La subjetividad humana como mónada: Reflexiones desde la fenomenología social schütziana en torno a las “afinidades electivas” entre Leibniz y Husserl

September 2, 2017 | Autor: Alexis Emanuel Gros | Categoría: Social Theory, Edmund Husserl, Phenomenological Sociology, Sociological Theory, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Alfred Schutz (Sociology), Interpretive Sociology, Alfred Schutz (Sociology), Interpretive Sociology

Share Embed

Laporkan tautan ini

Descripción

LA SUBJETIVIDAD HUMANA COMO MÓNADA Reflexiones desde la fenomenología social schütziana en torno a las “afinidades electivas” entre Leibniz y Husserl Alexis Emanuel Gros Resumen (QHVWHWUDEDMRVHUDVWUHDQODVDÀQLGDGHVH[LVWHQWHVHQWUHODVFRQFHSFLRQHVOHLEQL]LDQD\KXVVHUOLDQDGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGKXPDQDqua PyQDGD/DLQGDJDFLyQHVWiGHOLEHUDGDPHQWHVHVJDGD WDQWRHQVXGHVDUUROORFRPRHQVXVUHVXOWDGRVSRUODSHUVSHFWLYDWHyULFDGHVGHODTXHVHSDUWH ODIHQRPHQRORJtDVRFLDOGH$OIUHG6FKW](QWDQWRVHJXLGRUGHHVWDWUDGLFLyQWHyULFRVRFLDO TXHDVSLUDDIXQGDPHQWDUODVRFLRORJtDFRPSUHQVLYDVREUHODEDVHGHUHÁH[LRQHVSVLFROyJLFR IHQRPHQROyJLFDVVHGHMDQDXQODGRORVHOHPHQWRVPHWDItVLFRVGHODVÀORVRItDVGH/HLEQL]\ +XVVHUOSDUDFRQFHQWUDUVHHQDTXHOORTXHODVPLVPDVSXHGHQGHFLUDFHUFDGHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHODVXEMHWLYLGDGKXPDQDFRQFUHWD(VWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQSXHGHVHUIUXFWXRVDSDUDHODYDQFH GHOFRQRFLPLHQWRHQHOFDPSRGHODIHQRPHQRORJtDVRFLDOHQGRVSODQRVD HQXQRKLVWyULFR LQWHOHFWXDOHQODPHGLGDHQTXHSHUPLWHHVFODUHFHUODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHSRVLELOLGDGGHODUHFHSFLyQVFKW]LDQDGH/HLEQL]\E HQXQRWHyULFRHQWDQWRHVWLPXODQXHYDVUHÁH[LRQHVDFHUFD GHODVHVWUXFWXUDVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGPXQGDQDLQVSLUDGDVHQ/HLEQL]\+XVVHUO 3DODEUDVFODYHVIHQRPHQRORJtDVRFLDOPyQDGD²/HLEQL]²6FKW]+XVVHUO Abstract 7KLVSDSHUWUDFNVWKHDIÀQLWLHVEHWZHHQWKH/HLEQL]LDQDQGWKH+XVVHUOLDQDFFRXQWVRI KXPDQVXEMHFWLYLW\quaPRQDG7KHLQTXLU\LVGHOLEHUDWHO\ELDVHGERWKLQLWVGHYHORSPHQWDQG LWV RXWFRPH E\ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH IURP ZKLFK LW SURFHHG QDPHO\ WKH 6RFLDO 3KHQRPHQRORJ\ IRXQGHG E\ $OIUHG 6FKW] $V D IROORZHU RI WKLV VRFLDO WKHRUHWLFDO WUDGLWLRQ ZKLFKDLPVWREDVH,QWHUSUHWLYH6RFLRORJ\RQSV\FKRORJLFDOSKHQRPHQRORJLFDOUHÁHFWLRQV WKHDXWKRURI WKHDUWLFOHWU\WRVHWDVLGHWKHPHWDSK\VLFDOHOHPHQWVRI ERWK+XVVHUO·VDQG /HLEQL]·VSKLORVRSKLHVLQRUGHUWRIRFXVRQZKDWWKH\FDQVD\DERXWWKHZRUNLQJVRI FRQFUHWHKXPDQVXEMHFWLYLW\6RFLDO3KHQRPHQRORJ\FDQSURÀWIURPWKLVUHVHDUFKRQWZROHYHOV QDPHO\D RQDQLQWHOOHFWXDOKLVWRULFDORQHLQVRIDUDVLWDOORZVWRGLVFORVHWKHFRQGLWLRQVRI SRVVLELOLW\RI WKH6FKW]LDQUHDGLQJRI /HLEQL]DQGE RQDWKHRUHWLFDORQHVLQFHLWVWLPXODWHV QHZUHÁHFWLRQVRQWKHIXQGDPHQWDOVWUXFWXUHVRI KXPDQVXEMHFWLYLW\ZKLFKFRXOGGUDZLWV LQVSLUDWLRQIURPERWK/HLEQL]DQG+XVVHUO .H\ZRUGV6RFLDO3KHQRPHQRORJ\²0RQDG²/HLEQL]6FKW]+XVVHUO

Enfoques XXVI, (Otoño 2014): 7-30

8

Alexis Emanuel Gros

Introducción (V KDUWR VDELGR TXH HO IXQGDGRU GH OD IHQRPHQRORJtD VRFLDO $OIUHG 6FKW] EDVD VXV DQiOLVLV SVLFROyJLFRIHQRPHQROyJLFRV GH ODV HVWUXFWXUDV IXQGDPHQWDOHVGHODFRQFLHQFLDHQHOSHQVDPLHQWRGH(GPXQG+XVVHUO/RV HVSHFLDOLVWDVKDQGHGLFDGRLQQXPHUDEOHVSiJLQDVDODUHFHSFLyQVFKW]LDQD GHODIHQRPHQRORJtDKXVVHUOLDQD1(QFRQWUDVWHLQFOXVRGHQWURGHOUHGXFLGRFtUFXORGHORV6FKW]VFKRODUVHVSRFRFRQRFLGRHOKHFKRGHTXH6FKW] WDPELpQUHWRPDDOJXQRVGHVDUUROORVWHyULFRVGH*RWWIULHG:LOKHOP/HLEQL] SDUDUHÁH[LRQDUDFHUFDGHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGPXQGDQD(Q HIHFWRODFRQVLGHUDEOHLQÁXHQFLDOHLEQL]LDQDHQ6FKW]SDOSDEOHHQWH[WRV FRPR´'DV3UREOHPGHU3HUVRQDOLWlWLQGHUVR]LDOHQ:HOWµ2\´&KRRVLQJ $PRQJ3URMHFWVRI $FWLRQµ3KDVLGRSRFR\GHÀFLHQWHPHQWHWUDEDMDGDSRU ORVH[SHUWRVHQVXREUD8QDUHYLVLyQGHODOLWHUDWXUDHVSHFLDOL]DGDPXHVWUD TXHVyORVHKDQUHDOL]DGRGRVLQWHQWRVVHULRVGHUHWUDWDUODUHFHSFLyQVFKW]LDQDGH/HLEQL]DVDEHUHOGH+HOPXW:DJQHU4HQVXFOiVLFROLEUR$OIUHG 6FKXW]$Q,QWHOOHFWXDO%LRJUDSK\\HOGHORVMDSRQHVHV.\RVKL6DNDL\.HVLXNH 1DJDWVXQD5HQXQUHFLHQWHDUWtFXORWLWXODGR´$OIUHG6FKXW]DQG*:/HLEQL]2Q7KHRGLF\µ6 :DJQHUGHGLFDXQFDStWXORHQWHURGHVXPLQXFLRVDELRJUDItDLQWHOHFWXDO DUHFRQVWUXLUHOLWLQHUDULR KLVWyULFR GHOD KHWHURGR[D OHFWXUD VFKW]LDQD GH /HLEQL]3RUVXSDUWH6DNDL\1DJDWVXQDVHSURSRQHQHOPiVDXVWHURREMHWLYR GHUHVXPLUODSHFXOLDULQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORV(VVDLVGH7KpRGLFpHTXHHOVRFLyORJR &IU 6KLQML +DPDX]X ´6FKW] DQG (GPXQG +XVVHUO )RU 3KHQRPHQRORJ\ RI ,QWHUVXEMHFWLYLW\µ HQ $OIUHG 6FKW] DQG KLV ,QWHOOHFWXDO 3DUWQHUV +LVDVKX 1DVX HW DO HGV .RQVWDQ] 89. &IU *HUG 6HEDOG ´(LQOHLWXQJ GHV +HUDXVJHEHUVµ HQ $OIUHG6FKW]:HUNDXVJDEH%DQG,,,3KLORVRSKLVFKSKlQRPHQRORJLVFKH6FKULIWHQ=XU.ULWLNGHU 3KlQRPHQRORJLH(GPXQG+XVVHUOV.RQVWDQ]89. &IU+HOPXW:DJQHU$OIUHG 6FKW]$Q,QWHOOHFWXDO%LRJUDSK\&KLFDJR&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV (VWRV VRQVyORDOJXQRVGHORVWUDWDPLHQWRVGHOYtQFXOR6FKW]+XVVHUO 2 $OIUHG 6FKW] ´'DV 3UREOHP GHU 3HUVRQDOLWlW LQ GHU 6R]LDOZHOW´ HQ $OIUHG 6FKW] :HUNDXVJDEH%DQG97KHRULHGHU/HEHQVZHOW'LH3UDJPDWLVFKH6FKLFKWXQJGHU/HEHQVZHOWHG 0DUWLQ(QGUH$OIUHG6FKW].RQVWDQ]89. 3 $OIUHG6FKW]´&KRRVLQJ$PRQJ3URMHFWVRI $FWLRQµHQ&ROOHFWHG3DSHUV,7KH3UREOHPRI 6RFLDO5HDOLW\7KH+DJXH0DUWLQXV1LMKRII 4 +HOPXW:DJQHU$OIUHG6FKW]$Q,QWHOOHFWXDO%LRJUDSK\ 5 .L\RVKL6DNDL\.HLVXNH1DJDWVXQD´$OIUHG6FKW]DQG*:/HLEQL]2Q7KHRGLF\µHQ $OIUHG6FKW]DQGKLV,QWHOOHFWXDO3DUWQHUV+LVDVKX1DVXHWDOHGV .RQVWDQ]89. 6 (QODLQWURGXFFLyQDOWRPR9GH$OIUHG6FKW]:HUNDXVJDEHWDPELpQSXHGHHQFRQWUDUVHXQ WUDWDPLHQWR PX\ HVFXHWR GHO YtQFXOR 6FKW]/HLEQL] &IU 0DUWLQ (QGUH H ,OMD 6UXEDU ´(LQOHLWXQJGHV+HUDXVJHEHUVµ$OIUHG6FKW]:HUNDXVJDEH%DQG97KHRULHGHU/HEHQVZHOW 'LH3UDJPDWLVFKH6FKLFKWXQJGHU/HEHQVZHOWHG$OIUHG6FKW].RQVWDQ]89. 1

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

La subjetividad humana como mónada

YLHQpV UHDOL]D D FRPLHQ]RV GH OD GpFDGD GHO FLQFXHQWD ,QGXGDEOHPHQWH GHEHUHFRQRFpUVHOHDDPERVHVWXGLRVHOPpULWRKLVWyULFRLQWHOHFWXDOGHKDEHU UHKDELOLWDGRHOKDVWDDTXtSRFRLQYHVWLJDGRYtQFXOR6FKW]/HLEQL]SRQLHQGR GH PDQLÀHVWRHO FDUiFWHUSVLFROyJLFRIHQRPHQROyJLFR \ SRVWPHWDItVLFR GH OD OHFWXUD VFKW]LDQDGH/HLEQL]6LQHPEDUJRHVSUHFLVRVHxDODUTXHWDQWR:DJQHU FRPR 6DNDL \ 1DJDWVXQD GHMDQ VLQ UHVSRQGHU XQD VHULH GH LQWHUURJDQWHV TXHDPLMXLFLRVRQIXQGDPHQWDOHVSDUDFRPSUHQGHUFDEDOPHQWHHOSHFXOLDU LQWHUpVGH6FKW]SRU/HLEQL]¢'HTXpPDQHUDVHFRPSDWLELOL]DXQDQiOLVLV SVLFROyJLFRIHQRPHQROyJLFR\SRVWPHWDItVLFRGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGFRPRHOVFKW]LDQR FRQ HO VLVWHPD PHWDItVLFR OHLEQL]LDQR" ¢&XiOHV VRQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH SRVLELOLGDGGHODDUWLFXODFLyQHQWUHIHQRPHQRORJtDKXVVHUOLDQD\PRQDGRORJtD OHLEQL]LDQDUHDOL]DGDSRUHOVRFLyORJRYLHQpV"¢&yPRVHH[SOLFDODDWUDFFLyQ GHXQIHQRPHQyORJRVRFLDOFRPR6FKW]SRUORVHVFULWRVGHXQPHWDItVLFR UDFLRQDOLVWDFRPR/HLEQL]" 6HJ~QFUHRODUHVSXHVWDDHVWDVSUHJXQWDVGHEHEXVFDUVHHQORTXHWRPDQGR SUHVWDGR XQ WpUPLQR GH 0D[ :HEHU SXHGHQ GHQRPLQDUVH ODV ´DÀQLGDGHV HOHFWLYDV>:DKOYHUZDQGWVFKDIWHQ@µ7H[LVWHQWHVHQWUHODVFRQFHSFLRQHVKXVVHUOLDQD \OHLEQL]LDQDGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGqua PyQDGD/DVFHUFDQtDV\FRPSDWLELOLGDGHV HQWUHHOSDGUHGHODIHQRPHQRORJtD\/HLEQL]VLQHPEDUJRQRVRQDWLVEDGDV QL SRU HO WiQGHP 6DNDL1DJDWVXQD QL SRU :DJQHU TXLHQ LQFOXVR OOHJD D VHQWHQFLDUDSUHVXUDGD\HUUyQHDPHQWHTXH´+XVVHUOKDLJQRUDGRD/HLEQL]µ8 (VWDQHJOLJHQFLDGHORVH[SHUWRVVFKW]LDQRVSXHGHH[SOLFDUVHHQEDVHDOD GHVDWHQFLyQVREUHHOYtQFXOR+XVVHUO/HLEQL]TXHDOPHQRVKDVWDKDFHGRV GpFDGDVLPSHUDEDHQODOLWHUDWXUDHVSHFLDOL]DGDHQ+XVVHUO5HFLpQGHVGHORV DxRVQRYHQWDHQIUHQWiQGRVHDHVWHHVWDGRGHVLWXDFLyQH[SHUWRVFRPR-XOLD

&RPR HV VDELGR 0D[ :HEHU WRPD HO FRQFHSWR GH :DKOYHUZDQGWVFKDIWHQ DÀQLGDGHV HOHFWLYDV GHODWHUFHUDQRYHODGH-:YRQ*RHKWH'LH:DKOYHUZDQGWVFKDIWHQSXEOLFDGDHQ ,QVSLUDGRHQHOSURFHGLPLHQWRZHEHULDQRHQ'LHSURWHVWDQWLVFKH(WKLNXQGGHU´*HLVWµ GHV.DSLWDOLVPXVPHYDOJRDTXtGHHVWDQRFLyQSDUDVHxDODUODH[LVWHQFLDGHLVRPRUÀVPRV HQWUH GRV SURGXFWRV HVSLULWXDOHV HQ HVWH FDVR OD FRQFHSFLyQ OHLEQL]LDQD GH OD PyQDGD \ OD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ KXVVHUOLDQD GH OD VXEMHWLYLGDG 6LJXLHQGR D :HEHU FRQVWDWDU SXQWRV GHHQFXHQWURHQWUHHVWRVGRVREMHWRVQRSHUPLWHLQIHULUTXHHOPiVDQWLJXRVHDOD~QLFD FDXVDGHOGHVDUUROORGHOPiVQXHYR1RSRVWXORDTXtHQWRQFHVTXHHODERUGDMHKXVVHUOLDQR GHODVXEMHWLYLGDGVHDXQGHULYDGRGHODWHRUtDOHLEQL]LDQDGHODPyQDGDVLQRPHUDPHQWH TXH H[LVWHQ PDUFDGDV VLPLOLWXGHV HQWUH DPEDV FRQFHSFLRQHV &IU 0D[ :HEHU ´'LH SURWHVWDQWLVFKH(WKLNXQGGHU¶*HLVW·GHV.DSLWDOLVPXVµHQ6FKULIWHQ6WXWWJDUW .U|QHU 8 +HOPXW:DJQHU$OIUHG6FKW]$Q,QWHOOHFWXDO%LRJUDSK\ 7

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

9

10

Alexis Emanuel Gros

,ULEDUQH9 5HQDWR &ULVWLQ10 \ 'DQ =DKDYL11 KDQ UHPDUFDGR OD LQÁXHQFLD GH /HLEQL]HQODIHQRPHQRORJtDKXVVHUOLDQDKDFLHQGRHVSHFLDOKLQFDSLpHQOD DSURSLDFLyQSRUSDUWHGH+XVVHUOGHOFRQFHSWRGHPyQDGDSDUDERVTXHMDUOD FRPSOH[LyQSDUWLFXODUGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGWUDVFHQGHQWDO(QHIHFWRHQHVFULWRV FRPR &DUWHVLDQLVFKH 0HGLWDWLRQHQ +XVVHUO FDUDFWHUL]D DO HJR WUDVFHQGHQWDO ´WRPDGRHQSOHQDFRQFUHFLyQ>LQYROOHU.RQNUHWLRQJHQRPPHQ@µFRPR´PyQDGD >Monade@µ12 \ D OD LQWHUVXEMHWLYLGDG WUDVFHQGHQWDO FRPR ´FRPXQLGDG LQWHUPRQDGROyJLFD>LQWHUPRQDGRORJLVFKH*HPHLQVFKDIW@µ13 $OVHJXLUHOUDVWURGHHVWRVVHxDODPLHQWRVKXVVHUOLDQRV\VXVWHQWDGRHQ ORV HVWXGLRV GH ORV PHQFLRQDGRV +XVVHUO VFKRODUV HQ HVWH WUDEDMR LQWHQWDUp GDUFXHQWDGHODV´DÀQLGDGHVHOHFWLYDVµHQWUHODVFRQFHSFLRQHVKXVVHUOLDQD \ OHLEQL]LDQD GH OD VXEMHWLYLGDG qua PyQDGD WRPDQGR XQD SHUVSHFWLYD GH OHFWXUD SVLFROyJLFRIHQRPHQROyJLFD \ SRVWPHWDItVLFD GH UDLJDPEUH VFKW]LDQD (VWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SXHGH VHU IUXFWXRVD SDUD HO DYDQFH GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR HQ HO FDPSRGHODIHQRPHQRORJtDVRFLDOQRVyORHQXQSODQRD KLVWyULFRLQWHOHFWXDO HQWDQWRSHUPLWHHVFODUHFHUODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHSRVLELOLGDGGHODKHWHURGR[D UHFHSFLyQVFKW]LDQDGH/HLEQL]VLQRWDPELpQHQE XQRWHyULFRHQWDQWR HVWLPXOD QXHYDV UHÁH[LRQHV SVLFROyJLFRIHQRPHQROyJLFDV DFHUFD GH ODV HVWUXFWXUDVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGKXPDQDFRQFUHWDLQVSLUDGDVHQ /HLEQL]\+XVVHUO (OWH[WRHVWDUiGLYLGLGRHQWUHVDSDUWDGRV(QHOSULPHUR VHH[SRQHQ ORVUDVJRVFHQWUDOHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHOHFWXUDTXHRULHQWDHVWHWUDEDMROD IHQRPHQRORJtDVRFLDOGH6FKW]SRQLHQGRHOIRFRHQHOFDUiFWHUSHFXOLDUGH ODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQVFKW]LDQDGH+XVVHUO\/HLEQL](QHOVHJXQGR GHVSXpV GHXQDVEUHYHVSDODEUDVDFHUFDGHOVLVWHPDPHWDItVLFRGH/HLEQL]VHSURFHGH DERVTXHMDUWUHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFHQWUDOHVGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGPRQiGLFDOHLEQL]LDQD)LQDOPHQWH VHUHFRQVWUX\HVXFLQWDPHQWHODUHFHSFLyQKXVVHUOLDQD GH/HLEQL]\VHUDVWUHDQODV´DÀQLGDGHVHOHFWLYDVµTXHH[LVWHQHQWUHODFRQFHSFLRQHVOHLEQL]LDQD\KXVVHUOLDQDGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGquaPyQDGD &IU -XOLD ,ULEDUQH +XVVHUOV 7KHRULH GHU ,QWHUVXEMHNWLYLWlW 0QFKHQ $OEHU FIU -XOLD ,ULEDUQH (GPXQG +XVVHUO /D IHQRPHQRORJtD FRPR PRQDGRORJtD %XHQRV $LUHV $FDGHPLD 1DFLRQDO GH &LHQFLDV FIU -XOLD ,ULEDUQH ´/D IHQRPHQRORJtD GH +XVVHUO FRPR PRQDGRORJtDµ(VFULWRVGHÀORVRItD9,,,%XHQRV$LUHV 10 &IU 5HQDWR &ULVWLQ \ .L\RVKL 6DNDL HGV 3KlQRPHQRORJLH XQG /HLEQL] 0QFKHQ $OEHU FIU 5HQDWR &ULVWLQ ´3KlQRPHQRORJLH XQG 0RQDGRORJLH +XVVHUO XQG /HLEQL]µ Studia Leibnitiana 11 &IU'DQ=DKDYL+XVVHUO·V3KHQRPHQRORJ\6WDQIRUG6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 12 (GPXQG+XVVHUO&DUWHVLDQLVFKH0HGLWDWLRQHQ+DPEXUJ)HOL[0HLQHU 13 ,EtG 9

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

La subjetividad humana como mónada

La psicología fenomenológica postmetafísica schütziana como perspectiva de lectura: Husserl y Leibniz a los ojos de Schütz Aspectos fundamentales de la fenomenología social schütziana: cercanías y lejanías respecto a Husserl

(OÀOyVRIR\VRFLyORJRYLHQpV$OIUHG6FKW]HVUHFRQRFLGRFRPRHOLQWURGXFWRUGHOSDUDGLJPDIHQRPHQROyJLFRHQODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV14$SHVDU GHORVLQQHJDEOHVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVTXHVXIUHVXSHQVDPLHQWRDORODUJRGHVX DFFLGHQWDGRLWLQHUDULRLQWHOHFWXDOSXHGHFRQVWDWDUVHXQDFRQWLQXLGDGHQOR TXHUHVSHFWDDVXREMHWLYRWHyULFRSULPRUGLDOODIXQGDPHQWDFLyQÀORVyÀFD GHODVRFLRORJtDFRPSUHQVLYD>YHUVWHKHQGH6R]LRORJLH@GH0D[:HEHU15(QIUHQWiQGRVHDODVFRQFHSFLRQHVREMHWLYLVWDVGHORVRFLDO6FKW]DGRSWDODFRQYLFFLyQZHEHULDQDGHTXHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQVRFLROyJLFDGHEHSRVDUVXPLUDGDHQ ODFRPSUHQVLyQ>9HUVWHKHQ@GHODDFFLyQVRFLDO>VR]LDOHV+DQGHOQ@GHLQGLYLGXRV FRQFUHWRV16(O´LQGLYLGXDOLVPRPHWRGROyJLFRµVFKW]LDQRQRGHEHVHUFRQIXQGLGRFRQODVURELQVRQDGDV17GHOFRQWUDFWXDOLVPRFOiVLFR(QFRQWUDVWHFRQ HVWDSHUVSHFWLYDWHyULFRVRFLDOLQJHQXD6FKW]VRVWLHQHXQ´LQGLYLGXDOLVPR PHWRGROyJLFRHVFODUHFLGRFRQXQDWHRUtDGHODLQWHUVXEMHWLYLGDGµ18HVWRHV XQDSRVLFLyQVRFLROyJLFDTXHFRORFDHOIRFRDQDOtWLFRHQODDFFLyQLQGLYLGXDO SHURTXHHQWLHQGHDOLQGLYLGXRKXPDQRFRPRXQ]{RQSROLWLNRQ19LQVHUWRGHVGH HO YDPRV HQ XQ FRQWH[WR LQWHUVXEMHWLYR H KLVWyULFRFXOWXUDO TXH FRQGLFLRQD\SUHÀJXUDVXVSHUFHSFLRQHV\FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV²DXQTXHQRPRGR PHFiQLFR²20 $KRUD ELHQ D SHVDU GH FRQFHELU OD SHUVSHFWLYD ZHEHULDQD FRPR ´HO SXQWRGHSDUWLGDGHWRGDDXWpQWLFDWHRUtDGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVµ216FKW] FULWLFD D :HEHU SRU QR FRQWDU FRQ XQD FRQFHSFLyQ WHyULFD SUHFLVD DFHUFD %HUQKDUG:DOGHQIHOV(LQIKUXQJLQGLH3KlQRPHQRORJLH0QFKHQ:)LQN 0DUWLQ (QGUH ´$OIUHG 6FKW]µ HQ .ODVVLNHU GHU 6R]LRORJLH 9RQ $XJXVWH &RPWH ELV $OIUHG 6FKW]HG'LUN.DHVOHU0QFKHQ%HFN 16 $OIUHG6FKW]'HUVLQQKDIWH$XIEDXGHUVR]LDOHQ:HOW)UDQNIXUWDP0DLQ6XKUNDPS 17 &IU.DUO0DU[´(LQOHLWXQJ]XU.ULWLNGHUSROLWLVFKHQgNRQRPLHµHQ:HUNH%DQG.DUO 0DU[\)ULHGULFK(QJHOV%HUOLQ'LHW] 18 0DUWLQ(QGUH´9HUVWHKHQGH6R]LRORJLHQ XQGKHUPHQHXWLVFKH7UDGLWLRQHQ µHQ$OIUHG 6FKW]XQGGLH+HUPHQHXWLNHG0LFKDHO6WDXGLJO.RQVWDQ]89. 19 &IU.DUO0DU[´(LQOHLWXQJ]XU.ULWLNGHUSROLWLVFKHQgNRQRPLHµ6FKW]FRLQFLGH FRQ0DU[HQTXHODVRFLDOLGDGWLHQHXQDSULPDFtDRQWROyJLFDSRUVREUHHOLQGLYLGXR 20 &IU$OIUHG6FKW]´'DV3UREOHPGHUWUDQV]HQGHQWDOHQ,QWHUVXEMHNWLYLWlWEHL+XVVHUOµHQ 3KLORVRSKLVFKSKlQRPHQRORJLVFKH6FKULIWHQ=XU.ULWLNGHU3KlQRPHQRORJLH(GPXQG+XVVHUOV$OIUHG 6FKW].RQVWDQ]89. 21 ,EtG 14 15

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

11

12

Alexis Emanuel Gros

GHO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH OD FRQFLHQFLD KXPDQD FRQFHSFLyQ TXH UHVXOWD LPSUHVFLQGLEOHSDUDVXVWHQWDUXQDSHUVSHFWLYDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQVRFLROyJLFD FRPRODYHUVWHKHQGH6R]LRORJLHFHQWUDGDHQHODQiOLVLVGHSURFHVRVVXEMHWLYRVGH FRPSUHQVLyQ\GRWDFLyQGHVHQWLGR$ORVÀQHVGHFROPDUHVWDODJXQDWHyULFD 6FKW] UHFXUUH FRPR ´LQVWUXPHQWDO PHWRGROyJLFRµ22 D ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV IHQRPHQROyJLFDV GH ORV UDVJRV LQYDULDQWHV GH OD VXEMHWLYLGDG UHDOL]DGDV SRU (GPXQG +XVVHUO23 'HVGH OD ySWLFD VFKW]LDQD OD IHQRPHQRORJtD KXVVHUOLDQD EULQGD XQD GHVFULSFLyQ GH ODV ´HVWUXFWXUDV XQLYHUVDOHV GH OD RULHQWDFLyQVXEMHWLYDHQHOPXQGRµ24TXHSXHGHDFWXDUFRPRIXQGDPHQWR SURWRVRFLROyJLFRGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPSUHQVLYD 6LELHQ6FKW]VHFRQVLGHUDDVtPLVPRDQWHWRGRFRPRXQIHQRPHQyORJR25 HVWRQRLPSOLFDTXHDGVFULEDin totoDODIHQRPHQRORJtDWUDVFHQGHQWDOGH+XVVHUO(QHIHFWRQRGHEHHQWHQGHUVHD6FKW]FRPRXQKXVVHUOLDQRRUWRGR[R VLQRPiVELHQFRPRXQIHQRPHQyORJR´FUtWLFRµ26R´SRFRFRQYHQFLRQDOµ27 TXHOOHYDDFDERXQD´LQWHJUDFLyQFUtWLFD\VHOHFWLYDµ28GHHOHPHQWRVWHyULFRV KXVVHUOLDQRV D VX SHUVSHFWLYD WHyULFD 'H DFXHUGR D VXV SURSLDV SDODEUDV 6FKW]QRSUDFWLFDIHQRPHQRORJtDWUDVFHQGHQWDOVLQR´SVLFRORJtDIHQRPHQROyJLFD>SKlQRPHQRORJLVFKH3V\FKRORJLH@µ29(VGHFLUWUDVODGDORVUHVXOWDGRVGHORV DQiOLVLVIHQRPHQROyJLFRVKXVVHUOLDQRVGHODHVIHUDWUDVFHQGHQWDODODHVIHUD QDWXUDODSHODQGRDO´SDUDOHORFRQVWDQWH>GXUFKJlQJLJH3DUDOOHOH@µ30TXHHOPLVPR +XVVHUO UHFRQRFH HQWUH HJR HPStULFR \ HJR WUDVFHQGHQWDO \ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHHQWUHSVLFRORJtDIHQRPHQROyJLFD\IHQRPHQRORJtDWUDVFHQGHQWDO31 0DUWLQ(QGUH$OIUHG6FKW].RQVWDQ]89. $OIUHG6FKW]'HUVLQQKDIWH$XIEDXGHUVR]LDOHQ:HOW 24 7KRPDV /XFNPDQQ ´3KlQRPHQRORJLH XQG 6R]LRORJLHµ HQ $OIUHG 6FKW] XQG GLH ,GHH GHV $OOWDJV LQ GHQ 6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ HGV : 0 6SURQGHO \ 5 *UDWKRII 6WXWWJDUW (QNH 25 $OIUHG6FKW]\$URQ*XUZLWVFK%ULHIZHFKVHO0QFKHQ:LOKHOP)LQN 26 +HOPXW:DJQHU$OIUHG6FKW]$Q,QWHOOHFWXDO%LRJUDSK\ 27 $OIUHG 6FKW] ´+XVVHUO XQG VHLQ (LQÁX DXI PLFKµ HQ $OIUHG 6FKW] :HUNDXVJDEH %DQG ,,,3KLORVRSKLVFKSKlQRPHQRORJLVFKH6FKULIWHQ=XU.ULWLNGHU3KlQRPHQRORJLH(GPXQG+XVVHUOV $OIUHG6FKW].RQVWDQ]89. 28 *HUG6HEDOG´(LQOHLWXQJGHV+HUDXVJHEHUVµ 29 $OIUHG6FKW]'HUVLQQKDIWH$XIEDXGHUVR]LDOHQ:HOW)UDQNIXUWDP0DLQ6XKUNDPS 6FKW]WDPELpQVHUHÀHUHDVXSRVLFLyQ FRPR XQD IHQRPHQRORJtD FRQVWLWXWLYD GHOD DFWLWXGQDWXUDO>NRQVWLWXWLYH3KlQRPHQRORJLHGHUQDWUOLFKHQ(LQVWHOOXQJ@ 30 (GPXQG+XVVHUO´1DFKZRUWµHQ,GHHQ]XUHLQHUUHLQHQ3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQGSKlQRPHQRORJLVFKHQ 3KLORVRSKLH(GPXQG+XVVHUO+DPEXUJ)HOL[0HLQHU 31 $OIUHG6FKW]´3KHQRPHQRORJ\DQGWKH6RFLDO6FLHQFHVµHQ&ROOHFWHG3DSHUV,7KH3UREOHP RI 6RFLDO5HDOLW\ 22 23

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

La subjetividad humana como mónada

3RGUtDDÀUPDUVHTXH6FKW]UHFKD]DODIHQRPHQRORJtDWUDVFHQGHQWDOGHELGR D VX FDUiFWHU PHWDItVLFR32 /D IHQRPHQRORJtD WUDVFHQGHQWDO GH +XVVHUO DVXPHODWDUHDGH´WHPDWL]DU\HOXFLGDUODVFXHVWLRQHVPHWDItVLFDVIXQGDPHQWDOHVFRQFHUQLHQWHVDOVHU\ODQDWXUDOH]DGHODUHDOLGDGµ 33 (QHIHFWRSDUD +XVVHUOODIHQRPHQRORJtDWUDVFHQGHQWDOGHEHFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQD´ÀORVRItD SULPHUD>HUVWH3KLORVRSKLH@µHVWRHVHQXQD´FLHQFLDHVWULFWDGHIXQGDPHQWDFLyQDEVROXWD>VWUHQJH:LVVHQVFKDIWDXVDEVROXWHU%HJUQGXQJ@µ34FDSD]GHUHVROYHU ORVSUREOHPDVPHWDItVLFRV´PiVDOWRV\~OWLPRVµ 356FKW]HQFRQWUDVWHVH PXHVWUDUHDFLRDODVSURSXHVWDVPHWDItVLFDVTXHSUHWHQGHQFDSWDUGHXQVROR JROSHHO´VLJQLÀFDGR\VHQWLGRGHOWRGRµ36\SODVPDUORHQXQVLVWHPDFRQFHSWXDOFRQYDOLGH]XQLYHUVDO(QHIHFWRLQVSLUDGRHQDXWRUHVFUtWLFRVGHOD PHWDItVLFDRFFLGHQWDOFRPR)ULHGULFK1LHW]VFKH0DUWLQ+HLGHJJHU\HOPLVPR:HEHUHOIXQGDGRUGHODIHQRPHQRORJtDVRFLDOUHQXQFLDDODSRVLELOLGDG GHXQVDEHUDEVROXWDPHQWHWUDVSDUHQWHDFHUFDGHODWRWDOLGDGGHORTXHHV SRQLHQGRVXHPSHxRÀORVyÀFRHQODGHVFULSFLyQ37IHQRPHQROyJLFDGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGKXPDQDHQWpUPLQRVGHXQD´DQWURSRORJtDÀORVyÀFDµ38 Schütz como lector de Leibniz39

&RPRVHVHxDOyODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVGH6FKW]VREUHODVHVWUXFWXUDVLQYDULDQWHV GH OD VXEMHWLYLGDG VH VXVWHQWDQ IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH HQ OD REUD GH +XVVHUO6LQHPEDUJRXQDLQVSHFFLyQGHWDOODGDGHVXVHVFULWRVUHYHODTXHHO IXQGDGRUGHODIHQRPHQRORJtDVRFLDOWDPELpQUHWRPDHOHPHQWRVWHyULFRVGH

5HVSHFWR DO FDUiFWHU DQWLPHWDItVLFR GH OD SRVLFLyQ ÀORVyÀFD GH 6FKW] FIU ,OMD 6UXEDU ´$ENHKU YRQ GHU WUDQV]HQGHQWDOHQ 3KlQRPHQRORJLH =XU SKLORVRSKLVFKHQ 3RVLWLRQ GHU VSlWHQ6FKW]µHQ3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQGVR]LRORJLVFKH7KHRULH,OMD6UXEDU:LHVEDGHQ96 33 =DKDYL+XVVHUO·V3KHQRPHQRORJ\ 34 ,EtG 35 (GPXQG +XVVHUO ´(QF\FORSDHGLD %ULWDQQLFD$UWLNHOµ HQ 'LH SKlQRPHQRORJLVFKH 0HWKRGH $XVJHZlKOWH7H[WH,(GPXQG+XVVHUO6WXWWJDUW5HFODP 36 0D[+RUNKHLPHU´0DWHULDOLVPXVXQG0HWDSK\VLNµHQ.ULWLVFKH7KHRULH(LQH'RNXPHQWDWLRQ %DQG,0D[+RUNKHLPHU)UDQNIXUWDP0DLQ)LVFKHU 37 &IU6FKW]\*XUZLWVFK%ULHIZHFKVHO 38 6FKW]´3KHQRPHQRORJ\DQGWKH6RFLDO6FLHQFHVµ 39 (VIXQGDPHQWDOVHxDODUTXHVLELHQVHKDUiUHIHUHQFLDDDOJXQRVUDVJRVFHQWUDOHVGHODOHFWXUD VFKW]LDQDGH/HLEQL]QRHVPLLQWHQFLyQDTXtUHDOL]DUXQVHJXLPLHQWRSRUPHQRUL]DGRGH ODPLVPD3DUDXQDQiOLVLVGHHVWHWLSRFIU+HOPXW:DJQHU$OIUHG6FKW]$Q,QWHOOHFWXDO %LRJUDSK\6DNDL\1DJDWVXQD3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQG/HLEQL] 32

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

13

14

Alexis Emanuel Gros

RWURVÀOyVRIRVWDOHVFRPR+HQUL%HUJVRQ400D[6FKHOHU41:LOOLDP-DPHV42 \ HO PLVPR * : /HLEQL] ²HQWUH PXFKRV RWURV² D OD KRUD GH UHÁH[LRQDU DFHUFDGHORVUDVJRVHVHQFLDOHVGHODFRQFLHQFLD7DOFRPRVXFHGHFRQVXOHFWXUDGH+XVVHUOODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQVFKW]LDQDGHORVPHQFLRQDGRVSHQVDGRUHV QRGHEHHQWHQGHUVHFRPRXQDUHFRQVWUXFFLyQH[HJpWLFDGHVXVVLVWHPDVÀORVyÀFRVVLQRPiVELHQFRPRXQDDSURSLDFLyQVHOHFWLYDGHFLHUWRVHOHPHQWRV FRQFHSWXDOHVGHORVPLVPRVTXHVHPXHVWUDQHVSHFLDOPHQWHUHOHYDQWHVSDUD ERVTXHMDU OD FRPSOH[LyQ GH OD VXEMHWLYLGDG PXQGDQD (Q HIHFWR VLQ HVWDU QHFHVDULDPHQWHGHDFXHUGRin totoFRQODVÀORVRItDVGH%HUJVRQ-DPHV\6FKHOHUHOVRFLyORJRYLHQpVLQFRUSRUDDOJXQDVGHVXVQRFLRQHVDODSURSLDEDWHUtD FRQFHSWXDO²ODGXUpH%HUJVRQ ODUHODWLYQDWUOLFKH:HOWDQVFKDXXQJ6FKHOHU \ el NQRZOHGJHE\DFTXDLQWDQFH-DPHV HQWUHRWUDV²QRVLQDQWHVKDFHUODVSDVDU SRUXQWDPL]SVLFROyJLFRIHQRPHQROyJLFR\SRVWPHWDItVLFR(QHVWHSURFHVRGHDSURSLDFLyQSURGXFWLYD6FKW]VXHOHUDVWUHDUDÀQLGDGHV\FRPSDWLELOLGDGHVHQWUH ORVGHVDUUROORVWHyULFRVGHORVDXWRUHVHQFXHVWLyQ\HOSHQVDPLHQWRGHTXLHQ IXHUDVXUHIHUHQFLDÀORVyÀFDSULPRUGLDO+XVVHUO 6yOR WHQLHQGR HQ PHQWH HVWRV UDVJRV JHQHUDOHV GHO SHFXOLDU PRGR GH OHFWXUDÀORVyÀFDGH6FKW]SXHGHFRPSUHQGHUVHVXDERUGDMHGHORVHVFULWRV OHLEQL]LDQRV'HDFXHUGRD:DJQHUDOOHHUODREUDGH/HLEQL]6FKW]´HVWDED LQWHUHVDGR HQ ORV GHWDOOHV IHQRPpQLFRSVLFROyJLFRV \ HQ VX WUDQVIHUHQFLD D OD HVIHUD GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH OD FRQGXFWD VRFLDOµ43 ´D SHVDU GH OD PHWDItVLFDGH/HLEQL]6FKXW]QXQFDSHUGLyVXDOWDHVWLPDSRUVXVORJURV \ FRQWULEXFLRQHVµ44 (Q SDODEUDV GH 6DNDL \ 1DJDWVXQD OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ VFKW]LDQDGHORVHVFULWRVOHLEQL]LDQRV´HVWiJXLDGDSRUVXSURSLDSHUVSHFWLYD « 6FKW]QRSUHWHQGHSUHVHQWDUXQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQQHXWUDO\REMHWLYDGH /HLEQL]µ45DQWHVELHQ´LQWHQWDGHVDUUROODUODVDEXQGDQWHVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHOD PHWDItVLFDGH/HLEQL]SDUDODVRFLRORJtDIHQRPHQROyJLFDµ46

&IU6FKW]´&KRRVLQJ$PRQJ3URMHFWVRI $FWLRQµeVWHHVVyORXQRGHORVWDQWRV VLWLRVHQGRQGH6FKW]VHUHÀHUHD%HUJVRQ 41 &IU6FKW]'HUVLQQKDIWH$XIEDXGHUVR]LDOHQ:HOWeVWHHVVyORXQRGHORVWDQWRVVLWLRV HQGRQGH6FKW]VHUHÀHUHD6FKHOHU 42 &IU$OIUHG6FKW]´:LOOLDP-DPHV·V&RQFHSWRI 6WUHDPRI 7KRXJKW3KHQRPHQRORJLFDOO\ ,QWHUSUHWHGµHQ&ROOHFWHG3DSHUV,,,eVWHHVVyORXQRGHORVWDQWRVVLWLRVHQGRQGH 6FKW]VHUHÀHUHD-DPHV 43 +HOPXW:DJQHU$OIUHG6FKW]$Q,QWHOOHFWXDO%LRJUDSK\ 44 ,EtG 45 6DNDL\1DJDWVXQD3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQG/HLEQL] 46 ,EtG 40

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

La subjetividad humana como mónada

6FKW]FRPLHQ]DDOHHUD/HLEQL]DPHGLDGRVGHORVDxRVWUHLQWDXQRV DxRVGHVSXpVGHODSXEOLFDFLyQGH'HUVLQQKDIWH$XIEDXGHUVR]LDOHQ:HOW6XV SULPHUDV UHIHUHQFLDV DO ÀOyVRIR GH OD WHPSUDQD PRGHUQLGDG SXHGHQ UDVWUHDUVHHQHOLQpGLWR´'DV3UREOHPGHU3HUVRQDOLWlWLQGHU6R]LDOZHOWµHVFULWRHQWUH\(OSUREOHPDFHQWUDOGHHVWHWH[WRHVFyPRVHPDQWLHQH ODXQLGDGGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGDQWHVXHVFLVLyQHQP~OWLSOHVSHUVRQDOLGDGHVR UROHVVRFLDOHV47²´HJRTXD SDWHUIDPLOLDVqua civis Romanus,HWFµ² 486FKW]ORJUD UHVSRQGHUHVWHLQWHUURJDQWHFRQFLELHQGRDOVXMHWRKXPDQRFRPRXQDmónada HQ VHQWLGR OHLEQL]LDQR HVWR HV FRPR XQD XQLGDG TXH HQFLHUUD GHQWUR GH VtXQDPXOWLSOLFLGDG´'HWRGRVPRGRVHVFLHUWDODDÀUPDFLyQGHTXH>OD@ SHUVRQDVRFLDOQRWLHQHKLVWRULFLGDG\TXHODPLVPDOHFRUUHVSRQGHH[FOXVLYDPHQWHDODSHUVRQDHQVXFRQFUHWLWXGDODPyQDGD >GLH3HUVRQLQLKUHU)OOH GHU0RQDGH @µ49(QHIHFWRXQRGHORVVXEFDStWXORVSODQHDGRVSDUDHOWH[WR OOHYDHOWtWXOR´'HODXQLGDGGHODPyQDGD\ODHQWHOHTXLDGHOHJRDJHQVµ>9RQ GHU(LQKHLWGHU0RQDGHXQGGHU(QWHOHFKLHGHVHJRDJHQV@50 (O HVFULWR VFKW]LDQR WDUGtR HQ HO TXH OD OHFWXUD SVLFROyJLFR IHQRPHQROyJLFD \ SRVWPHWDItVLFD GH /HLEQL] DGTXLHUH PiV SURWDJRQLVPR HV´&KRRVLQJ$PRQJ3URMHFWVRI $FWLRQµGH(OSURSyVLWRGHHVWH DUWtFXORHVDQDOL]DUHO´SURFHVRPHGLDQWHHOFXDOXQDFWRUHQODYLGDFRWLGLDQD GHWHUPLQDVXFRQGXFWDIXWXUDOXHJRGHKDEHUFRQVLGHUDGRP~OWLSOHVFDPLQRV SRVLEOHVGHDFFLyQµ 513DUDHVWHDQiOLVLV6FKW]UHFXSHUDODWHRUtDGHODYROLFLyQ TXH/HLEQL]GHVDUUROODHQ(VVDLVGH7KpRGLFpH²IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQHO² DXQTXHGHVOLJiQGRODGHVXVFRQQRWDFLRQHVPRUDOHV\WHROyJLFDV52$TXtHO VRFLyORJRYLHQpVHQFXHQWUDYLQFXODFLRQHVHQWUH/HLEQL]\ODVSRVLFLRQHVGH +XVVHUO \ %HUJVRQ 3DUD 6FKW] HIHFWLYDPHQWH ´ODV WUHV WHRUtDV +XVVHUO %HUJVRQ\/HLEQL] FRQYHUJHQSRUTXHWRGDVVHXELFDQHQHOPHGLRGHOÁXMR GHFRQFLHQFLDHQFXUVRµ53

$OIUHG 6FKW] ´'DV 3UREOHP GHU 3HUVRQDOLWlW LQ GHU 6R]LDOZHOWµ HQ $OIUHG 6FKW] :HUNDXVJDEH%DQG97KHRULHGHU/HEHQVZHOW'LH3UDJPDWLVFKH6FKLFKWXQJGHU/HEHQVZHOW 48 ,EtG 49 ,EtG 50 'HEHVHxDODUVHTXHHOYtQFXORDIHFWLYRHLQWHOHFWXDOTXH6FKW]VRVWLHQHGHVGHKDVWD VXPXHUWHFRQRWURDVLGXROHFWRUGH/HLEQL]HOIHQRPHQyORJR$URQ*XUZLWVFKUHIXHU]D D~QPiVVX\DH[LVWHQWHHQWXVLDVPRSRUODÀORVRItDOHLEQL]LDQD&IU6FKW]\*XUZLWVFK %ULHIZHFKVHO 51 6FKW]´&KRRVLQJ$PRQJ3URMHFWVRI $FWLRQµ 52 ,EtG 53 6DNDL\1DJDWVXQD3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQG/HLEQL] 47

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

15

16

Alexis Emanuel Gros

'HORDQWHGLFKRVHGHVSUHQGHTXHGHVGHÀQHVGHORVWUHLQWDKDVWDHOWpUPLQRGHVXYLGD6FKW]SHQVDUiHOVXMHWRKXPDQRHQWpUPLQRVPRQiGLFRV ,QWpUSUHWHV DFWXDOHV GH 6FKW] HQ HIHFWR FRQVLGHUDQ D VX IHQRPHQRORJtD VRFLDOFRPRXQDIRUPDGHPRQDGRORJtD54'HPDQHUDVLPSOLÀFDGDSXHGHQ GHVWDFDUVHWUHVUDVJRVGHODPyQDGDOHLEQL]LDQDTXH6FKW]UHWRPDSDUDUHÁH[LRQDUDFHUFDGHODVHVWUXFWXUDVLQYDULDQWHVGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGDVDEHUD HO FDUiFWHU SULPRUGLDOPHQWH SHUFHSWLYR ²6FKW] VH LQWHUHVD SDUWLFXODUPHQWH HQ OD GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ OHLEQL]LDQD HQWUH SHWLWH SHUFHSWLRQV \ DSHUFHSFLyQ²55 E la SHUVSHFWLYLGDGHVSDFLDO²YLQFXODGDHVWUHFKDPHQWHFRQODSUREOHPiWLFDGHOD FRUSRUDOLGDG²56\F ODFHUUD]yQ²WUDGXFLGDHQXQDGHOLPLWDFLyQ>$EJUHQ]XQJ] WDMDQWHHQWUHHJR\DOWHUHJR²57&RPRVHYHUiHVWRVWUHVUDVJRVVRQMXVWDPHQWHDTXHOORVTXHODFRQFHSFLyQOHLEQL]LDQDGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGquaPyQDGD FRPSDUWHFRQODKXVVHUOLDQD58 Una lectura psicológico-fenomenológica de la mónada leibniziana59 Aspectos generales del sistema leibniziano

(QHOGH LM/HLEQL]DÀUPD´FDGDSRUFLyQGHPDWHULDSXHGHVHU FRQFHELGD FRPR XQ MDUGtQ OOHQR GH SODQWDV \ FRPR XQ HVWDQTXH OOHQR GH 7KRPDV(EHUOH6LQQNRQVWLWXWLRQLP$OOWDJXQG:LVVHQVFKDIW'HU%HLWUDJGHU3KlQRPHQRORJLHDQGLH 0HWKRGRORJLHGHU6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ6WXWWJDUW+DXSW 7KRPDV(EHUOH´6FKW]· /HEHQVZHOWDQDO\VH 6R]LRORJLH RGHU 3URWRVR]LRORJLH"µ HQ *HOHKUWHQUHSXEOLN/HEHQVZHOW (GPXQG+XVVHUOXQG$OIUHG6FKW]LQGHU.ULVLVGHUSKlQRPHQRORJLVFKHQ%HZHJXQJHGV$QJHOLFD %lXPHU\0LFKDHO%HQHGLNW:LHQ3DVVDJHQ 55 (QWUH RWURV VLWLRV FIU $OIUHG 6FKW] ´2Q 0XOWLSOH 5HDOLWLHVµ HQ &ROOHFWHG 3DSHUV , 7KH 3UREOHPRI 6RFLDO5HDOLW\ 56 (QWUH RWURV VLWLRV FIU $OIUHG 6FKW] ´6FKHOHU·V 7KHRU\ RI ,QWHUVXEMHFWLYLW\ DQG WKH *HQHUDO7KHVLVRI WKH$OWHU(JRµHQ&ROOHFWHG3DSHUV,7KH3UREOHPRI 6RFLDO5HDOLW\ 57 &IU6FKW]´'DV3UREOHPGHU3HUVRQDOLWlWLQGHU6R]LDOZHOWµ 58 (VWDVWUHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGQRVRQGHQLQJXQDPDQHUDODV~QLFDVTXH6FKW] UHWRPDGH/HLEQL]6HWUDWDGHXQDVHOHFFLyQUHDOL]DGDSRUPt 59 0L H[SRVLFLyQ GH /HLEQL] HVWi EDVDGD IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH HQ /D 0RQDGRORJLH GH DKRUD en más LM DXQTXHWDPELpQUHFXUUH D DOJXQRV IUDJPHQWRV GH3ULQFLSHV GH OD QDWXUH HW OD JUkFHIRQGpVHQUDLVRQGHDKRUDHQPiVP 6XVWHQWRHVWDGHFLVLyQHQHOFRQYHQFLPLHQWRGHO H[SHUWR+XEHUW%XVFKHGHTXHLMFRQVWLWX\HODPHMRULQWURGXFFLyQDOVLVWHPDPHWDItVLFR OHLEQL]LDQRPDGXUR\DTXHRIUHFHGHIRUPDFODUD\FRPSDFWDXQDYLVLyQGHFRQMXQWRGH WRGDVVXVWHPiWLFDVIXQGDPHQWDOHV/HLEQL]HVFULEHWDQWRLMFRPRPHQ9LHQDGXUDQWHHO YHUDQRGHGRVDxRVDQWHVGHVXPXHUWH3RUHVWDUD]yQDPEDVREUDVFRPSDUWHQXQ PLVPRHVStULWX(QPSXHGHQHQFRQWUDUVHSDVDMHVUHSHWLGRVFDVLWH[WXDOPHQWHGHLMDVt FRPRXQDSURIXQGL]DFLyQGHVHxDODPLHQWRVQRGHVDUUROODGRVHQHVWH~OWLPRWH[WR+XEHUW %XVFKH ´(LQIKUXQJ´ HQ 0RQDGRORJLH .ODVVLNHU $XVOHJHQ 0RQDGRORJLH FRPS +XEHUWXV %XVFKH>%HUOLQ$NDGHPLH@\VV@ 54

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

La subjetividad humana como mónada

SHFHV3HURFDGDUDPDGHODSODQWDFDGDPLHPEURGHODQLPDOFDGDJRWDGH VXVKXPRUHVHVDVXYH]XQWDOMDUGtQ\XQWDOHVWDQTXHµ60(QHVWDVHQWHQFLD SXHGH YLVOXPEUDUVH XQR GH ORV UDVJRV FHQWUDOHV VL QR HO IXQGDPHQWDO GH VXVLVWHPDPHWDItVLFROD´IHHQORLQGLYLGXDO\HQODDXWpQWLFDSOXUDOLGDGGHO VHUµ61(QHIHFWRHOSHQVDPLHQWROHLEQL]LDQRVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVXUHVSHWRGH ODPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHORH[LVWHQWHUHVSHWRTXHVHYHUHÁHMDGRHQXQDSHUPDQHQWHLQTXLHWXGSRUKDFHUOHMXVWLFLDDOR~QLFRHLUUHSHWLEOHTXHDQLGDHQFDGD PLQ~VFXODSRUFLyQGHOXQLYHUVR (QFRQWUDVWHFRQHO´XQLYHUVDODOODQDPLHQWRXQLWDULRµVSLQR]LDQR62 enWRQFHV/HLEQL]LQWHQWDPRQWDUXQVLVWHPDPHWDItVLFRUHVSHWXRVRGHODSDUWLFXODULGDG\ODGLIHUHQFLDGHORH[LVWHQWH(VWHREMHWLYRSXHGHYHUVHFULVWDOL]DGRHQVXWUDWDPLHQWRGHOSUREOHPDGHODVXVWDQFLD$GLIHUHQFLDGH6SLQR]D SDUDTXLHQVyORH[LVWHunaVXVWDQFLD²ODGLYLQD²/HLEQL]VRVWLHQHTXHHOPXQGR HVWi FRPSXHVWR SRU XQD PXOWLSOLFLGDG GH VXVWDQFLDV VLPSOHV >substances VLPSOHV@GHQRPLQDGDVPyQDGDVFDGDXQDGHODVFXDOHVSRUWD´ODVSURSLHGDGHV GHXQLGDG\WRWDOLGDGLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHODVXVWDQFLDVSLQR]LDQDµ63/DVPyQDGDVVRQHQWHOHTXLDVHQVHQWLGRDULVWRWpOLFRHVWRHVHQWLGDGHVGRWDGDVGH SHUIHFFLyQ\VXÀFLHQFLD64&DGDXQDGHHOODVDÀUPDHOÀOyVRIRHQHOGH LMHV~QLFDHLUUHSHWLEOH´GLIHUHQWHDWRGDRWUD>GLIIHUHQWHGHFKDTYHDXWUH@µ65 (VWHUHVSHWRSRUORSDUWLFXODUQRYDHQGHWULPHQWRGHODDÀUPDFLyQGHO RUGHQ\HOVHQWLGRXQLWDULRGHORH[LVWHQWH3DUD/HLEQL]SRVWXODUODH[LVWHQFLD GHXQDPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHPyQDGDV~QLFDVHLUUHSHWLEOHVQRLPSOLFDGHQLQJXQD PDQHUDFDHUHQXQDVXHUWHGHDQDUTXLVPRPHWDItVLFRHQHOFXDOHOPXQGRHV FRQFHELGRFRPRXQFDRVGHVXVWDQFLDVLQGLYLGXDOHVGHVFRRUGLQDGDVHQWUHVt 3RUHOFRQWUDULRHQODPHWDItVLFDPRQDGROyJLFD´HOVHUHVWiRUGHQDGR6HGDQ ÀQHVREMHWLYRVWRWDOLGDGHVµ66&RPRHVVDELGR/HLEQL]HQFXHQWUDODJDUDQWtDGHORUGHQDPLHQWRXQLYHUVDOHQODÀJXUDGH'LRV67$QWHVGHODFUHDFLyQ 'LRVVHUHSUHVHQWDHQVXPHQWHLQÀQLWDWRGRVORVPXQGRVSRVLEOHVHVGHFLU WRGDVODVFRPELQDFLRQHVFRPSRVLEOHVGHPyQDGDV'HELGRDVXRPQLVFLHQFLD *:/HLEQL]0RQDGRORJLH)UDQ]|VLVFK'HXWVFK 6WXWWJDUW5HFODP -RKDQQHV+LUVFKEHUJHU+LVWRULDGHODÀORVRItD,,%DUFHORQD+HUGHU 62 ,EtG 63 ,EtG 64 /HLEQL]0RQDGRORJLH)UDQ]|VLVFK'HXWVFK 65 ,EtG 66 +LUVFKEHUJHU+LVWRULDGHODÀORVRItD,, 67 'LUN (YHUV ´*RWWHV :DKO GHU EHVWHQ DOOHU P|JOLFKHQ :HOWHQµ HQ .ODVVLNHU $XVOHJHQ 0RQDGRORJLHFRPS+XEHUWXV%XVFKH %HUOLQ$NDGHPLH 60 61

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

17

18

Alexis Emanuel Gros

\ERQGDGDEVROXWDHQWUHHVWDVSRVLELOLGDGHVVyORSXHGHHOHJLU\FUHDUODPiV SHUIHFWD'HVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGH/HLEQL]HOPXQGRPiVSHUIHFWRHVDTXpOHQ HOTXHVHGDQFLWDODPD\RUYDULHGDGGHPyQDGDVSRVLEOHFRQHOPD\RURUGHQ SRVLEOHRSDUDGHFLUORGHRWUDIRUPDDTXpOTXHDOEHUJDODPD\RUPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHFULDWXUDVHQHOPDUFRGHORUGHQDPLHQWRPiVVLPSOH68$ODOX]GHHVWRV VHxDODPLHQWRVSXHGHYLVOXPEUDUVHTXHHQHOVLVWHPDGH/HLEQL]HOUHVSHWR SRUODPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHORH[LVWHQWHQRHQWUDHQFRQWUDGLFFLyQVLQRTXHYD GHODPDQRFRQODSRVWXODFLyQGHXQRUGHQDPLHQWRSHUIHFWRGHOXQLYHUVROD GHQRPLQDGD´DUPRQtDSUHHVWDEOHFLGDµ Tres rasgos de la subjetividad qua monada

/HLEQL]HVXQUHSUHVHQWDQWHFOiVLFRGHOUDFLRQDOLVPRGHODWHPSUDQDPRGHUQLGDG\FRPRWDOVHMDFWDGHKDEHUREWHQLGRVXVFRQFOXVLRQHVÀORVyÀFDV PHGLDQWHHOHMHUFLFLRGHODUD]yQGHGXFWLYD$KRUDELHQDXQTXHVXHQHXQ WDQWRKHUpWLFRSRGUtDDÀUPDUVHTXHVXVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHVHQWRUQRDODVHVWUXFWXUDVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHODPyQDGDQRSURFHGHQGHODHVSHFXODFLyQVLQR PiVELHQGHXQDVXHUWHGHIHQRPHQRORJtDLPSOtFLWDHVWRHVGHODGHVFULSFLyQ \DQiOLVLVVLVWHPiWLFRVGHORVUDVJRVHVHQFLDOHVHLQYDULDQWHVGHQXHVWUDH[SHULHQFLDHQSULPHUDSHUVRQD(VWRSXHGHVHULOXVWUDGRFRQDOJXQRVIUDJPHQtos de LM\P 3XHVH[SHULPHQWDPRVHQQRVRWURVPLVPRVXQHVWDGRHQHOFXDOGHQDGDQRVDFRUGDPRVQLWHQHPRVSHUFHSFLyQGLVWLQWDDOJXQDFRPRFXDQGRFDHPRVHQGHVIDOOHFLPLHQWRRHVWDPRVVXPLGRVHQXQSURIXQGRVXHxRVLQQLQJ~QHQVXHxR69 ([SHULPHQWDPRVQRVRWURVPLVPRVXQDPXOWLSOLFLGDGHQODXQLGDGFXDQGRHQFRQWUDPRV TXH HO PHQRU SHQVDPLHQWR GHO TXH QRV DSHUFLELPRV HQYXHOYH XQD YDULHGDGHQHOREMHWR70 7DPELpQSRUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVYHUGDGHVQHFHVDULDV\VXVDEVWUDFFLRQHV QRVHOHYDPRVDORVDFWRVUHÁH[LYRVTXHQRVKDFHQSHQVDUHQORTXHVHOODPDHO\R \FRQVLGHUDUTXHHVWRRDTXHOORHVWiHQQRVRWURV71 &RPRFXDQGRDOSDVHDUmeSRUODRULOOD\HVFXFKDUHOUXPRUJUDQGHTXHSURGXFHRLJRSHURVLQGLVFHUQLUORVORVUXLGRVSDUWLFXODUHVGHFDGDRODGHORV FXDOHV VH FRPSRQH HO UXPRU WRWDO GH LJXDO PDQHUD QXHVWUDV SHUFHSFLRQHV (YHUV´*RWWHV:DKOGHUEHVWHQDOOHUP|JOLFKHQ:HOWHQµ /HLEQL]0RQDGRORJLH)UDQ]|VLVFK'HXWVFK ,WiOLFDDxDGLGD 70 ,EtG,WiOLFDDxDGLGD 71 ,EtG,WiOLFDDxDGLGD 68 69

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

La subjetividad humana como mónada FRQIXVDVVRQHOUHVXOWDGRGHODVLPSUHVLRQHVTXHWRGRHOXQLYHUVRSURGXFH HQQRVRWURV72

6HJ~QFUHRHVWD´SURWRIHQRPHQRORJtDµLPSOtFLWDHQODPRQDGRORJtDGH /HLEQL]DFW~DFRPRFRQGLFLyQGHSRVLELOLGDGGHODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQSVLFROyJLFRIHQRPHQROyJLFDTXH6FKW]UHDOL]DGHODPLVPD$FRQWLQXDFLyQVXVWHQWDGRHQHOPRGRGHOHFWXUDVFKW]LDQRERVTXHMDGRPiVDUULEDHPSUHQGHUp XQDUHÁH[LyQDFHUFDGHDTXHOORTXHODFRQFHSFLyQOHLEQL]LDQDGHODPyQDGD XQDYH]´GHSXUDGDµGHVXVFRQQRWDFLRQHVGRJPiWLFDV\FRQVLGHUDGDDORV RMRVVREULRVGHXQDSVLFRORJtDIHQRPHQROyJLFDSRVWPHWDItVLFDSXHGHGHFLUQRVDFHUFDGHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGKXPDQDFRQFUHWD(QORTXHVLJXH SUHVHQWDUpGHIRUPDVXFLQWD\VLVWHPiWLFDWUHVUDVJRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHOD VXEMHWLYLGDG KXPDQD qua PyQDGD TXH SXHGHQ H[WUDHUVH GH ORV DQiOLVLV GH ´SURWRIHQRPHQROyJLFRVµGH/HLEQL] D &DUiFWHUSULPRUGLDOPHQWHSHUFHSWLYR6LJXLHQGRXQDWHQGHQFLDGHpSRFD /HLEQL] FRQFLEH D OR SVtTXLFR GH XQ PRGR SULPRUGLDOPHQWH FRJQLWLYR OD DFWLYLGDGIXQGDPHQWDOGHODVPyQDGDVFRQVLVWHHQODSHUFHSFLyQ>SHUFHSWLRQ] HQWHQGLGDFRPRUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ´HQORVLPSOH>HVWRHVHQODPyQDGD@GHOR FRPSXHVWRRGHORTXHHVH[WHUQRµ73$KRUDELHQ/HLEQL]RSHUDFRQXQFRQFHSWRGHSHUFHSFLyQPXFKRPiVDPSOLRTXHHOHVJULPLGRSRUORVFDUWHVLDQRV &RPRVHVHxDODHQHOGHLMpVWRV~OWLPRVLGHQWLÀFDQODSHUFHSFLyQFRQ ODDSHUFHSFLyQ>DSSHUFHSWLRQ@HVWRHVFRQDTXHOORVHVWDGRVLQWHUQRVHQORVTXH HOLQGLYLGXRHVDXWRFRQVFLHQWHGHVXDFWRSHUFHSWLYRHLGHQWLÀFDFODUDPHQWH HOREMHWRSHUFLELGR74(QDELHUWRHQIUHQWDPLHQWRFRQHVWDSRVLFLyQ/HLEQL] HODERUDXQDQRFLyQPiVDPSOLDGHODDFWLYLGDGSHUFHSWLYDTXHDEDUFDGHVGH ODVDSHUFHSFLRQHVKDVWDODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVRVFXUDVHLQFRQVFLHQWHVRSHWLWHV SHUFHSWLRQVODVFXDOHVKDVWDHQWRQFHVKDEtDQVLGRROYLGDGDVVLVWHPiWLFDPHQWH SRUORVÀOyVRIRV'HVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDOHLEQL]LDQDODDXVHQFLDGHFRQFLHQFLD QRLPSOLFDGHQLQJXQDPDQHUDFDUHQFLDGHDFWLYLGDGSVtTXLFD$QWHVELHQODV PyQDGDVVLHPSUHHVWiQSHUFLELHQGRDXQFXDQGRQRVHGHQFXHQWDGHHOOR $OLQFOXLUHVWHWLSRGHUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVQRDGYHUWLGDVRLQFRQVFLHQWHVFRPR SDUWHIXQGDPHQWDOGHODYLGDDQtPLFD/HLEQL]VHFRQVWLWX\HFRPRSUHFXUVRUGHODWHRUtDGHOLQFRQVFLHQWHGHVDUUROODGDVLVWHPiWLFDPHQWHSRU6LJPXQG )UHXGHQODSULPHUDPLWDGGHOVLJOR;;755HVXOWDLQWHUHVDQWHVHxDODUTXHOD *:/HLEQL]´3ULQFLSLRVGHODQDWXUDOH]D\GHODJUDFLDIXQGDGRVHQODUD]yQµHQ7UDWDGRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV*:/HLEQL]%XHQRV$LUHV/RVDGD ,WiOLFDDxDGLGD 73 ,EtG 74 ,EtG 75 &IU+LUVFKEHUJHU+LVWRULDGHODÀORVRItD,, 72

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

19

20

Alexis Emanuel Gros

GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ HQWUH SHWLWHV SHUFHSWLRQV \ DSHUFHSFLyQ HV UHWRPDGD HQ YDULRV VLWLRVSRU6FKW]0LHQWUDVODVSHWLWHVSHUFHSWLRQVVRQLGHQWLÀFDGDVFRQHOHVWDGR GH DGRUPHFLPLHQWR ODV YLYHQFLDV HVHQFLDOPHQWH DFWXDOHV >ZHVHQWOLFK DNWXHOOH (UOHEQLVVH@\QRUHFRUGDEOHV\ORVGHQRPLQDGRVPRWLYRVSRUTXH>ZHLO0RWLYH] ²LQFRQVFLHQWHVSDVLYRV\OLJDGRVDOSDVDGR²ODDSHUFHSFLyQVHYLQFXODFRQ HOHVWDGRGHYLJLOLDODDFFLyQ\ORVPRWLYRVSDUD>XP]X0RWLYH@²FRQVFLHQWHV DFWLYRV\RULHQWDGRVKDFLDHOIXWXUR²76 E 3HUVSHFWLYLGDG/DPyQDGDKXPDQDVyORSXHGHSHUFLELUHOPXQGRGH XQPRGROLPLWDGR\VHVJDGR(VWRVHGHEHDTXHORKDFHGHVGHXQSXQWR GHYLVWDLQWUDPXQGDQRTXHGHÀQH\UHVWULQJHHODOFDQFH\ODFXDOLGDGGHVXV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV3DUD/HLEQL]ODVLWXDFLRQDOLGDGGHOKRPEUHVHVLJXHGHVX FDUiFWHUHQFDUQDGRHVGHFLUGHOKHFKRGHTXHHVSRUWDGRUGHXQFXHUSRTXH ORDQFODHQXQDXELFDFLyQGHWHUPLQDGDGHOHVSDFLRItVLFR77(QXQDSDODEUDOD SHUVSHFWLYLGDGSHUFHSWXDOHVSURGXFWRGHODVLWXDFLRQDOLGDGHVSDFLDOODFXDO VHVLJXHDVXYH]GHODFRUSRUDOLGDG78 (OKHFKRGHTXHFDGDPyQDGDWHQJDXQSXQWRGHYLVWDGHÀQLGRQRVLJQLÀFDVLQHPEDUJRTXHVyORSXHGDSHUFLELUXQDSDUWHUHVWULQJLGDGHOXQLYHUVR3RUHOFRQWUDULRFDGDPyQDGDVHUHSUHVHQWDVLHPSUHHOPXQGRHQVX WRWDOLGDGDXQTXHVyORWLHQHXQFRQRFLPLHQWRFODUR\GLVWLQWRGHOVHFWRUPiV SUy[LPRDHOODVLHQGRVXVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGHOUHVWRGHORH[LVWHQWHRVFXUDV \FRQIXVDV79'HDFXHUGRD/HLEQL]HQWRQFHV´QRHVHQHOREMHWRVLQRHQ ODPRGLÀFDFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOREMHWRGRQGHODVPyQDGDVVRQOLPLWDGDVµ80(QRWURVWpUPLQRVVyORXQDSRUFLyQGHOXQLYHUVRODPiVFHUFDQD es DSHUFLELGDSRUODPyQDGDKXPDQDPLHQWUDVTXHORVVHFWRUHVPiVOHMDQRV VRQUHSUHVHQWDGRVDWUDYpVGHSHWLWHVSHUFHSWLRQV´&DGDDOPDFRQRFHHOLQÀQLWR FRQRFHWRGRFRQIXVDPHQWHµ81(QHVWHVHQWLGRGHEHFRPSUHQGHUVHHOVHxD &IU 6FKW] ´&KRRVLQJ $PRQJ 3URMHFWV RI $FWLRQµ ´2Q 0XOWLSOH 5HDOLWLHVµ ´'DV3UREOHPGHUWUDQV]HQGHQWDOHQ,QWHUVXEMHNWLYLWlWEHL+XVVHUOµ 77 +XEHUWXV %XVFKH ´hEHUQDWUOLFKNHLW XQG )HQVWHUORVLJNHLW GHU 0RQDGHQµ HQ .ODVVLNHU $XVOHJHQ0RQDGRORJLHFRPS+XEHUWXV%XVFKH%HUOLQ$NDGHPLH 78 3DUD /HLEQL] HO HVStULWX KXPDQR FRPR DVt WDPELpQ HO DOPD DQLPDO HV XQD PyQDGD GRPLQDQWHSRUWDGRUDGHXQFXHUSRFRPSXHVWRSRUXQFRQMXQWRGHPyQDGDVVXERUGLQDGDV ´&DGDPyQDGDFRQXQFXHUSRTXHOHHVSURSLRHVXQDVXVWDQFLDYLYDµ/HLEQL]´3ULQFLSLRV GHODQDWXUDOH]D\GHODJUDFLDIXQGDGRVHQODUD]yQµ ´(OFXHUSRSHUWHQHFLHQWHDXQD PyQDGDTXHHVVXHQWHOHTXLDRDOPDFRQVWLWX\HFRQODHQWHOHTXLDORTXHVHOODPDXQVHU YLYR\FRQHODOPDORTXHVHOODPDXQDQLPDOµ/HLEQL]0RQDGRORJLH>)UDQ]|VLVFK'HXWVFK@ 79 /HLEQL]0RQDGRORJLH)UDQ]|VLVFK'HXWVFK 80 ,EtG 81 /HLEQL]´3ULQFLSLRVGHODQDWXUDOH]D\GHODJUDFLDIXQGDGRVHQODUD]yQµ 76

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

La subjetividad humana como mónada

ODPLHQWROHLEQL]LDQRGHTXH´FDGDPyQDGDHVHOHVSHMRYLYLHQWHGHOXQLYHUVRD VXPRGRµ82R´VHJ~QVXSXQWRGHYLVWDµ83 3DUD/HLEQL]HOFXHUSRSURSLRGHODPyQDGDHVHOREMHWRPiVSUy[LPR DHOOD\SRUWDQWRDTXpOTXHSXHGHVHUUHSUHVHQWDGRGHIRUPDPiVFODUD\ GLVWLQWD´>&@DGDPyQDGD« UHSUHVHQWDPiVGLVWLQWDPHQWHHOFXHUSRTXH OHHVSDUWLFXODUPHQWHDVLJQDGR\GHOTXHFRQVWLWX\HODHQWHOHTXLDµ84 De esta IRUPDSRGUtDDÀUPDUVHTXHHOFXHUSRSURSLRGHOVXMHWRKXPDQRVHFRQVWLWX\HFRPRHOSXQWRGHUHIHUHQFLDHVHQFLDOGHVXVSHUFHSFLRQHVHVWRHVFRPR XQDVXHUWHGH´DTXtDEVROXWRµTXHGHWHUPLQDHOPRGRGHDSDULFLyQGHORV REMHWRV/RVPLVPRVVHPXHVWUDQPiVRPHQRVFODURV\GLVWLQWRVHQUD]yQ GHVXSRVLFLyQ\GLVWDQFLDUHVSHFWRDpO (QHOGHLM/HLEQL]UHDOL]DVXVHxDODPLHQWRPiVIDPRVRHQWRUQR DODSHUVSHFWLYLGDGGHODSHUFHSFLyQPRQiGLFD /HV 0RQDGHV Q·RQW SRLQW GH IHQrWUHV SDU OHV TYHOOHV TYHOTYH FKRVH \ SXLVVH HQWUHU RX VRUWLU@µ90 &RQ HVWD VHQWHQFLD HO ÀOyVRIR DOXGH DO FDUiFWHU FHUUDGR H LPSHUPHDEOH GH OD PyQDGD HVWR HV DO KHFKR GH TXH OD FRPSOH[LyQ LQWHUQD GH ODVXEMHWLYLGDGQRSXHGHVHUDOWHUDGDSRUIDFWRUHVH[WHUQRV´7DPSRFRKD\ PDQHUDGHH[SOLFDUFyPRXQDPyQDGDSXHGHVHUDOWHUDGDRFDPELDGDHQVX LQWHULRUSRURWUDFULDWXUDµ913RGUtDDÀUPDUVHTXHHVWHpQIDVLVHQODFHUUD]yQ PRQiGLFD KDFH SRVLEOH WUD]DU HVWULFWDPHQWH ORV OtPLWHV GH OD YLGD LQWHUQD SURSLDHVFLQGLpQGRODDVtFODUDPHQWHGHODDMHQD'HHVWDIRUPD/HLEQL]VH YHKDELOLWDGRDDVHJXUDUODLQGLYLGXDOLGDG\DXWRVXÀFLHQFLDGHODVXEMHWLYLGDG KXPDQDIUHQWHDSRVLFLRQHVÀORVyÀFDVFRPRODVSLQR]LDQDTXHODGLVXHOYHQ &IU)ULHGULFK1LHW]VFKH´$XVGHP1DFKODGHUDFKW]LJHU-DKUH´HQ:HUNHLQGUHL%lQGH %DQGHG)1LHW]VFKH0QFKHQ+DQVHU )ULHGULFK1LHW]VFKH'HU)DOO:DJQHU *|W]HQ'lPPHUXQJ1LHW]VFKHFRQWUD:DJQHU0QFKHQ:LOKHOP*ROGPDQQ 88 $OIUHG 6FKW] ´&RPPRQ6HQVH DQG 6FLHQWLÀF ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI +XPDQ $FWLRQµ HQ &ROOHFWHG3DSHUV,7KH3UREOHPRI 6RFLDO5HDOLW\ 89 )LJDOLOXVWUDPLDUJXPHQWRDFHUFDGHODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDGLVFUHSDQFLDHQWUHODVFRQFHSFLRQHV OHLEQL]LDQD\QLHW]VFKHDQDGHOSUREOHPDGHODSHUVSHFWLYLGDGFXDQGRVHUHÀHUHDO´ROYLGR GHOPXQGR>:HOWYHUJHVVHQKHLW]µTXHWLHQHOXJDUHQODREUDGH1LHW]VFKH´1LHW]VFKHVHROYLGD HQXQDSDODEUDGHTXHORVVHUHVYLYRVHVWiQHQHOmundo >:HOW](OPXQGRVLQHPEDUJRQR VHDEVRUEHHQODYLGDSHUVSHFWLYRKRUL]RQWDO(VODYDVWHGDGDELHUWD>RIIHQH:HLWH@HQODFXDO WUDQVFXUUH OD YLGD SHUVSHFWLYRKRUL]RQDO HV HO FRQWH[WR >=XVDPPHQKDQJ], TXH VyOR SXHGH VHUGHVFXELHUWRSHUVSHFWLYRKRUL]RQWDOPHQWHSHURTXHHQHVHGHVFXEULPLHQWRHVWiPiVR PHQRVFODUDPHQWHSUHVHQWHFRPRFRQWH[WR/DYLGDSHUVSHFWLYRKRUL]RQWDOHVXQPXQGR LQWHULRUTXHSHUWHQHFHDODH[WHULRULGDGGHOPXQGRµ)LJDO´1DFKZRUWµ 90 /HLEQL]0RQDGRORJLH)UDQ]|VLVFK'HXWVFK 91 ,EtG 87

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

La subjetividad humana como mónada

HQODLQGLIHUHQFLDFLyQGHXQDVXVWDQFLD~QLFD(VGLJQRGHPHQFLyQTXHHVWH pQIDVLVHQODFHUUD]yQPRQiGLFDFRPRXQPRGRGHFRPEDWLUSRVLFLRQHVKROLVWDV\SDQWHLVWDVFRPRODVSLQR]LDQDSXHGHYHUVHUHSURGXFLGRHQODFUtWLFD GH6FKW]DODQRFLyQVFKHOHULDQDGH´FRQFLHQFLDRPQLDEDUFDQWH>DOOXPIDVVHQ GHV%HZXßtsein@µ 92 $KRUDELHQVHJ~QFUHRHVSUHFLVRQROHHUODFOiVLFDVHQWHQFLDOHLEQL]LDQD VREUHODFHUUD]yQPRQiGLFDDOSLHGHODOHWUD(QHIHFWRVLVHDÀUPDTXHOD DFWLYLGDGIXQGDPHQWDOGHODPyQDGDFRQVLVWHHQODSHUFHSFLyQVHVREUHHQWLHQGHTXHODPLVPDVHHQFXHQWUDHQFLHUWRVHQWLGR´DELHUWDµDOPXQGR(VWR QRTXLHUHGHFLUVLQHPEDUJRTXHHODIXHUDSXHGDSHQHWUDUHQODPyQDGD\ DOWHUDUVXRUJDQL]DFLyQLQWHUQD´$VtSXHVQLVXVWDQFLDQLDFFLGHQWHDOJXQR SXHGHHQWUDUGHIXHUDHQXQDPyQDGDµ93$QWHVELHQDÀUPDUTXHODPyQDGD SHUFLEH R VH UHSUHVHQWD HO PXQGR LPSOLFD PHUDPHQWH GHFLU TXH OD PLVPD GHFRGLÀFDRLQWHUSUHWDHOXQLYHUVRH[WHUQRVHJ~QVXOH\LQWHUQD\VXSXQWR GHYLVWD “Afinidades electivas” entre las concepciones leibniziana y husserliana de la subjetividad humana qua mónada La lectura husserliana de Leibniz

/HLEQL]HMHUFHXQDLQPHQVDLQÁXHQFLDHQODÀORVRItDGH+XVVHUO(IHFWLYDPHQWHHOSDGUHGHODIHQRPHQRORJtD´UHWRPDSRVLWLYDPHQWHDOJXQRVDVSHFWRV GH OD WHUPLQRORJtD GH /HLEQL] \ GHVDUUROOD D SDUWLU GH HOORV SDUWHV FHQWUDOHV GH VX SURSLD FRQFHSFLyQµ94 1R REVWDQWH FRPR ELHQ OR VHxDOD HOHVSHFLDOLVWD5HQDWR&ULVWLQ´ODOLWHUDWXUDIHQRPHQROyJLFDOHKDSUHVWDGR SRFDDWHQFLyQDOKHFKRGHTXH/HLEQL]HVWiSUHVHQWHHQHOSHQVDPLHQWRGH +XVVHUO\DODSUHJXQWDDFHUFDGHTXpUROMXHJDHQpOµ95$QWHVGHSDVDUDXQ DQiOLVLV SVLFROyJLFRIHQRPHQROyJLFR GH ODV ´DÀQLGDGHV HOHFWLYDVµ HQWUH ODV FRQFHSFLRQHVGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGGHDPERVSHQVDGRUHVHVSUHFLVRSRUWDQWR UHFRQVWUXLUDXQTXHVHDEUHYHPHQWHODUHFHSFLyQKXVVHUOLDQDGHODÀORVRItD GH/HLEQL]

&IU$OH[LV*URV´(OGHEDWHGH$OIUHG6FKW]FRQ0D[6FKHOHUHQWRUQRDODHPSDWtDµ 7ySLFRV 93 ,EtG 94 &ULVWLQ´3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQG0RQDGRORJLH+XVVHUOXQG/HLEQL]µ 95 ,EtG 92

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

23

24

Alexis Emanuel Gros

(QVXDUWtFXOR´3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQG0RQDGRORJLH+XVVHUOXQG/HLEQL]µ&ULVWLQUHDOL]DXQDUHFRQVWUXFFLyQSRUPHQRUL]DGDGHODOHFWXUDKXVVHUOLDQDGH/HLEQL]96'HDFXHUGRDOH[SHUWRLWDOLDQRHQHO~OWLPRSHUtRGRGH VXREUD+XVVHUOFRPLHQ]DDLQWHUHVDUVHSRUODPRQDGRORJtDFRPRPRGHOR WHyULFR SDUD SHQVDU ODV SUREOHPiWLFDV GH OD VXEMHWLYLGDG \ OD LQWHUVXEMHWLYLGDG97$HVWHUHVSHFWRSXHGHQGHVWDFDUVHGRVWH[WRVKXVVHUOLDQRVHQORV TXHHOÀOyVRIRGHODWHPSUDQDPRGHUQLGDGMXHJDXQUROIXQGDPHQWDO(UVWH 3KLORVRSKLH\&DUWHVLDQLVFKH0HGLWDWLRQHQ(Q(UVWH3KLORVRSKLHHOIXQGDGRUGHOD IHQRPHQRORJtD UHLYLQGLFD ORV DSRUWHV ÀORVyÀFRV GH /HLEQL] H LQWHQWD GHVSHJDUORGHVXH[WHQGLGDLPDJHQGHPHWDItVLFRGRJPiWLFR´/HLEQL]QRHUD GHQLQJXQDPDQHUDDTXHOPHWDItVLFRGRJPiWLFRSRUHOTXHORKDEtDWRPDGR.DQWµ98+XVVHUODÀUPDTXHODPRQDGRORJtDOHLEQL]LDQDSXHGHSHQVDUVH HQFLHUWRPRGRFRPRXQDDQWLFLSDFLyQGHODIHQRPHQRORJtDWUDVFHQGHQWDO ´$VtFRQGXFHODIHQRPHQRORJtDDODPRQDGRORJtDDQWLFLSDGDSRU/HLEQL]HQ JHQLDODSHUoXµ99(QHIHFWRSDUD+XVVHUO/HLEQL]SUHÀJXUDODFRQFHSFLyQGH la ,GHHQVFKDX\FRQVXWHRUtDGHODYLVUHSUDHVHQWDWLYDDQWLFLSDODQRFLyQGHLQWHQFLRQDOLGDG1003RUVXSDUWHHQ&DUWHVLDQLVFKH0HGLWDWLRQHQ+XVVHUOFRQFLEHDO ´HJRWRPDGRHQSOHQDFRQFUHFLyQµ101FRPRPyQDGD\DODLQWHUVXEMHWLYLGDG FRPR´FRPXQLGDGLQWHUPRQDGROyJLFDµ102/DSUHVHQFLDGHODPRQDGRORJtD OHLEQL]LDQDHQODVUHÁH[LRQHVKXVVHUOLDQDVVREUHODVXEMHWLYLGDG\ODLQWHUVXEMHWLYLGDG SXHGH YHUVH FRQÀUPDGD HQ ORV PDQXVFULWRV LQpGLWRV SXEOLFDGRV EDMRHOWtWXOR=XU3KlQRPHQRORJLHGHU,QWHUVXEMHNWLYLWlW103 (QORTXHFRQFLHUQHDODVXEMHWLYLGDGHQ+XVVHUO´ODPyQDGDFRPR¶FHQWUR GHIXHU]D·>.UDIW]HQWUXP@FRPRQ~FOHRGHXQconatusTXHODLPSXOVDVLHPSUHD QXHYDVVLWXDFLRQHVSHUFHSWLYDVWRPDORVUDVJRVGHXQVXMHWRLQWHQFLRQDOµ104 5HVSHFWRDODLQWHUVXEMHWLYLGDGHQORVHVFULWRVKXVVHUOLDQRVWDUGtRVVHDVLVWH (OWUDEDMRGH&ULVWLQQRHVHO~QLFRDQiOLVLVGHOYtQFXOR+XVVHUO/HLEQL](OPLVPR&ULVWLQ DOXGHDWUHVHVWXGLRVVREUHHOPLVPRWHPDUHDOL]DGRVHQODSULPHUDPLWDGGHOVLJOR;;D VDEHU´/HLEQL]·(LQÁXDXI GDV'HQNHQ+XVVHUOVµGH/+9DQ%UHGD´/HLEQL]XQGZLU´ GH$QGUp5RELQHW\´(LQHQHXH0RQDGRORJLHµGH'LHWULFK0DKQNHLEtG 97 ,EtG 98 (GPXQG +XVVHUO (UVWH 3KLORVRSKLH +XVVHUOLDQD 9,, 9,,, 'HQ +DDJ 0DUWLQXV 1LMKRII 99 ,EtG 100 &ULVWLQ´3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQG0RQDGRORJLH+XVVHUOXQG/HLEQL]µ 101 +XVVHUO&DUWHVLDQLVFKH0HGLWDWLRQHQ 102 ,EtG 103 &IU(GPXQG+XVVHUO=XU3KlQRPHQRORJLHGHU,QWHUVXEMHNWLYLWlW+XVVHUOLDQD;9,,,;9'HQ +DDJ0DUWLQXV1LMKRII 104 &ULVWLQ´3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQG0RQDGRORJLH+XVVHUOXQG/HLEQL]µ 96

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

La subjetividad humana como mónada

DXQDWUDQVLFLyQGHVGHODHJRORJtDKDFLDXQDPRQDGRORJtDWUDVFHQGHQWDO105 ,QVSLUDGRHQ/HLEQL]HO+XVVHUOWDUGtRFUHHTXHQRH[LVWHVRODPHQWHXQHJR WUDVFHQGHQWDOVLQRXQDSOXUDOLGDGGHFHQWURVFRQVWLWXWLYRVRPyQDGDV106 El YtQFXORHQWUHODVPLVPDVHVSHQVDGRFRQD\XGDGHXQFRQMXQWRGHHOHPHQWRV FRQFHSWXDOHVOHLEQL]LDQRVDVDEHUDUPRQtDHVSHMDPLHQWR>6SLHJHOXQJ@FRPSRVLELOLGDGFRQFRUGDQFLD'HVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGH+XVVHUOVLQHPEDUJROD DUPRQtDHQWUHODVPyQDGDVQRHVWiWHROyJLFDPHQWHSUHHVWDEOHFLGDVLQRTXH HV XQ ORJUR LQWHQFLRQDO ²SDUD GHFLUOR FRQ PiV SUHFLVLyQ HPSiWLFR² GH ORV PLVPRVVXMHWRVPRQiGLFRV107 3XHGHYHUVHFRQFODULGDGTXHHVWHPRGRGH OHFWXUDGHODPRQDGRORJtDHQHOFXDO´ODPHWDItVLFDGHODPyQDGDHVWUDQVIRUPDGDHQXQDIHQRPHQRORJtDGHODVYLYHQFLDVGHODFRQFLHQFLDµ108SUHÀJXUD GHFLHUWDPDQHUDODSHFXOLDUUHFHSFLyQVFKW]LDQDGH/HLEQL] Tres rasgos de la subjetividad qua mónada en Husserl

3DVDUp DKRUD D UDVWUHDU ODV ´DÀQLGDGHV HOHFWLYDVµ H[LVWHQWHVHQWUH OD UHFLpQH[SXHVWDFRQFHSFLyQOHLEQL]LDQDGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGquaPyQDGD\ODGHVFULSFLyQIHQRPHQROyJLFDKXVVHUOLDQDGHODVHVWUXFWXUDVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHOD FRQFLHQFLD7DOFRPRORKLFHFRQODREUDGH/HLEQL]LQWHQWDUp´OLPSLDUµORV DQiOLVLVGH+XVVHUOGHVXVFRQQRWDFLRQHVPHWDItVLFDVSDUDFRQFHQWUDUPHHQ ORTXHORVPLVPRVSXHGHQHQVHxDUDFHUFDGHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGKXPDQDFRQFUHWD$SR\iQGRPHHQ6FKW]VHJXLUpSDUDHOORHOVHxDODPLHQWRKXVVHUOLDQRDFHUFDGHOSDUDOHOLVPRH[LVWHQWHHQWUHIHQRPHQRORJtD WUDVFHQGHQWDO\SVLFRORJtDIHQRPHQROyJLFD D &DUiFWHUSULPRUGLDOPHQWHSHUFHSWLYR'HDFXHUGRD+XVVHUOHOUDVJRIXQGDPHQWDOGHODFRQFLHQFLDKXPDQDHVODLQWHQFLRQDOLGDG>,QWHQWLRQDOLWlW@HVWR HVVXFXDOLGDGGHHVWDUVLHPSUHGLULJLGDKDFLDODWUDVFHQGHQFLD'HVGHHVWD SRVLFLyQ OD YLGD SVtTXLFD HV HQWHQGLGD FRPR XQ SOH[R GH YLYHQFLDV HQWUH ODVTXHVHGHVWDFDQODVYLYHQFLDVLQWHQFLRQDOHV>LQWHQWLRQDOH(UOHEQLVVH@HVWDGRV SVtTXLFRVTXHSRVHHQODSHFXOLDULGDGGHVHU´FRQFLHQFLDGH>%HZXßtsein von@µ R´DSDULFLyQGH>(UVFKHLQXQJYRQ@µREMHWRVGHGLIHUHQWHVWLSRV109´3RUHOORVH HQFXHQWUD HQFHUUDGD HVWD UHODWLYLGDG HQ HO VHQWLGR GH ODV H[SUHVLRQHV SDUD

,EtG =DKDYL+XVVHUO·V3KHQRPHQRORJ\ 107 &ULVWLQ´3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQG0RQDGRORJLH+XVVHUOXQG/HLEQL]µ 108 ,EtG 109 +XVVHUO´(QF\FORSDHGLD%ULWDQQLFD$UWLNHOµ 105 106

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

25

26

Alexis Emanuel Gros

YLYHQFLDV SVtTXLFDV GH ODV OHQJXDV SRSXODUHV SHUFLELU DOJR UHFRUGDU DOJR SHQVDUHQDOJRHVSHUDUWHPHURGHVHDUDOJRGHFLGLUVHSRUDOJRHWFµ110 $SHVDUGHODDPSOLDFLyQGHOFDPSRGHODH[SHULHQFLDTXH+XVVHUOUHDOL]D HQDELHUWRHQIUHQWDPLHQWRFRQHOHPSLULVPRVHQVXDOLVWD111SXHGHDÀUPDUVH TXHHQVXSHQVDPLHQWRODSHUFHSFLyQH[WHUQDSRVHHXQDSUHHPLQHQFLDSRU VREUH ODV RWUDV IRUPDV GH H[SHULHQFLD /D PLVPD FRQVWLWX\H HQ HIHFWR OD IRUPDPDGUHGHODLQWHQFLRQDOLGDGHVWRHVODPDQHUDHQTXHORVREMHWRVVH EULQGDQGHOPRGRPiVRULJLQDULRHQFDUQH\KXHVR>OHLEKDIWLJ@HVWDQGRWRGRV ORV RWURV WLSRV GH DFWRV LQWHQFLRQDOHV IXQGDGRV GH GLIHUHQWHV PDQHUDV HQ HOOD112$VtSRUHMHPSORODVREMHWLYLGDGHVLGHDOHVVXUJHQSDUD+XVVHUOJUDFLDV DXQSURFHVRGHIRUPDOL]DFLyQ\DEVWUDFFLyQVREUHHOPDWHULDOEULQGDGRSRU ODSHUFHSFLyQH[WHUQD113(VWDSULPRUGLDOLGDGGHODSHUFHSFLyQFRPRPRGR HPLQHQWHGHODLQWHQFLRQDOLGDGUHWRPDGD SRU 0HUOHDX3RQW\ HQ VX3KpQR PpQRORJLHGHODSHUFHSWLRQ114FRQVWLWX\HVLQGXGDVXQSXQWRGHHQFXHQWURFRQ /HLEQL]/DDÀQLGDGVHYHDFHQWXDGDFXDQGRVHDGYLHUWHTXHHQ+XVVHUOOD LQWHQFLRQDOLGDGQRHVVLHPSUHXQDH[SHULHQFLDDWHQWDHQODTXHHOREMHWRVH GRQDFODUD\GLVWLQWDPHQWH$QWHVELHQFRPRORVHxDOD0HUOHDX3RQW\+XVVHUOKDEODWDPELpQGHXQDLQWHQFLRQDOLGDGRSHUDQWH>IXQJLHUHQGH,QWHQWLRQDOLWlW] TXHYLQFXODDOKRPEUHFRQHOPXQGRGHPDQHUDVLPLODUDODVSHWLWHVSHUFHSWLRQV OHLEQL]LDQDVHVWRHVGHPRGRQRREMHWLYDQWHSDVLYR\RVFXUR115&RPRVH VHxDOyDQWHULRUPHQWHHQ6FKW]WDPELpQSXHGHUDVWUHDUVHHVWDGXDOLGDGHQWUHDFWLYLGDG\SDVLYLGDGFRJQLWLYD E 3HUVSHFWLYLGDG'HPRGRVLPLODUD/HLEQL]+XVVHUOUHPDUFDHOFDUiFWHU HVHQFLDOPHQWHSHUVSHFWLYRGHODSHUFHSFLyQH[WHUQD(QHOGH,GHHQ,HO IXQGDGRUGHODIHQRPHQRORJtDVHxDODTXHODSHUFHSFLyQVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRU VXHVHQFLDOLQDGHFXDFLyQ>,QDGlTXDWKHLW@HVWRHVSRUHOKHFKRGHTXHMDPiV SXHGHEULQGDUQRVORVREMHWRVHQVXWRWDOLGDGVLQRVyORGHIRUPDXQLODWHUDO >HLQVHLWLJ@DWUDYpVGHHVFRU]RV>$EVFKDWWXQJHQ@116(QHIHFWRDXQTXHHQDFWLWXG QDWXUDOVHFUHH´YHUµORVREMHWRVHQVXFRPSOHWLWXGXQDQiOLVLVHVWULFWDPHQWH IHQRPHQROyJLFRGHODSHUFHSFLyQYLVXDODUURMDHOUHVXOWDGRGHTXHHQFDGD +XVVHUO´(QF\FORSDHGLD%ULWDQQLFD$UWLNHOµ &IU(GPXQG+XVVHUO,GHHQ]XUHLQHUUHLQHQ3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQGSKlQRPHQRORJLVFKHQ3KLORVRSKLH +DPEXUJ)HOL[0HLQHU 112 =DKDYL+XVVHUO·V3KHQRPHQRORJ\\VLJV 113 'DQ=DKDYL3KlQRPHQRORJLHIU(LQVWHLJHU3DGHUERUQ:LOKHOP)LQN =DKDYL+XVVHUO·V 3KHQRPHQRORJ\ 114 0DXULFH0HUOHDX3RQW\)HQRPHQRORJtDGHODSHUFHSFLyQ%DUFHORQD3ODQHWD 115 ,EtG 116 +XVVHUO,GHHQ]XUHLQHUUHLQHQ3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQGSKlQRPHQRORJLVFKHQ3KLORVRSKLH 110 111

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

La subjetividad humana como mónada

PRPHQWRGHODPLVPDVyORVHSXHGHLQWXLUUHDOPHQWHXQDGHODVFDUDVGH OD FRVD TXH ´YHPRVµ ¢&yPR HV SRVLEOH HQWRQFHV TXH ´YHDPRVµ REMHWRV FRPSOHWRVVLVyORVHSHUFLEHQUHDOPHQWHHVFRU]RVGHORVPLVPRV"+XVVHUO UHVSRQGHDHVWHLQWHUURJDQWHVHxDODQGRTXHFDGDIDVHGHODSHUFHSFLyQHVWi FDUJDGDGHXQH[FHGHQWHTXHYDPiVDOOiGHORHIHFWLYDPHQWHLQWXLGR6yOR YHR XQD FDUD GHO REMHWR SHUR OR ´FRPSOHWRµ D WUDYpV GH XQD DSHUFHSFLyQ >$SSHU]HSWLRQ@117 XQD RSHUDFLyQ SDVLYD \ DXWRPiWLFD GH OD FRQFLHQFLD HQ OD FXDOPHDSUHVHQWRHOUHVWRGHVXVHVFRU]RV118 7DPELpQFRPR/HLEQL]+XVVHUOFUHHTXHODSHUVSHFWLYLGDGGHODSHUFHSFLyQVHGHEHDOFDUiFWHUHQFDUQDGRGHOVXMHWRKXPDQRHVGHFLUDOKHFKRGH TXHHOPLVPRHVSRUWDGRUGHXQFXHUSRTXHORDQFODHQXQDSRVLFLyQGHÀQLGD GHOHVSDFLR'HDFXHUGRDOIXQGDGRUGHODIHQRPHQRORJtDHOFXHUSRSURSLR HVHOSXQWRFHURDEVROXWR>DEVROXWHU1XOOSXQNW@´HQWRUQRDOFXDOHOHVSDFLRHJR FpQWULFRVHGHVSOLHJDµ119(VWRLPSOLFDTXHHOPRGRGHDSDULFLyQGHORVREMHWRV ItVLFRVHVWiGHWHUPLQDGRHVHQFLDOPHQWHSRUVXSRVLFLyQUHVSHFWRDODFRUSRUDOLGDGVXEMHWLYDODFXDODFW~DFRPRXQDVXHUWHGH´DTXt¶LQGH[LFDO·µ120 esto HVFRPRXQ´DTXtµTXHVLUYHGHtQGLFHSDUDGHWHUPLQDUHOUHVWRGHODVFRRUGHQDGDVHVSDFLDOHV$KRUDELHQHVFODURTXHHOFXHUSRSURSLRVyORSRGUtD FXPSOLUHVWDIXQFLyQGHSXQWRGHUHIHUHQFLDGHODH[SHULHQFLDGHHQFRQWUDUVH presente en todoDFWRSHUFHSWLYR3DUD+XVVHUOHQHIHFWRWRGDSHUFHSFLyQ WHPiWLFDGHXQREMHWRYDDFRPSDxDGDGHXQDYLYHQFLDNLQHVWpVLFDHVWRHV XQDYLYHQFLDSUHUHÁH[LYD\QRWHPiWLFDGHODSRVLFLyQ\HOPRYLPLHQWRGHO FXHUSRSURSLR1215HVXOWDLQWHUHVDQWHVHxDODUTXHHVWRVGHVDUUROORVWHyULFRV KXVVHUOLDQRVDFHUFDGHODFRUSRUDOLGDGVXEMHWLYDVRQVHJXLGRVFDVLDOSLHGH ODOHWUDSRU6FKW]122 (V SRVLEOH GHFLU HQWRQFHV TXH DO LJXDO TXH /HLEQL] HO SDGUH GHO PRYLPLHQWRIHQRPHQROyJLFRFRQVLGHUDTXHFDGDPyQDGDSRVHHXQPXQGR SURSLR HO PXQGR FRQFHELGR GHVGH VX SURSLD SHUVSHFWLYD $KRUD ELHQ XQD YH] PiV HVWR QR VLJQLÀFD TXH ODV SHUVSHFWLYDV VXEMHWLYDV VHDQ DEVROXWDPHQWH &RPRSXHGHYHUVHHOFRQFHSWRGHDSHUFHSFLyQWLHQHSDUD+XVVHUOXQVLJQLÀFDGRGLIHUHQWH DOTXHSRVHHSDUD/HLEQL] 118 +XVVHUO&DUWHVLDQLVFKH0HGLWDWLRQHQ 119 =DKDYL 3KlQRPHQRORJLH IU (LQVWHLJHU FIU (GPXQG +XVVHUO ,GHHQ ]XU HLQHU UHLQHQ 3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQGSKlQRPHQRORJLVFKHQ3KLORVRSKLH=ZHLWHV%XFK3KlQRPHQRORJLVFKH8QWHUVXFKXQJHQ ]XU.RQVWLWXWLRQ'HQ+DDJ0DUWLQXV1LMKRII 120 =DKDYL3KlQRPHQRORJLHIU(LQVWHLJHU 121 ,EtG 122 &IU6FKW]´6FKHOHU·V7KHRU\RI ,QWHUVXEMHFWLYLW\DQG WKH*HQHUDO7KHVLVRI WKH$OWHU (JRµ 117

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

27

28

Alexis Emanuel Gros

LQFRQPHQVXUDEOHV H LQFRPSDWLEOHV HQWUH Vt FRPR VXFHGH HQ 1LHW]VFKH 3RU HO FRQWUDULR GH PRGR WDPELpQ DQiORJR D /HLEQL] +XVVHUO FUHH TXH GLFKDVSHUVSHFWLYDVQRVRQPiVTXHGLIHUHQWHVSXQWRVGHYLVWDGHXQ~QLFR PXQGR FLUFXQGDQWH >8PZHOW@ FRPSDUWLGR LQWHUVXEMHWLYDPHQWH123 (JR \ DOWHUHJR SHUFLEHQ HO PLVPR PXQGR SHUR OR KDFHQ GH PRGRV GLVtPLOHV GHELGRDTXHHVWiQSRVLFLRQDGRVHQVLWLRVGLIHUHQWHVGHOHVSDFLR´&DGDXQR WLHQHVXOXJDUGHVGHHOFXDOYHODVFRVDVH[LVWHQWHV\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDWLHQH GLIHUHQWHVDSDULFLRQHVGHODVFRVDV>'LQJHUVFKHLQXQJHQ@µ1246LQHPEDUJRGDGR TXHVHSUHVXSRQHTXHDPERVSRVHHQXQDHVWUXFWXUDGHFRQFLHQFLDVLPLODU VXVSHUVSHFWLYDVVRQSDVLEOHVGHVHULQWHUFDPELDGDV6LHJRHVWXYLHUDHQHO OXJDUGHDOWHUYHUtDHOPXQGRGHPRGRDQiORJRDpO\YLFHYHUVDVLHQGRHVWD LQWHUFDPELDELOLGDGODFRQGLFLyQGHSRVLELOLGDGGHODFRPSUHQVLyQGHORWUR \ OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ LQWHUVXEMHWLYD125 (Q HVWH VHQWLGR SXHGH DÀUPDUVH TXH +XVVHUOSDUWHFRPR/HLEQL]GHORTXH6FKW]GHQRPLQDOD´LGHDOL]DFLyQGH ODLQWHUFDPELDELOLGDGGHORVSXQWRVGHYLVWDµ126 F &HUUD]yQ(QVXSRSXODUWH[WR3KLORVRSKLHDOVVWUHQJH:LVVHQVFKDIWGH +XVVHUODÀUPD´>O@RSVtTXLFRVHUHSDUWHHQDQDORJtD\QRHQVHQWLGRPHWDItVLFR HQPyQDGDVTXHQRWLHQHQYHQWDQDVµ127&RQHVWHVHxDODPLHQWRHO SDGUHGHODIHQRPHQRORJtDVHVLW~DHQODYHUHGDRSXHVWDDHQIRTXHVWHyULFRV VXEVLGLDULRV GHO URPDQWLFLVPR \ HO LGHDOLVPR REMHWLYR TXH SRVWXODQ OD H[LVWHQFLDGHXQDFRQFLHQFLDVXSUDLQGLYLGXDOGHQWURGHODFXDOVHVXEVXPHQ \FRQIXQGHQODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVLQGLYLGXDOHV1283DUD+XVVHUOORSVtTXLFRQR VHHQFXHQWUDHQWRQFHVFRQFHQWUDGRHQXQDYLGDDQtPLFDRPQLFRPSUHQVLYD FRPROD9RONVVHHOHKHUGHULDQDVLQRPiVELHQUHSDUWLGRHQXQDPXOWLSOLFLGDG GHFRQFLHQFLDVPRQiGLFDVFHUUDGDV\FODUDPHQWHHVFLQGLGDVXQDVGHRWUDV (QHVWHVHQWLGRODPHWiIRUDGHOD)HQVWHUORVLJNHLWFXPSOHXQUROVLPLODUHQOD REUDGH+XVVHUODOTXHSRVHHHQODPRQDGRORJtDOHLEQL]LDQDDVDEHUSHUPLWH WUD]DUGHIRUPDSUHFLVDORVOtPLWHVGHOR´SURSLRµUHVSHFWRGHOR´DMHQRµ VDOYDQGRGHHVWHPRGRODLQGLYLGXDOLGDGGHVXDEVRUFLyQHQWRWDOLGDGHVPHWDItVLFDVKLSRVWDVLDGDV +XVVHUO,GHHQ]XUHLQHUUHLQHQ3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQGSKlQRPHQRORJLVFKHQ3KLORVRSKLH ,EtG 125 ,EtG 126 6FKW]´&RPPRQ6HQVHDQG6FLHQWLÀF,QWHUSUHWDWLRQRI +XPDQ$FWLRQµ 127 (GPXQG+XVVHUO3KLORVRSKLHDOVVWUHQJH:LVVHQVFKDIW+DPEXUJ)HOL[0HLQHU 128 'HEH VHxDODUVH VLQ HPEDUJR VLJXLHQGR D 6FKW] TXH HQ WH[WRV FRPR ,GHHQ ,, +XVVHUO KDEOD GH SHUVRQDOLGDGHV GH WLSR VXSHULRU >3HUVRQDOLWlWHQ K|KHUHU 2UGQXQJ@ KLSRVWDVLDQGR GH HVWD PDQHUD ODV IRUPDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV 6FKW] ´'DV 3UREOHP GHU WUDQV]HQGHQWDOHQ ,QWHUVXEMHNWLYLWlWEHL+XVVHUOµ 123 124

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

La subjetividad humana como mónada

/DPHWiIRUDGHODFDUHQFLDGHYHQWDQDVDOXGHWDPELpQHQ+XVVHUODOD DVLPHWUtDHVHQFLDOTXHH[LVWHHQWUHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHSRVHRGHPLVSURSLDV YLYHQFLDV\HOTXHSXHGRORJUDUGHODVDMHQDV'HPLSURSLDFRQFLHQFLDWHQJR XQDH[SHULHQFLDGLUHFWD\SULYLOHJLDGDPHGLDQWHODGHQRPLQDGDSHUFHSFLyQ LQWHUQD>LQQHUH:DKUQHKPXQJ@RUHÁH[LyQ>5HÁH[LRQ@ODFXDOPHGRQDPLVYLYHQFLDVGHIRUPDRULJLQDULD129(QFRQWUDVWHMDPiVSRGUpSHUFLELUGLUHFWDPHQWHORVHVWDGRVSVtTXLFRVGHOSUyMLPRFRPRpOORKDFHDPHQRVGHTXH SRVWXOHODH[LVWHQFLDGHODWHOHSDWtD3DUD+XVVHUOHO~QLFRPRGRGHFRQRFHU ORVHVWDGRVSVtTXLFRVGHODOWHUHJRHVODHPSDWtD>(LQIKOXQJ@XQDFWRFRJQLWLYRFXDVLSHUFHSWLYRTXHGRQDODVYLYHQFLDVDMHQDVSHURQRGHIRUPD RULJLQDULD VLQRDWUDYpVGHOmediumGHODFRUSRUDOLGDG130 &XULRVDPHQWHHQORVDxRVYHLQWH+XVVHUOLQYLHUWHVXDÀUPDFLyQGH (QXQPDQXVFULWRSHUWHQHFLHQWHD=XU3KlQRPHQRORJLHGHU,QWHUVXEMHNWLYLWlWVHxDOD ´>O@DV PyQDGDV WLHQHQ YHQWDQDV >'LH 0RQDGHQ KDEHQ )HQVWHU@ « /DV YHQWDQDVVRQODVHPSDWtDV>'LH)HQVWHUVLQGGLH(LQIKOXQJHQ@µ131(VWHYLUDMHQR LPSOLFDGHQLQJXQDPDQHUDXQDUHQXQFLDDODFRQYLFFLyQGHTXHODVPyQDGDVVRQHQWLGDGHVGLVFHUQLEOHVXQDVGHRWUDV$QWHVELHQGHEHHQWHQGHUVH FRPR SDUWH GHO HVIXHU]R GHO +XVVHUO WDUGtR SRU GDU FXHQWD GHO SUREOHPD GHODLQWHUVXEMHWLYLGDG(Q/HLEQL]ODVPyQDGDVVRQXQLGDGHVDLVODGDVKHUPpWLFDPHQWH FODXVXUDGDV TXH VyOR VH HQFXHQWUDQ YLQFXODGDV HQWUH Vt SRU ODDUPRQtDHVWDEOHFLGDDSULRULSRU'LRV3DUDHO+XVVHUOWDUGtRHQFDPELR ´ODVPyQDGDVVHDMXVWDQHQWUHVt>'LH0RQDGHQULFKWHQVLFKQDFKHLQDQGHU@µ132VH FRPXQLFDQ\FRQGLFLRQDQXQDVDRWUDVDWUDYpVGHODVYHQWDQDVGHODHPSDWtD ´(Q XQD PyQDGD VHUHÁHMDQ >RWUDV@ PyQDGDV SDUWLFXODUHV¶GLUHFWDPHQWH·D WUDYpVGH>OD@HPSDWtDµ133&RQFHELUODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQYtQFXORLQWHUPRQiGLFR GH FDUiFWHU HPSiWLFR QR VLJQLÀFD VLQ HPEDUJR DEDQGRQDU HO UHVSHWRSRU OD SDUWLFXODULGDG VXEMHWLYD 'HVGHXQD SRVLFLyQ IHQRPHQROyJLFD GH UDLJDPEUH KXVVHUOLDQD OD LQWHUVXEMHWLYLGDG HV VLHPSUH LQWHUVXEMHWLYLGDG HV GHFLU VH WUDWD GH XQ OD]R LQWHQFLRQDO HQWUH VXMHWRV LQGLYLGXDOHV PRQiGLFRV SHUIHFWDPHQWH GLVWLQJXLEOHV XQRV GH RWURV134 /DV UHÁH[LRQHV VFKW]LDQDV VREUHODLQWHUVXEMHWLYLGDG\ODFRPSUHQVLyQGHORWUR>)UHPGYHUVWHKHQ@GHEHQ ,EtG +XVVHUO,GHHQ]XUHLQHUUHLQHQ3KlQRPHQRORJLHXQGSKlQRPHQRORJLVFKHQ3KLORVRSKLH 131 (GPXQG+XVVHUO=XU3KlQRPHQRORJLHGHU,QWHUVXEMHNWLYLWlW=XU7H[WHDXVGHP1DFKODVV=ZHLWHU 7HLO+XVVHUOLDQD;,9'HQ+DDJ0DUWLQXV1LMKRII 132 (GPXQG +XVVHUO FLWDGR HQ &ULVWLQ ´3KlQRPHQRORJLH XQG 0RQDGRORJLH +XVVHUO XQG /HLEQL]µ 133 +XVVHUO=XU3KlQRPHQRORJLHGHU,QWHUVXEMHNWLYLWlW=XU 134 =DKDYL+XVVHUO·V3KHQRPHQRORJ\ 129 130

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

29

30

Alexis Emanuel Gros

VHU HQWHQGLGDV FRPR KHUHGHUDV GH HVWD FRQFHSFLyQ ´PRQDGROyJLFDµ135 del YtQFXORLQWHULQGLYLGXDO136 Conclusiones (VWHWUDEDMRVHSODQWHyFRPRREMHWLYRUDVWUHDUODV´DÀQLGDGHVHOHFWLYDVµ HQWUHODVFRQFHSFLRQHVOHLEQL]LDQD\KXVVHUOLDQDGHOVXMHWRKXPDQRquaPyQDGDGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDSVLFROyJLFRIHQRPHQROyJLFDVFKW]LDQDHVWRHV XQDSHUVSHFWLYDTXHLQWHQWDGHMDUDXQODGRODVFXHVWLRQHVPHWDItVLFDVSDUD FRQFHQWUDUVHHQORTXHDPERVDXWRUHVWLHQHQSDUDGHFLUDFHUFDGHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWR FRQFUHWR GH OD VXEMHWLYLGDG PXQGDQD &RPR VHxDOp HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HV IUXFWXRVD SDUD HO DYDQFH GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR HQ HO FDPSR GH OD IHQRPHQRORJtDVRFLDOHQGRVSODQRVHQXQRKLVWyULFRLQWHOHFWXDO\HQXQRWHyULFR /DLQGDJDFLyQUHDOL]DGDDUURMyHOVLJXLHQWHUHVXOWDGRVHORJUDURQREVHUYDU WUHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFRPXQHVHQODVFRQFHSFLRQHVKXVVHUOLDQD\OHLEQL]LDQD GHOVXMHWRKXPDQRquaPyQDGD²D FDUiFWHUSULPRUGLDOPHQWHSHUFHSWLYRE SHUV SHFWLYLGDGF FHUUD]yQ²SXGLpQGRVHFRQVWDWDUTXHHVWRVPLVPRVUDVJRVMXHJDQ XQUROIXQGDPHQWDOHQODVUHÁH[LRQHVVFKW]LDQDVDFHUFDGHODVHVWUXFWXUDV LQYDULDQWHVGHODFRQFLHQFLDKXPDQD'HEHVHxDODUVHVLQHPEDUJRTXHHVWRV WUHV FDUDFWHUHV GLVWDQ GH VHU ORV ~QLFRV TXH FRPSDUWHQ ODV WUHV SHUVSHFWLYDVWHyULFDVVREUHODVXEMHWLYLGDG8QDLQGDJDFLyQXOWHULRUHQHIHFWRSRGUtD PRVWUDUODH[LVWHQFLDGHPiVDÀQLGDGHVHQORTXHUHVSHFWDDORVSUREOHPDVGH ODWHPSRUDOLGDGLQWHUQDODUHÁH[LYLGDG\ODVKDELWXDOLGDGHV $OH[LV(PDQXHO*URV &21,&(78%$,,** ,QVWLWXWRGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV*LQR*HUPDQL (PDLODOH[LVJURV#DROGH 5HFLELGR $FHSWDGR

(EHUOH 6LQQNRQVWLWXWLRQ LP $OOWDJ XQG :LVVHQVFKDIW 'HU %HLWUDJ GHU 3KlQRPHQRORJLH DQ GLH 0HWKRGRORJLHGHU6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ 136 6FKW]'HUVLQQKDIWH$XIEDXGHUVR]LDOHQ:HOW\VV 135

Enfoques XXVI, 1 (Otoño 2014): 7-30

Lihat lebih banyak...

La subjetividad humana como mónada: Reflexiones desde la fenomenología social schütziana en torno a las “afinidades electivas” entre Leibniz y Husserl

Descripción

Comentarios