Ṛgveda & Sarasvati Script Corpora evidence ayohata,अयो-हत \'embossed alloy metalwork\'.pdf

Ṛgveda & Sarasvati Script Corpora evidence ayohata,अयो-हत 'embossed alloy metalwork' अयो--हत [p= 85,1] (/अयो.) mfn. embossed in iron-work RV. ix , 1 , 2 and 80 , 2. (MonierWilliams) ayas अयस् -हत a. Ved. embossed in iron-work, made by a priest who wears a golden ring on his finger (B. and R.) (Apte). The reference to 'iron' in both lexicons may signify ayas, 'alloy metal'. (Note: It is remarkable that both occurrences of the expression ayo-hata 'embossed alloy metal' in the Somapavamāna maṇḍala IX of Ṛgveda.) Creation of embossed alloyed metalwork in the days of Ṛgveda is a stunning metallurgical competence. While aya- in compound expressions is used as metaphors in chandas of Ṛca-s (see embedded terms from Samskrtam glosses), these two occurrences of the expression, अयोहत ayo-hata are directly related to metalwork.

RV 9.80.2 RV 9.1.2 RV 9.80.2 Anvaya (the natural order or connection of words in a sentence , syntax , construing): vājin = O possessor of foog grain; Soma = Soma; aghnyā = by the unviolated (Ṛca or Mantra); yam = whom; tvā = you; abhi anūṣata = praise; vṛṣā = showerer (of boon); dyumān = bright; madah = delightful (sah = that); (tvam = you); ayohatam = embossed alloy metal (gold); yonim = in the place (pitcher); ā rohasi = climbs (and) maghonām = of the rich; mahi = great; śravah = fame (and) āyu = Age; pratiran = enhancing; indrāya = For Indra; pavase = flow Meaning: The possessor of good grain, O Soma ! The showerer of boon, the bright, the delightful, you, to whom the unviolated hymns praise, climb in the pitcher made of embossed alloy metal (gold) and enhancing the great fame and age of the rich, flow for Indra. RV 9.1.2: Anvaya (the natural order or connection of words in a sentence , syntax , construing): viśvacarṣaṇih = All-seeing; rakṣohā = destroyer of the demon; (Somah = Soma); droṇa jars (Special containers for Soma, kept near the altar during the religious yāga); yonim = in the place; abhi ā asadat = may sit. Meaning: May the destroyer of demon, the all-seeing Soma sit in the place pressed by embossed alloy metal (gold) alongside the Droṇa jars.

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Copper tablet (H2000-4498/9889-01) with raised script found in Trench 43. "30% of the 177 copper artifacts from Harappa and Mohenjo Daro demonstrated tin, arsenic, nickel or lead alloying, of which tin is the most common. The amount of tin has ranged from 1 to 12% in the bronze artifacts studied. Besides copper, the Harappans worked with gold, silver and lead." https://www.harappa.com/blog/copper-harappan-age Vasant Shinde, 2016, Current Perspectives on the Harappan Civilization, in Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhas R. Walimbe (eds.), A Companion to South Asia in the Past, John Wiley & Sons, Sussex, UK, p. 132. Harappa Raised Script. H94-2198. (After Fig. 4.14 in JM Kenoyer, 1998]. Eight inscribed copper tablets were found at Harappa and all were made with raised script, a technique quite different from the inscribed copper tablets. The inscription on the cast copper tablet is read as: dul 'cast metal', khoT 'alloy ingot', bharata, 'alloy of coper, pewter, tin'. HierMohenjo-daro. Copper seal. National Museum, New Delhi (Source: Page 18, Fig. 8A in: Deo Prakash Sharma, 2000, Harappan seals, sealings and copper tablets, Delhi, National Museum). dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'; goT 'seed' Rebus: khoT 'alloy ingot'. खोट (p. 212) [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. (Marathi) baraDo 'spine' Rebus: भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c. (Marathi) karava 'pot' Rebus: kharva 'wealth'; karba 'iron'; karNaka 'rim of jar' Rebus: karNI 'supercargo'; karnIka 'scribe'.

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Mohenjo-daro silver seal. m1199 Mackay 1938, vol. 2, Pl. XC,1; XCVI, 520 karaNika 'rim of jar' rebus: karaNika 'helmsman, supercargo' karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles (Gujarati) rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

Altyn-depe. Silver seal. Pictograph of ligatured animal with three heads. Hieroglyph: sangaDa 'joined animals' (Marathi) Rebus: sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas सं गाटस् ), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus. Given examples of similar joined animals, it may be surmised that the three animal hieroglyphs are: ranku 'antelope' Rebus: ranku 'tin'; krammara 'look backwards' Rebus: kamar 'smith'; barad 'ox' Rebus: bharat 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'; kondh 'one-horned young bull' Rebus: kondh 'turner'.

Mohenjo-daro. Copper seala. National Museum, New Delhi (Source: Page 18, Fig. 8A in: Deo Prakash Sharma, 2000, Harappan seals, sealings and copper tablets, Delhi, National Museum). 3

m0315 Silver seal

m0475 Inscribed metal place (One-horned young bull PLUS octopus) An evidence for the continued use of Indus Script hieroglyphs comes from Ramurva copper bolt.

Hieroglyphs: goT 'seed' Rebus: khoT 'alloy ingot'. खोट (p. 212) [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. (Marathi) kanda 'fire-altar' Rebus: khaNDa 'metal implements'; goT 'round object' Rebus: khoT 'alloy ingot' PLUS bhaTa 'rimless pot' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'; dhanga 'mountain-range' Rebus: dhangar 'metalsmith' PLUS bhaTa 'rimless pot' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. Thus, the inscription on the Rampurva copperbolt provides technical specification on the metal object, the copper bolt: that it was made of an alloy ingot (from) furnace, (made by) metal implements metalsmith. Who knows? The metalsmith might have worked for Asoka or Asoka's predecessors (earlier than 3rd cent. BCE), as Allchin surmises.

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Rampurva copper bolt “The starting place for the inquiry is the Rampurva copper bolt at present in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. This was discovered in 1880 by Cunningham and H.B. Garrick. It was buried beside the fallen southerly pillar on which was engraved a set of Asoka’s pillar edicts. The pillar and its lion capital were subsequently fully excavated by Daya Ram Sahni. The more northerly Rampurva pillar is that associated with the famous bull capital. The bolt was examined by Cunningham who concluded that there could be n doubt of its being original and that it must have served to hold the lion capital in place upon its pillar. It is probable that other Asokan pillars and capitals bear mortises for similar bolts. This one is described as barrel shaped, of pure copper measuring 2 ft. ½ in. in length, with a diameter of 4 5/16 in. in the centre, and 3 5/8 in. at each end. Cunningham makes no mention of any marks upon the bolt, but Durga Prasad published an impression of four marks. They are made of lines of impressed dots and include the hill-with-crescent, the taurine or Nandipada, and the open cross: Here then these signs occur upon an object which must have been made by craftsmen working for Asoka or one of his predecessors.” (F.R. Allchin, 1959, Upon the contextual significance of certain groups of ancient signs, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London.) See: http://tinyurl.com/osk4m5a

Bronze plate with inscription. Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization Lahore Museum. (This is referred to as Copper plate on Indus Script Corpora).On the obverse of this copper plate inscrition is a hierolyph-multiplex: rhinoceros PLUS trough: kANDa 'rhinoceros' Rebus: khaNDa 'metal implements' pattar 'trough' Rebus: pattar 5

'metalworker (goldsmith) guild'. The text of the inscription is supercargo, scribe documenting three types of ayas 'iron, metal': Hieroglyph: fish 'aya' Rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' Hieoglyph-multiplex: fish PLUS lid: aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron, metal' adaren ‘lid’ Rebus: aduru 'native unsmelted metal' Hieroglyph-multipled: fish PLUS notch: खां डा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch Rebus: ayaskhāṇḍa 'excellent implements: tools, pots and pans, metalware' Hieroglyph-multiplex: fish PLUS oval as parenthesis circumscript PLUS horn: aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron, metal' PLUS goTa 'round' Rebus: khoT 'ingot' koD 'horn' Rebus: koD 'workshop' Hieroglyph: rim of narrow-necked jar: karava 'narrownecked jar' Rebus: kharva 'nidhi, karba 'iron'; karNaka 'rim of jar' Rebus: karNI 'supercargo', karNIka 'scribe'. Thus, the text message is: Metalworker guild workshop supercargo scribed, ingot (of) native unsmelted metal, excellent metal implemets. See: http://tinyurl.com/j8hh4q2 For a note on the snarling iron discovered by Paul Yule is appended. The snarling iron is the key instrument of a smith working in a forge. It is the anvil. It defines the occupation of अधिकरणम् -लेखकः a.official recorder or scribe who has left for posterity the Bharata Nidhi of over 7000 Indus Script inscriptions, providing for data mining of the splendour achieved during the Bronze Age by Bharatam Janam, the metalcaster folk celebrated by Rishi Visvamitra in Rigveda (RV 3.53.12)viśvāmitrasya rakṣati brahmedam bhārataṃ janam || This mantra (brahma) of Visvamitra protects the people of Bharatam. This is an emphatic Rigvedic self-identification of the people who worked with ayas 'metal'. adhikaraṇīˊ f. ʻ *anvil ʼ, adhikaraṇa -- n. ʻ receptacle, support ʼ TUp. [√kr̥1] Pa. adhikaraṇī -- f. ʻ smith's anvil ʼ; Pk. ahigaraṇī -- f. ʻ a piece of apparatus for a smith ʼ; K. yīran, dat. yṳ̄rüñ f. ʻ anvil ʼ, S. aharaṇi, araṇi f., L. (Jukes) ariṇ f., awāṇ. &circmacrepsilon;ruṇ, P. aihran, airaṇ, ā̆ hraṇ f., WPah. bhal. arhini; roh. erṇe ʻ smithy ʼ, N. āran; H. aheran, ā̆ hran m. ʻ anvil ʼ; -- H. Smith BSL 101, 115.Addenda: adhikaraṇīˊ -: S.kcch. eṇ f. ʻ anvil ʼ; WPah.kṭg. n/arəṇ, n/arṇi f. ʻ furnace, smithy ʼ; āˊrəṇ m. prob. ← P. Him.I 4; jaun. āraṇ, airaṇ; G. eraṇi f. ʻ anvil ʼ, M. aheraṇ, ahiraṇ,airaṇ, airṇī, haraṇ f.(CDIAL 252) Chanhu-daro snarling iron

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Snarling iron excavated from Chanhudaro, now kept in Purana Qila Fort, Delhi. Dated to ca. mid-third millennium BCE. Sarasvati Script (Meluhha) inscription on a Chanhu-daro Snarling iron, 2529H, ASI, Central Antiquities Collection. 74.1/48 These snarling irons are approx. 60 cms. long and could have been produced out of the limestone mould of Susa, ca. 13th cent. BCE The basin which could have been used as a mould measured 92 cm at its widest; the centerpiece depression which could have produced the snarling iron is approx. 60 cms. Glosses: koṭe meṛed = forged iron, in contrast to dul meṛed, cast iron (Mundari) meṭ sole of foot, footstep, footprint (Ko.); meṭṭu step, stair, treading, slipper (Te.)(DEDR 1557). dula ‘pair’. Rebus: dul 'metal casting' Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) dul meṛed, cast iron (Mu.) mẽṛhẽt baṭi = iron (Ore) furnaces (Santali).A. bhaṭā ʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhī, bhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh. bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭā m. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. -- X bhástrā -- q.v. S.kcch. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ʻ distil (spirits) ʼ.(CDIAL 9656). Rebus: ḍhāḷako ‘a large metal ingot’ (Gujarati) [Note: Do the inverted U glyphs connote bun ingots?] 7

Hieroglyph baṭi 'broad-mouthed, rimless metal vessel'. Rebus: baṭi 'smelting furnace'. Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (G.) baṭa = kiln (Santali). bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali) baṭhi furnace for smelting ore (the same as kuṭhi) (Santali) baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched.’ Rebus: baṭi, bhaṭi ‘furnace’ (Hindi) Hieroglyph: खाां डा khāṇḍā m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A gap in the teeth. Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’. The message conveyed by the inscription, read rebus: dul meṭ 'pair of feet' Rebus: dul meḍ 'cast iron'. khāṇḍā 'indentation' Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’. [Note: Perhaps the three inverted U glyphs connote three storage pots containing tools, pots and pans, metalware.] Alternatively, the three 'inverted U' glyphs connote three (pe) baṭi 'broad-mouthed, rimless vessels' Rebus: three (pe) baṭi 'smelting furnaces).

Snarling irons from the first quarter of the 20th century, after Otto 1922: 45 fig. 41-2. Used like special anvils for the raising of metal vessels.

The Chanhu-daro snarling alloy (ingot) has an inscription using Indus (Meluhha) writing with five glyphs and a dot glyph. Chanhujodaro39A1 Chanhudaro39A2 The dot glyph is a notch upon the edge of the bronze snarling tool read rebus as: खां डा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’. There are 3 U glyphs: kolmo 'three' (Munda) Rebus: kolimi 'forge, smithy' (Telugu). baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched' (Sindhi) Rebus: bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ(Awadhi). The three U glyphs together read: kolimi bhāṭhā 'forge, smithy (with) smelter/furnace'. See: http://tinyurl.com/z6e27b3

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Important find-spots in India of metal objects

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Meluhha hieroglyphs on Chanhu-daro snarling iron A Snarling iron is a metal worker's tool used to drive the walls of metal vessels. A snarling iron is a special anvil for the raising of brass or bronze vessels, for working on sheet metal. Some of the metallic bowls found in Chanhu-daro might have been so raised using the special anvil, the snarling iron. EJH Mackay excavated a metal-workers' quarter in the 1930's and discovered a hoard of mostly metal objects of Chanhu-daro. Included in the 37 artefacts was a long curious bronze 'ingot' (2529,H) which measures 34.95 x 4.0 x 4.05 cm and weighs 2450 gm. There is a five character inscription at the bottom surface.

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Names used for such anvils noted by Paul Yule: kharam (Raipur, Chattisgarh); 'jeypuri gun' (Madhya Pradesh); 'irsu' resting on a 'donga karoa' (Andhra Pradesh).

Near the small end of the object appears a deeply hammered dot. కరవాయి [ karavāyi ] kara-vāyi. [Tel.] n. A curved iron bar which is put inside a small mouthed metal pot to meet the blow of the hammer outside.కంచరవాడు సుత్తితో పాత్రములను సాగగొట్టునపుడు వానిలోపల ఒత్తిడుగా నుంచే యినుము. Koḍ. karava clay pot with narrow neck. Go. (Ma.) karvi narrow-mouthed earthen vessel for oil or liquor (Voc. 564).(DEDR1273) కరవటము [karavaṭamu] karavaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A small cup. చినన బరిణె. Ta. karu foetus, embryo, egg, germ, young ofanimal; karuppai womb; karuvam foetus, embryo. Ma. karu embryo, yolk; karuntala generation. Ko.karv foetus of animal, larva of bees; pregnant (of animals). To. kef pregnant, in: kef ïr pregnant buffalo, kef nïl- to become pregnant, of animals. Ka. kandufoetus of beasts (? or with 1411 Ta. kaṉṟu). Te. karuvu foetus; (B.) kari uterus of animals; karugu an unopened ear of corn. Pa. kerba (pl. kerbel) egg. garba egg (Voc. 1054); Ga. (Oll.) karbe id. Go. (Ko.) (Koya Su.) garbūm id. ? Malt. káre to form as the stone or seed of a fruit. (DEDR 1279). gárbha m. ʻ womb, foetus, offspring ʼ RV. (CDIAL 4055) Rebus: mould: Ta. karu mould, matrix; karukku engraving, carving, embossed work. Ma. karu figure, mould; karukku-paṇi embossed work; karaṭu the original of a copy. Ka. karu embossed work, bas-relief; karuv-iḍu to put bosses or raised figures, mould, model. Tu. karu, garu, karavi a mould. Te. karugu, karuvu id. Kuwi (S.) garra form, mint; ḍālugara womb(DEDR1280) Ta. karuvi instrument, tool. Ma. kari, karivi, karuvi, karu tool, plough, weapon. (DEDR 1290). ఖరవ టము [ kharvaṭamu ] kharavaṭamu. [Skt.] n. A hamlet or village. A market town, a country town. పల్ల,ె పరగణాకు ముఖయ త్గామము. (Telugu) கர்வடம் karvaṭam , n. 11

< kharvaṭa. Town surrounded by mountains and rivers; மலையும் யாறுஞ் சூழ் ந்த ஊர். (திவா.) The chief village in a group of 400 villages; நானூறு கிராமத்திற் குத் தலைக்கிராமம் . (யாழ் . அக.)(Tamil) See: Yule, P. 1985. The bronze age metalwork of India. Prahistorische Bronze funde XX,8. http://archiv.ub.uniheidelberg.de/savifadok/1895/1/Metalwork_BronzeAge_India.pdf (254 pages, 108 plates) http://www.scribd.com/doc/201075738/Metalwork-Bronze-Age-India The snarling iron of Chanhu-daro is a tool which might have been used, in a forge, to produce many of the artefacts presented from this site, which was called the Sheffield of Ancient India:

A ‘Sheffield of Ancient India’: Chanhu-Daro’s Metal working Industry. Illustrated London News 1936 – November 21st, p.909. 10 x photos of copper knives, spears , razors, axes and dishes.

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Susa pot with metal implements and Sarasvati Script inscription. ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS karaDa 'aquatic bird' rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy'.kANDa 'water' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' PLUS dAma 'tied rope' rebus: dhAu 'mineral red ore' (Rigveda). The metal hoard from 'Ibri/Selme, Sultanate of Oman by Paul Yule (2001), Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.

Fig. 24. Bronze bangle (cat. no. 84) from the 'Ibri/Selme hoard. The arrow indicates the point where the metallographic investigation was made. 13

Fig. 19. Restored pan no. 147 Hieroglyphs: safflower, fish. karaḍa -- m. ʻsafflowerʼ, °ḍā -- f. ʻ a tree like the karañja ʼ (Prakrit); M. karḍī, °ḍaī f. ʻ safflower, carthamus tinctorius and its seed ʼ. (CDIAL 2788). Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) kharādī ‘ turner, a person who fashions or shapes objects on a lathe’ (Gujarati) ayo 'fish' (Munda) Rebus: ayo 'alloy metal' (Gujarati)

Fig. 18. Restored finds

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A remarkable combined (ligatured) hieroglyph is reported by N. Ganesan. (I have requested for details of provenience). The hieroglyphs are: 1. crocodile; 2. one-horned young bull; 3. anthropomorph (with ram's curved horns, body and legs resembling a person) See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/crocodiles-help-scholar-link-indus.html The rebus readings of the composite hieroglyph may be suggested: 1. khoṇḍ, kõda 'young bull-calf' Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. क द ां kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) 2. kāru 'crocodile' (Telugu) Rebus: kāruvu 'artisan' (Telugu) khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) 3. tagara 'ram' (Kannada) Rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) tagara 'tin' (Kannada) The anthropomorph 'ram' hieroglyph together with incised 'fish' hieroglyph reads: tagara ayo 'metal alloy (with tin)'. This was the stock-in-trade of the artisan/merchant damgar. अयस् ayas अयस् a. [इ-गतौ-असुन्] Going, moving; nimble. n. (-यः) 1 Iron (एधत चलधत अयस्कान्तसंधनकर्षं इधत तथात्वम्; नायसोल्लिख्यते रत्नम् Śukra 4.169. अधभतप्तमयो$धि मार्द वं भजते कैव कथा शरीररर्षु R.8.43. -2 Steel. -3 Gold. -4 A metal in general. -5 Aloe wood. -6 An iron instrument; यर्योधनिनं याधत सो$स्य िमदः सनातनः Mb.6.17.11. -7 Going. m. Fire. [cf. L. aes, aeris; Goth. ais, eisarn; Ger. eisin]. -Comp. -अग्रम्, -अग्रकम् a hammer, a mace or club tipped with iron; a pestle for cleaning grain. -अिाधि a. Ved. furnished with iron claws or heels. -कंसः, -सम् an iron goblet. -कणिम् A kind of weapon, which throws out iron-balls; अयःकणिचक्राश्मभुशुण्डयुक्तबाहवः Mb.1.227.25. -काण्डः 1 an iron-arrow. -2 excellent iron. -3 a large quantity of iron. -कान्तः (अयस्कान्तः) 1 'beloved of iron', a magnet, load-stone; शम्भोयदतध्वमाक्रष्टु मयस्कान्तेन लोहवत् Ku.2.59; स चकर्षद िरस्मा- त्तर्यस्कान्त इवायसम् R.17.63; U.4.21. अयस्कान्तमयः संक्रामधत M. Bh. on P.III.1.7. -2 a precious stone; ˚मधणः a loadstone; अयस्कान्तमधणशलाकेव लोहिातु मन्तः- करणमाकृिवती Māl.1. -कारः 1 an iron-smith, blacksmith. -2 the upper part of the thigh. -धकट्टम्, -कीजम् rust of iron. -कुम्भः an iron vessel, boiler &c.; so ˚िात्रम्. -कुशा a rope partly consisting of iron. -कृधतः f.a preparation of iron; one of the ways of curing leprosy 15

(महाकुष्ठधचधक- त्साभेर्ः). -गः an iron hammer. -गुडः 1 a pill; one made of some preparation of iron. -2 an iron ball; र्ीप्तशूलियदयोगुडान् Ms.3.133. -3 A kind of weapon con- sisting of iron balls; लगुडायोगुडाश्मानः Mb.7.3.16. -घनः [अयो हन्यते अने न इधत P.III.3.82] an iron hammer, forge hammer; गर्ािररघधनल्लरंशिधट्टशायोघनोिलैः Mb. 7.25.58. अयोघनेनाय इवाधभतप्तम्R.14.33. -चूणदम् iron filings. -जाल a. having iron nets; of impenetrable guiles. (-लम्) an iron net-work; अयोजालाधन धनमदथ्य धभत्त्वा रत्नगृहं वरम् Rām.3.35.35. -ताि a. making iron redhot. -र्त्, -र्ं िर a. Ved. iron-toothed, having iron rims (as chariots); having iron weapons; िश्यन् धहरण्यचक्रान- योर्ं िरान् धविोवतो वराहून् Rv.1.88.5. -र्ती a. proper name; (ल्लरयां संज्ञायाम् P.V.4.143). -र्ण्डः an iron club, K.76. -िातुःiron metal; अयोिातुं यद्वत्पररलघुरयस्कान्त- शकलः U.4.21. -िानम् (अयःिानम् ) N. of a hell (where redhot iron is forced down the throats of those who are condemned to it). -धिण्डः A canon-ball. -प्रधतमा (अयःप्रधतमा) an iron image. बाहः Name of a son of Dhṛitarāṣṭra. -मलम् rust of iron; so ˚रजः, ˚रसः. -मुख a. (-खी f.) 1 having an iron mouth, face, or beak. -2 tipped or pointed with iron; भूधमं भूधमशयां श्चैव हल्लन्त काष्ठमयोमुखम् Ms.1.84. (-खः) an arrow (iron- pointed); भेत्स्यत्यजः कुम्भमयोमुखेन R.5.55. शङ्कुः 1 an iron spear; -2 an iron nail, pointed iron spike, अयःशङ्कुधचतां रक्षः शतघ्नीमथ शत्रवे R.12.95. -शय a. lying in, made of iron, (said of fire). -शू लम् 1 an iron lance. -2 a forcible means, a violent proceeding (तीक्ष्णः उिायः Sk.); (cf. आयःशूधलक; also K. P.1; अयःशूलेन अल्लिच्छतीत्यायःशूधलकः). -स्थूण a. 1 (अय˚ or यः˚) having iron pillars or stakes. धहरण्यरूिमुर्षसो व्युिावयः- स्थूणमुधर्ता सूयदस्य Rv.5.62.8. -2 Name of a Ṛiṣi Śat. Br. -हत a. Ved. embossed in iron-work, made by a priest who wears a golden ring on his finger (B. and R.); रक्षोहा धवश्वचर्षदधणरधभ योधनमयोहतम् Rv.9.1.2. -हृर्य a. iron-hearted, stern, cruel, unrelenting; सुहृर्योहृर्यः प्रधतगजदताम् R.9.9. अयस्मय (अयोमय) a. (-यी f.) Ved. Made of iron or of any metal. -यी N. of one of the three habita- tions of Asuras.अयस ayasa अयस (At the end of comp.) See कार्ष्ाद यस, काला- यस &c.; अयोगूः A blacksmith; Vāj.3.5.(Apte) Standard device is a freuqnetly occurring hieroglyph-multiplex (hypertext) composed of lathe, brazier and dotted circles signified on gold fillets of the civilization to signify sãgaḍ rebus: sangara 'proclamation'; sanghāta 'adamantine glue, vajra' (Varāhamihira).

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Gold fillet. Punctuated design on both ends. Mohenjodaro. http://www.imagesofasia.com/html/mohenjodaro/gold-fillet.html

http://www.harappa.com/indus/79.html

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Straight and curved gold fillet. Mohenjodaro (Kenoyer) "Fillets (Pl. CLI, A, 4-8). A set of three very curious gold fillets was found with the jewellery from the HR site that has already been described. No. 6, the largest (HR 4212a(q) is a band of very thin gold averaging 0.4 inch in width, with a small hole at each rounded end and another at the bottom of the V-shaped piece in the middle. If these fillets were worn as they are photographed, it is possible that a cord was threaded through the hole in the middle of the fillet to support a heavy nose or forehead ornament. In modern Sind, especially heavy nose ornaments are often supported by a thread tied to the hair. These three fillets are somewhat out of shape, for each had been rolled into a ball, presumably for re-melting. Yet despite their age and ill treatment, the told still retains a certain amount of spring. The pottery head in Pl. XCIV,1, shows I imagine, how these fillets were worn. At the top of Pl. CI.I(A,1) a broken gold band (HR 4212a(x) is shown, which had also been rolled up. This band measures 6.2 inches long by 0.75 inch wide and has two holes at each end and also a row of small holes along the upper edge. The row of small holes perhaps served to secure the fillet to a head-dress, or, if worn the other way round, beads or sequins may have been fastened along it. This ornament was stiffened by a very ingenous device, the metal being twice box-pleated lengthways, not far from either edge. On either side of the gold bangles, Nos. 2 and 3, are coiled up fillets (HR 4212a(t andu) of another form, respectively measuring 16 inches long by 0.52 inch wide and 15.1 inches long by 0.35 inch wide. Both these fillets taper slightly towards the rounded ends, each of which is perforated with a hole. A very interesting fillet of the same kind from the VS Area (VS 3091) was found in a niche in the south-eastern corner of House XIV Block 2 VS Area at a depth of 3 ft.6 in. below the surface. It measures 16.5 inches long by 0.55 inch wide in the middle, and tapers to 0.4 inch wide at the carefully rounded ends. These ends bear a very rough design made by embossing the metal with a blunt point, and in each there is a small hole which has been pulled slightly out of shape by tension. The metal is 0.05 inch thick, and is bright-yellow gold which still retains a good deal of its original spring. The design on the two ends of this fillet is illustrated in Pl. CXVIII, 14, and resembles the cult object that is always represented in front of the unicorn animals present on most of the seals. (Pointed out to me by Mr. Hargreaves). This last fillet is very similar in shape to a silver fillet found in a grave at Kish and dated to the pre-Sargonic period, which was also ornamented as well as stiffened by embossing with a point.(Mackay, Report on the Excavation of the 'A' Cemetery at Kish, p. 52, pl. iv, No. 14. For an example from Ur but decorated by a different process, see Antiquaries Journ., vol. viii, pl. ix,3.)"(Marshall, John, 1931, Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization, pp.527-528) 18

Plate IV. 24 (Mackay, 1925, opcit.) "Fillets. A piece of jewellery which was unique in this cemetery is a silver fillet worn by the occupant of grave 21. It is a long, narrow band, still with a certain amount of spring about it; it measures 170 mm in length, 11.5 mm in width, and 1 mm in thickness. It was adhering to the skull, lying horizontally across the forehead. Either for ornamentation or to stiffen it, both sides of the band were pricked all the way along about 5 mm from the edge. This was done with a pointed instrument, but without actually perforating the fillet. Both ends of the ornament are rounded, and there is nothing to show how it was fastened to the head. It was probably secured in the hair on either side of the face (Plate IV, No. 24).(Compare this fillet with a similar ornament worn in the hair on the alabaster head of a Sumerian woman of early date (Dr. Sarzec and Heuzey, Decourvertes en Chaldee, Plate VI, Fig. 3)."

Kuwait Gold Disk with Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs/hypertexts..Kuwait National Museum. See decipherment at http://tinyurl.com/z3lppyo

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Focus on the center-piece: brazier PLUS eye PLUS eyelid PLUS horns of markhor: Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) eye. Rebus: kanga ' large portable brazier, fire-place' (Kashmiri).Rebus: large furnace, fireplace: kang कंग् । आवसथ्यो &1;धनः m. the fire-receptacle or fire-place, kept burning in former times in the courtyard of a Kāshmīrī house for the benefit of guests, etc., and distinct from the three religious domestic fires of a Hindū; (at the present day) a fire-place or brazier lit in the open air on mountain sides, etc., for the sake of warmth or for keeping off wild beasts. nāra-kang, a fire-receptacle; hence, met. a shower of sparks (falling on a person) (Rām. 182). kan:gar `portable furnace' (Kashmiri) Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) eye. Rebus: kanga ' large portable brazier िात [ pāta ],िातें [ pātēṃ ] n (िातं ) An eyelid.(Marathi) िात [ pāta ],िातें [ pātēṃ ] n A blade (of a weapon or a tool). (Marathi) mē̃ḍh 'antelope, ram'; rebus: mē̃ḍ 'iron' (Mu.) baṭa = quail (Santali) Rebus: baṭa = furnace, kiln (Santali) bhrāṣṭra = furnace (Skt.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati) rāngo ‘water buffalo bull’ (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali). Decipherment of Kuwait Gold Disk Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs/hypertexts in Meluhha: 1. A pair of tabernae montana flowers tagara 'tabernae montana' flower; rebus: tagara 'tin' 2. A pair of rams tagara 'ram'; rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) Next to one ram: kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter' Alternative: kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

3. Ficus religiosa leaves on a tree branch (5) loa 'ficus leaf'; rebus: loh 'metal'. kol in Tamil means pancaloha'alloy of five metals'. PLUS flanking pair of lotus flowers: tAmarasa 'lotus' Rebus: tAmra 'copper' dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' thus, denoting copper castings.

4. A pair of bulls tethered to the tree branch: barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin' (Marathi) PLUS kola 'man' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kur.i 'woman' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' Alternative: ḍhangar 'bull'; rebus ḍhangar 'blacksmith' poLa 'zebu' Rebus: poLa 'magnetite'. 20

Two persons touch the two bulls: meḍ ‘body’ (Mu.) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) Thus, the hieroglyph composition denotes ironsmiths. 5. A pair of antelopes looking back: krammara 'look back'; rebus: kamar 'smith' (Santali); tagara 'antelope'; rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) Alternative: melh, mr..eka 'goat' (Brahui. Telugu) Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali), mleccha-mukha 'copper' (Samskritam) 6. A pair of antelopes mē̃ḍh 'antelope, ram'; rebus: mē̃ḍ 'iron' (Mu.) 7. A pair of combs kāṅga 'comb' Rebus: kanga 'brazier, fireplace' Phal. kāṅga ʻ combing ʼ in ṣiṣ k° dūm ʻI comb my hairʼ khyḗṅgia, kēṅgī f.; kaṅghā m. ʻ large comb (Punjabi) káṅkata m. ʻ comb ʼ AV., n. lex., °tī -- , °tikã -- f. lex. 2. *kaṅkaṭa -- 2. 3. *kaṅkaśa -- . [Of doubtful IE. origin WP i 335, EWA i 137: aberrant -- uta -- as well as -- aśa -- replacing -- ata -- in MIA. and NIA.]1. Pk. kaṁkaya -- m. ʻ comb ʼ, kaṁkaya -, °kaï -- m. ʻ name of a tree ʼ; Gy. eur. kangli f.; Wg. kuṇi -- přũ ʻ man's comb ʼ (for kuṇi -cf. kuṇälík beside kuṅälíks.v. kr̥muka -- ; -- přũ see prapavaṇa -- ); Bshk. kēṅg ʻ comb ʼ, Gaw. khēṅgīˊ, Sv. khḗṅgiā, Tor. kyäṅg ʻ comb ʼ (Dard. forms, esp. Gaw., Sv., Phal. but not Sh., prob. ← L. P. type < *kaṅgahiā -- , see 3 below); Sh. kōṅyi̯ f. (→ Ḍ. k*lṅi f.), gil. (Lor.) kōĩ f. ʻ man's comb ʼ, kōũ m. ʻ woman's comb ʼ, pales. kōgō m. ʻ comb ʼ; K. kanguwu m. ʻ man's comb ʼ, kangañ f. ʻ woman's ʼ; WPah. bhad. kãˊkei ʻ a comb -- like fern ʼ, bhal. kãkei f. ʻ comb, plant with comb -- like leaves ʼ; N. kāṅiyo, kāĩyo ʻ comb ʼ, A. kãkai, B. kãkui; Or. kaṅkāi, kaṅkuā ʻ comb ʼ, kakuā ʻ ladder -- like bier for carrying corpse to the burning -- ghat ʼ; Bi. kakwā ʻ comb ʼ, kakahā, °hī, Mth. kakwā, Aw. lakh. kakawā, Bhoj. kakahī f.; H. kakaiyā ʻ shaped like a comb (of a brick) ʼ; G. (non -- Aryan tribes of Dharampur)kākhāī f. ʻ comb ʼ; M. kaṅkvā m. ʻ comb ʼ, kãkaī f. ʻ a partic. shell fish and its shell ʼ; -- S. kaṅgu m. ʻ a partic. kind of small fish ʼ < *kaṅkuta -- ? -- Ext. with --l -- in Ku. kãgilo, kāĩlo ʻ comb ʼ.2. G. (Soraṭh) kãgaṛ m. ʻ a weaver's instrument ʼ?3. L. kaṅghī f. ʻ comb, a fish of the perch family ʼ, awāṇ. kaghī ʻ comb ʼ; P. kaṅghā m. ʻ large comb ʼ, °ghī f. ʻ small comb for men, large one for women ʼ (→ H. kaṅghā m. ʻ man's comb ʼ, °gahī, °ghī f. ʻ woman's ʼ, kaṅghuā m. ʻ rake or harrow ʼ; Bi. kãgahī ʻ comb ʼ, Or. kaṅgei, M. kaṅgvā); -- G. kãgsī f. ʻ comb ʼ, with metath. kãsko m., °kī f.; WPah. khaś. kāgśī, śeu. kāśkī ʻ a comblike fern ʼ or < *kaṅkataśikha -- .WPah.kṭg. kaṅgi f. ʻ comb ʼ; J. kāṅgṛu m. ʻ small comb ʼ.(CDIAL 2598) Rebus: large furnace, fireplace: kang कंग् । आवसथ्यो &1;धनः m. the fire-receptacle or fire-place, kept burning in former times in the courtyard of a Kāshmīrī house for the benefit of guests, etc., and distinct from the three religious domestic fires of a Hindū; (at the present day) a fire-place or brazier lit in the open air on mountain sides, etc., for the sake of warmth or for keeping off wild beasts. nāra-kang, a fire-receptacle; hence, met. a shower of sparks (falling on a person) (Rām. 182). kan:gar `portable furnace' (Kashmiri)Cf. kã̄gürü, which is the fem. of this word in a dim. sense (Gr.Gr. 33, 7). kã̄gürü कााँ ग््् or kã̄gürü कााँ ग or kã̄gar कााँ ग्््र् ्् । हसल्लिका f. (sg. dat. kã̄grĕ कााँ ग्र्य or kã̄garĕ कााँ गयद , abl. kã̄gri कााँ धग्र), the portable brazier, or kāngrī, much used in Kashmīr (K.Pr. kángár, 129, 131, 178; káṅgrí, 5, 128, 129). For particulars see El. s.v. kángri; L. 7, 25, kangar;and K.Pr. 129. The word is a fem. dim. of kang, q.v. (Gr.Gr. 37). kã̄gri-khŏphürükã̄gri-khŏphürü कााँ धग्रख्वफ्््&above;रू&below; । भना काष्ठाङ्गाररका f. a worn-out brazier. -khôru -खोरु&below; । 21

काष्ठाङ्गाररका िदभागः m. the outer half (made of woven twigs) of a brazier, remaining after the inner earthenware bowl has been broken or removed; see khôru. -kŏnḍolu -क्वंड । हसल्लन्तकािात्रम् m. the circular earthenware bowl of a brazier, which contains the burning fuel. köñü -का&above;ञू &below; । हसल्लन्तकालता f. the covering of woven twigs outside the earthenware bowl of a brazier. It is an archaeometallurgical challenge to trace the Maritime Tin Route from the tin belt of the world on Mekong River delta in the Far East and trace the contributions made by seafaring merchants of Meluhha in reaching the tin mineral resource to sustain the Tin-Bronze Age which was a revolution unleashed ca. 5th millennium BCE. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-corpora-as-catalogus.html 8. A pair of fishes ayo 'fish' (Mu.); rebus: ayo 'metal, iron' (Gujarati); ayas 'metal' (Sanskrit) 9.A pair of buffaloes tethered to a post-standard kāṛā ‘buffalo’ கண்டி kaṇṭi buffalo bull (Tamil); rebus: kaṇḍ 'stone ore'; kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’; kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar, consecrated fire’. 10. A pair of birds Rebus 1: kōḍi. [Tel.] n. A fowl, a bird. (Telugu) Rebus: khōṭ ‘alloyed ingots’. Rebus 2: kol ‘the name of a bird, the Indian cuckoo’ (Santali) kol 'iron, smithy, forge'. Rebus 3: baṭa = quail (Santali) Rebus: baṭa = furnace, kiln (Santali) bhrāṣṭra = furnace (Skt.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati) 11. The buffaloes, birds flank a post-standard with curved horns on top of a stylized 'eye' PLUS 'eyebrows' with one-horn on either side of two faces

mũh ‘face’; rebus: mũh ‘ingot’ (Mu.)

ṭhaṭera ‘buffalo horns’. ṭhaṭerā ‘brass worker’ (Punjabi) Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) eye. Rebus: kanga ' large portable brazier, fire-place' (Kashmiri). Thus the stylized standard is read rebus: Hieroglyph components: kanga + ṭhaṭerā'one eye + buffalo horn' Rebus: kanga 'large portable barzier' (Kashmiri) + ṭhaṭerā ‘brass worker’ (Punjabi) Ta. kaṇ eye, aperture, orifice, star of a peacock's tail. Ma. kaṇ, kaṇṇu eye, nipple, star in peacock's tail, bud. Ko. kaṇ eye. To. koṇ eye, loop in string.Ka. kaṇ eye, small hole, orifice. Koḍ. kaṇṇï id. Tu. kaṇṇů eye, nipple, star in peacock's feather, rent, tear. Te. kanu, kannu eye, small hole, orifice, mesh of net, eye in peacock's feather. Kol. kan (pl. kanḍl) eye, small hole in ground, cave. Nk. kan (pl. kanḍḷ) eye, spot in peacock's tail. Nk. (Ch.) kan (pl. l) eye. Pa.(S. only) kan (pl. kanul) eye. Ga. (Oll.) kaṇ (pl. kaṇkul) id.; kaṇul maṭṭa eyebrow; kaṇa (pl. kaṇul) hole; (S.) kanu (pl. kankul) eye. Go. (Tr.) kan (pl.kank) id.; (A.) kaṛ (pl. kaṛk) id. Konḍa kaṇ id. Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) id. Manḍ. kan (pl. -ke) id. Kui kanu 22

(pl. kan-ga), (K.) kanu (pl. kaṛka) id. Kuwi(F.) kannū (pl. kar&nangle;ka), (S.) kannu (pl. kanka), (Su. P. Isr.) kanu (pl. kaṇka) id. Kur. xann eye, eye of tuber; xannērnā (of newly born babies or animals) to begin to see, have the use of one's eyesight (for ērnā, see 903). Malt. qanu eye. Br. xan id., bud. (DEDR 1159) kāṇá ʻ one -- eyed ʼ RV. Pa. Pk. kāṇa -- ʻ blind of one eye, blind ʼ; Ash. kãṛa, °ṛī f. ʻ blind ʼ, Kt. kãŕ, Wg. kŕãmacrdotdot;, Pr. k&schwatildemacr;, Tir. kāˊna, Kho. kāṇu NTS ii 260,kánu BelvalkarVol 91; K. kônu ʻ one - eyed ʼ, S. kāṇo, L. P. kāṇã; WPah. rudh. śeu. kāṇā ʻ blind ʼ; Ku. kāṇo, gng. kã&rtodtilde; ʻ blind of one eye ʼ, N. kānu;A. kanā ʻ blind ʼ; B. kāṇā ʻ one -- eyed, blind ʼ; Or. kaṇā, f. kāṇī ʻ one -- eyed ʼ, Mth. kān, °nā, kanahā, Bhoj. kān, f. °ni, kanwā m. ʻ one -- eyed man ʼ, H. kān,°nā, G. kāṇũ; M. kāṇā ʻ one -- eyed, squint -- eyed ʼ; Si. kaṇa ʻ one -- eyed, blind ʼ. -- Pk. kāṇa -- ʻ full of holes ʼ, G. kāṇũ ʻ full of holes ʼ, n. ʻ hole ʼ (< ʻ empty eyehole ʼ? Cf. ãdhḷũ n. ʻ hole ʼ < andhala -- ).S.kcch. kāṇī f.adj. ʻ one -- eyed ʼ; WPah.kṭg. kaṇɔ ʻ blind in one eye ʼ, J. kāṇā; Md. kanu ʻ blind ʼ.(CDIAL 3019) Ko. kāṇso ʻ squint -- eyed ʼ.(Konkani) Paš. ainċ -- gánik ʻ eyelid ʼ(CDIAL 3999) Phonetic reinforcement of the gloss: Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) eye. See also: nimišta kanag 'to write' (SBal): *nipēśayati ʻ writes ʼ. [√piś] Very doubtful: Kal.rumb. Kho. nivḗš -- ʻ to write ʼ more prob. ← EPers. Morgenstierne BSOS viii 659. Ir. pres. st. *nipaiš -- (for *nipais -- after past *nipišta -- ) in Yid. nuviš -- , Mj. nuvuš -- , Sang. Wkh. nəviš - ; -- Aś. nipista ← Ir. *nipista -- (for *nipišta -- after pres. *nipais -- ) in SBal. novīsta or nimišta kanag ʻ to write ʼ.(CDIAL 7220) Alternative: dol ‘eye’; Rebus: dul ‘to cast metal in a mould’ (Santali)Alternative: kandi ‘hole, opening’ (Ka.)[Note the eye shown as a dotted circle on many Dilmun seals.]; kan ‘eye’ (Ka.); rebus: kandi (pl. –l) necklace, beads (Pa.);kaṇḍ 'stone ore' Alternative: kãgsī f. ʻcombʼ (Gujarati); rebus 1: kangar ‘portable furnace’ (Kashmiri); rebus 2: kamsa 'bronze'. khuṇḍ ʻtethering peg or post' (Western Pahari) Rebus: kūṭa ‘workshop’; kuṭi= smelter furnace (Santali); Rebus 2: kuṇḍ 'fire-altar' Why are animals shown in pairs? dula ‘pair’ (Kashmiri); rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ (Mu.) Thus, all the hieroglyphs on the gold disc can be read as Indus writing related to one bronze-age artifact category: metalware catalog entries. S. Kalyanaraman Sarasvati Research Center March 5, 2017

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