“La catástrofe de lo cotidiano, la catástrofe apocalíptica y la catástrofe redentora: sobre Walter Benjamin y la escritura de la memoria”, in: Políticas de la memoria, ed. Sandra Lorenzano y Ralph Buchenhorst, Buenos Aires: Gorla; México: Universidad del Claustro de Sor Juana, 2007. Pp. 277-94.

July 6, 2017 | Autor: Márcio Seligmann | Categoría: Walter Benjamin, Memory Studies, Memoria, Catastrophe Theory

Descripción

La catástrofe de lo cotidiano, la catástrofe apocalíptica y la catástrofe redentora: sobre Walter Benjamin y la escritura de la memoria MÁRCIO SELIGMANN-SILVA

*

i&TDSJCJSwMBIJTUPSJB SF DPOUBSMPTiIFDIPTw JOUFSQSFUBS FMNVOEPTPOUPEBTUBSFBTNVZDPOPDJEBTQBSBMPTRVF USBOTJUBOQPSMBTiDJFODJBTIVNBOBTw{i$ØNPwTFEBOFTPT USFTQBTPTFOSFBMJEBEJOEJTPDJBCMFT {$VÈMFTMBNPEB MJEBEEFEJDIBFTDSJUVSBEFMFTQBDJPZEFMUJFNQP $PNPTF TBCF UPEPFTUPQVFEFWBSJBSEFJOOVNFSBCMFTNBOFSBT&O VOBQSFTFOUBDJØOFTRVFNÈUJDBEFMBDVFTUJØO QPESÓBNPT QFOTBS BHSPTPNPEP FOVONPEFMPNJNÏUJDPFOFMTFO UJEPNÈTSFTUSJOHJEPEFFTUFUÏSNJOP DPNPJNJUBUJPEF MBFTDSJUVSBEFMBIJTUPSJBRVFTFPQPOESÓBBPUSP NBSDBEP OPQPSFMQBSBEJHNBEFMBiSFQSFTFOUBDJØOw TJOPQPSFMEF MBiQSFTFOUBDJØOwRVF QFOTBOEPFOUÏSNJOPTLBOUJBOPT FTFMÞOJDPBEFDVBEPQBSBMBTJEFBTFTUÏUJDBTZÏUJDBT &O FTUF UFYUP JOUFOUBSÏ SFnFYJPOBS TPCSF BMHVOPT BT QFDUPTEFMBDPODFQDJØOCFOKBNJOJBOBEFMBFTDSJUVSBEFM UJFNQPFTQBDJPRVFTFBSUJDVMØBQBSUJSEFVOBNPEBMJEBE FTDSJUVSBM%FFTUBNBOFSB UBNCJÏOFTUBSFNPTFOGPDBOEP PUSPBTQFDUP DFOUSBMQBSBNÓFMEFMBBDUVBMJEBEEFMQFO TBNJFOUPEF#FOKBNJO.FSFmFSPBTVUFPSÓBEFMBIJTUPSJB

361

RVF DPNPWFSFNPT FTTPCSFUPEPVOBUFPSÓBEFMBNFNPSJB&TFBTQFDUPEF MBPCSBEF#FOKBNJOIBTJEPEFHSBOJNQPSUBODJBFOMBTBDUVBMFTEJTDVTJPOFT FJOWFTUJHBDJPOFTBDFSDBEFMBMMBNBEBi-JUFSBUVSBEF5FTUJNPOJPwNFSFmF SPTPCSFUPEPBMBMJUFSBUVSBQSPEVDJEBBQBSUJSEFMB4IPÈ BMBTPCSBTEFBV UPSFTDPNP1SJNP-FWJ +FBO"NÏSZ "IBSPO"QQFMGFME 1BVM$FMBO +PSHF 4FNQSVO 3PCFSU"OUFMNF $IBSMPUUF%FMCPP/FMMZ4BDIT 5BNCJÏOFO FTFQVOUP#FOKBNJONPTUSØFTUBSBEFMBOUBEPQBSBTVÏQPDBDSFPRVFTFUSB UBEFMQFOTBEPSRVFOPTQVFEFEBSNFKPSFTJOTUSVNFOUPTQBSBMFFSEJDIPT UFYUPTEFUFTUJNPOJP4JFMBSUFZMBMJUFSBUVSBDPOUFNQPSÈOFPTUJFOFODPNP DFOUSPEFHSBWFEBEFMUSBCBKPDPOMBNFNPSJB PNFKPSEJDIPFMUSBCBKPEFMB NFNPSJB

MBMJUFSBUVSBEFUFTUJNPOJP BTVWF[ FTMBMJUFSBUVSBQBSFYDFMMFODF EFMBNFNPSJB1FSPOPEFTJNQMFSFNFNPSBDJØO EFiNFNPSJBMJTNPw"OUFT RVF OBEB FTB MJUFSBUVSB USBCBKB FO FM DBNQPNÈT EFOTPEF MBTJNVMUÈOFB OFDFTJEBEEFSFDPSEBSZEFMBJNQPTJCJMJEBEEFIBDFSMPQBSBFTUB DPNPZB UVWFPQPSUVOJEBEEFEJTDVUJSFOPUSPTUFYUPT OPIBZVOBNFSBPQPTJDJØO FOUSFNFNPSJBZPMWJEP#FOKBNJOFOMBQSJNFSBNJUBEEFMTJHMPZ KVOUPDPOPUSPTJOUFOUPTNÈTPNFOPTBJTMBEPTJOUFOUØSFWFSFMQSPZFDUP NPEFSOPJMVTUSBEP UÓQJDPEFMTJHMP9*9QFSPBMDVBMUSBOTDFOEJØ RVF SFEVDÓBMBSFMBDJØODPOFMQBTBEPBMSFHJTUSPEFMB)JTUPSJPHSBGÓB$PNP(B CSJFM.PU[LJOTF×BMØ MBIJTUPSJPHSBGÓBUSBEJDJPOBM UBMDPNPTFFYQSFTØEF NPEPNÈTDMBSPFOFM)JTUPSJDJTNPBMFNÈO QBSUFEFMQSFTVQVFTUPEFRVFMB IJTUPSJPHSBGÓBQVFEFTVCTVNJSMBFYQFSJFODJBQSJWBEBQFSTPOBMEFMQBTBEP FMJNJOBOEPBTÓMBNPEBMJEBEEFMUFTUJNPOJP QBSBMBNJTNB FMQBTBEPUJFOF RVFSFTUSJOHJSTFBMBDJFODJBEFMQBTBEP MBIJTUPSJPHSBGÓB

EFTDBSUBOEPEF FTFNPEPUBNCJÏOMBNFNPSJBDPMFDUJWB ZQBSB.BVSJDF)BMCXBDIT IBZ RVFSFDPSEBS MBNFNPSJBFTTJFNQSFDPMFDUJWB mOBMNFOUF QBSBFM)JTUP SJDJTNPMBDPOTDJFODJBUFNQPSBM ZBTFBEFMQBTBEP EFMQSFTFOUFPEFMGVUV SP UJFOFRVFTFSTJFNQSFIJTUØSJDB EFTDBSUBOEPBTÓMBNFNPSJBJOEJWJEVBM $POUSB FM )JTUPSJDJTNP RVF QBSB #FOKBNJO TØMP SFQSPEVDÓB MB BMJFOB DJØOFOUSFMBFYQFSJFODJBZFMJOEJWJEVPNPEFSOP#FOKBNJOSFBmSNØMB GVFS[BEFMUSBCBKPEFMBNFNPSJBRVF BMNJTNPUJFNQP EFTUSVZFMPTOFYPT FOMBNFEJEBFORVFUSBCBKBBQBSUJSEFVODPODFQUPGVFSUFEFQSFTFOUF Z SF JOTDSJCFFMQBTBEPFOFMQSFTFOUF&TBOVFWBiIJTUPSJPHSBGÓBCBTBEBFO

362

MBNFNPSJBwUFTUJNPOJBUBOUPMPTTVF×PTOPSFBMJ[BEPTZMBTQSPNFTBTOP DVNQMJEBT DPNPUBNCJÏOMBTJOTBUJTGBDDJPOFTEFMQSFTFOUF&TBSFFTDSJUVSB TFEBFOFTUSBUPTFOMVHBSEFMBMÓNQJEBMJOFBMJEBEEFMSFDPSSJEPBTDFO EFOUFEFMBIJTUPSJB EFi0DDJEFOUFw EFi(FJTUw UBMDPNPFSBEFTDSJQUBFO MBIJTUPSJPHSBGÓBUSBEJDJPOBM FODPOUSBNPTVOQBMJNQTFTUPBCJFSUPBJOm OJUBTSFMFDUVSBTZSFFTDSJUVSBT*OUFOUFNPTBIPSBBQSPYJNBSOPTNÈTB FTFNPEFMPCFOKBNJOJBOPEFMBUFNQPSBMJEBEZBTVOFDFTBSJPFJNQPTJCMF iSFHJTUSPw 8BMUFS#FOKBNJOGVFVOPEFMPTQFOTBEPSFTRVFNÈTZNFKPSSFnFYJP OØ TPCSF MB )JTUPSJB Z TV FTDSJUVSB 4JO FNCBSHP NF QSFHVOUP TJ TFSÓB DPSSFDUPBmSNBSRVFUFOÓBVOBi'JMPTPGÓBEFMB)JTUPSJBw'VF TJOEVEB VOQFOTBEPSZmMØTPGPEFMUJFNQP QFSPEFOPNJOBSTVUFPSÓBi'JMPTPGÓB EFMB)JTUPSJBwJNQMJDBSÓBWJODVMBSMPBMBUSBEJDJØO TPCSFUPEPBMFNBOB EF(FTDIJDIUTQIJMPTPQIJF 'JMPTPGÓBEFMB)JTUPSJB PTFB BMQFOTBNJFOUP EF)FSEFS ,BOUZ)FHFMQBSBNFODJPOBSUSFTEFMPTQSJODJQBMFTSFQSF TFOUBOUFTEFFTBUSBEJDJØO1FSP#FOKBNJOOVODBGVFiTØMPwVOiQFOTBEPS ZmMØTPGPEFMUJFNQPwUBNCJÏOFSBVOUFØSJDPEFMBTJNÈHFOFTZEFMB EJNFOTJØOFTQBDJBMEFMBTNJTNBT5JFNQPZFTQBDJPOPDPOTUJUVÓBOQBSB ÏMLBOUJBOBNFOUFTØMPMBNBUSJ[USBOTDFOEFOUBMEFOVFTUSPNPEPEF QFOTBSBTÓDPNPMB)JTUPSJBOPFSBFMEJTDVSSJSMJOFBMEFMUJFNQPSVNCP BMBTPDJFEBEiQFSGFDUBNFOUFSBDJPOBMw"OUFTRVFOBEB #FOKBNJOFTUBCB QSFPDVQBEPQPSFTUBCMFDFS P NFKPSEJDIP QPSSFWFMBSFMFMFNFOUPFTQB DJBMRVFFOWVFMWFZEFUJFOFFMUJFNQP4VSFnFYJØOTPCSFMB)JTUPSJBWBMP SJ[BTVJOUFSSVQDJØOQVOUVBMEFUFSNJOBEBFOVOBRVÓZBIPSBQSJWJMFHJB MBDJTVSBFOFMUJFNQPFMWFSTPWVFMUB MBEBO[BFO[JH[BHZOPMBQSPTB MJOFBM&MUJFNQPQBSBÏMOPFTWBDÓP TJOPEFOTP QPSPTPNBUFSJBM&OTVT NBOPTMBUFPSÓBEFMB)JTUPSJB BOUFTWJODVMBEBBMBDJFODJBEFMB)JTUPSJB QBTBBTFSVOBUFPSÓBEFMB.FNPSJBZBTVNFMPTDPOUPSOPTEFVOUSBCBKP NÈTDFSDBOPBMBSUFTBOBM FOFMDVBMFMi IJTUPSJBEPSwEFKBTVTIVFMMBTEJHJUB MFT&MUJFNQPEFKBTVNBSDBFOFMFTQBDJPFTUFMÞSJDP QFTBEPDPNPFOMBT FTDVMUVSBTZDVBESPTEFVO"OTFMO,JFGFS&OFTFTFOUJEPZBOPQPEFNPT IBCMBSEFNÓNFTJTFOTVTFOUJEPEFJNJUBUJP TJOPEFPUSBNPEBMJEBEEF NÓNFTJT RVF#FOKBNJOTVQPWBMPSBSDPNPQPDPTFMNVOEPEFMBTBmOJEB

363

EFTZTFNFKBO[BT RVFQBSBÏMDPOTUJUVÓBUBOUPMBiNBHJBwEFMMFOHVBKFDPNP GVOEBNFOUBCBMBSFMBDJØOEFDBEBBIPSBDPOVOEFUFSNJOBEPiBDPOUFDJEPw 7 -B)JTUPSJPHSBGÓBDPOFTBDPODFQDJØOEFUJFNQPEFKBEFTFSMBOB SSBDJØOEFVOBIJTUPSJBMMFOBEFBDPOUFDJNJFOUPTZTFEFTIBDFFOGSBHNFOUPT ZBTUJMMBT FTEFDJSFOSVJOBT3VJOBTSFQSFTFOUBOBRVÓKVTUBNFOUFMB TÓOUFTJTQBSBEJHNÈUJDBFOUSFUJFNQPZFTQBDJPMBSVJOBFTVOBJNBHFOUJFN QP-BWJTJØOCBSSPDBEFMBIJTUPSJBDPNPVOBBDVNVMBDJØOEFSVJOBT EFTDSJQUBUBOUPFOFMMJCSPTPCSFFMESBNBCBSSPDPBMFNÈO DPNPFOMBT UFTJTi4PCSFFM$PODFQUPEF)JTUPSJBwJOEJDBVOQSJNFSTFOUJEPEFMDPO DFQUPEFDBUÈTUSPGFRVFJNQSFHOBUPEBMBSFnFYJØOIJTUØSJDBEF#FOKBNJO 1SPQPOHPRVFOPTEFUFOHBNPTBRVÓFOFTUBDPODFQDJØOEFMB)JTUPSJBZ EFMPDPUJEJBOPDPNPDBUÈTUSPGFRVFDPOWJWFFOMBPCSBEFFTFmMØTPGPDPO VOBBNCJHVBDPODFQDJØOEFMBNJTNBDPNPSVQUVSBBCTPMVUBRVFFOTV QPMPOFHBUJWPJNQMJDBMBEFTUSVDDJØOZFMEFTNPSPOBNJFOUPEFMB)JTUPSJBZ FOFMQPTJUJWPMMFWBBTVSFEFODJØOJOUFHSBM 1. LA HISTORIA COMO CATÁSTROFE

-BUFPSÓBEFMBBMFHPSÓBRVF#FOKBNJOEFTBSSPMMBFOTVMJCSPTPCSFFMESBNB CBSSPDPBMFNÈOSFTBMUBFMQBQFMEFFTFUSPQPFOMBEFTUSVDDJØOEFMBiGBMTB BQBSJFODJBEFUPUBMJEBEw * &TBEFTUSVDDJØOFTDPSSFMBUJWBBMiDVMUPBMB SVJOBw * ZBMGSBHNFOUP $VBOEP DPO FM ESBNB CBSSPDP MB IJTUPSJB FOUSB BM FTDF OBSJP MPIBDFDPNPFTDSJVUVSB&OFMSPTUSPEFMBOBUVSBMF[BTFFODVFOUSB MBQBMBCSBiIJTUPSJBw FTDSJUBDPOMBTMFUSBTEFMPUSBOTJUPSJP-BmTJPOPNÓB BMFHØSJDBEFMBOBUVSBMF[BIJTUPSJB QVFTUBFOFTDFOBDPOFM5SBVFSTQJFM FTUÈ FGFDUJWBNFOUFQSFTFOUFDPNPSVJOB-PRVFBIÓFTFTDPNCSPT FMGSBH NFOUPNÈTTJHOJmDBUJWPFTUBFTMBNBUFSJBEFMBDSFBDJØOCBSSPDB *T 1BSBFMIPNCSFCBSSPDP QPESÓBNPTEFDJSVTBOEPVOBFYQSFTJØOFYUSF NB MBWJEBTFSFTVNFFOMBQSPEVDDJØOEFMDBEÈWFS/PTØMPFMNVOEPEFM UFBUSPCBSSPDPFTUÈEPNJOBEPQPSMBUSJTUFmHVSBBNCJHVBEFMTPCFSBOPRVF iBHBSSBFOTVTNBOPTFMBDPOUFDJNJFOUPIJTUØSJDPw&OSFBMJEBE FOFMTJHMP

364

97**FMFTDFOBSJPUBNCJÏOQFOFUSBMB)JTUPSJBZVOPEFMPTNPEPTEF QFSDJCJSFTFGFOØNFOPDPOTJTUFFOPCTFSWBSFMOVFWPDPODFQUPEFTPCFSB OÓBEFFTBÏQPDB&MQPEFSRVFMBTUFPSÓBTQPMÓUJDBTMFBUSJCVÓBOFOBRVFM FOUPODFTBMQSÓODJQFFSBGSVUPEJSFDUPEFMQFOTBNJFOUPEFMB$POUSB3F GPSNB"M1SÓODJQFTFMFIBCÓBOEBEPQPEFSFTBCTPMVUPTQVFTTVTJOHVMBS mHVSBFSBMBSFTQVFTUBBMBWJTJØOEFMB)JTUPSJBDPNP"VTOBINF[VTUBOE &TUBEPEF&YDFQDJØO * i2VJFOSFJOBZBFTUÈEFTEFFMQSJODJQJPEFT UJOBEPBFKFSDFSQPEFSFTEJDUBUPSJBMFT FOVOFTUBEPEFFYDFQDJØO DVBOEP FTUFFTQSPWPDBEPQPSHVFSSBT SFWVFMUBTVPUSBTDBUÈTUSPGFTw&MIPNCSF CBSSPDPiFTUÈPCDFDBEPQPSMBJEFBEFDBUÈTUSPGF DPNPBOUÓUFTJTBMJEFBM IJTUØSJDPEFMB3FTUBVSBDJØO&TTPCSFFTUBBOUÓUFTJTRVFTFDPOTUSVZFMB UFPSÓB EFM FTUBEP EF FYDFQDJØO 4J FM IPNCSF SFMJHJPTP EFM #BSSPDP BEIJFSF UBOUP BM NVOEP FT QPSRVF TF TJFOUF BSSBTUSBEP DPO FTUF IBDJB FMUPSSFOUF&M#BSSPDPOPDPOPDFOJOHVOBFTDBUPMPHÓBMPRVFFYJTUF EF QPSTÓ FTVOBEJOÈNJDBRVFKVOUBZFYBMUBUPEBTMBTDPTBTUFSSFOBT BOUFT EF RVF TFBO FOUSFHBEBT B MB DPOTVNBDJØOw * &TB EJOÈNJDB FT MB RVFFTUÈFOMBCBTFEFMBBMFHPSÓBCBSSPDBDPNPFKFSDJDJPEFSFTJHOJmDJØO JOmOJUBEFVONVOEPTJHOJmDBOUFEFTFODBOUBEPEFDVBMRVJFSTFOUJEPEF UPUBMJEBE&MIPNCSFRVFTJFOUFRVFQSPOUPDBFSÈFOFMBCJTNPTFBHBSSB BMBUJFSSBDPNPVOÞMUJNPHFTUPEFTBMWBDJØO4VTHBSSBT(SJĊFTPO MPTDPODFQUPT#FHSJĊF -BBMFHPSÓBFOFMTJHMP9*9 PNFKPSEJDIP MBBMFHPSÓBCBVEFMBJSFBOB BM OPTFSFTUBGPSNBEFOJOHÞONPEPMBQSFEPNJOBOUFFOFMTJHMP OBDFEFM TFOUJNJFOUPEFUSBOTJUPSJFEBERVFTFSBEJDBMJ[BDPOFMBEWFOJNJFOUPEFMB DJVEBENPEFSOB-BMFZEFMBDJVEBEMBMFZEF)BVTNBOO FMJOUFOEFOUF EF1BSÓTRVFRVJTPSFEJTF×BSMBmTPOPNÓBEFTVDJVEBEFTMBEFMBDPOT UBOUFEFTUSVDDJØOZDPOTUSVDDJØO&MGPUØHSBGP&VHÒOF"UHFUDVZBTGP UPHSBGÓBTEF1BSÓT FOMBTDVBMFTMBDJVEBETVSHFEFTIBCJUBEB FODBOUBSPO OPTØMPBMPTTVSSFBMJTUBT TJOPUBNCJÏOBMQSPQJP#FOKBNJOEPDVNFOUB ZUFTUJNPOJBDPOTViGPUPHSBGÓBQVSBwVOBDJVEBERVFTFUSBOTGPSNØFOMB SVJOBEFTÓNJTNBFOMPTUFYUPTRVFBDPNQB×BOMBJNQSFTJØOEFTVTGP UPTBOPUBCBiWBEJTQBSBÔUSFw1BSB#FOKBNJOiFMJOUFSÏTPSJHJOBSJPQPSMB BMFHPSÓB OP FT MFOHVBM TJOP ØQUJDPA-FT JNBHFT NB HSBOEF

365

NBQSJNJUJWFQBTTJPOw *

BmSNBCB#BVEFMBJSF&OFMQPFNBi-FHPßU EVOÏBOUwDPOTUBUØNFMBODØMJDBNFOUFRVFi-F1SJOUFNQTBEPSBCMFBQFSEV TPO PEFVSw * &M DVMUP CBVEFMBJSFBOP B MBT JNÈHFOFT FT KVTUBNFOUF MB SFTQVFTUB B MB DPOTUBOUF QÏSEJEB JSSFQBSBCMFi"RVFMMP RVF TF TBCF RVF QSPOUPOPTFUFOESÈGSFOUFBTÓ TFWVFMWFJNBHFOw BmSNØ#FOKBNJOFOi-B 1BSÓTEFMTFHVOEP*NQFSJPFO#BVEFMBJSFw i%BT1BSÓTEFT4FDPOE&NQJSF CFJ#BVEFMBJSFw EF&TUFTFOUJNJFOUPEFMPFGÓNFSPEFMNVOEPHFOF SBMBNFMBODPMÓB FMATQMFFO RVF#FOKBNJOEFmOFDPNPiFMTFOUJNJFOUPRVF DPSSFTQPOEFBMBDBUÈTUSPGFFOQFSNBOFODJBw 7 "ÞONÈT UBNCJÏO BmSNBRVFi-BFYQFSJFODJBEFMBBMFHPSÓB RVFMBEFUJFOFFOMPTFTDPNCSPT FT QSPQJBNFOUF MB EF MP FGÓNFSP FUFSOPw 7 &O MVHBS EFMTFOUJNJFOUPEFDPOUJOVJEBEEFMUJFNQP TFUJFOFMBTFOTBDJØOEFBIPHP FOMBBWBMBODIBEFTFHVOEPTiMPTNJOVUPTDVCSFOBMIPNCSFDPNPDPQPT EFOJFWFw BmSNBÏM:DPOUJOÞBi&TFUJFNQPFTTJOIJTUPSJBw&TDPNPTJ FM JOEJWJEVP NPEFSOP IVCJFTF QFSEJEP FM USFO EF MB )JTUPSJB TF IVCJFTF RVFEBEPFOMBFTUBDJØO QBSBMJ[BEPi{1BSBRVÏIBCMBSMFEFQSPHSFTPTF QSFHVOUB#FOKBNJOBVONVOEPRVFTFIVOEFFOMBSJHJEF[DBEBWÏSJDB )BZRVFGVOEBSFMDPODFQUPEFQSPHSFTPFOMBJEFBEFMBDBUÈTUSPGF2VF UPEPADPOUJOÞFBTÓ FTPFTMBDBUÈTUSPGF&TUBOPFTMPTJFNQSFJONJOFOUF TJOP MPTJFNQSFEBEPw 7 *T &MIJTUPSJBEPSBMFHPSJTUBCFOKBNJOJBOP FTBRVFMRVFTFEJSJHFIBDJBMBTSVJOBTEFMBIJTUPSJBDBUÈTUSPGFQBSBSFDP HFSTVTFTDPNCSPT'SFOUFBFTBWJTJØOEFMBIJTUPSJB ZBOPIBZMVHBSQBSB MBIJTUPSJPHSBGÓBUSBEJDJPOBMSFQSFTFOUBDJPOJTUBRVFQSFTVQPOÓBUBOUP VOBiEJTUBODJBwFOUSFFMIJTUPSJBEPSZTViPCKFUPw DPNPUBNCJÏOMBmHVSBDP SSFMBUJWBEFMIJTUPSJBEPSDPNPBMHVJFOQSFTFOUFBTÓNJTNPZRVFBTFHVSBCB DPOmSNF[BZDPNQFUFODJBMBTSFEFTEFTVTBCFS &TFTFODJBMSFUFOFSFOMBUFPSÓBEFMBBMFHPSÓBEF#FOKBNJOFTBDPOnVFODJB FOUSFMBUSBOTGPSNBDJØO QPSVOMBEP EFMPSFBMSVJOB FTEFDJSEFMB)JT UPSJB FOVOBFTDSJUVSBDPOJNÈHFOFT KFSPHMÓmDB TVNBEFJNBHFOZMPHPT

RVFQVFEFTFSJOmOJUBNFOUFSFJOTDSJQUB QFSPOVODBEFmOJUJWBNFOUFUSBEV DJEBZ QPSPUSP MBWJTJØOEFMNVOEPEPNJOBEPQPSVO"VTOBINF[VTUBOE &TUBEPEF&YDFQDJØO RVF#FOKBNJO IBZRVFSFDPSEBS UFPSJ[ØJOTQJSBEP FOPUSPQFOTBEPS BTBCFS $BSM4DINJUU &TBDPODFQDJØOEFVOBFTDSJUVSB

366

JNBHÏUJDBKFSPHMÓmDB OPQPSBDBTP TFFODVFOUSBFOFMDFOUSPEFMBDPODFQ DJØOGSFVEJBOBEFOVFTUSPBQBSBUPQTÓRVJDP DGTPCSFUPEPMBÞMUJNBQBSUF EFTVPCSB%JF5SBVNEFVUVOHZFMQFRVF×PUFYUPEFi /PUJ[àCFS EFOA8VOEFSCMPDLw &O#FOKBNJOMB)JTUPSJPHSBGÓBHBOBFMDBSÈDUFSEF VOiBQBSBUPwNVZTFNFKBOUFBOVFTUSPiBQBSBUPQTÓRVJDPwFMiQBTBEPwTFMFF DPNPVOBFTDSJUVSBRVFTØMPTFEFKBQFSDJCJSFOVOEFUFSNJOBEPiBIPSBw -BDPODFQDJØOEF"VTOBINF[VTUBOEFTDFOUSBMQBSBOPTPUSPT QVFTOPT QFSNJUFBOBMJ[BSMBMJUFSBUVSBEFMPT$BNQPTEF$PODFOUSBDJØOPMPFTDSJ UPBQBSUJSEFFTPRVFGVFVOBNBOJGFTUBDJØONÈYJNBEFMBTVTQFOTJØOEF MPTEFSFDIPT FM5FSDFS3FJDIBMFNÈO&OFMTJHMP99 EFBMHVOBNBOFSB jOVFTUSPxTJHMPBTÓDPNPFMEF#FOKBNJO VOBMJUFSBUVSBRVFQPEFNPTEF OPNJOBSjMJUFSBUVSBEFMUSBVNBxUBNCJÏOTFFTDSJCJØZTFFTDSJCFBQBSUJS EFPUSBTDBUÈTUSPGFT DPNPMBTRVFUVWJFSPOMVHBSFO-BUJOPBNÏSJDB FO «GSJDB FOMPTQBÓTFTEFMBFY:VHPTMBWJBZFOUBOUPTPUSPTMVHBSFT 'SFVE FOFGFDUP FTVOBSFGFSFODJBDFOUSBMFOMBWJTJØOCFOKBNJOJBOB EFMBIJTUPSJPHSBGÓBDPNPVOBHSBGÓBEFMBNFNPSJB#BTBEPFOFMFOTBZP i4PCSFBMHVOPTUFNBTFO#BVEFMBJSFw OVFTUSPBVUPSEFTBSSPMMØVOB DPODFQDJØOEFMUJFNQPEFMQSFTFOUFDPNPUJFNQPEFTIPDL&OMBNPEFS OJEBE MPRVFBOUFTFSBFYDFQDJØOFMTIPDLBIPSBFTSFHMB1BSUJFOEP EFVOBMFDUVSBEFMUFYUPEF'SFVE i+FOTFJUTEFT-VTUQSJODJQTw #FOKBNJO EFTUBDB MB JODPNQBUJCJMJEBE FO OVFTUSB FDPOPNÓB QTÓRVJDB FOUSFFMTJTUFNBQFSDFQDJØODPOTDJFODJBZMBNFNPSJB$JUBOEPB'SFVE BmSNB RVFiAFM DPOTDJFOUF TVSHF FO FM MVHBS EF VOB JNQSFTJØO NOFNØ OJDBw/PDBCFBRVÓSFUPNBSMBUFPSÓBGSFVEJBOBEFMUSBVNB BVORVFTÓ DPOWJFOFOPUBSDØNP#FOKBNJOUSBEVDFFOUÏSNJOPTQSPVTUJBOPTMBFDVB DJØORVFTFEFSJWBEFFMMBi4ØMPQVFEFWPMWFSTFDPNQPOFOUFEFMBNÏNPJSF JOWPMPOUBJSFwBmSNØiBRVFMMPRVFOPGVFFYQSFTBZDPOTDJFOUFNFOUF AWJWFODJBEP BRVFMMPRVFOPMFTVDFEJØBMTVKFUPDPNPAWJWFODJBw &SMFCOJT UÏSNJOP RVF PQPOF B&SGBISVOH FYQFSJFODJB &M NVOEP NPEFSOP TFSÓB FMNVOEPEFMPTTIPDLTZTVTIBCJUBOUFTFTUBSÓBOUPUBMNFOUFFOHVBSEJB QBSB BUBKBSMPT Z EF FTF NPEP JNQFEJS FM EFTUSP[P EFM:P &TB WJHJMJB BUFOUBUBNCJÏOJNQJEF QBSB#FOKBNJO MBDPOTUSVDDJØOEFMBBVUÏOUJDB FYQFSJFODJB FOMBDVBMiFOUSBOFODPOKVODJØO FOMBNFNPSJB DJFSUPT

367

DPOUFOJEPTEFMQBTBEPJOEJWJEVBMZEFMQBTBEPDPMFDUJWPw²MEFUFDUBMB WJWFODJBEFMTIPDLUBOUPFOFMUSBOTFÞOUFEFMBNVMUJUVE DPNPFOMBT GJHVSBTOBSSBEBTQPS1PFFOi&MIPNCSFEFMBNVMUJUVEw

DPNPFOMBWJ WFODJBEFMPCSFSPGSFOUFBMBNÈRVJOB PMBEFMQFBUØOFONFEJPEFMUSÈO TJUP%FBRVÓTFEFTQSFOEFQPSRVÏQBSBÏMi-BDBUÈTUSPGFDPNPFMDPOUJOVVOEFMBIJTUPSJBw *

PEFVOBNBOFSBNÈT TFDBi-BDBUÈTUSPGFFTFMQSPHSFTP FMQSPHSFTPFTMBDBUÈTUSPGFw * 4JEBVOBiEFGJOJDJØOEFMQSFTFOUFDPNPDBUÈTUSPGFw * FTQPSRVF KVTUBNFOUF i&MJEFBMEFMBWJWFODJBEFMTIPDLFTMBDBUÈTUSPGFw * 2. LA CATÁSTROFE DESTRUCTORA Y LA REDENTORA

#FOKBNJOUFOÓBVOBDPODFQDJØOEFMUJFNQPIJTUØSJDPRVFOPQVFEFTFS TFQBSBEBEFTVDPODFQDJØOEFMBFTDSJUVSBEFMBIJTUPSJB&MNPNFOUPEF FTBFTDSJUVSBFTUÈNBSDBEPQPSMBDBUÈTUSPGF"TÓ FOTVTi$PNFOUBSJPT BMPTQPFNBTEF#SFDIUw

BMEJTDVUJSFMDPNFOUBSJPDPNPGPSNB BGJSNBi -PRVFQVFEFBOJNBSOPTBTFNFKBOUFJOUFOUPFTVOBDPNQSPCB DJØOEFMBRVFUBNCJÏOQPEFNPTTBDBSIPZÈOJNPQBSBEFTFTQFSBSOPT RVFFMEÓBRVFFTUÈQPSWFOJSUSBJHBDPOTJHPEFTUSVDDJPOFTEFUBMBMDBODF RVFOPTWFBNPTTFQBSBEPTDPNPQPSTJHMPTEFMBTQSPEVDDJPOFTZUFYUPT EFBZFSw ** 6OBDBUÈTUSPGFTJOQSFDFEFOUFTTFSÓBSFTQPOTBCMFQPS UBMDPSUFFOMB)JTUPSJB&OUSFOPTPUSPTZ#FOKBNJOQPEFNPTMPDBMJ[BS BIPSBDMBSBNFOUFVOBBOJRVJMBDJØOTJOMÓNJUFT4JQBSBOVFTUSPBVUPS FM QSFTFOUF FSB TJFNQSF VOiQSFTFOUF DBUBTUSØGJDPw Z BEFNÈT VOB DBUÈTUSPGFDVBMJUBUJWBNFOUFNVZEJWFSTB NVDIPNÈTJOUFOTBZEFWBTUB EPSB BGFDUBSÓBFOCSFWFFMDVSTPEFMB)JTUPSJB FTFDPSUFTFDPODSFUJ[Ø FOMB4FHVOEB(VFSSB.VOEJBMNÈTFTQFDÓGJDBNFOUFFOMB4IPÈ4Ji&M JEFBM EF MB WJWFODJB EFM TIPDL FT MB DBUÈTUSPGFw FTF JEFBM GVF BMDBO[BEP DPOUBMBDPOUFDJNJFOUPEFVOBNBOFSBJOJNBHJOBCMF4J#FOKBNJODPNP MFDUPSEFM#BSSPDPZEFMB.PEFSOJEBEZBOPQPEÓBQFOTBSMBIJTUPSJB DPNPSFQSFTFOUBDJØO BIPSBDPONÈTSB[ØOOPTEFQBSBNPTDPOVOBWJ TJØOEFMBIJTUPSJBDPNPSVJOBZBOJRVJMBDJØORVFFYJHFZTFSFTJTUFBTV SF FTDSJUVSB

368

1FSP FM DPODFQUP EF TIPDLDBUÈTUSPGF FO 8BMUFS #FOKBNJO DPNP NVDIPT EF TVT DPODFQUPT UJFOF VOB EPCMF GB[ 4ØMP QPEFNPT IBDFS KVTUJDJBBMJODPONFOTVSBCMFUSBCBKPEFFTUFBVUPS RVFTBMWØFMTJHMP9*9 ZCVFOBQBSUFEFMBUSBEJDJØODSÓUJDBZQPÏUJDBNÈTBMMÈEFMBDBUÈTUSPGFEF MPTB×PTZEFMB4FHVOEB(VFSSB TJUFOFNPTFODVFOUBFTBUFOTJØO RVFNBSDØDBEBVOPEFTVTUFYUPT UPEBTTVTGSBTFTZDBTJUPEBTTVTQB MBCSBT4VMFOHVBKFUFTUJNPOJBFTFQBTBKFQPSFMBDPOUFDJNJFOUPUBMDPNP 1BVM$FMBOMPEFTDSJCJØi"MDBO[BCMF DFSDBOPZOPQFSEJEPQFSNBOFDJØ FONFEJPEFMBTQÏSEJEBTTØMPFTUPMBMFOHVB&MMB MBMFOHVB QFSNBOFDJØ OPQFSEJEB TÓ BQFTBSEFUPEP1FSPUVWPRVFBUSBWFTBSTVTQSPQJBTBV TFODJBTEFSFTQVFTUB BUSBWFTBSVOFONVEFDJNJFOUP BUSBWFTBSMPTNJMMBSFT EFUFSSPSFTZFMEJTDVSTPRVFUSBFMBNVFSUF"USBWFTØZOPMFEJPOJOHVOB QBMBCSBBMPRVFBDPOUFDJØQFSPBUSBWFTØMPBDPOUFDJEP"USBWFTØZQVEP OVFWBNFOUFTBMJS AFOSJRVFDJEBQPSUPEPBRVFMMPw1BSB$FMBOMBEFTUSVD DJØOFTDBUBTUSØmDBQFSPUBNCJÏOFYJTUFFMiPUSPMBEPwEFMBDPOUFDJNJFOUP 5BNCJÏOQBSB#FOKBNJOMBMFOHVBFTBMNJTNPUJFNQPBCJTNBMOBDJEB EFVOBGBMUBZTPCSFWJWJFOUFEFMBDBUÈTUSPGF-BMFOHVBFTTPCSFWJWJFO UFEFMBDBUÈTUSPGFZFTMBÞOJDBRVFQPSUBUBOUPMPBDPOUFDJEP DPNPMB QPTJCJMJEBEEFUSBFSMPBOVFTUSPBIPSB&TBBDUVBMJ[BDJØOFTFOTÓNJTNB WJPMFOUBi-BJOUFSWFODJØOTFHVSB BQBSFOUFNFOUFCSVUBMQFSUF OFDFBMBJNBHFOEFMBATBMWBDJØOw * &TBTBMWBDJØOFTFMDPSUFFOFM DPOUJOVVOEFMB)JTUPSJBRVFFTWJTUPDPNPDPOUJOVJEBEEFMBPQSFTJØO * i .BSYBmSNBRVFMBTSFWPMVDJPOFTTPOMBTMPDPNPUPSBTEFMBIJTUP SJBEFMNVOEP1FSPUBMWF[FTUPTFBUPUBMNFOUFEJTUJOUP5BMWF[MBTSFWP MVDJPOFTTFBOFMGSFOPEFMBFNFSHFODJBEFMBIVNBOJEBERVFWJBKBFOFTF USFOw * "FTBJOUFSSVQDJØOEFMB)JTUPSJBDPSSFTQPOEFFMHFTUP EFM)JTUPSJBEPSBMFHPSJTUBRVFUBNCJÏODPOHFMBFMQBTBEPFOJNÈHFOFT&M GBNPTPDPODFQUPCFOKBNJOJBOPEFJNBHFOEJBMÏDUJDBFTFMSFTVMUBEPEFFTB DPODFQDJØOEFMBIJTUPSJPHSBGÓBDPNPEFTUSVDDJØOEFMBiGBMTBBQBSJFODJB EFUPUBMJEBEwi1FSUFOFDFOBMQFOTBNJFOUPUBOUPMBQBSBMJ[BDJØODPNPFMNPWJNJFOUPEFMPTQFOTBNJFOUPT%POEFFMQFOTBNJFOUP TFQBSBMJ[BFOVOBDPOTUFMBDJØODBSHBEBEFUFOTJPOFT BIÓBQBSFDFMBJNB HFOEJBMÏDUJDB&TMBDJTVSBFOFMNPWJNJFOUPEFMQFOTBNJFOUP/BUVSBMNFOUFTVMVHBSOPFTBSCJUSBSJP)BZ RVFCVTDBSMB FOVOBQBMBCSB EPOEFMBUFOTJØOFOUSFMPTPQVFTUPTEJBMÏDUJ DPTTFFODVFOUSFFOTVQVOUPNÈYJNP"TÓ MBJNBHFOEJBMÏDUJDBFTFMQSPQJP PCKFUPDPOTUSVJEPFOMBFYQPTJDJØOIJTUØSJDBNBUFSJBMJTUB&TJEÏOUJDBBMPC KFUPIJTUØSJDPKVTUJmDBTVBSSBODBSIBDJBBGVFSBEFMDPOUJOVVOEFMUSBZFDUP EFMBIJTUPSJBw 7 "TÓDPNPQBSBFMBMFHPSJTUBFMNVOEPEFTWFODJKBEP EFUPEPTJHOJmDBEPPOUPMØHJDBNFOUFEFUFSNJOBEPTFUSBOTGPSNBCBFOVO DPOKVOUPEFJNÈHFOFTBMBTRVFIBCÓBRVFSFJOWFTUJSEFTFOUJEP EFMNJTNP NPEPFM)JTUPSJBEPSDPMFDDJPOBEPSWFMB)JTUPSJBEFTNPSPOBSTFFOJNÈ HFOFTDBSHBEBTEFUFOTJPOFTÏMMBTEFTQJFSUBBQBSUJSEFTVBIPSB 7 "EFNÈT #FOKBNJOUBNCJÏOEFmOFMBTJNÈHFOFTEJBMÏDUJDBTDPNPiMBNF NPSJBJOWPMVOUBSJBEFMBIVNBOJEBESFEJNJEBw * 0TFB FMBIPSBRVF FTUÈFOMBCBTFEFMDPOPDJNJFOUPEFMB)JTUPSJBFTUSVDUVSB QBSB#FOKBNJO FMSFDPOPDJNJFOUPEFVOBJNBHFOEFMQBTBEPRVF FOWFSEBE FTVOBiJNB HFOEFMBNFNPSJB&MMBTFFNQBSFOUBBmSNBÏMDPOMBTJNÈHFOFTEFM QSPQJPQBTBEPRVFTVSHFOGSFOUFBMBTQFSTPOBTFOFMNPNFOUPEFQFMJHSPw * &O MVHBS EF MB CÞTRVFEB EF MB SFQSFTFOUBDJØO NJNÏUJDB EFM QBTBEPiUBMDPNPGVFw DPNPMBTQPTUVSBTUSBEJDJPOBMFTIJTUPSJDJTUBTZQPTJ UJWJTUBT FOVOBQBMBCSBSFQSFTFOUBDJPOJTUBT EFMB)JTUPSJBMPQPTUVMBCBO #FOKBNJORVJFSFBSUJDVMBSFMQBTBEPIJTUØSJDBNFOUFBQSPQJÈOEPTFiEFVOB SFNJOJTDFODJBw&M)JTUPSJBEPSUJFOFRVFUFOFSQSFTFODJBEFFTQÓSJUV (FJT UFTHFHFOXBSU QBSBBTJSEJDIBTJNÈHFOFTFOMPTNPNFOUPTFORVFTFPGSFDFO BTÓQVFEFTBMWBSMBT QBSBMJ[ÈOEPMBT * &TBIJTUPSJBDPOTUSVJEBTPCSF MBCBTFEFMBNFNPSJBJOWPMVOUBSJBEFTQSFDJBZMJRVJEBFMiNPNFOUPÏQJDP EFMBFYQPTJDJØOEFMBIJTUPSJBw PTFB TVSFQSFTFOUBDJØOTFHÞOVOBOBSSBDJØO PSEFOBEB NPOPMØHJDBNFOUFi-B NFNPSJB JOWPMVOUBSJB OP PGSFDF VO USBZFDUP TJOPVOBJNBHFO %FBIÓFMAEFTPSEFODPNPFMFTQBDJPJNBHÏUJDP EFMBNFNPSJBJOWPMVOUBSJB w * &TBJNBHFOFTMFÓEBQPSFM)JTUP SJBEPSZ QPSMPUBOUP FTVOBJNBHFOKFSPHMÓmDB VOBFTDSJUVSBi-FFSMPRVF OVODBGVFFTDSJUPw *

FTBTQBMBCSBTEFMQPFUB)PGNBOOTUIBMDJUBEBT QPS#FOKBNJOQPESÓBONVZCJFOmHVSBSDPNPFQÓHSBGFFOTVPCSBTIPDL "FTBMFDUVSBRVFTFHVÓBQPSFMSJUNPDBØUJDPEFMBNFNPSJBJOWPMVOUBSJB DPSSFTQPOEFVOBIJTUPSJPHSBGÓBGSBHNFOUBEB RVFOPFTTJNQMFNÓNFTJTEF

370

MBPNOJQSFTFODJBEFMTIPDLZEFMUSBVNBFOMB.PEFSOJEBE QVFTFMIJTUP SJBEPSEJSJHFTVDPOPDJNJFOUPBVOBJOUFSWFODJØOQPMÓUJDBFOTVQSFTFOUF #FOKBNJOJODPSQPSBBFTBIJTUPSJPHSBGÓBPSJFOUBEBQPSFMQSJODJQJPEF TJNJMJUVERVFDPNBOEBMBNFNPSJBFMQSJODJQJPBSUÓTUJDPDFOUSBMEFMBT WBOHVBSEJBT BTBCFSFMNPOUBKF 7 -PRVFDFEFCBKPMBGVFS[BEFT USVDUPSBEFMQSJODJQJPEFMNPOUBKFFTVOBDJFSUBNPEBMJEBEEFMBUSBEJDJØO MBEFMB8àSEJHVOHBMT&SCF EFMBBQPMPHÓBDPNPIFSFODJB RVF#FOKBNJO EFOPNJOBDPNPNPEBMJEBEDBUBTUSØmDBEFMBUSBEJDJØO FOMBNFEJEBFO RVFFODVCSFMPTNPNFOUPTGSÈHJMFTFOMPTRVFMBDPOUJOVJEBEQVFEFTFS RVFCSBEB 7T* &OFMNPOUBKFEFM5SBCBKPEFMPT1BTBKFTMPT GSBHNFOUPTIBCSÓBRVFQFHBSMPTDPNPMPTGPUPHSBNBTRVFDPNQPOFOVOB QFMÓDVMB&TFNÏUPEPZBMPIBCÓBFOTBZBEPEFGPSNBCSJMMBOUFBVORVF OPUBOSBEJDBMFOTVMJCSPTPCSFFMESBNBCBSSPDPBMFNÈOQFSP EJDIB WF[ OPCBKPMBÏHJEBEFMNPOUBKFWBOHVBSEJTUBTJOPEFMNPTBJDPNFEJFWBM * 3. LA TOPOGRAFÍA Y LA ARQUEOLOGÍA DEL TIEMPO

-BUSBEVDDJØOEFMBTSVJOBTZGSBHNFOUPTEFMB)JTUPSJBRVFEFDBOUBO FOJNÈHFOFTEFMBNFNPSJBFOGPSNBEFNPOUBKFTEFDJUBTDPOTUJUVZF VOBFTQFDJFEFSFFTDSJUVSBCBSSPDBEFM5JFNQPRVFUJFOEFBVOBFTQBDJBMJ[B DJØOEFMPUFNQPSBM&O#FOKBNJOFMUJFNQPTFFODVFOUSBFTUBMMBEPTØMPSFT UBOMBTSVJOBTEPOEFMBNFNPSJBQBTBBIBCJUBS&MQSPQJP:PFTSFQSFTFOUBEP QPSVOBJNBHFOQFDVMJBS FMVNCSBM EJF4DIXFMMF4FQVFEFIBCMBSEFVOB WFSEBEFSBJEFBmKBEF#FOKBNJOQPSMBTJNÈHFOFTRVFSFQSFTFOUBOFMVNCSBM QVFSUBT QPSUPOFTEFDJVEBEFT FMEFTQFSUBSZMPTQBTBKFTEF1BSÓTDPOTUJUV ZFOMBTNPEBMJEBEFTEFMVNCSBMNÈTSFJODJEFOUFTBMPMBSHPEFTVPCSB DG7 ÏTUBOPFTEFOJOHVOBNBOFSBDBTVBMFMVNCSBMZUPEBTTVTNBOJ GFTUBDJPOFTDPODSFUJ[BOMBDPODFQDJØOCFOKBNJOJBOBEF4FSDPNPQBTBKF DPOTUBOUFFOUSFTVTQPMPTEJGFSFODJBMFT4FSDPNPUSBEVDDJØODPOTUBOUF EFTÓNJTNP EJSÓB/PWBMJT 6OB EF MBT DPOTFDVFODJBT NÈT JNQPSUBOUFT EF FTB OPDJØO FTQBDJBM ZEFOTBEFMUJFNQPDPNPMVHBSEFQBTBKF DPNPPTDJMBSFOUSFEJGFSFOUFT

371

QVOUPT FTMBWJTJØOEFMBIJTUPSJPHSBGÓBDPNPVOBBDUJWJEBEUBOUPUPQPHSÈmDB DPNPBSRVFPMØHJDB-BTPCSBTEF#FOKBNJOUJFOFODPNPPCKFUJWP GSFDVFOUF NFOUF DBSUPHSBmBSFTQBDJPTIJTUØSJDPT TFOUJNFOUBMFTFJODMVTPDPODFQ UVBMFT QVFT QBSB ÏM MB IJTUPSJPHSBGÓB UPQPHSÈmDB FT VOB NPEBMJEBE EF MB 'JMPTPGÓBRVFDPOTUJUVZFOFTQFDJFTEFNØWJMFT NPOUBKFTPMBFYQPTJDJØO EFMPTFTDPNCSPTEFMBIJTUPSJBSFDPHJEPTZDPMFDDJPOBEPTBMPMBSHPEFFTBT FYQFEJDJPOFT$PNP"CZ8BSCVSH #FOKBNJOUBNCJÏOUJFOFDPNPPCKF UJWPiEFTDVCSJS BOBMJ[BOEPFMQFRVF×PNPNFOUPTJOHVMBS FMDSJTUBMEFUPEP MP BDPOUFDJEPw 7 &O #FSMJOFS $ISPOJL QSJNFS JOUFOUP NÈT BNQMJP EFFYQPOFSTVJOGBODJB FTEPOEFFTFQSPDFEJNJFOUPTFFODVFOUSBOPTØMP QSFTFOUBEPFOMBQSÈDUJDBTJOPUBNCJÏOUFPSJ[BEP"RVÓOPTSFmFSFTVQMBO EFFKFDVUBSVOBDBSUPHSBGÓBNOÏNJDBZ QPSMPUBOUP TFOUJNFOUBMEFTV #FSMÓO RVFDVMNJOBFOVONÏUPEPEFDPSUFZNPOUBKFEFMBWJEBQSJWBEBZ VSCBOB-B$SØOJDB#FSMJOFOTFTFFYUJFOEFDPNPVODBNQPBSRVFPMØHJDPMB DJVEBEEF#FSMÓOFTSFEFTDVCJFSUBFYDBWBOEPMBNFNPSJB1VOUPTBJTMBEPT JOTVMBSFT GSBHNFOUBEPTVOPTNÈTCSJMMBOUFT PUSPTNÈTPQBDPTWFOMB MV[/PIBZTVDFTJØODSPOPMØHJDB4ØMPFMFTQBDJPEFMPTFTUSBUPTHFPMØHJDPT (FSTIPN4DIPMFNEFUFSNJOØRVFi&MDPODFQUPEFUJFNQPEFMKVEBÓTNPFT FMFUFSOPQSFTFOUFwTFHVSBNFOUFOPFTUBNPTMFKPTEFFTFDPODFQUPFOMBT PCSBTiBSRVFPMØHJDBTwEF#FOKBNJO&TFOFMQSFTFOUFRVFDPOWJWFOMBTJNÈ HFOFTRVFTFFOUSFDSV[BO TFSFnFKBOZTFBQBHBOOVFWBNFOUF -BCÞTRVFEBEFMUJFNQPQFSEJEPP FOMBTCFMMBTQBMBCSBTEF,SJTUB (SFĊSBUI MBCÞTRVFEBEFMUJFNQPEFMBJOGBODJBiFOFMDVBMOPIBCÓBUJFNQP QFSEJEPwOPTFEBFOMBDSPOPMPHÓB FOMBMØHJDBEFMUJFNQP TJOPFOFM QMBOPFTQBDJBM)BZVOBJNQMPTJØOEFMNPEFMPEFMBBVUPCJPHSBGÓB-BWJEB TFNFUBNPSGPTFBCBKPMBNJSBEBCFOKBNJOJBOBFOVOQSPUPQBJTBKFFYDBWBS HSBCFOFTFQBJTBKFDPSSFTQPOEFBMUSBCBKPEFMIJTUPSJBEPSBMFHPSJTUB 4J MPT SFDVFSEPT TVSHFO TFHÞO #FOKBNJO DPNP SBZPT JMVNJOBDJPOFT EFTQFSUBEBT QPS OVFTUSP FTQBDJPQSFTFOUF JONFEJBUP 7*

FMMPT FT UÈO QPSSFHMB BJTMBEPT QVFT FOMBNPEFSOJEBEMBPNOJQSFTFODJBEFMTIPDL JNQJEFVOBDPOUJOVJEBEOBSSBUJWB1PSPUSPMBEPFMTIPDLUBNCJÏOQVFEF TFSWJSQBSBDPOTFSWBSFTBTJNÈHFOFT RVFEFFTUBNBOFSBRVFEBODPNPQF USJmDBEBT 7* T Z FO FTFTFOUJEP#FOKBNJOTFBQSPYJNB

372

OVFWBNFOUFBMNPEFMPGSFVEJBOPEFMUSBVNB -BiQMBDBGPUPHSÈmDBEFM SFDVFSEPw 7*

FOMBFYQSFTJØOEF#FOKBNJO HVBSEBMBTJNÈHFOFT JOEFQFOEJFOUFNFOUFEFMUJFNQPEFFYQPTJDJØOBMBTJNQSFTJPOFTMPEFDJ TJWPFTMBJOUFOTJEBERVFBEWJFOFEFMPTTIPDLT EFMPTRVJFCSFTZMBTSVQ UVSBTFOMPIBCJUVBM&MTBMUP 4QSVOH GVFSBEFMBiDBUÈTUSPGFDPOUJOVBwFTMP RVFEFUFSNJOBMBDSJTUBMJ[BDJØOEFMBTJNÈHFOFT&TUBTTPOSVJOBT NBSDBT UBOUPEFMBEFTUSVDDJØODPNPUBNCJÏOEFMBDPOTFSWBDJØO1BSB#FOKBNJO iMBEFTUSVDDJØOGPSUBMFDFwMBFUFSOJEBEEFMPTEFTUSP[PT-BTSVJOBTEFM SFDVFSEP FOQBSUFFOUFSSBEBT HVBSEBOMPPMWJEBEPRVFJNQBDUBBBRVFM RVFSFDVFSEBQPSFMTFDSFUPRVFFODFSSBCBi5BMWF[MPRVFIBHBUBODBSHBEPZMMFOPwBmSNØFOTVMJCSP*OGBODJBFO#FSMÓO iOPTFBPUSBDPTBRVFFMWFTUJHJPEFIÈCJUPTQFSEJEPT FOMPTDVBMFTZBOP QPESÓBNPTFODPOUSBSOPT5BMWF[TFBMBNF[DMBDPOFMQPMWPEFOVFTUSBT NPSBEBTEFNPMJEBTFMTFDSFUPRVFMPIBDFTPCSFWJWJSw *7 $ØNPOPSFDPOPDFSFOFTBJNBHÏUJDBZNFUBGØSJDBEF#FOKBNJOMBFYJ HFODJB EF SFDPOPDFS MB JOFYPSBCJMJEBE EF VO QSPGVOEP SFPSEFOBNJFOUP EFMBOPDJØOEFiDPOPDJNJFOUPw/VFTUSBIJTUPSJBFMTJHMP99DPOTVT CBSCBSJFTJNQMJDBUBMSFWPMVDJØO#FOKBNJOBQSPYJNB DPNPQPDPT MB SFBMJEBEEFTVÏQPDBBMÈNCJUPEFMDPODFQUPEFVOBiDPODFQUVBMJEBEw TFHVSBNFOUF NÈT EFOTB UBOUP FO UÏSNJOPT MJOHàÓTUJDPT DPNP UBNCJÏO JNBHÏUJDPT ZDPOUBNJOBEBQPSMPiSFBMwQFSPFTFTBMBiMFDDJØOwRVF#FO KBNJORVFSÓBEFKBSOPTOPIBZUSBCBKPEFMDPODFQUPTJOUFOFSFODVFOUBFM QSFTFOUFFMNFKPSDPODFQUPFTFMRVFQFSNBOFDFUPEBWÓBDPNPJNBHFOZ OPTVDVNCFBMBJMVTJØOEFMBUSBOTQBSFODJBEFMMPHPT$PO#FOKBNJO QPS MPUBOUP QPEFNPTMFFSZiSVNJBSwMBTQBMBCSBTOBDJEBTEFMBEFTUSVDDJØO ZEFMUSBVNBEFVO1BVM$FMBOi/JFNBOELOFUFUVOTXJFEFSBVT&SEF VOE -FIN OJFNBOE CFTQSJDIU VOTFSO 4UBVC /JFNBOEw i1TBMNw i/BEJFOPTWPMWFSÈBBNBTBSEFUJFSSBZCBSSP OBEJFDPOKVSBSÈOVFTUSP QPMWP/BEJFw $PNP#FOKBNJO $FMBOUBNCJÏOTVQPUSFO[BSZEFTIB DFSMBUSBNBEFMPMWJEPZEFMSFDVFSEPi4FU[EFJOF'BIOFBVG)BMCNBTU &SJOOSVOH"VG)BMCNBTUGàSIFVUFVOEJNNFSw i4DIJCCPMFUIwi1PO UV CBOEFSB B NFEJB BTUB SFDVFSEP" NFEJB BTUB IPZ Z QBSB TJFN QSFw /PIBZNÈTFTQBDJPQBSBVOBUFPSÓBEFMDPOPDJNJFOUPJOEFQFO

373

EJFOUFEFMBÏUJDBZEFMBFTUÏUJDBTJQBSB#FOKBNJOiQFSDJCJSFTMFFSw 7*

MPRVFUJFOFRVFHVJBSFTBMFDUVSBFTFMQBDUPDPOFMUFYUP FMKVFHPFOUSFMB MFDUVSBZMBi6OMFTCBSLFJUEJFTFS8FMUwiJMFHJCJMJEBEEFFTUFNVOEPw 4JQBSB#FOKBNJOUPEPEPDVNFOUPEFDVMUVSBUBNCJÏOFTVOEPDVNFOUP EFCBSCBSJF MPFTFOMBNFEJEBFORVFUFTUJNPOJBDPNPVOÓOEJDFPVOB NFUPOJNJBMBDBUÈTUSPGF/PTDBCFBOPTPUSPT MFDUPSFT TBCFSEBSPÓEPTZ CPDBBMUFTUJNPOJP

374

BIO

.ÈSDJP 4FMJHNBOO4JMWB FT EPDUPS QPS MB 6OJWFSTJEBE -JCSF EF #FSMÓO QPTUEPDUPSQPS:BMFZQSPGFTPSEF5FPSÓB-JUFSBSJBFOMB 6/*$".1&TBVUPSEFMPTMJWSPT-FSP-JWSPEP.VOEP8BMUFS #FOKBNJOSPNBOUJTNPFDSÓUJDBQPÏUJDB *MVNJOVSBT

"EPSOP 1VCMJ'PMIB Z0-PDBMEB%JGFSFOÎB &EJUPSB PS HBOJ[ØMPTWPMVNFOFT-FJUVSBTEF8BMUFS#FOKBNJO "OOBCMVNF Z )JTUØSJB .FNØSJB -JUFSBUVSB P 5FTUFNVOIP OB &SB EBT $BUÈTUSPGFT 6/*$".1 Z DPPSHBOJ[Ø $BUÈTUSPGF F 3FQSF TFOUBÎÍP &TDVUB 5SBEVKP PCSBT EF 8BMUFS #FOKBNJO 0 DPODFJUPEFDSÓUJDBEFBSUFOPSPNBOUJTNPBMFNÍP *MVNJOVSBT

(& -FTTJOH -BPDPPOUF 0V TPCSF BT 'SPOUFJSBT EB 1PFTJB F EB 1JOUVSB *MVNJOVSBT

1IJMJQQF -BDPVF-BCBSUIF +FBO-VD /BODZ +)BCFSNBT FOUSFPUSPT NOTAS

$GMPTBSUÓDVMPTEPOEFIFEFTBSSPMMBEPFTUBDVFTUJØOi)JTUØSJBDPNP 5SBVNBw JO/FTUSPWTLJ "SUIVSF4FMJHNBOO4JMWB .ÈSDJP FE $B UÈTUSPGFF3FQSFTFOUBÎÍP &TDVUB 4ÍP1BVMP QQZi"QSFTFO UBÎÍPEBRVFTUÍPw )JTUØSJB .FNØSJB -JUFSBUVSB0UFTUFNVOIPOBFSB EBTDBUÈTUSPGFT &EJUPSBEB6/*$".1 $BNQJOBT QQ

$G.PU[LJO (BCSJFM i.FNPSZBOE$VMUVSBM5SBOTMBUJPOw ɩFUSBOT MBUBCJMJUZPG$VMUVSFT 4UBOGPSE#VEJDL 8PMGHBOH*TFS FE

4UBOGPSE 61SFTT 4UBOGPSE QQ BRVÓ Q

"QFTBSEFSFDPOPDFSMBJNQPSUBODJBEFMBPCSBEF.BVSJDF)BMCXBDIT QBSBMBUFPSÓBEFMBNFNPSJBFOFMTJHMP99 DPODVFSEPDPOMBDSÓUJDB RVF$BSMP(JOT[CVSHIBDFBTVFYDFTJWPOBDJPOBMJTNP$G(JOT[CVSH $BSMP i4IBSFE.FNPSJFT 1SJWBUF3FDPMMFDUJPOTw )JTUPSZ.FNPSZ 1BTTJOHJOUP)JTUPSZ/B[JTNBOEUIF)PMPDBVTUCFZPOE.FNPSZ WPM OVNCFS 'BMM QQ

#FOKBNJO 8BMUFS (FTBNNFMUF4DISJGUFO 4VISLBNQ 'SBOLGVSUB. ZTJHVJFOUFT -BTSFGFSFODJBTBMBTPCSBTDPNQMFUBTEF#FOKBNJO TFQSFTFOUBOFOUSFQBSÏOUFTJTFOFMUFYUP JOEJDÈOEPTFUBOTØMPFMOÞ

375

NFSPEFMWPMVNFOFOOÞNFSPTSPNBOPTZFMEFMBQÈHJOBFOOÞNFSPT BSÈCJHPT $GFOMPRVFBUB×FBMBDVFTUJØOEFMBUFPSÓBEFMBIJTUPSJB EF#FOKBNJOFOTVSFMBDJØODPOMBUFPSÓBEFMBTTFNFKBO[BT NJMJCSP -FSP-JWSPEP.VOEP8BMUFS#FOKBNJO3PNBOUJTNPF$SÓUJDB1PÏUJDB *MVNJOVSBT 4ÍP1BVMP QQTTZTT

#FOKBNJO 8 0SJHFNEPESBNB#BSSPDPBMFNÍP USBE4ÏSHJP1BVMP

3PVBOFU #SBTJMJFOTF 4ÍP1BVMP Q i"WJTÍPBMFHØSJDBRVFOPTÏDVMP97**FSBDSJBEPSBEFVNFTUJMP KÈ

OÍP P FSB NBJT OP TÏDVMP 9*9 #BVEFMBJSF FTUBWB JTPMBEP FORVBOUP BMFHPSJTUBw *

$G3FZOBVE 'SBOÎPJT i1JFDFTBDPOWJDUJPOA$FOFTPOURVFEFTEP

DVNFOUTw &VHÒOF"UHFU 1IPUP1PDIF 1BSJT #FOKBNJO QPSTV QBSUF EFOPNJOØMPT1BTBKFTEF1BSÓTDPNPTJFOEPi%FOLNÊMFSFJOFT OJDIUNFISTFJOTw iNPOVNFOUPTEFVOOPTFSNÈTw 7 i%BT XPWPONBOXFJ EBNBOFTCBMEOJDIUNFISWPSTJDIIBCFO

XJSE EBTXJSE#JMEw *

#FOKBNJO 8BMUFS 0CSBTFTDPMIJEBT WPMVNFT#SBTJMJFOTF 4ÍP1BVMP

WPM*** QQT 1BSBVOBDSÓUJDBEFMBMFDUVSBRVF#FOKBNJOIBDFEFFTUFUFYUPDGQSJO

DJQBMNFOUF3PVBOFU 4ÏSHJP 0²EJQPFP"OKP*UJOFSÈSJPTGSFVEJBOPT FN8BMUFS#FOKBNJO 5FNQP#SBTJMFJSP 3JPEF+BOFJSP QQ 1BSB VOB EFGFOTB NÈT DPOWJODFOUF EF FTUB MFDUVSB DG $BSVUI $BUIZ 6ODMBJNFE&YQFSJFODF +PIOT)PQLJOT6O1SFTT #BMUJNPSF -POEPO #FOKBNJOOPUJFOFFODVFOUBRVFQBSB'SFVEMBTFYDJ UBDJPOFTDBQUVSBEBTQPSFM3FJ[TDIVU[ PQBSBFYDJUBDJPOFT OPUJFOFO VODBSÈDUFSOFDFTBSJBNFOUFUSBVNÈUJDP $G3PVBOFU PQDJU Q 1PSPUSPMBEP FMUSBVNBUJ[BEPQBSB'SFVEOPFTBMHVJFORVFiIBQFS EJEPMBNFNPSJBw DPNP#FOKBNJOEBBFOUFOEFS TJOPBRVFMRVFUJF OFNFNPSJBFOFYDFTPEFCJEPBVOBTPCSFFYDJUBDJØORVFTFIBWVFMUP USBVNÈUJDBBMQFOFUSBSFOMBTQBSBFYDJUBDJPOFT &MQSPQJP#FOKBNJO PCTFSWB FTUB mKBDJØO FO MB FTDFOB USBVNÈUJDBi-B JOWFTUJHBDJØO EF

376

'SFVEGVFPDBTJPOBEBQPSVOTVF×PUÓQJDPEFMPTOFVSØUJDPTUSBVNÈ UJDPT TVF×PFTUFRVFSFQSPEVDFMBDBUÈTUSPGFRVFMPTBMDBO[Øw QFSPMB MJNJUB B MBT NBOJGFTUBDJPOFT JODPOTDJFOUFT 0CSBT FTDPMIJEBT PQ DJU WPM*** Q #FOKBNJO NJFOUSBTUBOUP FTUÈFOMPDPSSFDUPFOMB NFEJEBFORVFFTUBCMFDFVOBiBOUSPQPMPHÓBDVMUVSBMwFOMBDVBMEFUFDUB VOBQPMBSJEBEFOUSFMBNFNPSJBZMBWJHJMJBFOMBWJEBNPEFSOB $BSV UI PQDJU QQT

#FOKBNJO 8BMUFS 0CSBTFTDPMIJEBT PQDJU WPM*** Q

*CJEFN

*E Q

$G3BVUNBOO 1FUFS i/BDIEFSBOEBVFSOEFO,BUBTUSPQIFw 1BTTBHFO

OBDI 8BMUFS #FOKBNJO 1BTTBHFT BQSÒT 8BMUFS #FOKBNJO 7JDUPS .BMTZ 6XF3BTDI 1FUFS3BVUNBOOZ/JDPMBT4DIBM[ FE

7FSMBH )FSNBOO4DINJEU .BJO[ QQ $FMBO 1BVM i"OTQSBDIFBOMÊTTMJDIEFS&OUHFHFOOBINFEFT-JUFSBUVS

QSFJTFTEFS'SFJFO)BOTFTUBEU#SFNFOw FO(FTBNNFMUF8FSLF 4VIS LBNQ 'SBOLGVSUB. WPM*** QQT $GUBNCJÏO FOMPRVFBUB×FBFTUBOPDJØOEFVOBDBUÈTUSPGFQPTJUJWB

MBPDUBWBUFTJTi4PCSFP$PODFJUPEF)JTUØSJBwi"USBEJÎÍPEPTPQSJ NJEPT OPT FOTJOB RVF PA&TUBEP EF FYDFÎÍP BQSPEVÎÍPEFVNBVUFOUJDP&TUB EPEF&YDFÎÍPFBTTJNBOPTTBQPTJÎÍPOBMVUBDPOUSBP'BTDJTNPJSÈ NFMIPSBSw (FSTIPN4DIPMFN iɩFTFOàCFS+VEFOUVNVOE;JPOJTNVTw (FST

IPN4DIPMFN;XJTDIFOEFO%JT[JQMJOFO 1FUFS4DIÊGFSZ(BSZ4NJUI FE

4VISLBNQ 'SBOLGVSUB. BRVÓQ &O FM MJCSP 3VB EF .ÍP ÁOJDB MFFNPT VO GSBHNFOUP CBKP FM UÓUVMP

379

i5PSTPwRVFEFTEPCMBMBJNBHÏUJDBEFMB$SÙOJDB#FSMJOFOTFi4PNFOUF RVFNTPVCFTTFDPOTJEFSBSPQSØQSJPQBTTBEPDPNPGSVUPEBDPBÎÍP FEBOFDFTTJEBEFTFSJBDBQB[EFGB[FMP FNDBEBQSFTFOUF WBMJPTPBP NÈYJNPQBSBTJ1PJTBRVJMPRVFBMHVÏNWJWFVÏ OPNFMIPSEPTDB TPT DPNQBSÈWFMËCFMBmHVSBËRVBM FNUSBOTQPSUFT GPSBNRVFCSBEPT UPEPTPTNFNCSPT FRVFBHPSBOBEBNBJTPGFSFDFBOÍPTFSPCMPDP QSFDJPTPBQBSUJSEPRVBMFMFUFNEFFTDVMQJSBJNBHFNEFTFVGVUVSPw 0CSBTFTDPMIJEBT PQDJU WPM** QQT &MQBTBEPFTVOBJNBHFO NVUJMBEB UPSTPVONJYUPJOEJTPDJBCMFEFSFDVFSEPZUSBCBKPEFMUJFN QP PMWJEP&MQSFTFOUFEFMBSRVFØMPHPDPMFDDJPOBEPSHVÓBTVNBOPFO FTUFUSBCBKP BMQBSFDFSDBTJQTJDPBOBMÓUJDP iEJMFWBSFw iEFRVJUBSw Z OPiEJQPSSFw EFDPMPDBSw EFMBTDBQBTHFPMØHJDBTRVFMMFWBOBFTUPT UPSTPT (SFĊSBUI ,SJTUB i1SPVTU FU #FOKBNJOw JO )FJO[ 8JTNBOO FE

8BMUFS#FOKBNJOFU1BSJT -FT²EJUJPOTEV$FSG 1BSJT QQ BRVÓQ &O SFMBDJØO B FTUB DPNQBSBDJØO FOUSF MB NFNPSJB Z MB GPUPHSBGÓB DG

MBGSBTFEF"OESÏ.POHMPOERVF#FOKBNJODJUØNÈTEFVOBWF[i4F RVJTFSNPTDPODFCFSB)JTUØSJBDPNPVNUFYUP FOUÍPWBMFQBSBFMBP RVFVNOPWPBVUPSGBMBTPCSFUFYUPTMJUFSÈSJPTw * iA-FQBTTÏB MBJTTÏEFMVJNÐNFEBOTMFTUFYUFTMJUUÏSBJSFTEFTJNBHFTDPNQBSBCMFT ËDFMMFTRVFMBMVNJÒSFJNQSJNFTVSVOFQMBRVFTFOTJCMF4FVMMBWFOJS QPTTÒEFEFTSÏWÏMBUFVSTBTTF[BDUJGTQPVSGPVJMMFSQBSGBJUFNFOUEFUFMT DMJDIÏT.BJOUFQBHFEF.BSJWBVYPVEF3PVTTFBVFOGFSNFVOTFOT

380

NZTUÏSJFVY RVFMFTQSFNJFSTMFDUFVSTOFQPVWBJFOUQMFJOFNFOUEÏDIJ ĊSFSw 7 :#FOKBNJOMFBHSFHØBFTUFUSFDIPi0NÏUPEPIJTUØ SJDPÏVNNÏUPEPmMPMØHJDP OPRVBMPMJWSPEBWJEBFTUÈOBCBTFA -FSP RVFOVODBGPJFTDSJUPÏBmSNBEPFN)PGNBOOTUIBM0MFJUPSOPRVBM EFWFTFQFOTBSBRVJÏPWFSEBEFJSPIJTUPSJBEPSw * 7BMFMBQFOBSFDPSEBSRVF'SFVE FOTVDPOUJOVBCÞTRVFEBEF VONPEFMPQBSBFYQMJDBSUSBEVDJSOVFTUSPBQBSBUPQTÓRVJDP MPDPNQB SØOPTØMPBVONJDSPTDPQJP BVOUFMFTDPQJPZBMiCMPRVFNÈHJDPw TJOP UBNCJÏOBVOBQBSBUPGPUPHSÈmDP DG%JF5SBVNEFVUVOH JO4UVEJFO BVTHBCF WPM** 'JTDIFS 'SBOLGVSU. Q

#FOKBNJO 8BMUFS 0CSBTFTDPMIJEBT PQDJU WPM** Q

$FMBO 1 (FTBNNFMUF8FSLF PQDJU WPM* QQF5SBEVDDJØO

EFi4IJCCPMFUIwEF+PTÏ«OHFM7BMFOUF -FDUVSBTEF1BVM$FMBO'SBH NFOUPT &EJDJPOFT EF MB 3PTB $ÞCJDB #BSDFMPOBT Q 5SB EVDDJØOEFi4BMNPwEF+'SBODJTDP&)FSOBOEF[ $FMBO 1 1PFNBT 7JTPS .BESJE Q

$FMBO PQDJU WPM** Q

381

Lihat lebih banyak...

Descripción

Comentarios