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Journal of Plant Nutrition
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GENOTYPIC VARIATION FOR PRODUCTIVITY, ZINC UTILIZATION EFFICIENCIES, AND KERNEL QUALITY IN AROMATIC RICES UNDER LOW AVAILABLE ZINC CONDITIONS Yashbir Singh Shivaya; Rajendra Prasada; Anshu Rahalb a Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India b Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India Online publication date: 18 August 2010
To cite this Article Shivay, Yashbir Singh , Prasad, Rajendra and Rahal, Anshu(2010) 'GENOTYPIC VARIATION FOR
PRODUCTIVITY, ZINC UTILIZATION EFFICIENCIES, AND KERNEL QUALITY IN AROMATIC RICES UNDER LOW AVAILABLE ZINC CONDITIONS', Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33: 12, 1835 — 1848 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2010.503832 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2010.503832
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Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33:1835–1848, 2010 C Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Copyright ISSN: 0190-4167 print / 1532-4087 online DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2010.503832
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GENOTYPIC VARIATION FOR PRODUCTIVITY, ZINC UTILIZATION EFFICIENCIES, AND KERNEL QUALITY IN AROMATIC RICES UNDER LOW AVAILABLE ZINC CONDITIONS
Yashbir Singh Shivay,1 Rajendra Prasad,1 and Anshu Rahal2 1 Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India 2 Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India
2
Zinc (Zn) has emerged as the plant nutrient limiting rice growth in several parts of the world. About 50% of world soils are deficient in Zn and this is also true for India. An analysis of 0.233 million samples taken from different states showed that 47% of Indian soils are deficient in Zn. In India, Zn deficiency is widespread, especially in the rice–wheat cropping system belt of North India, which has high pH calcareous soils. Zinc is also now recognized as the fifth leading health risk factor is developing Asian countries, where rice is the staple food and Zn nutrition of humans and animals has recently received considerable attention. However, no reports are available on the effect of Zn fertilization on kernel quality of aromatic rices. The present study was therefore undertaken to study the effect of Zn fertilization on yield attributes, grain, and straw yield, Zn concentrations in grain and straw, Zn uptake, Zn use indices and kernel qualities of the aromatic rices. A field study at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India showed that Pusa Sugandh 4 (‘PS 4’) is a better than the earlier developed aromatic rice variety Pusa Basmati 1 (‘PB 1’) in terms of grain yield (4.08 tonnes ha −1), kernel quality, zinc (Zn) concentrations in grain and Zn uptake (1,396.9 g ha −1), recovery efficiency (5.2%), agronomic efficiency (122.7 kg grain increase kg −1 Zn applied), partial factor productivity (1,064.7 kg grain kg −1 Zn applied) and physiological efficiency (39,625 kg grain kg −1 Zn uptake) of applied Zn. From the grain yield (4.64 tonnes ha −1) viewpoint an application of 5 kg Zn ha −1 was found sufficient for the aromatic rices grown on ustochrepts of north Indian rice-wheat cropping system belt. Application of 7.5 kg Zn ha −1 increased Zn concentrations in the grain (37.0 mg kg −1 DM) and straw (117.3 mg kg −1 DM) of aromatic rices studied and this is important from the human and animal nutrition viewpoint under Indian conditions. Keywords: aromatic rice varieties, zinc fertilization, productivity, zinc uptake & use indices, kernel quality in aromatic rices
Received 8 December 2008; accepted 9 November 2009. Address correspondence to Yashbir Singh Shivay, Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India. E-mail:
[email protected]
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INTRODUCTION Basmati (aromatic) rices are well known all over the world, especially in the middle East and South Asia for their long fluffy grains on cooking, a desirable characteristic for the dish biryani or pulao made by cooking rice with vegetables, mutton or chicken and flavored with special oriental spices. The traditional basmati rice varieties grown in Dehradun valley of the Himalayas and in other parts of north-western part of the Indian sub-continent yield about 1.5–2.0 tonnes ha−1. Considering the large demand for basmati rice in the world concerted research efforts was made by the researchers at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India to develop rice varieties having both basmati traits and high yield potential. This involved convergent breeding and simultaneous selection at field and laboratory for the complex inherited key characteristics of basmati quality (extra long slender grain, excessive elongation on cooking, aroma and ideal physicochemical properties of starch) and high yield potential of new semi-dwarf rice varieties. Pusa Basmati 1 (‘PB 1’) was the result of this research, which took about 25 years. ‘PB 1’ now occupies the largest area in north-western India and fetches about US $500 million in the international market (Siddiq, 2006). Further research has resulted in development of Pusa Sugandh (‘PS 2’), Pusa Sugandh (‘PS 3’), Pusa Sugandh (‘PS 4’), and Pusa Sugandh (‘PS 5’). Sugandh is the Hindi word for aroma. Some important characteristics of these aromatic rice varieties are given in Table 1. Development of Pusa Sugandh series was aimed to further increase the kernel quality as well as potential yield over ‘PB 1’. Zinc (Zn) has emerged as the plant nutrient limiting rice growth in several parts of the world. About 50% of world soils are deficient in Zn (Katyal and Vlek, 1985; Sillanpaa, 1982) as this is also true of India (Prasad, 2006). Good response of rice to Zn application has been reported from India (Katyal and Rattan, 2003; Prasad, 2005; Shivay et al., 2008), China (Shihua and Wenqiang, 2000), Japan (Wissuwa et al., 2006) and USA (Slaton et al., 2005). Zinc is now recognized as the fifth leading health risk factor is developing Asian countries, where rice is the staple food (Anonymous, 2007) and Zn nutrition of humans and animals has recently received considerable attention (WHO, 2002). However, no reports are available on the effect of Zn fertilization on kernel quality of aromatic rices. The present study was therefore undertaken to study the effect of Zn fertilization on yield attributes, grain and straw yield, Zn concentrations in grain and straw, Zn uptake, Zn harvest index (ZHI), recovery efficiency (%), agronomic efficiency (kg grain increase kg−1 Zn applied), partial factor productivity (kg grain kg−1 Zn applied), physiological efficiency (kg grain kg−1 Zn uptake), and kernel quality before and after cooking of the newly developed Pusa Sugandh series of aromatic rices.
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TABLE 1 Important characteristics of Pusa aromatic rice varieties developed at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Duration (days)
Grain yield (tonnes ha−1)
Plant height (cm)
Pusa1 Basmati 1 (PB 1); cross between Pusa 150 × Karnal2 local, released 1989 Pusa Sugandh 2 (PS 2); cross between Pusa 1238-1 × Pusa 1238-81-6, released 2001 Pusa Sugandh 3 (PS 3); cross between Pusa 1238-1 × Pusa 1238-28-6, released 2001 Pusa Sugandh 4 (PS 4) cross between Pusa 614-1-2 × Pusa 614-2-4-3, released 2003
135–150
4.0–5.0
90–110
Mild aroma
120–130
5.0–7.0
90–110
115–120
5.0–5.5
100–110
135–140
4.0–5.0
110–120
Strong aroma, kernel length 7.0 mm Mild aroma, kernel length 7.5 mm Kernel length 8 mm, fetching the highest price in the market
Pusa Sugandh 5 (PS 5) cross between Pusa 3A × Haryana basmati, released 2004
120–125
6.0–6.5
90–100
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Variety and parent
Special grain characteristics
Resistant (R) and moderately resistant (MR) -------------
MR to leaf folder3 and gall midge R to gall midge, MR to blast and leaf folder -------------
R to gall midge, MR to blast and leaf folder
1Varieties
of all crops developed at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi have prefix “Pusa” which is the name of a place in Bihar state of India where the institute was first built in 1905. 2Name of a place in Haryana state of India where basmati is largely grown. 3Gall midge (Pachydiplosis oryzae word Masan), leaf folder (Craphalocropis edinelis), blast.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of the Study Area The field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during rainy seasons (July–November) of 2004 and 2005 on a sandy clay-loam soil (Ustochrept). To avoid residual effects, the experiment in 2005 was conducted in a separate site in the same field. The institute farm is located at 28◦ 58 N latitude and 77◦ 10 E longitude with an elevation of 228.6 m above mean sea level. The soil of the experimental field had 225 kg ha−1 alkaline permanganate oxidizable nitrogen (N) (Subbiah and Asija, 1956), 12.2 kg ha−1 available phosphorus (P) (Olsen et al., 1954), 226 kg ha−1 1 N ammonium acetate exchangeable potassium (K) (Hanway and Heidel, 1952) and 0.51% organic carbon (C) (Walkley and Black, 1934). The pH of the soil was 8.1 (1:2.5 soil: water ratio) (Prasad et al., 2006) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978) in soil was 0.62 mg kg−1 soil. The critical level of DTPA extractable Zn for rice grown on alluvial soils in the rice-wheat belt of North
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India varies from 0.38–0.90 mg kg−1 soil (Takkar et al., 1997) and thus the response of rice to Zn was expected. Experimental Treatments and Design The field experiment was conducted in split plot design having three replications with five aromatic rice varieties (‘PB 1’, ‘PS 2’, ‘PS 3’, ‘PS 4’, and ‘PS 5’) in the main plots and four Zn levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 kg Zn ha−1) in the sub-plots. Downloaded By: [Consortium for e-Resources in Agriculture] At: 04:35 19 August 2010
Field Techniques The experimental field was disk-ploughed twice, puddled thee times with a puddler in standing water and leveled. At final puddling 26 kg P ha−1 as single superphosphate and 33 kg K ha−1 as muriate of potash and Zn as per treatments as zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4 .7H2 O) was broadcast and incorporated in soil. Nitrogen at 120 kg N ha−1 as prilled urea (PU) was band applied in two equal splits, half 10 days after transplanting (DAT) and the other half at panicle initiation (40 DAT). Two to three 25-day-old seedlings raised in nursery were transplanted on hills spaced at 20 cm x 10 cm in the second week of July in both the years of study. The main plot size was 9.2 m x 5.5 m, while the sub-plot was 5.5 m × 2.0 m. Recording Growth, Yield Attributes and Yields of Rice Ten hills were randomly selected in each sub-plot for measuring plant height and fertile tillers hill−1 10 days before harvest and the average values were computed. Similarly 10 panicles were randomly selected from each plot for recording the data on yield attributes (panicle length, number of grains panicle−1, grain weight panicle−1, and 1,000-grain weight). At harvest, grain and straw yield was recorded for each sub-plot and then calculated in tonnes ha−1. Chemical Analysis of Zn Concentrations in Rice Grain and Straw At harvest, samples of grain and straw were drawn from each sub-plot of the experiment for the chemical analysis for Zn concentrations. Zinc in grain and straw samples was analyzed on a di-acid [perchloric acid (HClO4 ) + nitric acid (HNO3 ) in 3:10 ratio] digest on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Prasad et al., 2006). Thereafter, the uptake of the Zn was calculated by multiplying Zn concentrations with respective plot yield of grain and straw of rice. Estimation of Efficiency of Applied Zn Partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE), recovery efficiency (RE), physiological efficiency (PE) and Zn harvest index (ZHI) of
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applied Zn were computed using the following expressions as suggested by Baligar et al. (2001), Fageria and Baligar (2003), and Dobermann (2005): PFP = YZn /Zna AE = (YZn − YPu )/Zna RE = [(UZn − UPu )/Zna ] × 100 PE = (YZn − YPu )/(UZn − UPu ) Downloaded By: [Consortium for e-Resources in Agriculture] At: 04:35 19 August 2010
ZHI = GUZn /UZn wherein, YZn and UZn refer to the grain yield (kg ha−1) and total Zn uptake (kg ha−1), respectively, of rice in Zn applied plots; YPu and UPu refer to the grain yield (kg ha−1) and total Zn uptake (kg ha−1), respectively, of rice in PU (no Zn) applied plots; Zna refers to the Zn applied (kg ha−1); GUZn refers to Zn uptake (kg ha−1) in grain. Kernel Quality Parameters Milling Quality Parameter The seed produce of each treatment from each replication was used to study the following physico-chemical, agronomic characters, and cooking quality parameters, which were scored using standard procedures as per the details given below. Hulling (%) Well sun-dried paddy samples of each treatment weighing 100 g from each replication were hulled in a mini Satake Rice Mill (Satake, Tokyo, Japan) and the weight of brown rice was recorded, hulling percentage was calculated as: Weight of brown rice (g) × 100 Hulling (%) = Weight of rough rice (g) Kernel Cooking Quality Parameters Before cooking, ten milled kernels from each plot were taken at random and measured on a graph paper for their length and breadth using a photo enlarger with a magnification of 3X. The actual mean kernel length and breadth was expressed in mm. After cooking, a sample of ten kernels before cooking of each replication were taken separately in long labeled test tubes and pre-soaked in 5 mL of tap water for 30 minutes. After that, the tubes were placed in water bath (Thermotech temperature controller TH-013; Thermotech, Gujarat, India) maintained at boiling temperature for six to seven minutes. After cooking,
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the tubes were taken out and cooled under running water for two minutes. Cooked kernels were taken out of the tubes and excess water was removed with a blotting paper. Length and breadth of cooked kernels were measured as mentioned above. The ratio of cooked kernel length to breadth after cooking was calculated by dividing the kernel length.
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Statistical Analysis All the data obtained from rice crop for consecutive two years pooled over two year of study were statistically analyzed using the F-test as per the procedure given by Gomez and Gomez (1984). Least significant difference (LSD) values at P = 0.05 were used to determine the significance of differences between treatment means. RESULTS Results pooled over two years of study are presented in Tables 2 through 6. In all the characters studied variety x Zn interaction was not significant and therefore only the main results are reported. Plant Height ‘PS 4’ produced the tallest plants, significantly taller than ‘PS 5’, ‘PS 3’, and ‘PS 2’, which were at par and produced significantly taller plants than TABLE 2 Effect of variety and rate of Zn application on plant height and yield attributes of aromatic rices (means of two years)
Treatment Variety ‘P B 1’ ‘P S 2’ ‘P S 3’ ‘P S 4’ ‘P S 5’ SE± LSD (P = 0.05) Zn (kg ha−1) 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 SE± LSD (P = 0.05)
Plant height (cm)
Panicles hill−1 (no.)
Panicle length (cm)
Number of grains panicle−1
Grain weight (g) panicle−1
1,000-grain weight (g)
91.1 99.5 97.4 106.2 97.1 1.11 3.61
8.4 7.7 7.5 10.6 8.6 0.18 0.58
25.6 25.4 25.2 24.8 26.2 0.21 0.68
94.9 119.5 125.3 60.1 128.2 3.82 12.45
1.90 3.24 3.37 1.67 3.30 0.09 0.28
21.64 27.01 26.47 27.03 27.64 0.58 1.89
91.8 97.2 100.9 103.1 0.60 1.73
6.8 8.5 9.2 9.7 0.15 0.43
22.9 25.3 26.3 27.3 0.14 0.41
96.5 104.0 109.0 113.4 2.34 6.75
2.25 2.65 2.87 3.02 0.06 0.16
24.05 25.72 26.67 27.39 0.29 0.16
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‘PB 1’ (Table 2). Thus ‘PB 1’ produced the shortest plants. Zinc application increased the plant height of rice and increase in plant height was significant due to each successive increase in the level of Zn application. Thus application of 7.5 kg Zn ha−1 produced the tallest rice plants.
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Yield Attributes ‘PS 4’ produced the highest number of panicles hill−1, significantly more than ‘PS 5’ and ‘PB 1’, which in turn produced significantly more panicles than ‘PS 2’ and ‘PS 3’. As regards panicle length, the shortest panicles were produced by ‘PS 4’, which was at par with ‘PS 2’ and ‘PS 3’ (Table 2). As would be expected from the data on panicle length, ‘PS 5’ produced the highest number of grains panicle−1 and was at par with ‘PS 3’ and ‘PS 2’. The panicle of three varieties (‘PS 4’, ‘PS 3’, and ‘PS 2’) had significantly more grains panicle−1 than ‘PB 1’, which in turn had significantly more than ‘PS 4’. Thus ‘PS 4’ had the least grains panicle−1. As regards 1,000-grain weight ‘PS 2’, ‘PS 3’, ‘PS 4’, and ‘PS 5’ had significantly higher 1,000-grain weight than ‘PB 1’. Zinc application significantly increased all yield attributes and the highest values were recorded at an application of 7.5 kg Zn ha−1 (Table 2). In the case of panicles hill−1 and panicle length the increase due to each successive increase in the level of Zn application was significant. As regards number of grains panicle−1 7.5 kg Zn ha−1 produced significantly more grains panicle−1 than 2.5 and 5.0 kg Zn ha1, which were at par and produced significantly more grains panicle−1 than control (no Zn). Application of 7.5 or 5.0 kg Zn ha−1 gave significantly higher 1,000-grain weight than application of 2.5 kg Zn ha−1 or control (no Zn). Grain and Straw Yield ‘PS 5’ produced the highest grain yield of rice and were at par with ‘PS 2’, both these were significantly superior to ‘PS 4’ and ‘PB 1’. ‘PB 1’ produced the lowest grain yield (Table 3). ‘PS 4’ produced the highest straw yield, significantly more than all other varieties tested. “PS 3” produced the least straw yield. The five aromatic rice varieties tested did not differ significantly in respect of harvest index (HI). ‘PB 1’ and ‘PS 4’ gave a HI of 0.27, while the other varieties revealed a HI of 0.35 to 0.37. Application of Zn at 2.5 kg ha−1 significantly increased the grain yield of rice over control (no Zn). A further significant increase in grain yield was recorded when the level of Zn was increased to 5 kg ha−1. There was no significant increase in grain yield of rice when Zn application was increased from 5 to 7.5 kg ha−1 (Table 3). As regards straw, application of 2.5 or 5 kg Zn ha−1 produced significantly more straw than control (no Zn). The highest amount of straw was produced with an application of the highest level of Zn
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TABLE 3 Effect of variety and Zn levels on grain and straw yields of aromatic rices (means of two years)
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Treatment Variety ‘P B 1’ ‘P S 2’ ‘P S 3’ ‘P S 4’ ‘P S 5’ SEm± LSD (P = 0.05) Zn (kg ha−1) 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 SEm± LSD (P = 0.05)
Grain yield (tonnes ha−1)
Straw yield (tonnes ha−1)
Harvest index
3.36 4.89 4.68 4.08 5.05 0.10 0.32
9.03 8.84 8.07 11.63 9.26 0.34 1.10
0.27 0.35 0.37 0.27 0.35 0.01 0.03
4.02 4.38 4.64 4.62 0.05 0.14
8.65 9.21 9.61 10.99 0.19 0.55
0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.01 NS
application (7.5 kg ha−1) and it was significantly more than that obtained with 5.0 or 2.5 kg Zn ha−1. Harvest index in rice was not affected by Zn application. Zn Concentrations and Uptake ‘PS 3’ had the highest concentration of Zn in rice grain, significantly more than ‘PS 4’, ‘PS 5’, and ‘PB 1’ (Table 4). Zinc concentrations in rice grain in ‘PS 2’ were at par with that in ‘PS 3’. ‘PS 3’ had also the highest Zn concentrations in rice straw, significantly more than ‘PS 4’, ‘PS 2’ and ‘PB 1’. However, Zn concentrations in rice straw in ‘PS 5’ were at par with those in ‘PS 3’. Application of 2.5 kg Zn ha−1 did not lead to a significant increase over control (no Zn) in Zn concentrations in rice grain or straw. A significant increase in Zn concentrations in rice grain and straw was recorded when 5.0 kg Zn ha−1 was applied. Also a further significant increase in Zn concentrations in rice grain and straw was recorded when the level of Zn application was increased to 7.5 kg Zn ha−1. ‘PS 2’, ‘PS 3’ and ‘PS 5’ were at par and recorded significantly more Zn uptake in rice grain than ‘PS 4’, which in turn, recorded significantly more than ‘PB 1’ (Table 4). As regarding Zn uptake in rice straw, it was the highest in ‘PS 4’, significantly more than in ‘PS 2’, ‘PS 3’ and ‘PB 1’. ‘PS 5’ was at par with ‘PS 4’. Total Zn uptake by rice (grain + straw) was the highest in ‘PS 4’, significantly more than in ‘PS 5’, which in turn recorded significantly higher than ‘PS 2’, ‘PS 3’ and ‘PB 1’. Zinc uptake in rice grain, straw and total (grain + straw) Zn uptake by rice crop increased significantly with each
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TABLE 4 Effect of variety and rate of Zn application on Zn concentrations and uptake in rice grain and straw of aromatic rices (means of two years) Zn concentration (mg kg−1 DM)
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Treatment Variety ‘P B 1’ ‘P S 2’ ‘P S 3’ ‘P S 4’ ‘P S 5’ SEm± LSD (P = 0.05) Zn levels (kg ha−1) 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 SEm± LSD (P = 0.05)
Zn uptake (g ha−1)
Grain
Straw
Grain
Straw
Total
32.8 35.0 36.1 32.3 33.1 0.73 2.39
100.0 100.6 115.0 106.4 110.8 1.90 6.20
111.1 173.2 170.1 138.6 167.6 3.71 11.76
908.5 898.0 911.7 1, 258.3 1, 032.2 43.98 143.41
1, 019.6 1, 071.3 1, 081.9 1, 396.9 1, 197.8 50.67 165.23
31.8 32.1 34.5 37.0 0.79 2.30
98.6 101.7 108.6 117.3 1.92 5.54
128.7 142.1 161.0 176.6 3.58 10.34
835.4 938.3 1, 045.3 1, 188.0 25.75 74.35
957.5 1, 085.5 1, 206.4 1, 364.6 20.87 60.26
successive increase in the level of Zn application for 2.5 to 7.5 kg Zn ha1. Thus the highest Zn uptake was recorded with an application of 7.5 kg Zn ha−1. Zn harvest index (ZHI) and recovery efficiency (RE), agronomic efficiency (AE), partial factor productivity (PFP) and physiological efficiency (PE) ‘PS 2’ and ‘PS 3’ recorded the highest ZHI, significantly more than ‘PS 5’, which in turn recorded significantly more than ‘PS 4’ and ‘PB 1’ (Table 5). ZHI in ‘PS 4’ and ‘PS 2’ did not differ significantly from that in ‘PS 3’. Recovery efficiency of Zn was the highest in ‘PS 3’, significantly more than ‘PS 5’, which in turn recorded significantly higher than ‘PS 2’, ‘PS 4’ and ‘PB 1’. A significant difference between varieties was recorded in respect of AE. ‘PS 2’ recorded the highest and ‘PS 3’ the lowest AE. Similarly a significant difference between varieties was also recorded with respect to PFP and PE. ‘PS 2’ and ‘PS 5’ recorded the highest PFP, significantly more than ‘PS 3’ and ‘PS 4’, which in turn recorded more than ‘PB 1’. ‘PS 4’ recorded the highest PE which was significantly higher than rest of the tested varieties and the ‘PS 2’ recorded the least PE and remained on par with ‘PB 1’. Level of Zn application had no significant effect on ZHI. AE of Zn applied declined as the level of its application was increased and the difference between 2.5 kg ha−1 and 7.5 kg ha−1 was significant. Application of Zn levels had significant effect on PFP and PE (Table 5). PFP and PE of applied Zn declined as the level of its application was increased. Both PFP and PE were recorded the highest with 2.5 kg Zn ha−1 and the lowest with 7.5 kg Zn ha−1.
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TABLE 5 Effect of variety and rate of Zn application on Zn harvest index, recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity and physiological efficiency in aromatic rices (means of two years)
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Treatment Variety ‘P B 1’ ‘P S 2’ ‘P S 3’ ‘P S 4’ ‘P S 5’ SEm± LSD (P = 0.05) Zn (kg ha−1) 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 SEm± LSD (P = 0.05)
Zn harvest index (ZHI)
Recovery efficiency of Zn (%)
Agronomic efficiency (kg grain increase kg−1 Zn applied)
0.11 0.16 0.16 0.10 0.14 0.01 0.02
2.61 5.81 7.98 5.20 4.28 0.15 0.50
110.0 154.6 107.9 122.7 122.5 2.08 6.78
836.8 1,211.5 1,163.8 1,064.7 1,255.3 22.39 73.02
21,886 21,862 37,746 39,625 23,473 501.1 1, 633.9
0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.005 NS
— 5.20 4.93 5.40 0.11 0.32
— 147.9 122.0 100.7 1.92 5.67
— 1,755.5 926.3 637.5 12.77 37.66
— 41,368 28,331 17,056 369.9 1, 091.0
Partial factor productivity (kg grain kg−1 Zn applied)
Physiological efficiency (kg grain kg−1 Zn uptake)
Hulling Percentage (%) Hulling percentage was the highest in ‘PS 5’ and ‘PS 3’, significantly higher than ‘PS 2’ and ‘PS 4’, which were at par and gave significantly higher hulling percentage than ‘PB 1’ (Table 6). Thus ‘PB 1’ has the lowest hulling percentage. Zinc application significantly increased the hulling percentage at the highest level of application (7.5 kg Zn ha−1). Kernel Quality before Cooking ‘PS 4’ produced the longest kernels, significantly longer than ‘PS 5’, which in turn produced significantly longer kernels than ‘PS 2’ and ‘PS 3’ (Table 6). ‘PB 1’ had the shortest kernels and was significantly inferior to all other varieties tested. ‘PS 3’ produced the boldest kernels, significantly bolder than ‘PS 2’, ‘PS 4’ and ‘PS 5’, which in turn produced significantly bolder kernels than ‘PB 1’. Thus ‘PB 1’ had the thinnest kernels. The L:B ratio in rice kernels was the highest in ‘PS 4’ and ‘PB 1’, significantly higher than in ‘PS 2’ and ‘PS 3’. Zinc application at 7.5 kg ha−1 produced the longest kernels, significantly longer than application of 5.0 and 2.5 kg Zn ha−1 over control (no Zn), which did not differ significantly. As regards breadth of the kernels, it was
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Genotypic Variation in Aromatic Rices TABLE 6 Effect of variety and rate of Zn application on hulling percentage and kernel quality in aromatic rice (means of two years)
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Treatment Variety ‘P B 1’ ‘P S 2’ ‘P S 3’ ‘P S 4’ ‘P S 5’ SEm± LSD (P = 0.05) Zn levels (kg ha−1) 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 SEm± LSD (P = 0.05)
Hulling (%)
Kernel length before cooking (cm)
Kernel breadth before cooking (cm)
Kernel L:B before cooking
Kernel length after cooking (cm)
Kernel breadth after cooking (cm)
Kernel L:B after cooking
67.1 73.6 75.1 72.8 75.6 0.50 1.63
0.75 0.77 0.77 0.84 0.78 0.01 0.05
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.002 0.006
5.07 4.70 4.61 5.15 4.76 0.11 0.36
1.35 1.32 1.31 1.69 1.46 0.05 0.15
0.24 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.26 0.002 0.006
5.78 5.25 5.35 7.29 5.69 0.24 0.78
70.9 71.7 72.9 75.8 0.76 2.20
0.76 0.78 0.78 0.81 0.01 0.03
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.002 0.006
4.90 4.85 4.74 4.95 0.09 0.26
1.38 1.41 1.46 1.46 0.03 0.08
0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.002 0.006
5.86 5.81 5.84 5.82 0.17 NS
the highest at 5.0 kg Zn ha−1 significantly higher than 2.5 and 5.0 kg Zn ha−1 application, which in turn was higher than control (no Zn).
Kernel Quality after Cooking After cooking also ‘PS 4’ produced the longest kernels, significantly longer than ‘PS 5’, which produced longer kernels than ‘PS 2’, ‘PS 3’, and ‘PB 1’ although the differences were not significant. After cooking the kernels of ‘PS 5’ were the thickest, significantly thicker than ‘PS 2’, which in turn gave thicker kernels than ‘PB 1’ and ‘PS 3’. ‘PS 4’ recorded the thinnest kernels, significantly thinner than all other varieties (Table 6). Since ‘PS 4’ produced the longest and the thinnest kernels on cooking, it gave the highest kernel L:B ratio on cooking, significantly superior to all other varieties. It may be pointed out that ‘PS 4’ had also the highest kernel L:B ratio before cooking. The expansion in kernel length on cooking was also the highest in ‘PS 4’ (Table 6). Application of Zn at 5.0 or 7.5 kg ha−1 significantly increased the kernel length and breadth over an application of 2.5 kg ha−1 and control (no Zn). Zinc application at 5.0 kg ha−1 also showed a tendency to increase kernel expansion on cooking.
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DISCUSSION Of the five aromatic rices studied ‘PS 4’ had the tallest plants and had the highest number of panicles hill−1 but had the shortest panicles with least number of grains panicle−1. The lowest values for last two yield attributes (panicle length, number of grains panicle−1) led to the lowest grain yield of ‘PS 4’ of all the four PS aromatic rices studied. However, all the four PS aromatic rices produced significantly higher grain yield than ‘PB 1’ (Table 3). Thus research efforts of rice breeders at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India have been successful in developing aromatic rice varieties better than ‘PB 1’, the currently widely cultivated variety. Zinc concentrations in rice grain and straw by all the four PS varieties were also significantly higher than in ‘PB 1’ (Table 4). ‘PS 3’ recorded the highest Zn concentrations in rice grain and straw, while the Zn uptake was the highest in ‘PS 4’. ZHI was the highest in ‘PS 3’ then in ‘PS 2’. From the kernel quality point of view ‘PS 4’ was the best aromatic rice variety. It produced the highest length of kernels both before and after cooking. The present study shows that over all ‘PS 5’ and ‘PS 4’ are significantly better than ‘PB 1’ and are suitable for the replacement of ‘PB 1’ in aromatic rice growing areas of north-western India. Zn application increased the plant height and positively influenced most yield attributes in aromatic rices and finally resulted in increased rice yield, especially at higher levels (5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn ha−1). Zinc concentrations and uptake by aromatic rices also increased with the level of Zn application. Such a response of aromatic rices on the soil of the experimental field (pH 8.0 and low organic C) was expected as pointed out by Takkar et al. (1989). Ponnamperuma (1972) also observed that lowland soils are generally prone to Zn deficiency due to reduced availability of Zn in soil and suppression of its uptake by high levels of iron (Fe2+) and manganese (Mn2+). Bansal et al. (1980) recommended a dose of 5.5 kg Zn ha−1 for typic ustochrepts and ustipsamments of Punjab, India. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that Pusa Sugandh 4 (‘PS 4’) is a better than the earlier developed aromatic rice variety Pusa Basmati 1 (‘PB 1’) in grain yield, kernel quality, zinc (Zn) concentrations in grain and Zn uptake, recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity and physiological efficiency of applied Zn. From the viewpoint of grain yield a dose of 5 kg Zn ha−1 seems appropriate for aromatic rices on sandy clay loam ustochrepts of about pH 8.0 and DTPA extractable Zn value of 0.8 mg kg−1 soil or lesser than this. However, from the human nutrition viewpoint an application of 7.5 kg Zn ha−1 may be desirable since this level recorded significantly higher Zn concentrations in grain than 5.0 kg Zn ha1.
Genotypic Variation in Aromatic Rices
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are thankful to Head of Division of Agronomy, Joint Director Research and Director, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi for their advice and support. Rajendra Prasad is grateful to the Indian National Science Academy for granting him INSA Honorary Scientist Position.
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