?2=:K2C BFU DF4656CV2 6? 6= 42D@ 56 BF6 =@D P@AE:>:DE2D E64?@=X8: 4@DQ EFG:6D6? C2KX? ? AC:>6C =F82C 6=:>:?2? 56= >@56=@ =2 A@D:3:=:525 56 BF6 D6 AC@5FK42 F?2 6D42D6K 56 C64FCD@D DE@ D6 C62=:K2 6DE23=64:6? 5@ 5@D 9:AXE6D:D PAC:>6C@ BF6 =2 6?6C8V2 ?F4=62C N:=:>:E252O 5FA=:42CT =2D C6D6CG2D 56 C64FCD@D 6IA=@E23=6D J D68F?5@ BF6 =2 6?6C8V2 ?F4=62C A@D:3:=: E2CT =2 6=23@C24:X? J =2 C62=:K24:X? 56 AC@8C2>2D 56 DFDE:EF4:X? J C64:4=2;6Q $625@HD 6E 2=   A   ? 6D6 DFAF6DE@ #2 4C64:6?E6 4@?E2>:?24:X? 6D =2 BF6 7C6?2 6= 4C64:>:6?E@ 0   1 DV A2C646CV2 BF6 =@D C64FCD@D P:=:>:E25@DQ ?@ D@? =2 4=2G6 56= 4C64:>:6?E@ D@DE6?:5@ 6? 6= D:DE6>2 >F?5:2= '@C =@ G:DE@ D: BF6C6>@D 6G:E2C 6= 4@=2AD@ 56= D:DE6>2 6= V>A6EF 64@?X>:4@ BF6 A6C>:E6 =2 5:DA@?:3:=:525 56 C64FCD@D 5636 :C 2A2C6;25@ 4@? 7C6?@D 2 =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? $625@HD 6E 2=   A   ? D68F?5@ =F82C D6 4@?D:56C2 6= 4@?EC@= 56 =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? *6 2DF>6 BF6 P6D AC@323=6 BF6 F?2 D@4:6525 >F?5:2= 4@? 6?6C8V2 ?F4=62C >FJ 2446 D:3=6 AF652 4@?EC@=2C 2 EC2GUD 56 >65:@D E64?@=X8:4@D =2 86?6C24:X? 56 4@? E2>:?24:X? :?5FDEC:2=Q $625@HD 6E 2=   A   9@C2 3:6? A2C646 A@4@ AC@323=6 BF6 6= 4@?EC@= 56 =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? D62 E@E2= 525@D =@D @3D ET4F=@D ?@ DX=@ E64?@=X8:4@D D:?@ E2>3:U? 64@?X>:4@D 56 ==6G2C 2 423@ F? AC@46D@ 4@>A=6E@ 56 C65F44:X? 56 6>:D:@?6D 4@?E2>:?2?E6D D 564:C 92J BF6 4@?D:56C2C BF6 6= 4@?EC@= 56 =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? 6=6G2 =@D 4@DE@D 56 =@D 286?E6D 64@?X>:4@D 56>TD 2 >65:52 BF6 6= 4@?EC@= 56 =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? 2F>6?E2 =@D 4@DE@D 56 C62=:K2C E2= C65F44:X? 2F>6?E2? 56 >2?6C2 6IA@?6? 4:2=  '@C E2?E@ =@D :?G6DE:825@C6D 56= :?7@C>6 DFA@?6? 6? =2 >@5:L424:X? 56 =@D C6DF=E25@D @C:8:?2=6D 56= >@56=@ BF6 D6 AC@5F46 2 A2CE:C 56   

DE6 DFAF6DE@ 6D A6C764E2>6?E6 =X8:4@ AF6DE@ BF6 4F2?5@ =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? 6D >FJ 6=6G252 C65F4:C=2 F? A@4@ 4F6DE2 >6?@D BF6 4F2?5@ =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? 6D >FJ 32;2 J BF6C6>@D 6=:>:?2C=2 E@E2=>6?E6 D 564:C 6? F?2 D:EF24:X? 56 6>:D:@?6D :?4@?EC@=252D D6 AF656? 7T4:=>6?E6 2A=:42C 5:DE:?E2D >65:52D 86?6C2=6D A2C2 C65F4:C =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? ,?2 G6K BF6 6DE2D J2 D6 92? 2A=:425@ J 92? E6?:5@ F? 6764E@ A@D:E:G@ 6? 6= 4@?EC@= 56 =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? 6=:>:?2C =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? BF6 A6CD:DE6 C6BF:6C6 56 >65:52D >TD 4@?4C6E2D J E2>3:U? >TD 4@DE@D2D

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F?2 C65F44:X? 56 =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? A@C F?:525 56 AC@5F44:X? :?5FDEC:2= J 28CV4@=2 56 F?   4@? C6DA64E@ 2= ?:G6= 56   P*FA@?6>@D BF6 6D2 C6 5F44:X? E2? >2C4252 56 =2 86?6C24:X? A@5CV2 52CD6 8=@32= J CTA:52>6?E6 2 L? 56 6IA6C:>6?E2C 4@? 6= >@56=@ >2D ?@ A@CBF6 4C62>@D BF6 D62 A@=VE:42 >6?E6 A@D:3=6 5252D =2D :?DE:EF4:@?6D AC6G2=64:6?E6DQ $625@HD 6E 2=   A   ? 4@?4=FD:X? D: D6 6=:>:?232 6= AC@3=6>2 56 28@E2>:6?E@ 56 =@D C64FC D@D J 256>TD D6 6=:>:?232 6= AC@3=6>2 56 =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? 56 =2D AC@5F4 4:@?6D :?5FDEC:2=6D J 28CV4@=2D 6? F?2 4F2CE2 A2CE6 2 A2CE:C 56   PE@52GV2 @A6C2 6= >@5@ 56 4@>A@CE2>:6?E@ 42C24E6C:K25@ A@C 6IEC2=:>:E24:X? J 6DE2 G6K 6= 4@=2AD@ 2A2C646 6? G:CEF5 56 =2 6D42D6K 56 2=:>6?E@DQ $625@HD 6E 2=   A   ? E6C46C =F82C A@C E2?E@ A2C2 6G:E2C 6DE6 Y=E:>@ 7C6?@ D6 6=:>:?232 6= AC@3=6>2 56 =2 6D42D6K 56 2=:>6?E@D J 6= 6I46D@ 56 A@3=24:X? :?4@CA@ C2?5@ =@D DFAF6DE@D 56 :?4C6>6?E@ 56 =@D C6?5:>:6?E@D 56 =2 AC@5F44:X? 56 2=:>6?E@D J =2 A=2?:L424:X? 72>:=:2C ? 6DE2 @42D:X? =@D :?G6DE:825@C6D AC6D6?E232? EC6D A@D:3=6D 6D46?2C:@D ? F? AC:>6C >@>6?E@ D6 DFA@?V2 BF6 =@D C64FCD@D D@? P:=:>:E25@DQ D6 C65F4V2 2 A2CE:C 56   =2 4@?E2>: ?24:X? 56 =2 AC@5F44:X? :?5FDEC:2= J 28CV4@=2 6? F?2 4F2CE2 A2CE6 56= ?:G6= 56   J 256>TD D6 :?4C6>6?E232 2 A2CE:C 56   6= C6?5:>:6?E@ 56 =2 AC@5F44:X? 56 2=:>6?E@D 6? F?    #2 4@>3:?24:X? 56 6DE2D EC6D A@=VE:42D 6=:>:?2 E2?E@D @3DET4F=@D 2= 4C64: >:6?E@ BF6 =2 A@3=24:X? J =2 :?5FDEC:2 2=42?K2? ?:G6=6D >FJ 2=E@D F?BF6 4252 F?:525 56 AC@5F4E@ :?5FDEC:2= 86?6C2 >F492 >6?@D 4@?E2>:?24:X? =2 AC@5F44:X? E@E2= 2F>6?E2 =@ 32DE2?E6 4@>@ A2C2 4C62C F?2 4C:D:D 56 4@?E2 >:?24:X? BF6 A@?6 L? 2= 4C64:>:6?E@ $625@HD 6E 2=   A    @?G:6?6 C64@C52C BF6 6? =2 76492 56 AF3=:424:X? 56= 6DEF5:@ J2 D6 923V2 AC@5F4:5@ =2 56?@>:?252 PC6G@=F4:X? G6C56Q A@C =@ BF6 =@D :?G6DE:825@C6D ?@ D@? 2;6?@D 2 6DE2 C62=:525 6 9649@ 56 24F6C5@ 2 DFD @3D6CG24:@?6D 6= >@56=@ @C:8:?2= :?4@CA@C2 6? DFD 64F24:@?6D 6= 56D2CC@==@ 56 ?F6G2D G2C:65256D 56 46C62=6D 56 2=E@ C6?5:>:6?E@ #@ BF6 D6 A=2?E6232 6? 6DE6 AF?E@ 6C2 BF6 =2 6DE:>24:X? @C:8:?2= 56= 2G2?46 E64?@=X8:4@ A2C2 2F>6?E2C =2 AC@5F44:X? 56 2=:>6?E@D C62=:K252 A@C 6= 6BF:A@ 56 :?G6DE:824:X? 56= :?7@C>6 7F6D6 56>2D:25@ 32;2 #@D AC@A:@D 2FE@C6D 56= :?7@C>6 $625@HD >@5:L42? 6DE6 DFAF6DE@ :?4@CA@C2?5@ PF?2 >2J@C 5:7FD:X? 56 =@D AC:?4:A:@D 56 =2 )6G@=F4:X? -6C56Q $625@HD 6E 2=   A 

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? F? D68F?5@ >@>6?E@ D6 DFDE:EFJX =2 6=:>:?24:X? 56= 7C6?@ 6? =2 AC@ 5F44:X? 56 2=:>6?E@D A@C 6= 4@?EC@= 56 =2 ?2E2=:525 D 564:C 2 =@D DFAF6DE@D J2 4@?@4:5@D 56 C64FCD@D P:=:>:E25@DQ J 4@?EC@= 56 =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? D6 :? 4@CA@CX 6= DFAF6DE@ 56 BF6 D6 :>A=6>6?E2 F?2 A@=VE:42 6764E:G2 56 C68F=24:X? 56 =2 ?2E2=:525 BF6 D: 3:6? ?@ 6=:>:?232 4@>A=6E2>6?E6 6= 4C64:>:6?E@ 56 =2 A@3=24:X? DV BF6 4@?D68FV2 BF6 UDE2 4C64:6D6 4@? >TD =6?E:EF5 4@? =2 4@?D:8F:6?E6 5:D>:?F4:X? 56 =2 AC6D:X? 56 =2 A@3=24:X? A@C =@D 2=:>6?E@D ? 6DE6 42D@ ?F6G2>6?E6 =2 4C:D:D 56 2=:>6?E@D D6 4@?DE:EFV2 4@>@ =V>:E6 2F?BF6 UDE6 D6 2A=2K232  X  2W@D 4@? C6DA64E@ 2= >@56=@ @C:8:?2= :?2=>6?E6 6? F? E6C46C >@>6?E@ D6 :?4@CA@C232? D:>F=ET?62>6?E6 =@D DFAF6DE@D 56 :?4C6>6?E@ 56 =@D C6?5:>:6?E@D 56 =2 AC@5F44:X? 56 2=:>6? E@D J =2 A=2?:L424:X? 72>:=:2C D 564:C D6 :?EC@5F4V2? 6? 6= >@56=@ >F?5:2= 4F2EC@ A@=VE:42D E64?@=X8:42D D:>F=ET?62D C64FCD@D P:=:>:E25@DQ 4@?EC@= 56 =2 4@?E2>:?24:X? 2F>6?E@ 56 =2 AC@5F44:X? 56 2=:>6?E@D J 4@?EC@= 56 =2 A@3=24:X? 6 6DE2 7@C>2 D6 EC2E232 56 6DBF:G2C 56 2=8F?2 >2?6C2 =@D 5:G6C D@D =V>:E6D 2= 4C64:>:6?E@ = D:DE6>2 56= >@56=@ AC@5F46 6?6C8V2 ?F4=62C C64:4=2 =@D C64FCD@D J 6IA=@E2 =2D C6D6CG2D >:?6C2D >TD C6>@E2D 4@?EC@=2 E2?E@D 4@?E2>:?2?E6D 4@>@ D62 A@D:3=6 @3E:6?6 C6?5:>:6?E@D :?D@DA6492 5@D 56 =2 E:6CC2 J AC@5F46 Y?:42>6?E6 ?:W@D 56D625@D A@C DFD A25C6D F? 2DV 6= C6DF=E25@ GF6=G6 2 D6C 6= L? 56= 4C64:>:6?E@ 2?E6D 56= 2W@ 

 ? 6DE6 42D@ EC6D 4C:D:D D:>F=ET?62D 7C6?2? 6= 4C64:>:6?E@ = FD@ 6I286C25@ 56 =2 E:6CC2 AC@G@42 =2 6C@D:X? J =2 5:D>:?F4:X? 56 =2 AC@5F44:X? 56 2=:>6?E@D F?2 A@3=24:X? ACXDA6C2 A6C@ ?@ E2? ACXDA6C2 4@>@ =2 24EF2= A@3=24:X? 56 DE25@D ,?:5@D AC@G@42 F? 8C2G6 28@E2>:6?E@ 56 =@D C64FCD@D #2 4@?E2>:?24:X? D6 6=6G2 426 J =F68@ DF36 @EC2 G6K 5C2>TE:42>6?E6 J AC@G@42 F?2 5:D>:?F4:X? >2J@C 56 =2 AC@5F44:X? 56 2=:>6?E@D J F?2 DY3:E2 6=6G24:X? 56 =2 E2D2 56 >@CE2=:525 #2 D@=2 2A=:424:X? 56 D@=F4:@?6D E64 ?@=X8:42D 92 AC@=@?825@ 6= A6C:@5@ 56 4C64:>:6?E@ 56>@8CTL4@ 6 :?5FDEC:2= A6C@ ?@ 92 56DA=2K25@ =@D =V>:E6D F=E6C:@C6D 56 6D6 4C64:>:6?E@ $625@HD 6E 2=   AA   

 ? 56L?:E:G2 6D >FJ 5:7V4:= D236C BFU DF4656CT 6? 6= 7FEFC@ #@ Y?: 4@ 4:6CE@ 6D BF6 =2 :?46CE:5F>3C6 ?@ 56D2A2C646 4@>A=6E2>6?E6 A6D6 2 =@D 6?@C>6D 2G2?46D 56 =2 4:6?4:2 ? 6DE6 4@?E6IE@ 4@?G:6?6 D:EF2C =2 C6M6I:X? L=@DXL42 56 2?D !@?2D 6? C6=24:X? 2= 6;6C4:4:@ 56 =2 244:X? 56 C6DA@?D23:=:

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525 J =2 2A=:424:X? 56= AC:?4:A:@ 56 AC642F4:X? 6? =@D BF6 6= D6C 9F>2?@ E:6?6 F? A2A6= AC:?4:A2= A2C2 D2=G2C 6= A=2?6E2 =5F?2E6  !@?2D  #2 E6@CV2 56 ;F68@D E2>3:U? 92 56D2CC@==25@ 6IA=:424:@?6D BF6 EC2E2? 56 24=2C2C BF6 =2D 6DEC2E68:2D C24:@?2=6D 6? 4@?E6IE@D 56 :?46CE:5F>3C6 D@? 2BF6==2D BF6 >2I:>:K2? 6= >TI:>@ 56 >V?:>@D A@D:3=6D @ >:?:>:K2? =2D AUC5:52D :CC6G6CD:3=6D  '@C 6;6>A=@ 6? F?2 D:EF24:X? :?4:6CE2 A6C@ BF6 56 AC@5F4:CD6 A@5CV2 E6?6C F?@D C6DF=E25@D 42E2DECXL4@D A2C2 =2 G:52 6? 6= A=2?6E2 =@ C64@>6?523=6 56D56 F? AF?E@ 56 G:DE2 C24:@?2= D6CV2 D68F:C F?2 6DEC2E68:2 ACF56?E6>6?E6 A6D:>:DE2 4@? 6= @3;6E:G@ 56 82C2?E:K2C 6= >6?@C 52W@ A@D:3=6 @DE2?K2  6 24F6C5@ 2 =2 C24:@?2=:525 BF6 D6 56DAC6?56 56 =2 E6@CV2 56 ;F68@D D6CV2 :CC6DA@?D23=6 6? 6DE2 D:EF24:X? 4@?E:?F2C 24EF2?5@ 4@>@ D: ?@ DF465:6D6 ?252 6DA6C2?5@ BF6 F? :?G6?E@ ?@D D2=G2D6 AF6DE@ BF6 56 ?@ 92==2C =2 7XC>F=2 >T8:42 2 E:6>A@ 6DE2CV2>@D 4@>@ 4:G:=:K24:X? 42G2?5@ ?F6DEC2 AC@A:2 EF>32



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@D 5U4252D 56DAFUD 4@:?4:5:6?5@ 4@? =2 46=63C24:X? 56 =2 F>3C6 $F?5:2= 56 $65:@ >3:6?E6 J 6D2CC@==@ BF6 EFG@ =F82C 6? )V@ 56 !2?6:C@ =@D $625@HD AF3=:42C@? F?2 C6G:D:X? 56 =@D C6DF=E25@D @3E6?:5@D 6?   6? F? ?F6G@ :?7@C>6 BF6 D6 ==2>X *" *  " +#"  !# ? 6DE6 6DEF5:@ D6 24EF2=:KX 6= >@56=@ .@C=5 4@? =2 :?7@C>24:X? BF6 D6 56DAC6?5V2 56 =2 6G@=F4:X? 56 =2 5:?T>:42 56 =2 A@3=24:X? >F?5:2= J =2 64@?@>V2 >2E6C:2= 6? =@D 2W@D BF6 >65:232? 6?EC6 2>3@D :?7@C>6D ? 6DE2 @42D:X? D6 C62=:K2C@?  AC@J644:@?6D 7C6?E6 2 =2D  56= :?7@C>6 2?E6C:@C ? 86?6C2= 6= 6DEF5:@ 4@?LC>232 =2D 4@?4=FD:@?6D 2=42?K252D 6? 6= :? 7@C>6 " +#"  !#   A6C@ 256>TD 2=F>3C232 F? ?F6G@ 92==2K8@ BF6 D6 56;232 6?EC6G6C 6? 6= EVEF=@ 56 =2 @3C2 6? 6= BF6 D6 

 6DE2 6DEC2E68:2 D6 =2 56?@>:?2 >2I:>:? 6? =2 =:E6C2EFC2 6DA64:2=:K252

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