Flores-Villela et al. 1995. Recopilación de Claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México.

! %&

! $ #' $

#!

#

#"

%

%

! ,

!

)* +

,

$

-

.

* /

01 % !

0 0

" # ! (

0

&

23

Publ. esp. Mus. Zool. 10: 1-285 (1995)

# %

% !

,

, -

"

&

'

!

"

#

%$)* + $

4

.

! 4

#" !

" !

#

%$!

Publ. esp. Mus. Zool. 10: 1-285 (1995)

$ ,

!* !

$

$*

$ #

5

$ !

! &*+ # ,

6 #

" #

7

! $

!

"

# #

#! ' (

"

#,

#9 #

#

%&

#!

(

8 4

#!

%

!

( 44

"

# #

"

# #

#$

! $ :*

#!

#

! '*

# ' #*& #

$

!

$ :*

#!

"

# #

# ' #*& #

"

# #

# ! ,&

"

# #

# ' #*& #

"

# #

#!

"

! $

"

#,

* /

#$ !

# ! $

67

&/)

&

>; >8

*

7

" "

# # # #

#! #! ,

)

"

# #

# ! " & * 9 0)&

"

! $

"

# #

#!

;

"

# #

#! 2 *

;4

"

# #

#! '

;=

"

#,

#9 #

"

# #

#!

"

# #

#!

"

# #*& #

"

# #

#!

"

# #

#! + &

)

8=

"

# #

#!

)

85

"

# #

#! , *

"

# #

#! +

"

# #

#!

,*

"

# #

#!

*)

"

#, *

"

# #

"

,*

"

# #

#!

"

# #

#!

=8

"

# #

#!

55

"

# #

#!

5>

"

# #

#!

"

# #

#! . &

"

# #

#!

"

# #

#! . &

"

# #

#! ,

"

# #

#!

"

# #

#

"

# #

#!

"

# #

#!

!

7= 7>

#

*

$

77 #!

#! ,

(

$

78

#

;5

%

;; *)

;8

#!

*)

8

)! *)

)

8>

&

#' #

8;

# &

8

#! ,

#! , # #

84

#!

4

!

#* !

(

=6

, *

( &

! ,

=7

&

=;

, * , *

*

6; >

. &

/ 3

>6

&&

>7 7

& 3 (

7= #!

, * &

& !

*

!

* & #* !

76 *

;= (

;6

Publ. esp. Mus. Zool. 10: 1-285 (1995)

"

# #

#!

%

"

# #

#! 4

"

# #

#!

"

# #

#!

"

# #

#!

"

# #

#!

"

# #

#!

"

# #*& #

"

# #

# ! " )& /

"

# #

#!

"

# #

#! 0

"

# #

# ! 0)

4 >

"

# #

#! +

4 7

"

# #

#! 5 &

4 ;

"

# #

#! 5

4 8

"

# #

#! 5

"

# #

#! 5

"

# #*& #

"

# #

#!

*

4 7

"

# #

#!

!?

4 ;

"

# #

# ' #*& #

"

# #*& #

#!

"

# #*& #

#!

"

# #

# ! 2!)/

44=

"

# #

#!

445

"

# #

# ! 1*

446

"

# #

#! ,/

45>

"

# #

#! ,

"

# #

#! -

"

# #

# ! -* &

"

# #

#! - &

"

#,

#! %

# #

"

# #

#! 5

) *

"

# #

# ! -) *

;> ;8 *

8>

*

87 8;

*

88 4

# ! " )&

*

4 4 4

&

4 = *

4 5

!

#* !

(

*

4 5 4 6

#! 5

* &!

4 >

#!

44

/

44 &

444

*

45; 458 *

46=

*

46; #

468 4>4

9 1* &

) *

4>=

4

/ "

# #

#! #

$ #"

# #

"

# #

#! $

$*, # !

"

# #

# ! 1*

&&)

"

#,

#9 #

#!

"

# #*& #

#!

"

# #*& #

#! 5

* )

47=

"

# #*& #

#! " & * )

475

"

#,

#!

"

# #

# ' #*& #

"

# #*& #

"

# #

#! 6

"

# #

#! ,

"

# #

#! 0 *

4;=

"

# #

#!

4;5

"

# #

#!

(

4>5 4>8 47

%

47 474

%

476 #! -

47>

#! -

477 47; )

!

4;4

#!

(

4;6

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 1

INTRODUCCION Existen muy pocas obras (entre monografías, revisiones, y descripciones de nuevos taxa) que incluyan claves de determinación para los grupos que constituyen la herpetofauna de México. Por otro lado, las que existen son de difícil acceso a investigadores y estudiantes que se hallan interesados en la Herpetología, debido principalmente a la escasez y poca fluidez de publicaciones periódicas especializadas en las bibliotecas institucionales de México. Este trabajo es una recopilación de las claves para las especies (y en algunos casos subespecies) de anfibios y reptiles de México que han sido publicadas hasta la fecha, haciéndolas disponibles en un sólo documento, aunque es necesario aclarar que no todas las especies mexicanas están incluidas en dichas claves. El único trabajo previo de este tipo fue publicado en tres partes, entre 1945 y 1950, por dos herpetólogos norteamericanos: Hobart M. Smith y Edward H. Taylor. Una reimpresión de su obra fue editada en 1966, en donde se anexaban los cambios taxonómicos reconocidos hasta ese momento. Desde 1966 han habido muchos cambios taxonómicos, se ha descrito un gran número de especies, y se han propuesto nuevas clasificaciones de la herpetofauna mexicana, por lo que es necesario actualizar las claves de los anfibios y reptiles de México mediante una recopilación que incluya hasta donde sea posible estas modificaciones y novedades.

OTRAS CLAVES PUBLICADAS PREVIAMENTE Entre las principales fuentes de consulta que incluyen listas anotadas y claves de anfibios y reptiles de México, destaca la obra monumental de Smith y Taylor (1966) "Herpetology of Mexico", que como ya se mencionó es la reimpresión de los números 187 (sobre serpientes), 194 (sobre anfibios), y 199 (sobre tortugas, anfisbénidos, lagartijas y cocodrilos) del Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum. La información contenida en estos libros se basó en varias expediciones de los autores a México, en las cuales se recolectaron más de 50,000 ejemplares. En esta obra se indican algunos problemas taxonómicos de algunos géneros de reptiles como Anolis, Cnemidophorus, Uta, y Thamnophis, así como de las salamandras de las familias Plethodontidae, y Ambystomatidae, y de las ranas de la familia Leptodactylidae. La problemática de estos grupos aún persiste en la actualidad. En ese trabajo la herpetofauna de México se agrupa en 41 familias, 191 géneros, 995 especies y 1165 especies y subespecies (Flores@Villela 1993a,b): "Herpetology of Mexico" sigue siendo útil como una obra de consulta de la

2 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

herpetofauna del país, y es de uso generalizado por investigadores nacionales y extranjeros, debido a que no existe otra publicación similar que conjunte a la mayor parte de la herpetofauna mexicana. Otra fuente de gran valor es el "Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata", publicado en 1970 en dos partes: la primera incluye a las serpientes y la segunda a los anfisbénidos y saurios, y fueron escritas por Peters y Orejas Miranda y Peters y Donoso Barros, respectivamente. Esta obra la publicó la Smithsonian Institution, como parte del Programa de Trabajo Biológico Internacional en Latinoamérica. El área geográfica cubierta por esta obra va desde la frontera de México con Guatemala hasta la Patagonia, aunque no incluyen las Islas Galápagos, ni las Islas del Caribe. Este trabajo es importante para México porque considera a especies poco conocidas y de distribución marginal en el sur del país o bien a aquellas especies de amplia distribución con un mejor tratamiento taxonómico. La edición es bilingüe (inglés y castellano). Comprende 117 géneros, 691 especies y 233 subespecies de serpientes; y 111 géneros, 632 especies y 133 subespecies de lagartijas y anfisbénidos. La mayoría de las claves no existían antes de la publicación de este trabajo. Casi todas las claves son dicotómicas (hay algunas tricotómicas) y los géneros con gran número de especies no tienen clave, sino un cuadro o matriz de datos con la mayor cantidad posible de caracteres diagnósticos. Se da un código de confianza para cada clave utilizando de una a cuatro estrellas qué indican que tan confiable puede ser el utilizar dicha clave en la determinación de ejemplares. Por último, la edición desde 1963 de los apuntes del "Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles" por la Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, ha sido una fuente continua de nueva información taxonómica que en muchos casos trata con especies de anfibios y reptiles de México, incluyendo para cada especie o taxón una breve descripción, historia nomenclatural, distribución geográfica, literatura pertinente, comentarios generales y en varios casos claves de identificación.

ALCANCES DE ESTE TRABAJO La recopilación que aquí se presenta incluye la mayoría de las claves que se han publicado después de 1950, y cubre 721 especies que representan el 70.3% del total de la herpetofauna de México (186 especies de anfibios y 535 de reptiles, los cuales representan respectivamente el 61.6% y el 73.9%, del total en cada grupo).

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 3

No se incluye una clave para los géneros que solamente tienen una especie en México o que son monoespecíficos en toda su distribución; en esos casos las claves de Casas y McCoy (1979) son adecuadas para su determinación a nivel de género. Muchas de las claves que se incluyen no contemplan descripciones de especies nuevas y/o cambios nomenclaturales publicados recientemente. Hay muchos géneros para los que no se han publicado claves, por lo que no están incluidos aquí, como por ejemplo:

y

, entre otros; en

otros casos se incluye una clave que cubre parcialmente el número de especies en un determinado género; tal es el caso de

! , "

, y

#

#

, entre otros. Varias de las claves que se incluyen en esta recopilación

contienen especies que no se distribuyen en México; tal es el caso de las que se tomaron del Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata y otras del Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, principalmente. Se ha tratado de anotar información pertinente en algunas claves para facilitar su uso y evitar confusiones a los usuarios no familiarizados con la literatura especializada. Con relación a los cambios nomenclaturales y descripciones de especies nuevas, se recomienda consultar la lista de especies de México publicada por Flores Villela (l993a), la cual actualiza los cambios hasta 1992. Cambios posteriores se anotan en la clave pertinente. También se incluyen dibujos generales de referencia al inicio del trabajo, para ubicar las estructuras anatómicas que se utilizan en las claves; éstos dibujos se modificaron de Savage y Villa (1986). Algunas claves están acompañadas de dibujos con que fueron publicadas originalmente.

4 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

AGRADECIMIENTOS Queremos agradecer a todos los colegas, autores y editores que muy amablemente nos autorizaron a reproducir las claves que se recopilan en este trabajo. En cada caso se dan los créditos respectivos. También agradecemos de forma muy especial a los investigadores que elaboraron claves para este volumen: James R. Dixon, Edmundo Pérez Ramos, Gustavo Casas, Carl S. Lieb, Adrián Nieto Montes de Oca, Robert L. Bezy, José Luis Camarillo, Douglas A. Rossman, Jerry D. Johnson y Kristopher P. Kofron. George R. Zug, C. Jack McCoy y William E. Duellman nos ayudaron en diferentes formas durante las fases iniciales de esta publicación. En la parte final de este trabajo también colaboraron con nosotros Alfonso Delgadillo, Francisco Vargas Santa María, Ela Martínez Solís, Walter Schmidt B., Adrián Nieto Montes de Oca, Sol de Mayo Mejenes, Laura Contreras, Flora García, Ricardo Reyes y Miriam Benabib. A Isabel Vargas que nos proporcionó su ayuda en el aspecto editorial, nuestro reconocimiento. A nuestro colega Ubaldo Guzmán Villa quién elaboró el dibujo de la portada, nuestro profundo agradecimiento. El apoyo de Armando Luis Martínez hizo posible la publicación de este trabajo, por lo que le debemos nuestro más sincero agradecimiento. El apoyo financiero para el desarrollo de la presente publicación fue obtenido de la Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico (IN 201789, Y IN 203493) Y PADEP (proyecto 003 y 001).

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 5

LITERATURA CITADA CASAS@ANDREU, G. Y C. J. McCOY. 1979. Anfibios y reptiles de México. México, Limusa. 87 pp. FLORES@VILLELA, O. 1993a. Herpetofauna Mexicana. Spec. Publs. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. (17):1@73. FLORES@VILLELA, O. 1993b. Riqueza de los anfibios y reptiles. Núm. Especial 7. Biología y problemática de los vertebrados en México. Revista Ciencias. Fac. Ciencias, UNAM. pp. 33@42. PETERS, J. A. y B. R. OREJAS@MIRANDA. 1970. Catalogue of the neotropical Squamata: Part I. Snakes. Washington, Smithsonian Inst. Press. 346 pp. PETERS, J. A. y R. DONOSO@BARROS. 1970. Catalogue of the neotropical Squamata: Part II. Lizards and Amphisbaenians. Washington, Smithsonian Inst. Press. 293 pp. SAVAGE, J. M. Y J. VILLA R. 1986. Introduction to the herpetofauna of Costa Rica. Soc. Study Amphs. Repts., Contr. Herp. (3): i@viii, 1@207. SMITH, H. M. y E. H. TA YLOR. 1945. An annotated checklist and key to the snakes of Mexico. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, (l87): i@iv, 1@239. SMITH, H. M. y E. H. TA YLOR. 1948. An annotated check1ist and key to the Amphibia of Mexico. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, (l94): i@iv, 1@118. SMITH, H. M. y E. H. TAYLOR. 1950. An annotated check1ist and key to the reptiles exclusive of the snakes. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, (l99): i@iv, 1@ 253. SMITH, H. M. y E. H. TAYLOR. 1966. Herpetology of Mexico. Annotated Checklists and Keys to the Amphibians and Reptiles. A reprint of Bulletins 187, 194, and 199 of the United States National Museum with a list of subsequent taxonomic innovations. Erie Lundberg, Ashton, Maryland, 29 + 239 + 118 + 253 pp.

6 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 7

8 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 9

DEDOS DE LA MANO

SURCOS COSTALES

PLIEGUES COSTALES

DEDOS DE LA PATA

CLOACA

Fig. 1 Características de Salamandras

10 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

CRESTAS CRANEANAS

GLANDULA PAROTIDA

PLIEGUE SUPRATIMPANICO TIMPANO SACO VOCAL EXTERNO

COANAS

DIENTES VOMERIANOS

PALADAR

Fig. 2 Características de Sapos y Ranas adultos

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 11

TUBERCULOS SUBARTICULARES

TUBERCULOS SUPERNUMERARIOS

DISCO

TUBERCULOS PALMARES ACCESORIOS ESPINA PREPOLICA

TUBERCULO PALMAR

TUBERCULOS TENAR

DISCO

MEMBRANAS TUBERCULOS SUPERNUMERARIOS TUBERCULOS SUBARTICULARES

TUBERCULOS PLANTARES

PLIEGUE TARSAL TUBERCULO METATARSAL INTERNO

Fig. 3 Características de Sapos y Ranas adultos

12 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

TORTUGA

CARAPACHO

PICOS ARISTA ALVEOLAR

PLASTRON

AX ARTICULACION MOVIL PUENTE

A= ABDOMINAL

F= FEMORAL

M= MARGINAL

AN= ANAL

G= GULAR

N= NUCAL

AX= AXILAR

H= HUMERAL

P= PECTORAL

C= COSTAL

I= INGUINAL

V= VERTEBRAL

Fig. 4 Características de las Tortugas

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 13

LAGARTIJAS

POROS FEMORALES

ESCAMAS DEL ESCUDO

ESCAMAS POSTANALES AGRANDADAS

MEMBRANA DIGITAL LAMINILLAS

Fig. 5 Características de las Lagartijas

14 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

LAGARTIJAS DISCO TRASLUCIDO SUPRACILIARES

ABERTURA AUDITIVA

SUPRALABIALES

INFRALABIALES SUBOCULAR

ABANICO GULAR

POSTMENTALES

GENIALES

GULARES PLIEGUE GULAR ROSTRAL POSTNASAL PREFRONTALES

SUPRAOCULARES

NASAL SUPRANASAL FRONTOPARIETAL OJO PINEAL

PARIETAL INTERPARIETAL

OCCIPITALES

Fig. 6 Características de las Lagartijas (Anolis)

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 15

SERPIENTES

PUPILA REDONDA PREOCULAR TEMPORALES POSTERIORES

LOREAL PRENASAL

TEMPORALES ANTERIORES

POSTNASAL

POSTOCULARES

SUPRALABIALES

INFRALABIALES MENTAL

ROSTRAL

POSTMENTAL INTERNASALES PREFRONTALES FRONTAL

GENIALES ANTERIORES GENIALES POSTERIORES

PARIETAL

VENTRALES ANAL ENTERA

ANAL DIVIDIDA SUBCAUDALES

ESCAMAS QUILLADAS

FOSETA APICAL

COMO CONTAR FILAS DE ESCAMAS ESCAMAS LISAS

FOSETAS APICALES

Fig. 7 Características de las Serpientes

16 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

OCULAR ROSTRAL SUPRANASAL PREFRONTAL

FRONTAL PREOCULARES

SUBOCULAR

BOTON

CASCABEL

PRELACUNAL FOSETA LOREAL

SUBFOVEAL

FOSETAS LABIALES

Fig. 8 Características de las Serpientes

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 17

COCODRILOS

CRESTA TRANSVERSA

CAIMAN

CROCODYLUS

QUILLA DORSAL

CRESTA CAUDAL

Fig. 9 Características de los Cocodrilos

18 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 19

20 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 21

FUENTE: Duellman. W. E. 1970. Hylid frogs of Middle America. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas Monogr. 1: 1@752.

FUENTE: Porter, K. R. 1964. Distribution and taxonomic status of seven species of Mexican Bufo. Herpetologica 19(4): 229@247. Se reproduce con permiso del editor de Herpetologica.

1.

Parietal crest always absent; length of parotoid gland at least twice its width, pulse rate of mating call less than twenty notes per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... ! ! Parietal crest generally present; length of paratoid gland less than twice its width; pulse rate of mating call greater than twenty notes per second (not known for $ ).........................................2

2.

Parotoid gland globular; narrow vertebral line present; pulse rate of mating call greater than 85 notes per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! ! Parotoid gland ovoid or triangular; vertebral stripe, if present, not a narrow line, pulse rate of mating call less than 60 notes per second (not known for $ )..................................................3

3.

Parietal crests high, expanded laterally and merging with postorbital crests so as to fill space between parotoid gland and eye; parotoid gland swollen with length approximately 20% of snout@vent length . . . . . . . . . ! Parietal crests and postorbital crests not greatly expanded, do not fill space between parotoid gland and eye; parotoid gland length generally less than 20% of snout@vent length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4.

Parietal crests always present, species not known from Pacific Coast north of Isthmus of Tehuantepec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Parietal crests reduced or occasionally absent; species found only on the Pacific Coast north of Isthmus of Tehuantepec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

5.

A linear series of warts present on side of body; dominant frequency of mating call approximately 1800 c. p. s. at 25° C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! No linear series of warts on side of body; dominant frequency of mating call about ! 1300 c. p. s. at 25° C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !

6.

Species known only from lowlands about Acapulco, Guerrero; parotoid gland generally not swollen; length of supratympanic crest generally greater than diameter %! of tympanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! Species widely distributed along Pacific lowlands of northern Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, and Sonora; parotoid gland generally moderately swollen, supratympanic crest length gene rally less than diameter of tympanum . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................ ! &

22 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Pupil vertically elliptical (fig. 5A), dorsum usually bright green in life (blue in pre@ servative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Pupil horizontally elliptical (fig. 5B); dorsum variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 No webbing on hands and feet; palpebral membrane clear . . . . . . . . . Some webbing on hands and feet; palpebral membrane usually reticulated (fig. 5B) . 3 Head shallow, depth less than 40 per cent of len@ gth, discs large: fingers at less one@half we@ bbed; iris red or orange and palpebral membra@ ne reticulated (iris yellow and palpebral mem@ brane clear in ! )........" % Head deep, depth more than 50 per cent of len@ gth, fingers webbed basally: iris gold with black reticulations; palpebral membrane reti@ culated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Skin co@ossified with skull, extensive bonv la@ bial flanges present; fingers no more than one@ half webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Skin not co@ossified with skull, or, If so, bony la@ bial flanges absent; webbing variable . . . . . . .6 A prenasal bone (fig, 17D) present; labial shelf greatly expanded laterally; body moderately slender; head much longer than wide . . . . . . . . ............................... Prenasal bone absent: labial shelf moderately ex@ panded laterally; body short, squat, toad@like, head only slightly longer than wide . . . . . . . . ............................. Fingers long, essentially unwebbed, lacking nup@ tial excrescences in males; head as broad as long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Fingers not long and lacking webs, or, if so, ma@ les having; nuptial excrescences or size small (less than 30 mm. in snout@vent length); head variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

A fleshy proboscis (fig, 41); head triangular in dorsal view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No fleshy proboscis; head not triangular in dor@ sal view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Skin co@ossified with skull; long dorsally direc@ ted spines on periphery of roofing bones of skull; no brood pouch in females . . . " Skin co@ossified or not; no spines on skull; a brood pouch in females . . . . . . . . .' Skin on dorsum thick, glandular, and tubercula@ te; hands and feet large with large discs and extensive webbing; males having paired lateral vocal sacs behind angles of jaws (fig. 7D) and lacking projecting prepollical spines (fig. 11D) ............................ Skin on dorsum not thick and glandular, or, if so, hands and feet not having large discs and extensive webbing and males having single subgular vocal sacs and projecting prepollical spines; vocal sacs not behind angles of jaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Head large, deep, arms robust; skin thick and glandular; males having projecting prepollical spines (fig. 11D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Males lacking projecting prepollical spines, or, if present, head shallow, arms slender, and skin not thick and glandular, or hands and feet fully webbed and dermal fringes present on arms and feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Small frogs having pointed snouts, small or un@ expanded discs, and only rudimentary web@ bing on hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Frogs of variable size; if snouts pointed, discs expanded and hands at least one@third webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Dorsum rugose; discs not expanded; feet exten@ sively webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " Dorsum smooth, discs barely expanded: feet sli@ ghtly webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 23

13. Moderate to large@sized frogs; males having

paired subgular vocal sacs (fig. 7C); dorsum marked with blotches, limbs barred. . . . . . . ............................. Size and color variable; males having single, median, subgular vocal sacs (fig. 7A) . . . .14 14. Breeding males having large, usually brown or orange, ventrolateral glands (fig. 9A) . . . . . . ........................... 3 Seventy@two other species . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Females of and , as well as non@breeding males of the latter, will key out to .

González-Porter 24 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzál

Fig. 3 Lateral views of heads of hylid frog frogs show@ing shapes of snouts. A. Truncate. e. B. Round. C. Sloping. D. Protruding.

Fig. 4 External morphological hological characters ch of hylid frogs. Arrows indicate important mportant structures. stru A. Foot showing dermal fringe. B. Foot showing sho calcar. C. Foot of ! showing spatulate inner metatarsal tubercle and tarsal fold. D. D Foot of showing reduced uced webbing webbin between first and second toes characteristic acteristic of the group. E. Axillary membrane. rane. F. Thoracic Thor fold. G and H. Rostral keel. I. Fleshy proboscis on o . J. Supraocular aocular fleshy flesh “horn” on ' .

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios os y Reptiles Reptil de México 25

González-Porter 26 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzál

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 27

Key to the species of " 1.

Flanks uniformly colored, lacking vertical or digital bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Flanks barred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.

5.

Hands no more than one@half webbed, size small (males less than 47 mm; females 62 mm.); flan@ ks blue; dorsum usually marked with wavy tran@ sverse lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "$

6.

Hands at least two@thirds webbed, size larger; fla@ nks variable; dorsum lacking wavy transverse li@ nes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 3.

Hands immense, fully webbed, and with large discs; snout long and low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Hands smaller, not fully webbed, and with smaller discs, snout sloping and shorter . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.

Hands, feet, flanks, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs deep yellow to orange; dorsum usually marked with black@bordered white spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "$

($

Hands, feet, flanks, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs lacking pigment; dorsum uniform green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."$ Flanks and anterior and posterior surfaces of thi@ ghs blue; iris yellow to orange in life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "$ Flanks and anterior and posterior surfaces of thi@ ghs orange; iris red in life . . . . . . . . "$ Flanks orange or yellow with dark bars, thighs and upper arms barred; dermal appendage pre@ sent on heel (fig. 4B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Flanks blue or brown with creamy white bars; thi@ ghs and upper arms not barred; dermal appenda@ ge lacking on heel . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."$ Extensive dermal folds on forearm and large dermal flaps on foot; snout truncate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "$ Only dermal appendage is flap on heel, snout slo@ ping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."$ !

28 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF IN MEXICO (NORTHWEST OF THE ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC) 1.

9.

Small species (less than 35 mm. in snout@ vent length) lacking a tympanum . . . . . 2 Size variable tympanum present (upper ed@ ge may be concealed by supratympanic fold) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

2.

Dorsal surfaces of thighs unicolor . . . . . . 3 Dorsal surfaces of thighs marked by dark transverse bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

3.

Feet two@thirds webbed; large tubercles present below anal opening; shanks and feet strongly barred . . . . . . . $

10. 11. 12.

13.

Feet fully webbed, no large tubercles be@ low anal opening; shanks and feet weak@ ly barred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. 4.

Feet fully webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . $

)

Feet three@fourths webbed . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.

14.

Dorsum reddish brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... $ ) Dorsum yellowish tan . . . . . . . . . $

6.

Small species (males having snout@vent lengths of less than 30 mm.) with an axi@ llary membrane (fig. 4E ); dorsum usua@ lly yellow or tan; thighs uniformly ye@ llow or tan; no difference in color on dorsal and posterior surfaces . . . . . . . . .7 Size and axillary membrane variable; thi@ ghs not uniformly yellow or tan . . . . . 16

7.

16.

Dorsolateral light stripes present, shanks usually darker than dorsum, which is unicolor yellow or tan or marked by small dark spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Dorsolateral light stripes absent, shanks variable; dorsum unicolor yellow or tan or with large markings . . . . . . . . . . . .10

8.

15.

Head narrow; side of head and shanks dark brown; dorsolateral stripe narrow, usually extending to groin . . . . . . $ Head wider: side of head and flanks yellow: dorsolateral stripe wide, not extending to groin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

17.

Distinct dark brown flecks on forearms and shanks, small (males to 21.4 mm. in snout@vent length) . . . . . . . . . . . $ No distinct dark brown flecks on forearms and shanks, larger (males to 26 mm. in snout@vent length) . . . . . . . . . . $ Dorsum uniform or with small flecks . . 11 Dorsum with dark markings . . . . . . . . . .14 Dorsum uniform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Dorsum marked by small flecks . . . . . . .13 Tarsal fold present (fig. 4C); tympanic ring distinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Tarsal fold absent, tympanic ring weakly defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Diameter of tympanum less than 43 per cent of diameter of eye; large flecks on dorsum . . . . . . . $ Diameter of tympanum more than 50 per cent of diameter of eye; small flecks on dorsum . . . . . . $ Flanks dark; dorsal pattern usually consist@ ing of a dark hour@glass@shaped figure . . ...................... $ Flanks usually colored like dorsum; patte@ rn not consisting of one large mark on back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Dark chevron@shaped marks on dorsum; distinct dark bars on shanks . . . . . . . . . . ......................... $ Dark dashes, sometimes interconnected to form X@shaped mark on back; ill@defined bars on shanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ $ * Snout acutely rounded, digital discs small; webbing on hand vestigial; dorsum usu@ ally green with spots or dashes in a li@ near arrangement; a dark brown face mask present; males not exceeding 45 mm. in snout@vent length . . . . . . . . . . 17 Snout not acutely rounded and digital discs not small, or, if so, dorsum not green and no face mask present . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 A dark interorbital triangular mark . . . . 13 No dark interorbital triangular mark . . . 19

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 29

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

Toes about two@thirds webbed, dorsum smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Toes about one@half webbed; dorsum postulate . . . . $ Posterior surfaces of thighs brown with yellow spots . . . . . . . . . . Posterior surfaces of thighs lacking yellow spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Fifth toe webbed to base of penultimate phalanx (larger males to 44 mm. in snout vent length) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Fifth toe webbed to distal end of ante@ penultimate phalanx; smaller (males to 36 mm in snout@vent length . . . $ ) Large frogs with a dermal fringe along the lateral edge of the forearm and foot (fig. 4A); feet nearly fully webbed; fingers two@thirds webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Size variable, feet no more than three@ fourths webbed, or if so, fingers webbed only basally, no dermal fringe on edge of forearm and foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Dorsum and flanks mottled reddish brown and dark brown, prepollex in males spa@ tulate, bare . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ %! Dorsum pale, flanks and anterior and pos@ terior surfaces of thighs dark, prepollex in males bearing a clump of spines (fig. 11C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Moderate@sized frogs having round snout, pale dorsum usually without pattern), ex@ tensive axillary membrane (fig. 4E) and fingers more than one@half webbed . . .24 Size variable; axillary membrane absent, or, if present, pattern not as described and hands less than one@half webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Webbing and hidden surfaces of thighs red in life: canthus rounded, snout bluntly rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ) Webbing and hidden surfaces of thighs yellow in life; canthus angular; snout acutely rounded . . . . . . . . . . $

25.

26.

27. 28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

Dorsum tuberculate; webbing absent on hand, dorsum dull gray or tan with iregu@ lar darker spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Dorsum smooth, or, if tuberculate, web@ bing present on hand and coloration not as described . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Feet about three@fourths webbed; diameter of tympanum about one@half that of eye; discs small . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Feet about one@half webbed; diameter of tympanum about two@thirds that of eye, discs larger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vocal slits present in males . . . . . . . . . . 28 Vocal slits absent in males . . . . . . . . . . .37 Small frogs (snout@vent length in males less than 30 mm.); snout pointed, dor@ sum gray, tan, pale green, or yellow with or without dull green or brown markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Larger frogs; snout not pointed, or, if so, color pattern not as described . . . . . . .30 Head narrow, snout protruding; webbing vestigial between first and second toes (fig. 4D); nuptial excrescence absent . . . ................. $ !! !! Head broad, flat; snout not protruding; webbing present between first and se@ cond toes; nuptial excrescence present . . ..................... $ Dorsum uniform green or with tan mot@ tling posteriorly; venter uniform white or yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Dorsum uniform brown or marked with dark blotches or spots; venter variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Snout acutely rounded in dorsal profile: li@ mbs slender; anal opening at upper level of thighs, belly white . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Snout bluntly rounded in dorsal profile; li@ mbs more robust; anal opening at mid@ level of thighs, belly yellow or dull cre@ am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Axillary membrane present (fig. 4E); feet two@thirds webbed, white stripe on outer edges of limbs distinct; iris red in life . . . ..................... $ Axillary membrane absent; feet three@ fourths webbed: white stripe on outer ed@ ges of limbs indistinct; iris golden in life ................... $

30 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

Venter yellow; canthal stripe bronze; we@ bbing on hands vestigial, feet one@half webbed, snout rounded in lateral profile . ......................... $ & Venter white to dull cream; canthal stripe black; hands one@fourth webbed, feet two@thirds webbed, snout truncate in la@ teral profile . . . . . . . . $ Snout short, truncate; venter white with black spots on chest . . . . . . . $ Snout variable; venter not white with black spots on chest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Transverse bands on dorsal surfaces of limbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Transverse bands absent on dorsal surfaces of limbs; posterior surfaces of thighs marked with creamy yellow flecks . . . . . ........................ $ Dorsum tuberculate; diameter of tympanum less than 50 per cent that of eye; anal opening at midlevel of thighs: snout truncate in both sexes . . . . . . . . . . ....................... $ + Dorsum smooth, diameter of tympanum more than 50 per cent that of eye; anal opening at ventral surfaces of thighs; snout acuminate and protruding in ma@ les, blunt in females . . . . . . $ Snout acuminate, fingers one@half webbed, distinct transverse bands on limbs; ven@ ter yellow; prepollex moderately enlar@ ged and devoid of a nuptial excrescence . ....................... $ Snout bluntly rounded or truncate; fingers less than one@half webbed;' coloration not as described, prepollex greatly enlar@ ged with or without nuptial excrescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Axillary membrane present (fig. 4E); nup@ tial excrescences absent, skin thin . . . .39 Axillary membrane absent, nuptial excres@ cences present, skin thick and glandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

39.

40.

41.

42.

43. 44.

Snout in dorsal profile truncate; diameter of tympanum less than 50 per cent of eye, feet three@fourths webbed; dorsum dark green with darker reticulations . . . . .................... $ Snout in dorsal profile pointed; diameter of tympanum more than 50 per cent of eye; feet two@thirds webbed; dorsum ye@ llowish tan with brown flecks . . . . . . . . . ......................... $ Tympanum concealed by supratympanic fold; nuptial excrescence consisting clump of spines (fig, 11C); snout round . ..................... $ Tympanum not concealed: nuptial excres@ cence consisting of small spinules, snout variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Snout truncate in dorsal view; rostral keel absent, thoracic fold absent; dorsum pa@ le; flaks and edges of limbs dark brown . ....................... $ Snout rounded in dorsal view, or, if trunca@ te, a rostral keel present (fig. 4G); webb@ ing on hand vestigial; thoracic fold pre@ sent or absent, dorsum not paler than fla@ nks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Snout truncate in dorsal and lateral profi@ les; rostral keel present (fig. 4G) . . . . . . . ......................... $ Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral profi@ les; rostral keel absent . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Venter uniformly white . . . . . . $ Venter dusky or spotted . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Thoracic fo1d present (fig. 4F); feet four@ fifths webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Thoracic fold absent, feet fully webbed . . . ......................... $

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 31

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES IN NORTHERN CENTRAL AMERICA (ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC@HONDURAS INCLUDING YUCATAN PENINSULA)

OF

8. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Small species (less than 35 mm. in snout@ vent length) having unpigmented or uni@ formly yellow thighs; dorsum usually yellow with darker markings . . . . . . . . .2 Mostly larger species; thighs not uniformly colored or lacking pigment, dorsum not yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Dorsolateral white lines present, continu@ ous to groin or nearly so . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Dorsolateral white lines absent, or, if pre@ sent, not extending posterior to sacrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Dorsolateral line broad, flanks yellow . . . . ........................... $ Dorsolateral line narrow; flanks and sides of head dark Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... $ Snout truncate in dorsal view . . . . . . . . . . 5 Snout acuminate or acutely rounded in dor@ sal view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Dorsal pattern consisting of irregular dark dashes, usually forming in X@shaped mark in scapular region and an interior@ bital bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... $ * Dorsal pattern consisting of dark hour@ glass@shaped mark, small spots, or noth@ ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Snout acutely rounded. dorsum uniformly yellowish tan; plantar surfaces of feet and edge of chin suffused with dark pig@ ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Snout acuminate; dorsum yellow, pale green, or pale gray with small dark fle@ cks or no markings, venter white . . . . . 7 Tarsal fold absent, tympanum indistinct; axillary membrane abbreviated; dorsum without dark flecks . . . . . $ , Tarsal fold present (fig. 4C); tympanum distinct; axillary membrane extending at least midway to elbow, dark flecks pre@ sent on dorsum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. $

Moderately large species (more than 45 mm. in snout@vent length); narrow mid@ dorsal dark line usually present on tan or gray dorsum, projecting prepollex in ma@ les (fig. 11D) . . . . . . . . . . . . $ No middorsal dark line or projecting pre@ pollex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 9. Dorsum green with or without brown can@ thal stripe and brown spots or stripes posteriorly, small species (less than 40 mm. snout@vent length) . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Dorsum not green, or, if so, large species with heavy brown mottling dorsally and dark flanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 10. Dark brown canthal stripe and brown spots or stripes usually present posteriorly on dorsum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Dorsum uniform green or marked with fa@ int tan blotches or darker green reticula@ tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11. Posterior surfaces of thighs dark brown with yellow spots . . . . . $ Posterior surfaces of thighs uniform tan . . ......................... $* 12. Small species less than 30 mm. snout@vent length with acuminate protruding snout, dark longitudinal markings on gray or tan dorsum, and webbing reduced bet@ ween first and second toes (fig. 4D) . . . . ................. $ !! !! Larger species lacking an acuminate pro@ truding snout and having well@developed web between first and second toes; dor@ sal pattern variable, not linear . . . . . . .13 13. Dorsum tubercular, flanks dark brown or black with pale flecks, dorsum mottled black or dark brown and dark green; size large, to 80 mm. . . . . . . . . . $ + Dorsum smooth; flanks pale; dorsum tan, pale brown, or gray, not boldly mottled, size medium, les s than 50 mm. . . . . . 14 14. Extensive axillary membrane (fig. 4E); webbing red in life . . . . . . . . . . $ + ) No axillary membrane; webbing brown . . . .................... $

32 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Bony ridge extending from point between nostrils to tip of snout; snout in dorsal profile acutely rounded; tips of digits ex@ panded into small discs; outer edge of in@ ner metatarsal tubercle elevated (fig. 4C); vocal sacs connected medially in breeding males . . . . . . . . . . . . $ ! No bony ridge extending anteriorly from a point between nostrils; snout bluntly rounded in dorsal profile, tips of digits not expanded, inner metatarsal tubercle round in section; vocal sacs widely sepa@ rated medially in breeding males . . . . . . ......................... $

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 33

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF

1.

-

-#"

A weak tarsal fold, outer fingers one@third webbed; males having nuptial spines (fig. 11C); color in life tan or brown with blotches or reticulations; never green; iris bronze or copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 No tarsal fold; outer fingers having; only vestige of web; males lacking nuptial tu@ berosities; color in life green or brown, iris red or bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

2.

5.

Chest, throat, and flanks usually having black or brown spots; no distinct white stripe on upper lip or on flanks; a faint white line usually present above anus; a rostral keel present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chest, throat, and flanks usually unspotted; distinct white line on upper lip and on flank present or not; white line above anus faint or well defined; no rostral keel ................................4

3.

4.

Interorbital distance much greater than wi@ dth of eyelid; spots on throat and chest black; spots only occasionally present on belly, flanks marbled with black and white; nuptial spines small, as many as 80 on one thumb . . . $ & Interorbital distance about equal to width of eyelid; spots on chest and throat brown or black; spots usually present en belly, flanks having round brown or black spots; nuptial spines moderate in size, conical, seldom more than 60 on one thumb . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ )

6.

A distinct, broad, white lateral stripe usua@ lly present; usually a distinct white line above anus; a distinct white stripe on up@ per lip . . . . . $ No white lateral stripe; faint white stripe above anus; no distinct white stripe on upper lip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... $ A distinct, broad, lateral stripe; a white stripe on upper lip expanded to form a large spot below eye; hidden surfaces of thighs and webs of feet not orange to red in life; internarial area slightly depress@ ed; diameter of tympanum greater than one@half diameter of eye . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 No lateral white stripe; no stripe on upper lip; in life dorsum green; hidden surfaces of thighs and webs of feet orange or red; internarial area flat; diameter of tympa@ num less than one@half diameter of eye . ........................ $ Webs of feet and posterior surfaces of thighs cream, dorsum in life reddish brown; iris bright red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... $ Webs of feet and posterior surfaces of thighs pale brown; dorsum in life green; iris reddish bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ $

34 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF 1.

2.

3.

Larger frogs (males, 76 mm.; females, 90 mm.) having broad, flat heads and a dark brown or black posterorbital mark encompassing tympanum . . . . . . . . . . 2 Smaller frogs (males, 45 mm.; females, 84 mm.) having narrower heads and lacking a dark brown or black postorbital mark encompassing tympanum . . . . . . . . . . .4 Lips barred, flanks cream with bold brown or black mottling in groin; posterior sur@ faces of thighs brown with cream flecks ........................ $ Lips not barred; narrow white labial stripe present; flanks not cream with bold bro@ wn or black mottling in groin, posterior surfaces of thighs variable . . . . . . . . . . 3 Flanks and anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs dark brown with pale blue spots on flanks and blue spots on thighs ...................... $

4.

5.

Flanks cream with fine black venation; posterior surfaces of thighs pale brown with or without darker flecks of small cream spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Fingers having only vestige of web; dia@ meter of tympanum two@thirds that of eye; dorsum tan with pair of broad bro@ wn stripes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Fingers about one@half webbed; diameter of tympanum about one@half that of eye; dorsum variously marked with spots or blotches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Snout short, truncate, vocal sacs in breed@ ing males dark gray or brown; blue spots on flanks and posterior surfaces of thi@ ghs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Snout long, sloping, rounded; vocal sacs in breeding males white; cream or pale blue flecks on flanks and posterior sur@ faces of thighs . . . . . . . . . . . . . $

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 35

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF

1.

Tip of snout upturned: dermal spheneth@ moid visible through skin; odontoids ab@ sent from palatines, vocal sac bilobate . . ....................... $ Tip of snout not upturned; dermal sphene@ thmoid absent; odontoids present on pa@ latines; vocal sac single and median . . .2

2.

Dorsum uniformly yellowish@tan to olive@ green or marked by minute flecks or da@ shes . . . . . . . . . . $ Dorsum yellowish tan with dark brown re@ ticulations and spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. $

NOTAS: Desde la publicación de esta monografía se han descrito varias especies: $ . (Snyder, D. H. 1972. . , a new tree frog from Southern Mexico and its relationship to $ . Jour. Herpetol. 6(1):5@15); $ ,e $ ) (Adler, K. and D. M. Dennis. 1972. New tree frogs of the genus from the cloud forest of western Guerrero, México. Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 7: 1@19); , ,e $ (Caldwell, J. 1974. A re@evaluation of the species group, with descriptions of three new species (Anura: Hylidae). Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 28:1@37.); $ ,e $) (Mendelson, J. R. y J. A. Campbell. 1994. Two new species of the group (Arnphibia: Anura: Hylidae) from México. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 107(2):398@409) y se han hecho varios cambios nomenclaturales a nivel de género como algunas especies de a (Campbell, J. A. and E. N. Smith. 1992. A new frog of the genus (Hylidae) from the Sierra de Santa Cruz, Guatemala and description of the new genus of middle american stream@breeding tree frogs. Herpetologica 48(2): 153@167) y una especie de (en ésta clave se reconoce como )a ) (Duellman, W. E. and J. J. Wiens. 1992. The status of the hylid frog genus and the recognition of ) Wagler, 1830. Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas. 151: 1@23.

36 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Duellman, W. E. and J. Campbell. 1992. Hylid frogs of the genus Plectrohyla: Systematics and phylogenetic relationships. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 181:1@32. Se reproduce con permiso del primer autor.

1.

Prepollical process bifid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Prepollical process flat, blunt, or pointed, not bifid . . . . 6 2. Anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs with bold black or dark green and cream markings . . . . . . . . $ * Anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs not so marked . ............................................3 3. Dorsum with closely packed round tubercles . . . . . . . . . . ............................... $ Dorsum with scattered tubercles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Tubercles on dorsum conical; dorsum dull olive@green or gray with large olive@green spots . . . . . . $ Tubercles on dorsum round; coloration not as described . ............................................5 5. Tubercles on dorsum small; size large (>65 mm); web@ bing on feet dull green; vocal slits absent . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. $ Tubercles on dorsum large; size smaller 70 mm); vocal slits absent; dorsum uniform@ ly green, smooth except for tubercles on head . . $ Size smaller %

= :

(/#

", &= =

1

(/-

"

?

&&

#

= $

?

1 &

$

&

4 % (/-

= $

@ % ")

4 "

# (/-

") &

#

% @ %

#

(

= ") A

"

# &

=

") A

$# # > &#

&# ",

B

A

)

( $

> "

#

%

& $ B %

$ 1 "(

. (

# ",

C 1

0

#

( > ")A &#

". ")A

4

#

, "*

#

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 95

FUENTE: Dixon, J. R. 1995. Key to Phyllodactylus of Baja California. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. González P. (comps.). Recopilación de claves para la determinación de anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.

Actualizada por el autor para esta recopilación

? ? ! ! 4 4

1$2 &2

$

$ &

& 4

%

4

%

4

%

4

%

> " &# > $ $

"$ #

$> "$&# : >

(

%

1 " &#

(

%

" >#

96 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Harris, D. M. and A. G. Kluge. 1984. The Sphaerodactylus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) of Middle America. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 706:1@59. Se reproduce con permiso del 2o. Autor. l. Narrow middorsal row of fine granules separates large, tectiform, dorsal …...…..... scales. To 39 mm. SVL (see Wilson and Hahn, 1973: 106). Islas de la …............ Bahia, Honduras ………………………………………………….............. Without a middorsal zone of small scales between large tectiform scales ……..... 2 2. Large species, adult SVL exceeding 40 mm.; supranasals single, small ………… with wide gap in@between (separated by 2@4 small scales). Also, dorsals ………… strongly keeled; escutcheon abdominal; small (10@16 scales); median ………… subcaudals alternate; dorsal pattern crudely blotched in adults plain in ………… juveniles. Endemic to Isla del Coco, Costa Rica ………………………… ! Small species, not exceeding 34 mm. SVL, pattern not as described ………... above ……………………………………………………………………………... 3 3.Snout strongly protuberate, dorsally convex in profile; eye spine behind ………... mideye. Also, dorsal scales keeled, large (30@36 axilla@groin); subcaudals ……….. arranged alternately; two supranasals or one when anterior supranasal is ……….. fused to rostral. Northern Honduras ………………………………………….. Snout flat, sloping straight from eyes to rostral; eye spine lies anterior to ………. mideye ..................................................................................................................... 4 4.Supranasal single; escutcheon abdominal ………………………………………... 5 Two supranasals; escutcheon abdominal or abdominal and subfemoral ………. 8 5.Median subcaudals aligned in series; no dark bands in dorsal pattern. ……….. Also, dorsals and parietals keeled; dorsal count 51@63; escutcheon ab@ ………. dominal with 22@61 total scales. Southern Costa Rica to Pacific western ……….. Panamá ……………………………………………………………… Subcaudals not in straight series; young banded …………………………………. 6 6.Dorsals smooth; six dark bands or their remnants on head and body. ……….. Also, subcaudal scales alternate; dorsal count 70@81. Northwestern .………. Ecuador to southwestern Colombia …………………………………….. Dorsal keeled; four dark bands on head and body of juveniles especially ………. 7 7.Dorsal scales strongly keeled, knobby; parietal scales keeled; subcaudals ….……. alternate; dorsal count 48@67; escutcheon with 38@79 total scales; bands ……….. of juveniles persist in adult, faded but define. Caribbean versant of ….……. southern Nicaragua to western Panamá ………………………………… Dorsal scales moderately keeled, parietals usually without keels; dorsal …....…… count 62@81; subcaudals arranged in the repeating sequence of a small, a ….....…... large and a pair of small scales;) escutcheon with 20@52 total scales; broad ............. dark of juveniles become indefinite and are replaced by variegation in ……….… adults. Pacific western Panamá to northwestern Colombia ……………. 8.Dorsal scales smooth. Dorsal count 46@71; median subcaudals aligned in …….…... series; escutcheon of 19@97 total scales, extending to knees. Southern …….…... México to extreme northwestern Honduras ……………………………….. Dorsal scales keeled ……………………………………………………………… 9 9.Space between anterior supranasals as wide as a supranasal; rostral ….......... deeply notched behind, counting 1@3 small scales; escutcheon abdomi@ ….……. nally confined …………………………………………………………………… 10 Space between anterior supranasals much narrower than a supranasal; ….……. rostral notch shallow or absent; escutcheon may extend to knee ……………….. 11 10. Subcaudals alternate; escutcheon small (13@38 total scales; dorsal count ….…….. 63@83; continuous light dorsolateral stripes present, faded in males with ….…….. black and yellow@white striped heads: Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, and ….…….. Guyana ……………………………………………………………………….. Median subcaudals aligned in series, escutcheon huge (94@154 total …..……. scales), dorsal count 62@80; Dorsolateral series of spots in females; in …..……. male, trunk and tail reticulated, head orange. Lowlands immediately ………... west of the Santa Marta Mountains in northern Colombia ……………...

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 97 11. Dorsal scales large (18@36 axilla@groin); three supralabials to below eye; ….....…... dorsum brownish gray with small brown spots; nape with large dark ……….... brown spots between smaller light spots. Cuba, Bahamas, Florida, pan@ …………. Caribbean. One specimen recorded from northwestern Colombia ………… (Harris, 1982) ……………………………………………………………… Dorsals small to moderate (38@74 axilla@groin); four supralabials to …………. below eye ………………………………………………………………………... 12 12. Dorsals 38@50 axilla@groin; young with six distinctive; light stripes on …………. head and nine running length of body, changing to rows of ocellar spots ………… on a densely dark@spotted dorsum in adults; five spotting on limbs. ……….. Coastal sites in northern Yucatán, México; Bocas del Toro and San ………… Blas, Panamá, besides Jamaica and other Caribbean islands ………………... Dorsals 47@71 axilla@groin; young usually with prominent dark markings ………... on body near forelimbs, a large, round, dark spot above pelvis, and ………… feeble head lines on a uniform tan background; adults finely speckled to ………… strongly variegated with dark color; head of male may become boldly ………… marked, but never with rows of ocellar spots; three large, light spots on ………… each limb. Isthmus of Tehuantepec to northern Costa Rica, and ………… Cozumel, and Roatán, Guanaja, and Maiz Grande islands …………

NOTAS: Solo tres especies ocurren en México,

,

y

.

98 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE FUENTE: Bogert, C. M. and R. Martín del Campo. 1956. The gila monster and its allies. The relationships, habits, and behavior of the lizards of the family Helodermatidae. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 109(1): 1@238. Se reproduce con permiso del ler autor.

I. Posterior portion of maxilla (all represented) with outer surface granular (known only from Oligocene deposits in Logan County, Colorado). . . .† * Gilmore II. Posterior portion of maxilla with outer surface of maxilla relatively smooth, with slight stri@ ations (osteoderms firmly ankylosed conceal surface in adults). A. Tail comprising from 41 to 55 per cent of snout@to@vent length; 48 to 62 transverse rows of scales on under side of tail pos@ terior to vent; a pair of enlarged preanal scales (fig. 2); one pair of infralabials reaching chin@shields (fig. 6); juveniles with four or five black bands (inc1uding black terminus on tail); eight or nine ma@ xillary teeth; upper posterior process of splenial extended onto inner surface of coronoid. . . . . . . . . . . $ Cope a. Adult with dorsal pattern consisting of four "saddles" or irregular, double black bands (each containing a row of pink or yellow circular areas), few or none of which are confluent with ad@ jacent saddles; tail with five distinct black bands (including black termi@ nus), sparsely if at all dotted with yellow, which alternate with pink or yellowish bands that may contain a few isolated clumps or short rows of black scales, with the black bands approxi@ mately the same width as the interven@ ing light areas. Range: Extreme south@ eastern Nevada, southwestern Utah, southward through western Arizona. . . ........ $ $ , new subspecies

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 99

a. Supranasal in contact with postnasal (fig. 10); eight scales separating pos@ teriormost superciliaries across the head; pattern on body of adults consist@ ing of a black reticulum (sometimes a black ground color) enclosing lighter (yellowish, reddish, or pinkish) areas that equal or exceed the black in ex@ tent; irregular but discernible light and dark bands on tail narrow, one or two scale rows wide, roughly equal in width. Range: The Río Fuerte drainage basin of southeastern Sonora and northern Sinaloa in México. . . . . . . . . . ... $ $ ) , new subspecies. b. Adult with dorsal body pattern consisting of a black (or dark brown) reticulum enclosing pink or yellowish areas, the darker color predominating; tail with four or five irregular dark bands mottled or streaked with pink or yellow, which alternate with pink or yellowish bands streaked or mottled with black or dark brown. Range: Central Arizona southeastward along the edge of the Plateau to southwestern New Mexico, southward through the Mexican state of Sonora at least as far as Guayrnas. . . . $ $ Cope. B. Tail comprising at least 65 per cent of snout@to@vent length; 72 or more trans@ verse rows of scales on under side of tail posterior to vent; no pair of enlarged pre@ anal scales present (fig. 3); usually two pairs of infralabials reaching chin@shields (fig. 7); juveniles with six or seven black bands (including black terminus) on tail; six or seven maxillary teeth; upper pos@ terior process of splenial reaching, but not overlapping, coronoid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... $ Wiegmann

100 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

b. Supranasal separated from postnasal by first canthal (fig. 11); usually six or seven scales separating superciliaries across crown of head. 1. Pattern of adult with black color pre@ dominating, but enclosing blotches, bars, or dots (usually with all three present); six or seven pairs of light bands on tail, with or without a light bar or band in the intervening black band. Range: The Pacific slope of México from southern Sinaloa southeastward to eastern Oaxaca. . . ........ $ $ Wiegmann 2. Pattern on dorsum almost uniformly black in the adult, with faint vestiges of bars or a few dots sometimes pre@ sent, vestiges of six pairs of light bands on tail usually discernible on under side only. Range: The Atlan@ tic drainage of central Chiapas, principally the headwaters of the Río Chiapa in extreme southern México, possibly eastward into Guatemala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . $ $ & , new subspecies

H. h. alvarezi FIG. 11. Diagram showing the position of the scales on the snout of & , with the supranasal separated from the postnasal by the first canthal, and the second supralabial excluded from contact with the nasal and prenasal by a lorilabial.

H. h. exasperatum FIG. 10. Diagram showing the position of the scales on the snout of )8 , with the supranasal in contact with the postnasal and the second supralabial reaching the prenasal. Compare with figure 11.

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 101

CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE IGUANAS FUENTE: De Queiroz, K. 1995. Key lo the extant species of Mexican iguanas. Publ. esp. Mus. Zool. No. 9 (En Prensa). Sc reproduce con el permiso del autor.

DICHOTOMOUS KEY

1a. Rostral scale frequently subdivided so that no median scale is evident, or if median scale present, subequal to surrounding scales; superciliarv scales quadrangular and nonoverlapping; 2H5 anterior auricular scales greatly enlarged, projecting posteriorly more than 1/2 distance across tympanic recess; no discernable longitudinal row of midHdorsal scales; body strongly depressed; tail short (tail length/snout vent length ≤ 1.25), never with whorls of large, spinous scales; pedal subdigital scales

weakly keeled and roughly symmetrical about

longitudinal axis of digits (i.e., anterior and posterior keels subequal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sauromalus 4 1b. An unpaired, median rostral scale several times larger than surrounding scales; superciliary scales elongated and overlapping to various degrees; anterior auricular scales not or only slightly enlarged and not projecting posteriorly more than 1/3 distance across tympanic recess; a longitudinal row of midHdorsal scales (scales may be enlarged and differentiated from adjacent scales to various degrees and row may be interrupted in the lumbosacral region); body slightly depressed to laterally compressed; tail long (TL/SVL ≥ 1.25), or if short (TL/SVL ≤ 1.25), with whorls of enlarged spinous scales; pedal subdigital scales (especially those of digits IIHIV) strongly keeled and asymmetrical (i.e., anterior keels distinctly larger than posterior ones). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

102 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

2a. Cephalic scales of dorsal midline and snout few and large, 2H4 sea les between posterior canthals, strongly differentiated from supraoculars; subocular scales subequal in size or largest less than 2 times longer than next largest; nonextensible gular fan (dewlap) with row of large, pointed, compressed scales forming crest along anterior margin; maxillary and dentary teeth serrated, with numerous (at least some teeth with ≥ 10) small cusps; one row of labiomental scales distinctly larger than postmentals; a large (diameter ≥ 80% tympanic diameter), subcircular scale at posterior end of lower jaw ventral to tympanum; nape with enlarged, tubercular scales surrounded by smaller scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iguana iguana 2b. Cephalic scales of dorsal midline and snout numerous and small, 6H9 scales between posterior canthals, weakly differentiated from supraoculars; largest subocular scale 2H3 times longer than next largest; gular fan and crest absent; maxillary and dentary teeth tricuspid to polycuspate, but with fewer than 8 cusps per tooth; labiomental scales subequal to or smaller than postmentals; scales at posterior end of lower jaw ventral to tympanum subequal in size and all much smaller than tympanum (largest < 20% tympanic diameter); nape scales subequal in size, enlarged, tubercular scales absent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3a. Head moderately to strongly elongate (distance from snout to anterior edge of tympanum/maximum

head

width

≥

1.20

in

adults),

superciliaries

only

moderately elongate and overlapping; tail with whorls of large, spinous scales KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 103

at least anteriorly; 4H13 femoral pores (one thigh); species from 155 mm to 489 mm maximum SVL (de Queiroz 1987b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Ctenosaura) 11 3b. Head short (snoutHanterior edge of tympanum/maximum head width < 1.20 in adults), superciliaries greatly elongate and strongly overlapping; tail without large, spinous scales; 16H26 femoral pores (one thigh); 145 mm maximum SVL (Mayhew 1971). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dipsosaurus dorsalis

4. Sauromalus 1

4a. Dorsal body scales relatively small, largest nuchals smaller than scales in frontal region, usually more than 20 dorsal scales in the length of the head (measured halfway between fore and hind limbs on midHdorsal line; range 20H42); scales on dorsal surface of limbs and tail weakly to moderately keeled; except for S. varius, maximum SVL ≤ 223 mm (Van Denburgh 1922; Shaw 1945; Case, 1982). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4b. Dorsal body scales relatively large, largest nuchals equal to or larger than scales in frontal region, usually less than 20 dorsal scales in the length of the head measured halfway between fore and hind limbs on midHdorsal line; mean 18, KK. 1

Subsequent to the revision of by Shaw (1945) and the description of $ * by Cliff (1958), several taxonomic changes have been proposed for the southern insular taxa , , * , and , and those inhabiting the peninsular mainland of Baja California, and @@all of which were recognized as separate species by Shaw and Cliff (Soulé and Sloan 1966; Robinson 1972, 1974; Seib 1980; Case 1982; Etheridge 1982; Murphy 1982, 1983a, b; Murphy and Ottley 1984; Stebbins 1985). Although some of these changes may be warranted, they have not been adopted here because no evidence has been presented to support them, and I do not wish to perpetuate this practice.

104 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

range 16H21); scales on dorsal surface of limbs and tail spinous and strongly carinate; large animals, 304 mm maximum SVL (Case 1982). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sauromalus hispidus 5a. Dorsal color pattern variable, often consisting of 2 to 5 darkHbrown or black transverse bands on a lighter background, but may be grey with fine spots of dark brown or black, red flecked with yellow and black spots, or more or less uniform black; moderateHsized animals, maximum SVL 223 mm (Case 1982). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5b. Dorsal color pattern consisting of large, irregular, darkHbrown or black blotches on a yellowish or orangeHbrown background; large animals, maximum SVL = 324 mm (Case 1982). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sauromalus varius 6a. Ventral scale rows between gular fold and vent 125 or more (mean for each species ≥ 130, range 125H220) (Shaw 1945; Cliff 1958). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6b. Ventral scale rows between gular fold and vent fewer than 125 (mean 116, range 107H123) (Shaw 1945). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sauromalus slevini 7a. Transverse body bands, if present, with light centers and darkHbrown or black borders giving a doubleHbanded effect; if absent, dorsal pattern of small, darkHbrown or black spots on a gray background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7b. Transverse body bands, if present, more or less uniform; if absent, dorsal color pattern highly variable but not as above (some possibilities are yellow spotted with brown, yellowishHgray spotted with black and red, and more or less uniform black). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sauromalus obesus

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 105

8a. Ventral scale rows between guiar fold and vent usually fewer than 151 (mean for each species ~ 140, range 125H151) (Shaw 1945; Cliff 1958). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8b. Ventral scale rows between gular fold and vent 151 or more (mean 164, range 151H186) (Shaw 1945). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sauromalus australis 9a. Dorsal color pattern of body consisting of small dark brown or black spots on a grey background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sauromalus klauberi 9b. Dorsal color pattern consisting of 4H5 dark brown or black transverse bands with lighter centers on a yellowishHbrown or grayishHbrown background with brown or black spots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10a. Isla San Marcos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sauromalus shawi2 10b. Islas Danzante, Santa Cruz, San Diego, San José, San Francisco, Partida Sur, or Espíritu Santo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sauromalus ater

11. Ctenosaura

11a. Usually four postmental scales in contact with mental; scales on dorsal surface of hindlimb weakly differentiated, smooth or keeled but not spinous, subequal in size; at least some of proximal (first ten) whorls of large, spinous caudal scales separated dorsally by two or more rows of intercalary scales; relatively large body size (large adults ˃ 200 mm SVL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2

The presence of “large, acutely pointed scales in the lateral neck fold, almost equal in size to the largest scales on the top of the head, and [an] especially pronounced lateral neck fold" were used by Cliff (1958: 259) to distinguish $ * from $ in his diagnosis. Neither of these characters appears to be diagnostic (Shaw 1945; personal observation).

106 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

11b. Usually two postmental scales in contact with mental; scales on dorsal surface of hindlimb strongly differentiated with patch of large, strongly keeled or spinous scales on shank or shank and thigh; proximal (first ten) whorls of large, spinous caudal scales separated dorsally by no more than one row of intercalary scales; relatively small body size (maximum SVL < 175 mm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enyaliosaurus 15 12a. MidHdorsal scale row broadly discontinuous in lumbosacral region (terminates slightly anterior to level of groin or as little as 2/3 the distance from back of head to that level); scales of midHdorsal row of adult males tail (height ˃ length) and pointed on neck and shoulders only. . . . . . . . Ctenosaura hemilopha 12b. MidHdorsal scale row continuous from neck to tail or only narrowly interrupted in sacral region (terminates posterior to level of groin); scales of midHdorsal row of adult males tall (height ˃ length) and pointed on neck, shoulders, and most of back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13a. Parietal roof of skull remains deeply notch posteriorly throughout ontogeny so that braincase remains broadly exposed in dorsal view; central Veracruz (east) and Isthmus of Tehuantepec (west) southward and eastward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctenosaura similis 13b. Parietal roof of skull extends posteriorly during postembryonic ontogeny so that braincase comes to be largely covered in dorsal view; Isthmus of Tehuantepec northward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 107

14a. At least some whorls of large, spinous caudal scales separated dorsally by a single intercalary scale row; Atlantic Coast of México north of Isthmus of Tehuantepec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctenosaura acanthura 14b. AII whorls of large, spinous caudal scales separated dorsally by at least two intercalary scale rows; Pacific Coast of México north ct Isthmus of Tehuantepec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctenosaura pectinata

15. Enyaliosaurus

5a. Scales of midHdorsal row tall (height > length) and compressed, strongly differentiated from adjacent body scales, at least in neck region of adult males; midHdorsal scale row extends about to level of sacrum; marginal teeth with maximum of 3 cusps; (unregenerated) tail strongly spinose proximally but not distally and always longer than SVL (tail length/SVL 2! 1.30); spinous dorsal caudal scales forming 5 rows, one midHdorsal row and two on each side separated by 3H4 rows of flat or weakly keeled scales at sixth whorl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctenosaura (Enyaliosaurus) quinquecarinata 15b. Scales of midHdorsal row short (height < length) and depressed, scarcely differentiated from adjacent body scales, even in neck region of adult males; middorsal scale row extends to about level:of groin or as little as 1/3 distance from back of head to that level; marginal teeth with maximum of four or more KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.

108 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

cusps; tail strongly spinose throughout length and usually shorter than SVL (TL/SVL ≤ 1.10); spinous dorsal caudal scales usually not forming 5 distinct rows, adjacent scales of enlarged caudal whorls subequal, those on either side of midHdorsal row not markedly less spinous than others or, if in 5 rows, the lateral and midHdorsal rows separated by 2H3 rows of les s spinous scales at sixth whorl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 16a. Usually 7 (range 5H9) premaxillary teeth; marginal teeth with maximum of four cusps; parietal eye visible externally; a patch of large, spinous scales on dorsal surface of shank, but not of thigh; anterior surfaces of subdigital scales at base of pedal digit III unfused basally; intercalary scales between whorls of large, spinous caudal scales conspicuous throughout length of tail; enlarged dorsal caudal scales forming 9H11 longitudinal rows at sixth whorl; 4H6 femoral pores (one thigh). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctenosaura (Enyaliosaurus) clarki 16b. Less than seven (range 5H6) premaxillary teeth; marginal teeth with maximum of five or more cusps; parietal eye inconspicuous or absent; a patch of large, spinous scales on dorsal surface of both shank and thigh; anterior surfaces of subdigital scales at base of pedal digit III fused basally to form a comb; intercalary scales between whorls of large, spinous caudal scales absent or inconspicuous (confined to midHdorsal region) proximally; enlarged dorsal caudal scales forming 7 longitudinal rows at sixth whorl; 5H11 femoral pores (one thigh). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctenosaura (Enyaliosaurus) defensor

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 109

CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE FUENTE: Reeve, W. L. 1952. Taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizards, genus Phrvnosoma. Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull. 34(14): 817@960. Se reproduce con permiso del editor de la Universidad de Kansas. 1. Four large occipital spines on posterior periphery of the head con@…... tinuous with the temporal spines to form a continuous crown …... Southern Arizona and Northern Sonora……………………… 1.’ Two occipital spines or occipital spines absent or reduced and not …... continuous with the temporal spines………………………………. 2 2. Occipital and temporal spines absent; replaced by low rounded .….. protuberances, lower jaw greatly expanded vertically; five or …… six small sublabials separating chinshields and infra@…… labials……………………………………………………….. 2.’ Two occipital spines present; lower jaw less expanded sublabials ….. five or less…………………………………………………………. 3 3. Ventral abdominal scales keeled………………………………………. 4 3.’ Ventral abdominal scales smooth……………………………………… 7 4. Temporal area prolonged, terminating in a large spine three or ….... more times the length of the occipital spines………………… 4.’ Temporal area not prolonged, less than three times the length of ….... the occipital spines, temporal spines same size as, or smaller …… than occipitals……………………………………………………… 5 5. Tail reduced (usually shorter than head); Puebla and Oaxaca, ….. México………………………………………………….. 5.’ Tail not reduced (usually two to three times the length of the …... head)….............................................................................................. 6 6. Superciliary spines well developed, equaling, or nearly equaling, ….. the occipital spines; ventral abdominal scales large, 30@40 …... across widest part of belly, three or four rows of enlarged …… scales on each side of gular area; one row enlarged soft spines …… in lateral abdominal fringe, Colima to Guatemala……………... 6.’ Superciliary spines reduced, smaller than occipital spines, ventral …... abdominal scales small, 50@60 across widest part of belly, one …... row of enlarged gular scales on each side; two rows of soft …... spines in lateral abdominal fringe, Kansas, south and south@ ….. west through Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico and northeastern …… Mexico……………………………………………………. 7. Three or more rows of enlarged scales on each side of gular area; …... chinshields serrate and visible from above …….. group 8 7.’ One or no row of enlarged scales, on each side of gular area, ….. chinshields not serrate, not visible from above or if visible only …... the most posterior ones showing…………………………………. 13 8. Frontal scales large, flat, platlike, dark brown or black with dis@ ….. tinct light narrow spaces between them; postrictal scales small …... or absent; subrictal scales usually in line with chinshields but …... sometimes slightly above………………………………………….. 9 8.’ Frontal scales small, convex, rugose (or if large convex and ….... smooth and color the same as remaining portion of head); ….. postrictal scale large; subrictal scale always distinctly above …… row of chinshields………………………………………………... 11 9. Postrictal scale absent or small; subrictal in direct line with chin@…... shields. Cape area of Baja California……….. 9.’ Postrictal scale present and large; subrictal in line or slightly above …… row of chinshields………………………………………………... 10 10. Chinshields four on each side; subrictal in line with chinshields, ….. four temporal spines on each side. Cedros Island………… 10.’ Chinshields five on each side; subrictal slightly above row of ….. chinshields; five temporal spines on each side. Between lat. …. 26°20' and 28°10' Baja California………………... .

110 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter 11. Frontal scales large, convex, smooth. Southern California and the ….... northwestern part of Baja California…………. 11.’ Frontal scales small, convex, rugose…………………………………. 12 12. Head as wide as long or slightly wide than long; temporal spines …,.. curving posteriorly. Central to southern California, .. ………………………………………………….. ! 12.’ Head slightly longer than wide; temporal spines projecting lat@….... erally, appearing serrate. Between lat. 28°50’ to near 31°50’.…... Baja California…………………………………. 13. Length of occipital spines three or four times their basal diameter….. 14 13.’ Length of occipital spines less than two and one@half times their .…. basal diameter…………………………………………………….. 17 14. Two rows of soft spines in lateral abdominal fringe; tail markedly ...… flattened; dark mid@dorsal streak; ventral abdominal scales im@….... maculate white. Southeastern California, southwestern Ari@….... zona and northeastern Baja California……………………… 9 14.’ One row of soft spines in lateral abdominal fringe; tail rounded or …... only slightly flattened; dark mid@dorsal streak absent; dark ….. flecks usually present on the ventral abdominal scales…………... 15 15. Three long temporal spines, occipital spines tend to curve later@…… ally; usually only the last three chinshields greatly enlarged. ….. Southern Arizona and northwestern Sonora…….. 15.’ Five medium sized temporal spines; occipital spines usually …... straight; chinshields enlarging gradually from first to last……….. 16 16. Occipital spines long (48@60% of length of head) and broad, ……. giving them a heavy appearance; tail often slightly flattened ……. posteriorly. Southern Utah, Arizona, southern Nevada, Cali@…….. fornia into northeastern Baja California……. 16.’ Occipital spines short (45% or less length of head), tail rounded…….. posteriorly. From Washington to southern Utah and southern…….. Nevada……………………………………… 17. No lateral abdominal fringes; gular scales subequal. Southern…….. Texas, New Mexico and northern Mexico……………….. 17.’ One row of soft spines in lateral abdominal fringe; one row of…….. slightly enlarged gular scales usually present on each side………. 11 18. Head not strongly notched in occipital area; occipital spines one and…... one@half to two times as long as their basal diameter…………….. 19 18.’ Head distinctly notched, occipital spines usually less than one and …... one@half times their basal diameter……………………………….. 22 19. Frontal area of head concave; occipital spines nearly erect;…… temporal spines nearly horizontal; gular scales faintly keeled.…… Guanajuato and Hidalgo……………………………….. 19.’ Frontal area flat; occipital and temporal spines both horizontal;..….. gular scales smooth……………………………………………….. 20 20. Temporal spines extending backward farther than occipital …. spines; femoral pores usually in single series. Veracruz..…... …………………………………………………... & 20.’ Temporal spines equal to or shorter than occipital spines; femoral …... pores in single or double series…………………………………… 21 21. Occipital spines extending posteriorly beyond temporal spines; .…. femoral pores often forming a double series mesially; ventral …... abdominal scales often covered with a dark reticulate pattern. ….. Plateau of Mexico……………………………. 21.’ Occipital spines and temporal spines projecting posteriorly an ….. equal distance; femoral pores 14@14 confined to a single row; …... ventral abdominal scales not greatly darkened. Colima. … ……………………………………………………

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 111 22. Length of tail approximately equal to width of head; gular scales .…. convex; chest scales faintly keeled. Durango and south central …... Chihuahua………………………………… 22.’ Length of tail considerable more than width of head; gular scales …... flat or slightly concave; chest scales smooth……………………... 23 23. Temporal area convex; lateral profile of temporal forming …. a curved line if projected to near tip of jaw; length of occipital …... and temporal spines less than their basal diameter, usually ….. projecting vertically. Width of head at angle of jaw greater …... than across temporal area; temporal area and spines similar in …… color to remainder of head………………………………………... 21 23.’ Temporal area flattened; lateral profile of temporal spines forming …... a straight line, if projected to angle of jaw; occipital and tem@….... poral spines usually as long as, or longer than, their basal …... diameter, and generally projecting horizontally; width of ….. head at angle of jaw less than at temporal area; temporal area …… and spines often lighter colored than rest of head………………... 25 24. Dorsal dark spots edged mesially and posteriorly in light cream; ….. nostrils always piercing the snout laterally. New Mexico, …. southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado………......................... …………………………………………….. 24.’ Dorsal dark spots edged only posteriorly in cream; nostrils often ….. piercing snout anterolaterally. Western Kansas and Nebraska, …. eastern Colorado, Wyoming and Montana…... 25. Size large. Temporal spines one to one and one@half times as ….. long as their basal diameter, usually projecting horizontally. …. Southern Utah, Arizona and northern Mexico. 25.’ Size small, temporal spines as long as their basal diameter; often …. projecting vertically………………………………………………. 26 26. Ground color pale, and pattern often only vaguely discernible; …. central and northern Utah, and northeastern Nevada..……………….. ………………………………………………….. 26.’ Ground color generally dark; pattern distinct. Eastern Washing@…… ton and Oregon, northeastern part of California, Idaho and …… northeastern corner of Nevada………………...

NOTAS: La clave incluye a especies que se distribuyen en USA.

112 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1950. An annotated checklist and key lo the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the snakes. Bull. U. S. Natn. Mus. 199:1@253. Se reproduce con permiso del 1er autor

1.

Postfemoral dermal pocket present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Postfemoral dermal pocket absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.

Postrostral scales absent; nasals and internasals in contact with rostral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . maculosus Postrostral scales present; internasals and nasals separated from rostral . . . . . . 3

3.

Tail strongly compressed in males, rounded and light pink in females; femoral pores 24 or more on each side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pyrocephalus Tail rounded in both sexes, not pink in females; femoral pores 20 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . variabilis

4.

Lateral body scales not imbricate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Lateral body scales imbricate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

5.

Preanal scales keeled in females; males with poorly developed postanals; no distinct belly patches in males; tail over twice length of body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . utiformis Preanal scales smooth in females; males with wellHdeveloped postanals; lateral belly patches distinct in males; tail less than twice length of body . . . . . . . . . . merriami

6.

No postrostrals; nasals and internasals in contact with rostral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Postrostrals present; nasal and internasals separated from rostral . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

7.

Dorsal scales 50 or more; femoral pores 17 or more; preanals smooth in females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scalaris Dorsal scales 46 or less; femoral pores 16 or less; preanals keeled in females . . . . .

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 113

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siniferus 8.

Ventral scales, at least laterally, pointed, not notched; preanal scales keeled in females; no lateral belly markings in males; femoral pore series widely separated medially; two postrostrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siniferus Ventral scales notched, or, if pointed, femoral pore series closely approximated medially (separated by four scales or less); preanal sea les smooth in females. ............................................................... 9

9.

Males uniform white below; anterior section of frontal longitudinally divided; femoral pore series widely separated medially . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chrysostictus Males with lateral belly patches distinct or, if not, anterior section of frontal entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

10. Femoral pores series closely approximated medially; two postrostrals; lateral scales rows parallel or nearly so; scales on posterior surface of thigh granular; small species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scalaris Femoral pore series widely separated medially, or, if closely approximated scales on posterior surface of thigh not granular; lateral scale rows strongly divergent; typically four postrostrals, sometimes three, rarely two . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11. Scales on posterior surface of thigh granular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Scales on posterior surface of thigh not granular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 12. Dorsal scales highly irregular in size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grammicus Dorsal scales subequal in size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

114 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

13. Lateral nuchal scales much smaller than and well differentiated from dorsal nuchal scales; scales of lateral row of dorsal nuchals enlarged, strongly keeled and mucronate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grammicus Lateral nuchal scales not well differentiated from dorsal nuchal scales . . . . . . . . . 14 14. Throat light blue, barred or mottled with white; lateral belly parches confluent medially; preanal scales large, about seven in a row from a line between femoral pore series to anus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grammicus Throat not as described or, if so, lateral belly patches not confluent medially and preanal scales smaller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 15. Scales on posterior surface of thigh granular, femoral pore series widely separated medially, the folds defining the preanal area passing between the femoral pore series; throat mottled with blue and white, never with a distinct, blue spot medially or on either side posteriorly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . graciosus Scales on posterior surface of thigh not granular or, if so, femoral pore series more closely approximated medially, the folds defining preanal area not or barely passing between femoral pore series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 16. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral scales subequal in size; small species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . megalepidurus Dorsal, ventral, and lateral scales distinctly differing in size; large or small species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 17. A distinct, dark, lightHbordered nuchal collar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . torquatus No distinct, dark, lightHbordered nuchal collar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 115

18. Gular region mottled, not barred nor with a median or two lateral blue spots posteriorly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . torquatus Gular region not mottled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 19. Gular region barred in males and lacking a median posterior dark blue or black spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spinosus Gular region not barred; or if barred, with a median posterior dark blue or black spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20. Gular region barred in males, with a median posterior dark blue or black spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . undulatus Gular region not barred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 21. Supraoculars large, separated from superciliaries by no more than one complete and one incomplete row of small scales; and one or more of the posterior supraoculars in contact with median head scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Supraoculars large or small, if any of the posterior supraoculars are in contact with median head scales, the supraoculars are separated from superciliaries by three or more complete or incomplete rows of small scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 22. Males lacking lateral belly patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . undulatus Males with lateral belly patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 23. A pair of dark blue or black spots on posterior part of gular region . . . . . . . undulatus No pair of dark spots on posterior part of gular region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 24. Three or more rows of small scales between supraoculars and superciliaries; or, if two, the scales of inner row considerably larger than those of outer row . . . .

116 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 One complete and one incomplete row of small, subequal scales between supraoculars and superciliaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 25. One canthal, or. if two, the first forced above canthal ridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . formosus Two canthals, the first not forced above canthal ridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 26. A broad, black nuchal collar complete about neck dorsally, or anterior section of frontal longitudinally divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . formosus Neither true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . undulatus 27. Frontal ridges present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . formosus Frontal ridges absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spinosus 28. Adult males a uniform bright green above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . formosus Not so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spinosus

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 117

#

$

%

1. Median frontonasal separated from lateral frontonasals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Median frontonasal in contact with lateral frontonasals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Dorsals about 31; internasals large, keeled, 3 from rostral to median frontonasal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . prezygus Dorsals 37 to 45; internasals smaller, not keeled, rugose or not . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. A complete nuchal collar, sometimes narrowly interrupted medially . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . malachiticus salvini Nuchal collar incomplete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . malachiticus taeniocnemis 4. Anterior section of frontal usually longitudinally divided; canthals sharply ridged; no nuchal collar; ventrals a fourth, laterals not more than twoHthirds, size of dorsal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . asper Anterior section of frontal rarely longitudinally divided; canthals rounded; a nuchal collar or not; ventrals a half, laterals threeHfourths size of dorsals . . . . . . . . . 5 5. A broad, nearly or quite complete, nuchal collar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Collar, if present, restricted to sides of neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6. Femoral pores 12H16; one or more supraoculars generally in contact with median head scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . malachiticus acanthinus Femoral pores 16H21; supraoculars not in contact with median head scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stejnegeri

118 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

7. Males without yellow on throat; dorsal scale rows black edged; dorsal head sea les with a light blue center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . formosus scitulus Males with yellow or orange on throat; dorsal surface uniform blue; head scales not light spotted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . formosus formosus

&'

%

1. Femoral pores on both thighs total 7 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Femoral pores on both thighs total 6 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Ventral surfaces immaculate in adults of both sexes . . . . . . . . horridus alviventris Sides of belly blue, frequently darkHbordered, in males; gular region barred in males, sometimes in female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horridus oligoporus 3. Supraoculars completely in contact with superciliaries, or with one to four very small scales between; posterior superciliary greatly enlarged; venter immaculate in both sexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . edwardtaylori Supraoculars separated from superciliaries by at least one row of small scales; posterior superciliary not enlarged; venter with distinct markings in males . . . . . 4 4. Femoral pores on both thighs total 12 or less; 4 supraoculars, the fourth in contact with median head scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horridus horridus Femoral pores on both thighs total 13 or more; or, if 12, al! supraoculars separated from median head scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Femoral pores (one side) 17 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 119

Femoral pores (one side) 16 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6. A black shoulder patch present, with a light posterior border . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 No black shoulder patch; or. if present, without a light posterior border . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Snout black; a broad, black bar across head at middle of supraocular region; chest and middle of belly orange in males; gular region in females white with irregular, black marks; first canthal not in contact with lorilabials; ventral scales 44H54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Snout not black, similar in color to rest of head; no black bar across head; chest and middle of belly not orange; gular region in both sexes bluish, with light lines following scale rows at anterior part of throat; first canthal in contact with lorilabials; ventral scales 38H42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . magister lineatulus 8. Femoral pores usually (84 percent) 20 or less on each side; total pore counts usually (80 percent) 40 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Femoral pores usually (78 percent) 21 or more on each side; total pore counts usually (83 percent) 41 or more; lateral belly patches usually not confluent medially in males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . melanorhinus melanorhinus 9. Lateral nuchal pocket greatly reduced, with very few if any granules, and very little if any bare skin, shallow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . melanorhinus stuarti Lateral nuchal pocket with numerous granules, considerable bare skin, and considerable depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . melanorhinus calligaster 10. One or more supraoculars in contact with median head scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 None of supraoculars in contact with median head scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

120 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

11. Gular region barred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Gular region not barred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12. Dorsal scales usually more than 30; femoral pores usually more than 9 (one side); supraoculars usually 5 to 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spinosus caeruleopunctatus Dorsal scales usually 30 or less; femoral pores usually 9 or less (one side); supraoculars usually 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spinosus 13. Belly patches in males continuous across chest; prefrontals never in contact; no dorsolateral light lines in males; posterior surface of thigh mottled or with a broad light line, darkHbordered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Belly patches small, confined to sides of belly in males; prefrontals usually in contact; dorsolateral light lines present in males; posterior surface of thigh nearly immaculate or with a narrow, short black line near insertion of hind leg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . olivaceus 14. Gular region barred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Gular region not barred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 15. Femoral pores 13 or more (one side) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . orcutti licki Femoral pores 12 or less (one side) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spinosus spinosus 16. Femoral pores (one side) 12 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Femoral pores (one side) 13 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 17. Outer row of labiomental scales in contact with mental . . . . . . . . . . magister magister Outer row of labiomental scales separated from mental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 18. First canthal in contact with lorilabials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . orcutti orcutti

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 121

First canthal separated from loriabials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 19. Lateral scales about oneHhalf size of dorsal scales; median frontonasal not in contact with frontal; lateral belly patches in males not passing over chest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Lateral scales considerably more than oneHhalf size of dorsal scales; median frontonasal usually in contact with frontal; lateral belly patches in males passing over chest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20. Dorsal markings absent or very dimly visible; a broad, light line on posterior surface of thighs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lundelli gaigeae Dorsal markings present and distinct at least in females, consisting of narrow, dark cross bars; posterior surface of thigh mottled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lundelli lundelli 21. Femoral pores (one side) 10 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Femoral pores (one side) 11 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 22. First canthal rarely in contact with lorilabials; gular region never barred; outer row of labiomentals rarely in contact with mental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . clarkii boulengeri First canthal usually in contact with lorilabials; guiar region barred, or outer row of labiomentals sometimes in contact with mental (not in o. orcuttii) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 23. First canthal separated from labiomentals; femoral pores 16 or less; lower foreHIegs distinctly barred; guiar region never barred . . . . . . . . . . . . . clarkii clarkii First canthal in contact with lorilabials, lower forelegs not barred distinctly . . . . . . . 24 24. Outer row of labiomentals in contact with mental; guiar region not barred; shoulder patch distinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

122 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Outer row of labiomental scales separated from mental; gular region barred or shoulder patch indistinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 25. Dorsal scales 32 to 40; femoral pores 13H19; usually one or more scales in contact with both subocular and supralabials; a distinct, lightHbordered black shoulder patch Dorsolateral light lines present, indistinct posteriorly, the medial edge sometimes indistinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . orcutti licki Dorsal scale s 28 to 36; femoral pores 10H15; usually 2 complete rows of lorilabials below subocular; shoulder patch indistinct; no dorsolateral light lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . orcutti orcutti 26. Supraoculars usually 5; femoral pores (one side) usually 15 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . magister magister Supraoculars usuallv 6 or 7; femoral pores usually 16 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 27. No dark lines in adult males on sides of lateral scale rows; femoral pores (one side) usually less than 19; lateral belly patches confluent medially in adult males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . magister rufidorsum Dark lines on sides of lateral scale rows present in adult males; lateral belly patches not confluent medially in adult males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 28. A distinct, narrow dorsal stripe about 11/2 scale rows wide; females and young with 2 rows of dark spots, one on each side of middorsal stripe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . magister monserratensis A broad, lightHcolored dorsal area about 6 scale rows wide; dark spots on back absent or indistinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . magister zosteromus

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 123

"

%' %!

%

1. Supraoculars large, entire; femoral pore series separated by 9 or more scales; gular patches small, widely separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cautus Supraoculars smaller, divided; femoral pore series separated by 8 or fewer scales, or, gular patches large, often covering entire throat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Femoral pore series separated by 9 sea les or more; scales on posterior surface of thigh abruptly differentiated from dorsal sea les of same member, the median posterior scales not distinctly larger than adjacent lateral posterior scales . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . occidentalis biseriatus Femoral pore series separated by 8 scales or less; sea les on posterior surface of thigh gradually merging with larger dorsals of same member, at least the median posterior sea les distinctly larger than the adjacent lateral posterior scales . . . . 3 3. Males without lateral belly patches; dorsolateral and lateral light stripes very clearly defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . undulatus virgatus Males with lateral belly patches; dorsolateral and lateral light stripes poorly defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . undulatus consobrinus

1. Dorsal scales unequal; a series of enlarged scales on each side of middorsal line, separated from each other by small, flat scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . heterolepis Dorsal scales more or less uniform in size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

124 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

2. Scales on sides of neck not abruptly differentiated from dorsal nuchal scales; no enlarged series of scales on sides of neck; dorsal scales 48H66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grammicus grammicus Scales on sides of neck abruptly differentiated from dorsal nuchal scales; two series of enlarged scales on sides of neck posterior to ear; dorsal scale 52H 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Dorsal scales usually less than 70 (52H74) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grammicus disparilis 4. Dorsal scales usually 70 or more (68H93) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grammicus microlepidotus

$

!

& % %

1. Dorsal scales 44 to 56; scales between femoral pore series 2 to 5; basal subHcaudals keeled in females; males with distinct blue are as on sides of belly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pictus Dorsal scales 54 to 62; scales between series of femoral pores 4 to 8; basal subHcaudals smooth in females; males immaculate below . . . . . . . megalepidurus

(%

%

1. Supraoculars in a single series, with no sea le divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Supraoculars in 2 series; or, if in one series, with one or more scales divided . . . . . 9 2. Femoral pores 8H14; dorsal scales 25H35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Femoral pores more than 14; or dorsal scales more than 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 125

3. Dorsal nuchal collar broadly interrupted medially by a space about 5 scales wide; throat mottled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . torquatus binocularis Dorsal nuchal collar broad, complete; throat not mottled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Femoral pare counts on both sides usually total more than 21; dorsal scales usually 31 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . serrifer plioporus Femoral pare counts on both sides usually total les s than 22; dorsal scales generally less than 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . serrifer serrifer 5. Dorsal scales 31 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Dorsal scales more than 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6. Nuchal collar divided on each side of neck, the area between lighter in color; dorsal color light, with dark and light spots irregularly placed; size large (maximum snoutHvent measurement 129 mm.); dorsal scales more strongly keeled and mucronate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . torquatus melanogaster Nuchal collar broad, complete; dorsal color dark, without light spots; maximum snoutHvent measurement 98 mm.; dorsal scales more weakly keeled and mucronate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . torquatus torquatus 7. Lateral scales about oneHhalf as large as median dorsals . . . . . . . . . . . . lineolateralis Lateral scales as large as or larger than dorsals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. Dorsal scales 40 or more; nuchal collar narrow, with light borders broken; a light line on side of head and another on side of neck; each dorsal scale usually with a light median spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jarrovii jarrovii

126 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Dorsal scales usually less than 40; nuchal collar broad, with unbroken light borders; no light lines on sides of head and neck; no spots on dorsal scales . . . . . . bulleri 9. Lateral scales with the terminal point arising well within the free posterior margin; dorsal scales 41 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Lateral scales with the terminal point arising at or very near the free posterior margin; head scales not microscopically rugose; no oblique dark blue lines on throat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10. Dorsal scales 47 to 54; throat with very distinct, oblique, dark blue lines; head scales not microscopically rugose; oblique dark bands on sides of body distinct; maximum snoutHvent measurement 79 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dugesii intermedius Dorsal scales 41 to 50; throat without or with very faint oblique lines; head scales microscopically rugose; oblique dark bands on sides of body indistinct or absent; maximum snoutHvent measurement 87.5 mm; femoral pores not over 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dugesii dugesii 11. Dorsal scales 55 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ornatus ornatus Dorsal scales less than 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 12. Dorsal scales 47 to 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ornatus caeruleus Dorsal scales less than 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13. Tail with very distinct, broad, alternating dark and light bands, most distinct toward tip, where they are complete; supraoculars in 2 complete rows; head scales very irregular; light borders of nuchal collar broad; a broad light band across neck behind occiput; preocular usually entire; inner row of labiomental

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 127

scales generally terminating at a point posterior to suture between second and third infralabials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . poinsettii Tail without distinct alternating dark and light bands of nearly equal width; bands about tail not complete toward tip: dorsal scales 40 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 14. Dorsal scales 31 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Dorsal scales 32 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 15. A middorsal series of very large, dark blotches, sometimes fused bandlike; all except males with a pair of parallel, closely placed dark lines down middle of throat; collar 4 scales long or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mucronatus mucronatus No middorsal series of dark blotches; parallel throat lines absent; collar involving 4½ scale lengths or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mucronatus omiltemanus 16. Each dorsal scale row, in adult males, with a longitudinal light line; dorsals 30 to 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mucronatus aureoles Scale rows not with continuous lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 17. Nuchal black collar 4 or 5 scales wide, bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by a light band 1 or 11/2 scales wide; each border interrupted medially by a light scale; snoutHvent length often more than 100 mm., reaching 143 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cyanogenys Not so; maximum snoutHvent length 100 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 18. Lateral body scales distinctly decreasing in size laterally, at a point halfway between axilla and groin, distinctly smaller than dorsal scales . . . . . . . . . . 19

128 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Lateral body scales not decreasing in size laterally at least up to a point halfway between axilla and groin, where they are still subequal to, or even a little larger than, middorsal scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 19. Dorsal scales on lower foreleg about half size of those on upper foreleg; dark transverse streaks in lateral belly patches; nuchal collar covering six scales medially, or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jarrovii sugillatus Dorsal scales on lower foreleg but little if any smaller than those on upper foreleg; no dark streaks in lateral belly patches; nuchal collar less than four scales long middorsally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jarrovii immucronatus 20. Supraoculars essentially in 1 row; if an outer row is evident, it is composed of scales much smaller than those of inner row, and usually number no more than two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jarrovii jarrovii Supraoculars in 2 rows, those of outer row a little smaller than those of inner, usually numbering 3 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 21. Adult males black above and below, with orange areas and spots on sides of head, belly, and tail; only throat, underside of tail, and posterior surface of hind leg not black; females somewhat similar, very dark above, the collar poorly defined, young with poorly defined, narrow, light borders on neckcollar; dorsal scales average 37.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jarrovii oberon Adult males light brown above, with very broad, very well defined nuchal collar; a median area on belly white except in very largest males; sides of abdomen

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 129

blue, blackHedged; females and young with more distinct light borders on nuchal collar; dorsal scales average 40.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jarrovii minor

)

&

&!&

1. Series of femoral pores separated medially by no more than 6 scales . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Series of femoral pores separated medially by 10 or more scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Dorsal scales 69 to 76; scales around body 70 to 81; dorsal scales rows at nape 18 to 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parvus scutulatus Dorsal scales 58 to 69; scales around body 61 to 69; dorsal scales rows at nape 15 to 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parvus parvus 3. Ventral interfemoral scales separated from ventral thigh scales by a group of small scales oneHthird or oneHfourth size of adjacent scales; a rudimentary gular fold; lateral scales much less than half size of ventral scales; dorsal scales 69 to 83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . couchii Ventral interfemoral scales more or less continuous with ventral thigh scales; no rudimentary gular fold; lateral scales more than oneHhalf size of ventral scales; dorsals usually less than 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Dorsal 36 to 47; subnasal usually absent; shank and posterior surface of lower foreleg distinctly banded; spots on back distinct in both sexes; preocular usually divided; frontoparietals usually in contact medially . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . teapensis Dorsal scales 47 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

130 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

5. Males and females immaculate below; femoral pores usually 9 or less on each side (occasionally more in females); dorsal sea les 48 to 55; frontoparietals usually separated by an azygous scale; preocular usually entire; subnasal rarely present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Males white red, blueHbordered areas on sides of abdomen, sub nasal usually present; frontoparietals usually to contact medially; preocular usually divided ............................................................... 7 6. Postrostrals usually 2, never 4; scales around body usually 53 to 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cozumelae (mainland) Postrostrals usually 4, rarely 2 or 3; scales around body usually 59 to 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cozumelae (typical) 7. Dorsal scales 59 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Dorsal scales usually less than 59; Dorsolateral light lines 1 and 2 half scales rows wide posteriorly; maximum snoutHvent measurement about 74 mm . . . . . . . . . . 9 8. Dorsolateral light stripes very distinct, 2 and 2 half scales rows wide posteriorly; females with sides of belly marked as in males, but less distinctly; maximum snoutHvent measurement 71 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . variabilis smithi Dorsolateral light stripes not so distinct, 1 and 2 half scale rows wide posteriorly; spots between dorsolateral light stripes very distinct; females with sides of belly immaculate; maximum snoutHvent measurement 53 mm . . variabilis marmoratus 9. Femoral pores 12 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . variabilis variabilis Femoral pores 11 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . variabilis olloporus

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 131

$

& $&

1. Anterior section of frontal usually divided; frontoparietals usually divided; outer row of labiomental scales rarely terminating with the first scale wedged between first infralabial and first postmental; head scales rugose; subcaudal surface distinctly banded; gular bars extensive, confluent medially . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . merriami annulatus Anterior section of frontal rarely divided; frontoparietals rarely divided; outer row of labiomentals terminating with the first scale wedged between first infralabial and first postmental; head scales smooth; subcaudal surface nearly or quite immaculate, not barred; gular bars short, usually separate medially . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . merriami merriami

&'&#

%

1. Nasals and anterior internasals broadly in contact with rostrals; no postrostrals; postanals enlarged in males; ventral scales notched . . . . . . . . . . . . . ochoterenai Nasal and anterior internasals separated from rostral by two or more postrostrals; ventral scales not notched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. One canthal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Two canthals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Femoral pores 11H12; dorsal scales 38H44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . carinatus

132 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Femoral pores 3H6; dorsal scales 28H37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . squamosus 4. Femoral pores 3H11; postanals not or slightly enlarged in males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siniferus siniferus Femoral pores 12H14; postanals distinctly enlarged in males . . . . . . siniferus cupreus

!

&

1. Nasal and internasals in contact with rostral; no postrostrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jalapae Nasal and internasal separated from rostral by two postrostrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Dorsal scales 50 or more; lateral scales in slightly, although distinctly, oblique rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . goldmani Dorsal scales less than 50; lateral scales in parallel rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. One canthal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Two canthals, the first occasionally forced above canthal ridge by contact of second canthal and subnasal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Males with much black in ventral coloration; females suffused with black below; gular region never barred; black shoulder spot with a light blue spot, if present, on its anterior edge; tail with a continuous dark median dorsal stripe; tibia/head proportion usually less than 0.95; maximum snoutHvent measurement 58 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aeneus aeneus

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 133

Black, if present of ventral surface, confined to bars in guiar region, and a few dark, transverse bars on sides of abdomen; black shoulder spot with the light blue spot in its middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Tibia/head proportion usually less than 0.90; scales of second pair of postmentals separated medially; dorsal scales usually more than 40; maximum snoutHvent measurement 61 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scalaris slevini Tibia/head proportion usually more than 0.90; scales of second pair of postmentals usually in contact medially; dorsal scales usually less than 40; maximum snoutH vent measurement 65 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scalaris unicanthalis 6. Males with much black in ventral coloration; black shoulder spot with the light blue spot, if present, on its anterior edge; tail with a continuous dark median dorsal stripe; tibia/head proportion usually less than 0.90; maximum snoutHvent measurement 56 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aeneus bicanthalis Black, if present on the ventral surface, confined to bars in gular region, and a few dark transverse bars on sides of abdomen; black shoulder spot with the light blue spot in its middle; tail with dark chevronHshaped bars; tibia/head proportion usually more than 0.90; maximum snoutHvent measurement 78 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scalaris scalaris

*

" !%

1. Scales on posterior surface of thigh granular; postfemoral dermal pocket present . . . .

134 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gadoviae Scales on posterior surface of thigh larger, imbricate; no postfemoral dermal pocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Dorsal scales larger, 36H41; females not redHheaded; males with unbroken lateral belly patches; dark spot on interparietal not enclosing or touching light pineal spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nelsoni Dorsal scales smaller 41H50; females redHheaded, conspicuously barred below on throat; males (and usually females) with a series of broad dark bars on each side of belly; a dark spot surrounding light pineal spot . . . . . . . . . . . .pyrocephalus

NOTAS: No se incluyen claves para las especies de los grupos

,

y

que los autores consideraban

!

como monotípicas (otros autores ubicaron a éstas especies en otros grupos). Se han descrito varias especies desde la publicación de esta clave como $

(Smith, H. M. and C. B. Bumzahem. 1953. A new lizard of the genus

Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Herpetologica 9: 185@188); $

from the

(Smith, H. M. and C. B. Bumzahem. 1955. The identity

of the transisthmic populations of the malachite tree@lizard (

Cope). Herpetologica 11: 118@120.);

$

(Lynch, J. D. and H. M. Smith. 1965. New or unusual amphibians and reptiles from Oaxaca, México l. Herpetologica 21: 168@177); $

(Smith, H. M. and J. D. Lynch. 1967. A new cryptic lizard (Iguanidae:

on other reptiles from Oaxaca, Mexico. Herpetologica 23: 18@29); $ of the iguanid lizard

, and the description of the related new species, Copeia 1967: 202@213); $ )

J. R., C. A. Ketchersied , and C. S. Lieb. 1972. A new species of Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 84: 307@312); of the lizard

(

1975. A new species of the !

group; Sauria, Iguanidae) from Mexico.

group of the lizard genus

(Smith, H. M. and K. R. Larsen.

, Copeia 1975: 47@50); $

(Hall, W. P. and

complex of the Cape region of Baja California. Breviora 452: 1@26); $

(Lara Góngora, G. 1983. Two new species of lizards genus

from the Ajusco and Ocuilan Sierras, México. Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 19: 1@14); $ 1992. A new species of the

(Dixon,

(Smith, H. M. and A. H. Savitzky. 1974. Another cryptic associated

in Guerrero, Mexico. J. Herpetol. 8: 297@303); $

!

H. M. Smith, 1979. Lizards of the y $

) with comments

(Webb, R. G. 1967. Variation and distribution

(Reptilia, Sauria, Iguanidae) (Liner E. A. y J. R. Dixon.

group from Cerro Pena Nevada, Nuevo León, México (Sauria: Iguanidae). Texas

Jour. Sci. 44(4): 421@427); así mismo varios taxones han cambiado su estatus taxonómico a nivel de especie y subespecie (Flores@ Villela, 1993.

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 135

FUENTE: Peters, J. A. and R. Donoso@Barros. 1986. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squarnata. Part II. Lizards and Amphisbaenians. Smithsonian Institution Press. 1.293 p. Se reproduce con permiso de la Smithsonian lnstitution.

B B ?

" 7

#

$1 ?

6

!

D

!

D

$1 %

E

9 $ %

E $ &

4 4

8

9 & 6

&

&

' ! 4 4

6

0 %7 +

8

1

( 1

' !

>

( (

+ > =

= )6

& y

)

%

7

& %

( (

7

136 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

4 8 D 4 F

7

F E

7

:

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 137

FUENTE: Stuart. L. C. 1971. Comments of the malachite

of southern Mexico and Guatemala. Herpetologica

27(3): 235@250.

Se reproduce con permiso del editor de Herpetclogica.

1. Generally a single canthal ……………………………………………… 2 Generally two canthals …………………………………………………. 3 2. Dorsal scales usually 40 or fewer, supraoculars generally in a single row ……………………………………………….. Dorsal scales usually more than 40; supraoculars in a double row ……………………………………………………. 3. Supraocular formula generally less than 4/3 …………………………… 4 Supraocular formula generally 4/3 or more …………………………….. 5 4. Nasal generally in contact with loreolabials; collar broken mid@ dorsally by 7 or more scale rows …………………………….. Nasal generally separated from loreolabials, collar broken mid@ dorsally by fewer than 7 scale rows ……………………. 1 5. Dorsal scales generally fewer than 44; collar broken middorsally generally by no more than 6 scale rows ……………. $ Dorsal scale rows generally 44 or more; collar broken middorsally generally by more than 6 scale rows ……………………. $ *

138 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

% FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1950. An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the snakes. Bull. U. S. Natn. Mus. 199: 1@253. Se reproduce con permiso del autor

1. Two strongly enlarged auricular lobules; a black bar on rear of femur; dorsal pattern with 3 median rows of spots and black chevrons with reticulum outlining whitish dots or blotches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exsul Four strongly enlarged auricular lobules; no black bar on femur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Ventrolateral blotch smaller; femoral pores 20H31, usually fewer than 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . notata notata Ventrolateral blotch larger; femoral pores 23H32, usually more than 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . notata cowlesi

NOTAS: Esta clave no incluye la especie : H. M. Smith. 1959. A new fringe@footed lizard (:

, descrita posteriormente (Williams, K. L., P. S. Chrapliwy, and ) from Mexico. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 62(2): 166@172).

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 139

% FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1950. An annotated check list and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the snakes. Bull. U. S. Natn. Mus. 199: 1·253. Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

1. Enlarged anterodorsal femoral scales smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . auriculatus Enlarged anterodorsal femoral scales strongly keeled auriculatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Enlarged dorsals in a single broad band, uninterrupted by an intervening series of small scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Enlarged dorsals separated into two or more parallel series by the presence of a vertebral series of smaller scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. Tail two or more times length of head and body combined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . graciosus Tail less than twice length of head and body combined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Dermal folds, when present, not heavily crested with tubercles; blue abdominal patches only in males; enlarged dorsals comparatively small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Dermal folds present, always crested with tubercles of fairly large size; abdominal blue patches sometimes in females as well as males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. Enlarged dorsals larger, from 17 to 24 in length of head from tip of snout to posterior edges of interparietal; gular region in males deep yellow or orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nigricaudus Enlarged dorsals smaller, 32 to 36 in length of head from tip of snout to posterior edges of interparietal; gular region in males usually blue . . . . . . . . microscutatus 6. Four to sevcn rows of enlarged dorsal scales; abdomen of both sexes with a blue wash and/or blue patches; dorsolateral folds not converging in sacral region

140 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gadovi About three rows of enlarged dorsal scales; only males with a blue abdomen; dorsolateral folds converging in the sacral region to form prominent ridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . irregularis 7. Three or fewer rows of lateral tubercles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Four or more rows of lateral tubercles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. Enlarged dorsal commencing caudad of a line joining the anterior point of insertion of the

forelimbs;

dorsals

weakly

keeled,

rounded

posteriorly,

prominently

pavemented; general habitus not at all rugose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . unicus Enlarged dorsal commencing craniad of a line joining the anterior point of insertion of the forelimbs, for else equal with such a line; dorsals prominently keeled, usually mucronate or spinose, imbricate; ventrals imbricate; general appearance rugose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9. Form rugose; enlarged dorsals strongly carinate and prominently mucronate; tubercles of lateral and dorsolateral folds well developed; ventrals mucronate; gular surface generally stippled, with a light median area; blue abdominal patches of males quite extensive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bicarinatus bicarinatus General appearance somewhat less rugose; enlarged dorsals not so often mucronate; tubercles smaller; sometimes absent; ventrals less mucronate, occasionally rounded; gular surfaces evenly stippled; abdominal blue of males sometimes restricted 10 small sternal patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 141

10. Ventrals rounded; dorsolateral and lateral tubercles very poorly developed; enlarged dorsals commencing on the nape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bicarinatus nelsoni Ventrals submucronate to mucronate; dorsolateral and lateral tubercles well developed; enlarged dorsals commencing on the shoulders just craniad of a line joining the anterior points of the insertion of the forelimbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11. Ventrals

mucronate,

prominently

carinated

laterally;

gular

scales

with

the

tendence toward pavementation, especially anteriorly; gular surfaces evenly stippled; abdominal blue of males restricted to small sternal patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bicarinatus anonymorphus Ventrals submucronate (occasionally rounded only faintly keeled on the lateral portions of the belly, or else not at all; gular scales imbricate; gular region with an even blue wash, an only barely flecked it at all; abdominal blue of males evenly distributed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bicarinatus tuberculatus 12. Enlarged dorsals commencing on nape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Enlarged dorsals commencing on shoulders or caudad of them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 13. Enlarged dorsals strongly keeled; scales of primary and secondary series almost equal in size; postfemoral dermal pocket absent or rudimentary; no prominent lateral pattern of dark whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . clarionensis Enlarged dorsals not so rugose, sea les of primary series prominently larger than those of the secondary series; postfemoral dermal pocket regularly present; a distinct lateral pattern of dark whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ornatus schottii 14. Tail two or more times length of head and body combined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . graciosus

142 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Tail less than twice length of head and body combined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 15. Enlarged dorsals extending onto basal portion of tail for a distance equal to length of femur, or more; entire gular region, including sublabials, a uniform bright blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ornatus caeruleus Enlarged dorsals extending onto basal portion of tail for a distance equal to less than length of femur; entire gular region including sublabials never completely blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 16. Enlarged dorsals often irregularly arranged; lateral tubercles not affecting diagonal arrangements; average size less than 45 mm. from snout to vent . . . . . . . . . . 17 Enlarged dorsals regularly arranged in parallel series on either side of the vertebrals; tubercles in parallel diagonal series; average size greater than 45 mm. from snout to vent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 17. Scales of primary series not twice as large as those of the secondary series; largest of the dorsals inferior in size to enlarged femorals and tibials; ventral interhumeral and interfemoral areas immaculate, or but slightly stippled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ornatus schmidti Scales of primary series almost twice as large as those of secondary series; largest of dorsals equal to, or larger than, enlarged femoral and tibial scales; ventral interhumeral and interfemoral areas heavily maculated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ornatus ornatus 18. Largest of dorsals equal to, or larger than enlarged femoral; vertebral extending onto basal portion of tail for a distance equal to half, or slightly more, of length

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 143

of femur; entire gular region in males, except sublabials, an intense blue; head length/head width ratio averaging 81 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . ornatus chiricahuae Largest of dorsals inferior in size 10 enlarged femorals; vertebrals extending only onto rump, or but slightly farther; no uniform intense blue color present in male gular region; head length/head width ratio averaging 75 percent or less . . . . . . 19 19. Enlarged dorsals separated into 2 parallel series by width of vertebral series, which is greater in width than broadest of enlarged dorsal; prefrontals and frontonasals usually 3 each; general coloration pallid. light tan above, whitish below, males with brightHblue abdominal parches: average head length/width ratio 75.4 percent; average length, snout to vent 55.1 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ornatus symmetricus Enlarged dorsals separated by vertebral series whose with is less than that of largest of dorsal scales; prefrontals 2, rarely 3 (by inclusion of an azygous); frontonasals 5; general color variable, but usually dark brown or gray with dark cross bands, and heavily stippled, spotted, or blotched ventrally; abdominal patches in males dark blue 10 indigo; average head length/head width ratio 70.6 percent; average length, snout to vent 46.4 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ornatus linearis

NOTAS: Recientemente Wiens (1993. Phylogenetic systematics of the tree lizards (genus : 399@420) analiza la filogenia de este género y no reconoce subespecies.

). Herpetologica 49(4):

144 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

% FUENTE: Ballinger, R. E. and D. W. Tinkle. 1972. Systematics and evolution of the genus Uta (Sauria: Iguanidae). Misc. Publs. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (145): 1@83. Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 5a 5b 6a

6b

7a 7b 8a 8b 9a

9b

Ventrals 75 or more, gulars generally more than 38 ………………...... 2 Ventrals 74 or fewer, gulars generally fewer than 37 ………………… 3 Dorsals 103 or more …………………………………………..... Dorsals fewer than 95 ………………………………………...... + Auricular lobules poorly developed (width at base equal to or greater than length), usually 2@3; dorsals not imbricate, widely spaced with intervening granules conspicuous ……………………... Auricular lobules well developed (width at base less than length), usually more than 3, dorsals varied but not as above ……………... 4 Venter completely dark; dorsal pattern unicolor; superciliaries 6 (60%) 0r 5 (40%), dorsals always more than 95 ……...... Venter light; dorsal pattern not unicolor; superciliaries 4@5, rarely 6 (1%); dorsals variable in number, but commonly fewer than 95 ..... 5 Two scales between posterior canthal and supralabial; scales between enlarged supraocular and third superciliary 1@2; ventrals more than 65 ……………………………………………………… + Scales between posterior canthal and supralabial usually more than 2; scales between enlarged supraocular and third superciliary usually more than 2; ventrals varied but usually fewer than 65 …………… 6 Prefrontals not in contact, separated by an anterior projection of the frontal dorsals usually 80 or fewer and never more than 84; non@ keeled dorsals 10 or fewer, scales at tail base predominantly green ……………………………………………………… + Prefrontals in contact or separated by a small scale, rarely separated by an anterior projection of the frontal; dorsals more than 83, rarely fewer than 80 (except Angel de la Guarda where non@keeled dorsal, usually more than 10); non@keeled dorsals averaging more than 10 …………………………………………………………….. 7 Dorsal color pattern generally composed of dorsolateral light stripes at least just behind head; body size of adult males greater (maxi@ mum 58 mm); males rarely spotted ……………………………….. 8 Dorsal color pattern never composed of dorsolateral light stripes; body size of adult males less (maximum 54 mm (9a), 56 mm (9b)); males spotted ……………………………………………………………... 9 Interfemorals usually fewer than 8 (average 6.8) . Interfemorals usually more than 8 (average 12.4) . Dorsal scales weakly keeled not conspicuously imbricate nor spinose; non@keeled dorsals usually more than 30 and as many as 70; spotted pattern in males (spots small); female pattern of small dark pots over lighter background ……………………... Dorsal scales keeled to strongly keeled, imbricate, mucronate to spiny; non@keeled dorsals usually fewer than 30, never more than 38, mean number varying from 12 to 26; spots on males conspicuously larger; female pattern variable but not as above

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 145 NOTAS: Se han descrito nuevas especies (Grismer, L. L. 1994. Three new species of intertidal side@blotched lizards (genus : ) from the Gulf of California, México. Herpetologica 50(4): 451@474) en este género, no contempladas en ninguna clave.

146 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Lieb, C. S. 1995. Preliminary key to the anole lizards of Mexico. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. González P. (comps.). Recopilación de claves para la determinación de anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Elaborada por el autor para esta recopilación.

4

:

)7

B )7

G

% H

0

8

H

"

I#

%

%

3

G

J

K

) ) "

)

F

0

)

. G

/ M

>> L M (

4

L

#

%

% )7 % % )7 B

L K K

0

K

K

4 "3

#

K

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 147

B %

?%

H

H

"@

#

G

K

%

(

%

%

4

"

@ #

. %

%

: %

F

%

%

%

)

%

G

: G

)7 % L K

:

B K %

:

K % G

( :

K K M

%

% %

%

) K B

K

K K

+ +

%

$

148 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

)

%

$&

+

= 0

NK

*

/

( :

:O

%

&=

+

> + :

N

%

K

G

0

O + & K

$

:

N

/

/

-

:

0

O

8 + %

+

% $

&

? + % +

+ 0

$&

&

&

%

+

> /

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 149

/ 1 M

0 :

M

1

+

G

+

"

#+

0 :

G

+

) +

+

%

&

N

0 +

O 1

) 8

%

%

%

==

"

0

K

%

C -

)7

K @

:

% .

8

*

/ >

+

B

%

.

0 +

+ +

% >

K

& %

=

150 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

*

(

% %

+ + + % ;

%

& 0

/ *

:

+

*

M

(

%

+ +

% %

1=

%

+ 1

?

;

%

$& ?

;

%

$& ?

-

?

0

?

(

K $

?

$

K

&

/

/

)

*

*

:

M

0

(

P

0

$ :

* *

& $$ N 0

@ &

/

(? *

O $$

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 151

!

&& N?

B

:

0

O

%

!

1

&&

?

(

?

0

-

(

0

Q

*

% +

%

1&

+

NK

% 1

0

O

>

>

K

%

+ =

>

K

%

=

K

/

% :

1

*

G =

K

G

/

:

*

+ % + :

+ &=

+

+

+ %

R

+

152 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

+ &= NK

:

+

%

S

4

O :

(

%

& S

(

4

NK

%

#

%

&

%

0

K

* +

N

O

+

% (

K

=&

)

,

( )

* +

==

$

M

+ %

&= N

$

O

%

% $

N4

+

,

O

M +

%

&= %

&

G

&

G

&

! % ,

+ 1=

N

0 %

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 153

! + ,

%

&&

O

+

% ,

1=

1

.

>

?

K

%

, )

N

#

+

1

N

&& )

N

O > %

% %

>

=

? %

=

B

+ + +

%

$&

N K

% %

0 0

G

+

4 O

154 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

=

.

%

: 5

?

1 H

%

$+

H

+J

&=

)

$

+ +

%

&&

K (

(

(

)

*

K

===

%

,

4 *

K

%

"*

K

",

#

&

K *

K ,

*

+

&

+ % +

%

# $

)7

G

$

)

,

K

$

(

$&

"

+

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 155

%

*

4 &

@

O

.

% 5

:

+

K

%

0 %

$=

K %

K

G:

K 1

)

4 1

K

0 +

G

+ 0

>

,

? #

=+

0

F

%

0

)

)

+

NB

,

)

%

P

.

)7

) ,

0

>

+ "

>

)7

4

,

1

0

) (

+

%

156 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

/ )

C *

) $=

P

)

(

(

(

+

G

-

"

#

8 $

$=

-

$

(

$ %

&=

+

NK % / $

:

*

0

,

#

% %

%

== $

$

/

=+

+ + N

0 C

$

/

*

-

:#

/

= + + + % "

-

4

( 0

#

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 157

$

+ +

%

$= N4

0 $

-

+

%

O

8 ; +

%

>=

+

N %

#

$$

$$

K

K

%

/

$$

K

4

$&

!

%

$&

!

:

%

:

0

%

158 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Nieto@Montes de Oca, A. 1995. Key to the species of the " group, north and west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. González P. (comps.). Recopilación de claves para la determinación de anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Elaborada por el autor para esta recopilación.

1A

Enlarged pre- and supra-antebrachials, supra- and postbrachials, pre- and suprafemorals, and supra- and posttibials weakly, but distinctly, multicarinate; shank length about equal to, or slightly greater than, DSHOE; scales on digital pads about three or four times as wide as terminal phalanges . . . . A. rubiginosus

1B

Enlarged pre- and supra-antebrachials variable; multicarinate supra- and postbrachials, pre- and suprafernorals, and supra- and posttibials, if present, restricted to distal half of brachium, thigh, and shank, respectively; shank length nearly equal to DSAE or greater; scales of digital pads about twice as wide as terminal phalanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2A

Nasal and postrostral scales fused or distinct; paravertebral scales not distinctly larger than scales in adjacent rows; middorsals 66--100 between levels of axilla and groin; black U-shaped mark bordering parietal region posteriorly and series of four or five small, dark, oval or irregular middorsal markings usually present in males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2B

Nasal and postrostral scales distinct; paravertebral scales slightly to moderately, albeit distinctly, larger than scales in adjacent rows; middorsals 44--76 between levels of axilla and groin; dark occipital and middorsal markings in males absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4

3A

Middorsal scales 82--100 between levels of axilla and groin; preantebrachials and supra-antebrachials mostly unicarinate (no or few distal scales multicarinate at level of wrist); dorsal head scales usually flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. naufragus

3B

Middorsal scales 66--89 between levels of axilla and groin; some to most preantebrachials and supra-antebraehials usually multicarinate; dorsal head scales usually slightly to moderately bulging in large specimens, especially males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. schiedii

4A

Maximum SVL in males and females = 54.4 and 49.5 mm, respectively; 4--7 gorgetal-sternal rows; scales along middepth gorgetal-sternal rows 20--30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. milleri

4B

Maximum SVL in males and females = 41.0 and 46.1 mm, respective/y; 6--8 gorgetal-sternal rows; scales along middepth gorgetal-sternal rows 17--21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. cymbops

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 159 FUENTE: Nieto@Montes de Oca, A. 1995. Key to the species of the Anolis schiedi group, south and east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. Gonzalez P. (cornps.). Recopilación de claves para la determinación de anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Elaborada por el autor para esta recopilación.

1A

Parietal ridges usually well developed, rendering parietal region conspicuously depressed; postanal scales moderately enlarged in males; pale, solid, funnel@ shaped middorsal mark on occipital region and anterior half of neck in males .

2

1B

Parietal ridges absent to moderately developed, parietal depression absent to moderately developed; postanal scales in males usually not enlarged; funnel@ shaped mark absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2A

Dewlap well developed in both sexes; yellow@orange with a royal blue central spot in males; maximum SVL = 69.6 mm; no middorsal scale row on tail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. johnmeyeri

2B

Dewlap small in females; dewlap uniform purple or rose with purplish spot; maximum SVL s 60.0 mm; middorsal scale row on tail . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3A

Horizontal loreal rows 6@@7; middorsal scales 43@@54 between levels of axilla and groin; dorsal ridge absent or not prominent; dewlap rose with purplish spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. pijolense

3B

Horizontal loreal rows 7@@9; middorsal scales 52@@ó2 between levels of axilla and groin; dorsal ridge prominent, at least in males; dewlap uniform purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. purpugularis

4A

Scales comprising supraorbital semicircles distinctly smaller than scales between sernicircles; circumorbital rows usually complete, composed of small, granular scales; 21@@35 scales along middepth gorgetal@sternal rows; dewlap usually yellowish orange with red central spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. parvicirculatus

4B

Scales comprising supraorbital semicircles usually about equal in size to, or conspicuously larger than, scales between semicircles; circumorbital rows (complete or incomplete) usually composed of both small and moderately enlarged scales; usually 20 or fewer scales along middepth gorgetal@sternal rows; dewlap color uniform pink, rose, red or purple (unknown in A. matudai) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5A

5

Lorilabial row usually incomplete; three or four faint, pale, oblique lines usually on flank, especially in males (one 011 region dorsal to arm and two or three between levels of axilla and groin); nasal and postrostral scales usually fused; shank length usually ≥ DSME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. cobanensis

160 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

5B

Lorilabial row usually complete; faint, pale oblique lines on flanks absent; nasal and postrostral scales distinct, or shank length usually smaller than DSME . . . 6

6A

Nasal and postrostral scales fused; scales immediately anterior to enlarged supraoculars usually small; middorsals 51@@83 between levels of axilla and groin; ≤ 6 medial rows of dorsals distinctly larger than laterals . . . . . A. hobartsmithi

6B

Nasal and postrostral scales usually distinct; scales immediately anterior to enlarged supraoculars small or moderately enlarged; middorsals 43@@70 between levels of axilla and groin; about 4@@20 medial rows of dorsals distinctly larger than laterals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

7A

Ventral scales usually weakly to moderately keeled on belly and chest; extensive, black, diffuse coloration on flanks common in males . . . . . . . . . A. cuprinus

7B

Ventral scales smooth or only faintly keeled; black flank coloration in males absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. matudai

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 161

FUENTE: Lieb, C. S. 1995. Key to Eumeces in Mexico. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. González P. (cornps.). Recopilación de claves para la determinación de anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Elaborada por el autor para esta recopilación

) @ !

8

+ S

:

%

==

4

+

: +

%

&

C9

)

+

%

6

-

$

-

8 @ % +

$

) &

$

)

&

) +

/

:

0 &

) +

) %

&

(

/

*

*

C +

162 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

(

+ %

>

! %

%

+ +

! % % 1

1 K

% + )

1

%

0

K + 0

>

4

>

4 =

B @

=

B @

"I#

% =

0

.

0

@ %

(

@ %

! ;

@ %

!

@

% (

+

%

/

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 163

C

)

6

,

@

)7

( ! +

%

)7

!

/

C

)

6

F

! $ $

!

+

$

%

&&

+

,

!

" , &

#

&

( % +

+ +

+ &

(

.

)

%

G =+ (

)

0

" &==

*

( (

G

%

==

#

164 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

$ +

"

(

===

#

)

%

F

& 1+

+ %

4

+

+

)

F

&

(

;

+

% ; %

?

%

)7

+

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 165

+ FUENTE: Dixon, J. R. 1969. Taxonomic review of the mexican skinks of the Eumeces brevirostris group. Contr. Sci. Los Angeles Co. Mus. 168: 1@30. Se reproduce con permiso del autor

1a. Three supraoculars ……………………………………………………. 1b. Four supraoculars (occasionally three) ……………………………………. 2 2a. Dorsolateral light line restricted to third scale row from middle of neck to hind limb ………………………………………………………………... 2b. Dorsolateral light line on second and third or second, third and fourth scale rows from middle of neck to midbody or hind limb ……………………… . 3 3a. Longitudinal scale rows 26 to 28; fourth toe lamellae 15 to 17; toes overlap when limbs adpressed along side of body …………………………. 3b. Longitudinal side rows 20 to 26; fourth toe lamellae 10 to 15; toes sep@ arated by five or more body scale when adpressed along side of body …….. 4 4a. Transverse dorsal scale rows 49 to 57 (x = 53.7), maximum snout@vent length 52 mm ♂ ♂, 55 mm ♀ ♀; primary temporal contacting lower sec@ ondary temporal in 45 percent of population; dorsolateral light lines separated from one another by two or two and two half@scale rows at midbody ………………………………………………………… 4b. Transverse dorsal scale rows 50 to 68 (x = 59.0), maximum snout@vent length 70 mm ♂ ♂, 73 mm ♀ ♀; primary temporal contacting lower sec@ ondary temporal in less than one percent of population; dorsolateral light lines separated by three and two half@scale rows or four scale rows at midbody ………………………………………………………….. KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF EUMECES BREVIROSTRIS 1a. 1b. 2a. 2b. 3a. 3b. 4a. 4b. 5a.

5b.

Interparietal usually enclosed by parietals………………………………….. 6 Interparietal usually not enclosed by parietals……………………………… 2 Primary temporal usually present…………………………………………... 4 Primary temporal usually absent……………………………………………. 3 Broad lateral dark stripe on fourth scale row of body (Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas ……………………………………………………………. $ Broad lateral dark stripe on third scale row of body (Nuevo Leon, Coa@ huila, Tamaulipas) ………………………………………………….. $ Lateral light line present from ear to hind limb (Guerrero, Oaxaca) ………………………………………………………………….. $ Lateral light line obscure or absent ………………………………………... 5 Lateral light line from ear to arm on scale rows six and seven bordered below by thin black line (Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Veracruz) ….......... ………………………………………………………………….. $ No definite light line from ear to arm bordered below by thin black line (longitudinal scale rows six, seven, eight, and nine may have light cen@ tered dark scales) …………………………………………………………... 6

166 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

6a. Primary temporal absent in 60 percent of sample; no lateral light line on neck; neck scales whitish from scale row five or six, grading into light belly color; dorsolateral light line may extend to tail or beyond (Chihuahua, Durango) ………………………………………………………… $ 6b. Primary temporal present in 96 percent or more of sample; lateral light line of neck consists of a series of light centered, dark scales on scale rows five, six, seven. eight, and nine, or any combination of these in sequence; dorsolateral light line usually faint at shoulder and beyond (Morelos, Mexico, Jalisco) …………………………………………………. $

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 167

CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE FUENTE: Lieb, C. S. 1985. Systematics and distribution of the skinks allied to Eumeces tetragrammus (Sauria: Scincidae). Contr. Ser. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. 357: 1@19. Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

la. Median row(s) of dorsal scales conspicuously wider than adjacent scale rows ……………. Section … 2 lb. Median row(s) of dorsal scales not noticeably wider than scales of adjacent rows …………………………. …………………………………. Section … 4 2a. Most of the enlarged median dorsal scales in a single row at midbody ……………. $ Series … 3 2b. Two rows of enlarged dorsal scales at midbody ……… ………………… $ Species Group and Series 3a. Two presuboculars posterior to second loreal ……… …………………………… $ Species Group 3b. Three presuboculars posterior to second loreal ……. ……………………………. $ * & Species Group 4a. Inferior lateral body scales in parallel rows ………….. 6 4b. Inferior lateral body scales in oblique rows ................... ………………………………... $ Series … 5 5a. Ground color of juveniles and subadults black, labials white@spotted; dorsal scales of adults yellow to gree@ nish@gray with black scale margins; black scale margins occasionally expanded into dark body stripes ……... …………………………… $ Species Group 5b. Juveniles and subadults with distinct dark lateral stripes and dorsolateral light lines; dorsum of adults bronze or greenish with black suffusions on the anterior@medial portions of most dorsal scales ………………………. ………………………….. $ Species Group 6a. A middorsal light line present anteriorly or throughout body length in juveniles and patterned adults; line extending anteriorly on head terminating or bifurcating on the posterior pan of the frontal scale ……………. …………………………………….. $ ) Series … 7 6b. Middorsal light line absent in juveniles and patterned adults; or, if present, terminating or bifurcating on nuchal scales …………………………………………………. 8 7a. Middorsal light line extending posteriorly no more than a third of the body length …………………………….. ………………………………… $ ) Species Group

168 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

7b. Middorsal light line extending posteriorly throughout body length to tail ……… $ Species Group 8a. Scale lying medial to postgenial scale longer than wide, dorsal median light line present or absent …………… 9 8b. Scale lying medial to postgenial scale wider than long, dorsal median light line invariably absent …………. 10 9a. Dorsolateral light lines occupying second and third lat@ eral scale rows on the neck just anterior to shoulder ……………………………………………………….. 10 9b. Dorsolateral light lines absent, or occupying third and fourth, or fourth only, lateral scale rows on the neck region just anterior to shoulder …………………….. 12 10a. Postnasal scales absent ……………………………... 11 10b. Postnasal scales present ................................................ …………………………. $ Species Group 11a. Supraocular scales four, or if less than four, postmental scale entire …………….. $ Species Group 11b. Supraoculars three, postmental divided by a transverse suture ……………………... $ Species Group 12a. Scales around body in more than 24 rows …………. 14 12b. Scales around body 24 or less ……………………… 13 13a. Keeled lateral postanal scales present ……………….. …………………….. $ ! Species Group, in part 13b. Keeled lateral postanal scales absent ………………… ………………... $ Species Group, in part 14a. Single dark lateral stripe present on each side of the body, terminating at the shoulder, at midbody, or on the tail within three to five scales posterior of vent …………………. $ Species Group, in part 14b. Single dark lateral stripe absent or extending through@ out body length and onto tail for a distance consider@ ably more than five scale@lengths posterior to vent … ……………………………………………………….. 15 15a. Postnasal scales present ……………………………. 16 15b. Postnasal scales absent ……………………………... 17 16a. Scales around body 26 ……………………………... 13 16b. Scales around body 28 or more ……………………… …………………….. $ ! Species Group, in part

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 169

17a. Middorsal light line present in patterned adults and juveniles, line bifurcating on the nuchals and extending throughout body length …………………………….. 13 17b. Middorsal light line absent, or, if partially expressed, does not form a bifurcating mark on the nuchals ….. ……………………………………………………….. 18 18a. Postmental scale divided by a transverse suture and the light lateral line passes through the ear opening ……… ………………... $ Species Group, in part 18b. Postmental scale entire, or, if divided, the light lateral line above the ear opening …………………………… …………………. $ Species Group, in part

170 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1950. An annotated check list and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the snakes. Bull. U. S. Natn. Mus. 199: 1@253. Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

1. Frontoparietal divided; many median subcaudals in contact on each side with 2 scales KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 2 Frontoparietal single; median subcaudals in contact with only 1 scale on each side KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 6 2. Usually 3 or more pairs of nuchals; upper tertiary temporal (occasionally split) in contact with parietal; the 26H28 scale rows around middle of body; limbs short, separated by 10H12 scales when adpressed KKKKKKKKKKK.. laterale Two pairs of nuchals, or fewer; upper tertiary temporal separated from parietal by contact of upper secondary temporal and nuchal KKKKKKKKKKK.... 3 3. Limbs when adpressed, touching or overlapping in adults, forelimbs reaching rear corner of eye; scale rows at middle of body often 30 or 32 KKKKK........... 4 Limbs, when adpressed separated from each other by 1 or more scale lengths; sea le rows at middle of body rarely 30 and apparently never 32 KKKKK.. 5 4. "Usually 1 pair of nuchals or less; lamellae under fourth 10e 19 or fewer; dorsolateral light stripe continuous" KKKKKKKKKKKKK caudequinae Usually 2 pairs of nuchals; lamellae under fourth toe 20 (constant?); dorsolateral light stripe darkHspotted, interrupted KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK silvicola 5. Usually nuchals of the two sides 1H2 or more (89 percent); lateral light line along head and neck poorly defined; axillaHgroin/snoutHvent percentage 59; 65 mm. maximum snoutHvent measurement KKKKKKK... gemmingeri gemmingeri

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 171

Usually nuchals of the two sides 1H1 or less (88 percent); lateral light line along head and neck fairly well defined; axillaHgroin/snoutHvent percentage 56; 54 mm, maximumHvent measurement KKKKKKKKKK.. gemmingeri forbesorum 6. Seale rows 30 or more KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 7 Scale rows less than 30 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. 9 7. Tail blue or blueHgray, with traces of a crossHbanded pattern evidenced by feeble dark bars visible lateral or by transverse series of light spots; legs longer, usually overlapping in adults KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 8 Tail pink or reddish, with no traces of a crossHbanded pattern, but instead with a longitudinal dark line on each side at least at base; legs shorter never overlapping in adults; dorsal scales 65 to 79 usually 69 or more KKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK assatum assatum 8. Dorsal scales 65 to 72, average 69.1 KKKKKKKKKKKKK cherrei stuarti Dorsal scales 59 to 67, average 63.2 KKKKKKKKKKKK.. cherrei cherrei 9. Tail blue or blueHgray, with traces of a crossHbanded pattern, evidenced by feeble dark bars visible laterally or by transverse series of light spots; legs longer, usually overlapping in adults; dorsal scales 54 to 60, average 57 KKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. cherrei ixbaac Tail pink or reddish, with no traces of a crossHbanded pattern, but instead with a longitudinal dark line on each side at least at base; legs shorter, never overlapping in adults; dorsal sea les 58 to 72, average over 66 KKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK assatum taylori

172 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

NOTAS: Las especies y fueron transferidas al género Herpetofauna Mexicana. Spec, Publs. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. (17): 1@73.

(ver Flores@Villela, O. 1993.

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 173

+ FUENTE: Echternacht , A. C. 1971. Middle American lizards of the genus Ameiva (Teiidae) with emphasis on geographic variation. Misc. Publ. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat Hist. 55: 1@86. Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

1. Ten to twelve longitudinal rows of ventral scutes, mesoptychial scales subequal, adults spotted ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ Eight longitudinal rows of ventral scutes; transverse row of enlarged mesoptychial scales; principally striped ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ 2 2. Posterior gular scales smaller than anterior gular scales ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ 3 Anterior and posterior gular scales subequal in size ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ 4 3. Postnasal scales not in contact with prefrontals; lateral parietal and frontoparietal scales separated by one or more rows of small, irregular scales: midgular scales greatly enlarged, irregular in arrangement ˍˍˍˍ Postnasal scales in contact wíth pre@ frontals, parietal and frontoparietal scales in contact; midgular scales slightly to moderately enlarged, ir@ regular or in a single longitudinal row ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ quadrilineata 4. Midgular scales much enlarged, ir@ regular in arrangement; narrow, light@ colored vertebral stripe present except in large adults ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ ! Midgular scales much enlarged, in longitudinal arrangement, or not, moderately enlarged and irregular in arrangement; no vertebral stripe ˍˍˍˍˍˍ 5

174 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

5. Small (maximum observed SVL 85 mm for males, 75 mm for females), paravertebral stripe narrow (mean PV = 37.1); dorsolateral blotches in males fused to dorsolateral light stripe ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ & Moderately large (maximum ob@ served SVL 129 mm for males, 111 mm for females); paravertebral stripe broad (mean PV = 47.4 for males, 46.4 for females); dorsolateral blotches in males, if present, do not fuse with dorsolateral light stripe ˍˍˍˍ ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ

NOTAS: En México solo ocurren las especies

&

y

.

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 175

Fuente: Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1950. An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mcxico exclusive of the snakes. Bull. U. S. Natn. Mus. 199: 1@253. Se reproduce con permiso del 1er autor.

1. Only one frontoparietal scale KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. 2 Two frontoparietals KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. 9 2. Dorsal surface unicolor, not striped or reticulate KKKK.. hyperythrus pictus Dorsal surface striped or reticulate, not unicolor KKKKKKKKKKKKK. 3 3. Lateral stripes more or less broken; at least a few spots or cross bars present; body often tessellated; adults larger KKKKKKKKKKKK... ceralbensis Lateral stripes distinct and in even, continuous lines; spot and cross bars absent; size always small KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. 4 4. Usually 2 or 3 longitudinal light lines in vertebral area KKKKKKKKKK... 5 Usually 1 median dorsal light line, forked anteriorly or not KKKKKKKKK 6 5. Usually 3 light lines along middle of back; second supraocular usually without granules between it an frontal KKKKKKKKK... hyperythrus hyperythrus Usually 2 light lines; second supraocular usually at least in part separated from frontal by granules KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. hyperythrus beldingi 6. Dorsal stripe not of same intensity and width as lateral stripes but fainter and usually narrower KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. 7 Dorsal stripe of same intensity and width as lateral stripes KKKKKKKK.. 8 7. More than half of second supraocular usually in contact with frontal KKKKK... KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK hyperythrus schmidti Half or less than half of second supraocular usually in contact with frontal KKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. hyperythrus beldingi

176 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

8. Ground color of sides (between the 2 distinct lateral stripes) reddish gray; dorsal ground color gray or black, abruptly contrasted with lateral ground color KK.. KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. hyperythrus danheimae Ground color of sides not usually reddish gray, but often reddish or brownish; dorsal ground color of same general shade as that of the sides and not in sharp contrast to it KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. hyperythrus caeruleus 9. Supraoculars normally 3; striped at least in the young KKKKKKKKKK 10 Supraoculars normally 4, or, if 3, no stripes at any stage, but a pattern of small, scattered ligth spots on a dark background KKKKKKKKKKKKK.. 15 10. Scales between midventral scutes and anus 4 to 8; snoutHvent measurement never exceeding 92 mm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 12 Scales between midventral scutes and anus 9 to 15; snoutHvent measurement reaching 138 mm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 11 11. Adults and subadults spotted, the spots often dim KKKKK.. guttatus guttatus Adults and subadults (as well as young) striped, the strip es sometimes broken up into spots KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK guttatus immutabilis 12. An accessory scute between frontoparietal and parietal KK.. deppii cozumelus No accessory scute KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 13 13. Femoral pores usually 17 or fewer (81H82 percent) KKKKKKKKKKK. 14 Femoral pores usually 18 or more (94 percent) KKKKKKKK.. deppii deppii 14. Lower preocular generally (79 percent) in contact with loreal; a broad middorsal light band KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. deppii lineatissimus

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 177

Lower preocular generally (73 percent) not in contact with loreal; narrow light stripes on back as on sides KKKKKKKKKKKKKK deppii oligoporus 15. Enlarged scales immediately preceding gular fold (mesoptychials) small (not more than 3 times diameter of smallest scales in median part of pregular fold); of, if larger, no evidence whatever of longitudinal light lines, or else at least a few dark spots on throat below level of ear openings KKKKKKKKK. 16 Mesoptychials larger; a lined pattern always present in the young, generally in adults; no dark spots on throat below level of ear openings; or, if less than 3 times diameter of smallest seales in median part of pregular fold, 7 light lines and

intervening

dark

spaces

absolutely

straight,

continuous

and

disconnected KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. 28 16. Mesoptychials moderately or eonsiderably enlarged, more than 3 times diameter of smallest sea les in median part of pregular fold KKKKKKKKKK.. 17 Mesoptychiels smaller KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 19 17. No evidence of a longitudinal arrangement of lines on back KKKKKKK.. 18 Dorsal surface distinctly lined KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. tesselatus 18. No spotting in area above level of tympanum and anterior to insertion of forearm, spots relatively well defined, very small, not yellowish KKKKKK. bacatus Spots present in area above tympanum and anterior to insertion of forearm; spots often obscure and diffuse, usually orange or yellowish KK catalinensis

19. Ventral surfaces of tail and limbs more or less suffused with red or pink KK. 20 Not so KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 21

178 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

20. Black markings on temporal regions absent or few or illHdefined; dorsal and lateral markings on body showing both transverse and longitudinal arrangement in at least large specimens; each dark unit or spot square or rectangular in outline, not noticeably rounded KKKKKKKK tigris rubidus Black markings on temporal region well defined; dorsal and lateral markings on body showíng a predominantly longitudínal arrangement; back covered by alternate longitudinal chains of black and white, individual snots in black chain rarely square or rectangular KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK tigris celeripes 21. Dorsal markings consisting of either fine reticulations or light spots, and these markings without longitudinal arrangement KKKKKKKKKKKKK.. 22 Dorsal markings with at least some indication of longitudinal arrangement K. 23 22. Labials deep or moderate brown or black KKKKKKKKKK.. tigris martyris Labials light gray, slate or light brown KKKKKKKKKKKKK. tigris canus 23. Dorsal light lines only 3 on each side (exclusive only of a pair of lateral lines), twice as wide as interspaces KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK maximus Dorsal light lines more numerous or narrower, or both KKKKKKKKKK 24 24. Dorsal pattern of 6H8 persistent longitudinal light stripes KKKKKKKKK. 25 Dorsal pattern of fewer than 6 unbroken light stripes; at least lower lateral stripe on each side broken by dark vertical bars KKKKKKKKKKKKKK. 27

25. Dark fields between dorsal ligth stripes unspotted and unbroken throughout life; entire ventrum black in adults KKKKKKKKKKKKKK. tigris aethiops

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 179

At least some of dark fields broken into rows of spots; ventrum not enterely black in adults KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 26 26. Middorsal dark field or row of spots distinctly wider than paravertebral light stripes; throat white, spotted or barred with black KKK... tigris multiscutatus Middorsal cark field or row of spots as wide as or slightly narrower than paravertebral ligth stripes; throat and chest black; belly spotted ....................... KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. tigris gracilis 27. Four longitudinal light stripes persisting unbroken in middorsum of adults, the dark fields between represented by rows of black spots, sides with bold vertical bars KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. tigris tigris Six longitudinal light stripes persisting unbroken in adults, or, if any broken, dorsal pattern generally light and without any bold markings KKKKKKK... KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. tigris marmoratus 28. Anterior nasal in contact with second upper labial; femoral pores never more than 14 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. 42 Anterior nasal usually separated from second upper labial; if in contact, femoral pores usually more than 14 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. 29 29. Enlarged scales preceding gular fold relatively small, frequently grading into granular scales of fold KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. 30

Enlarged scales preceding gular fold relatively large, abruptly differentiated from granular scales of throat KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 31

180 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

30. Postantebrachials enlarged; ventral surfaces light bluish in adults; juvenile striped pattern retained throughout life; maximum snoutHvent length 70 mm.; dorsal scales relatively large, 50 to 70 in a transverse row between enlarged belly plates KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... inornatus Postantebrachials not enlarged; belly, chest, or gular region dark (black) in adults; snoutHvent length reaching 95 mm.; dorsal scales 85 or more in a transverse row KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... tigris aethiops 31. In addition to a dorsolateral light stripe on tail, a lateral light stripe present, bordered below by a black line (near base of tail) continuing onto otherwise unicolor posterior surface of thigh; no light spot in dark field between stripes in adults; postantebrachials not enlarged in either sex; neither sex dark blue or orange bellow KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. sexlineatus No lateral light stripe on tail, at least not distinguishable from ventral tail color; thighs mottled or unicolor, no posterior light stripe except sometimes feebly indicates at insertion of leg; light spots often present in dark fields between stripes; postantebrachials distinctly enlarged generally, sometimes less so in females; males frequently dark blue on belly or chest, or else cream, not at all bluish KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 32 32. Only 5 light lines, including a vertebral, 2 dorsolateral and 2 lateral lines through the ear; ventral surfaces cream even in males, never blue; light lines very KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. broad, more than half width of intervening dark spaces in adults; no marking

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 181

between light lines, except series of small spots in dark spaces in juveniles (disappearing in adults) KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. burti Not so KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 33 33. Space between paravertebral light stripes (i. e., those originating even with parietal scales, not with median interparietal narrower or at least no wider than space between dorsolateral and upper lateral light stripes; if stripes not visible, they are replaced by dorsal pattern of dark cross bars KKKKKKKK... 34 Space between paravertebral light stripes wider; if stripes not visible, they are replaced by numerous scattered light spots KKKKKKKKKKKKK. 37 34. Adults without a crossHbarred pattern KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. 35 Adults crossHbarred KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 36 35. Dark interspaces or rows of dark spots continuing to area above hind legs KK... KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... sackii stictogrammus Dark interspaces or rows of spots disappearing anterior to area above hind legs KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. sackii semifasciatus 36. Postantebrachials generally scutelike KKKKKKKKKKKK sackii scalaris Postantebrachials generally polygones, little enlarged KKKK.. sackii australis 37. Hind legs mottled in adults, but not with small light spots; dorsal pattern crossH barred in adults KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. sackii sackii Hind legs with small light spots in adults; dorsal pattern not crossHbarred K... 38

182 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

38. Stripes absent in adult, replaced by numerous, scattered light dots especially toward rear half of body KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... sackii bocourti Stripes present in adults KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 39 39. Collar black in adults; stripes obsolete except for lateral stripes; keels on caudal scutes nearly parallel KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. sackii mariarum Collar light; stripes not obsolete; keels on caudal scales strongly oblique K... 40 40. Ventral surfaces of tail and lirnbs pink KKKKKKKKKK sackii angusticeps Ventral surfaces of tail and limbs cream or white KKKKKKKKKKKK. 41 41. Stripes becoming rows of light spots in adults KKKKKKK. sackii communis Stripes persistent KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. sackii gularis 42. Femoral pores 11H15 in known specimens KKKKKKKKKKKKK labialis Femoral pores 19H20 in known specimens KKKKKKKKKKKKK. gadovi

NOTAS: Existen numerosos problemas sistemáticos en este género y varios intentos en clarificar la posición de muchas especies han sido realizados, a partir sobretodo del descubrimiento de especies partenogenéticas. Algunos autores han propuesto varios grupos, pero aún no se ha confirmado la composición de cada uno de ellos y sus relaciones, para una mejor revisión y conocimiento del número de especies reconocidas a la fecha consultar: Wright , J. W. 1993. Evolution of the lizards of the genus . Pp. 27@81 1 J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt (eds.), Biology of whiptail lizards. Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist. and Univ. Oklahoma, Herp’s League Spec. Publ. 3: 1@417.

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 183

FUENTE: Duellman, W. E. and J. Wellman. 1960. A systematic study of the lizards of the deppei group (Genus Cnemidophorus) in Mexico and Guatemala. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111: 1@81. Se reproduce con permiso del 1er autor. Key to the Identification of Juvenils 1. Dorsum brown; only a lateral light stripe present; more than 180 dorsal granules ... (Veracruz) ……………………………………………………………. Dorsum black; seven to eleven longtudinal light stripes; dorsal granules variable …... 2 2. Dorsal stripes narrow and wavy; more than 20 granules between paravertebral .. stripe; 100 to 120 dorsal granules (Yucatán Peninsula) …………….. & Dorsal stripes not wavy; usually less than 20 granules between paravertebral stripes; .. dorsal granules variable ………………………………………………………………. 3 3. Seven stripes (8 if vertebral is bifurcate); no upper dorsolateral stripe; more than … 140 dorsal granules …………………………………………………………………… 4 Eight or more stripes; if 8, vertebrals absent; upper dorsolateral stripe present; dorsal … granules variable ……………………………………………………………………… 5 4. Seven stripes, of which vertebral is often bifurcate; 153 to 198 (177) dorsal gran@ ... ules (Pacific Coast of Guerrero and Oaxaca) …………………….. Seven stripes, of which vertebral is sometimes bifurcate; 142 to 184 (159) dorsal … granules (Pacific Coast and Cintalapa Valley, Chiapas) ………... ! 5. Eight or nine stripes (sometirnes vertebral, if present, is bifurcate to form ten stripes … at midbody; 120 dorsal granules or less and fewer than 16 granules between the … enlarged ventrals and lower edge of lateral stripe (except in Chiapas and Guate@ . mala) ………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 Usually ten (sometirnes 9 or 11) stripes; more than 108 dorsal granules; more than … 15 granules between ventrals and lower edge of lateral stripe (Michoacan to ... Nayarit) ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6 6. Ten or 11 stripes; 125 to 164 dorsal granules (coast of Michoacán, Jalisco, and … Nayarit) ……………………………………………………………………………….. 7 Nine or 10 stripes; 110 to 140 dorsal granules (Colima and Tepalcatepec Valley .... in Michoacán) ………………………………………………………………………… 8 7. Ten stripes; 126 to 164 (118) dorsal granules; 32 to 48 (38) fernoral pores; supra@ .. orbital semicircle series not complete (coast of Michoacán) …….. Ten or 11 stripes (somtirnes extra stripe between vertebrals); 125 to 142, (133) ... dorsal granules; 28 to 37 (33) femoral pores; supraorbital semicircle series usually … complete (Jalisco and Nayarit) ………………………. 8. Usually 10 stripes; 29 to 39 (33) femoral pores (Colima) … Usually 9 stripes; 32 to 47 (39) femoral pores (Tepalcatepec Valley in Michoacán) ... …………………………………………………………………... ) 9. Usually 8 stripes, of which the lateral is noticeably wider than others; 88 to 120 ... (99) dorsal granules (Balsas@Tepalcatepec Basin) …………………… ! Usually 9 (sometimes 8 or 10) stripes, of which the lateral is not m uch wider than … others; 90 to 142 (111) dorsal granules (Guerrero and Veracruz to Costa Rica) ... …………………………………………………………………………….

184 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Key to the Identification of Adults 1. One pair of dorsolateral stripes (or rows of distinct or faint spots); more than … 140 dorsal granules; snout@vent length to more than 100 mm ……………………...... 2 Two pairs of dorsolateral stripes; less than 165 dorsal granules; snout@vent length … usually less than 100 mm …………………………………………………………....... 4 2. Vertebral stripe usually single, broad, and yellow; other stripes persistent; lateral ... and paravertebral fields darker than dorsolateral field and flank; 142 to 184 (159) ... dorsal granules (Pacific Coast and Cintalapa Valley, Chiapas) …. ! Vertebral stripe usually paired; some or all of stripes replaced by rows of spots; only .... lateral field darker than others ………………………………………………………... 3 3. All stripes (lateral sometimes is exception) represented by spots; 184 to 208 (199) ... dorsal granules; supraorbiral semicircle series usually complete (Veracruz) ………. ………………………………………………………………………… Spots formed in all stripes, but most stripes not fragmented into rows of spots;... 153 to 198 (177) dorsal granules; supraorbital semicircle series seldom complete... (Pacific Coast of Guerrero and Oaxaca) …………………………. 4. Spots present in lateral stripe, or lateral stripe fragmented into spots; vertical bars... present or not on flanks ………………………………………………………………. 6 Spots not present in lateral stripe; no vertical bars on flanks ……………………….... 5 5. Stripes narrow and wavy; lateral stripe not much wider than others; paravertebrals... sometirnes indistinct or absent, not fused to form middorsal greenish stripe (Yucatán... Peninsula) …………………………………………………………… & Stripes not wavy; lateral stripe distinctly wider than dorsolaterals; paravertebrals... fused with vertebral to form middorsal greenish stripe (Balsas@Tepalcatepec Basin)... ………………………………………………………………………… ! 6. Lateral stripe usually fragmented into row of spots; no distinct vertical bars on... flanks; less than 120 dorsal granules (except in Chiapas and Guatemala); para@... vertebrals distinct or fused with vertebrals (Guerrero and Veracruz to Costa... Rica) …………………………………………………………………….. Lateral stripe fragmented or not; distinct vertical bar, on flanks, sometimes reaching... lower dorsolateral stripe; a yellow middorsal stripe ………………………………….. 7 7. Paravertebral stripes fused to form middorsal stripe; lateral stripe usually not... fragmented; 108 to 140 (122) dorsal granules (Tepalcatepec Valley in Michoacan)... …………………………………………………………………... ) Paravertebral stripes separated from middorsal stripe or absent; lateral stripe frag@... mented or not …………………………………………………………………………. 8 8. Flanks and lateral field dark brown or black; upper dorsolateral and paravertebral... stripes sometimes indistinct; 125 to 164 (140) dorsal granules ………………………. 9 Flanks and lateral field not distinctly darker than other fields; 110 to 133 (120) dorsal... granules (Colima) …………………………………………. 9. Dorsolateral and paravertebral stripes narrow, but distinct; vertebral stripes fused and... bordered by black or dark brown; 126 to 164 (148) dorsal granules; 32 to 48 (38)... femoral pores; supraorbital semicircle series not complete (coast of Michoacan)... ……………………………………………………………………... Dorsolateral and paravertebral stripes indistinct or absent; middorsal stripe some@... times faint, not bordered by black; 125 to 142 (133) dorsal granules; 28 to 38 (33)... femoral pores; supraorbital semicircle series usually complete (Jalisco and Nayarit)... …………………………………………………………

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 185

FUENTE: Peters, J. A. and R. Donoso@Barros. 1986. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part II. Lizards and Amphisbaenians. Smithsonian lnstitution Press. 1@293 p. Se reproduce con permiso de la Smithsonian Institution. )

% %

)6

% %

F F

%

4 $ 4 & $

( (

&

K

>

<

K

4 4 0 0 1

8 8

<

6

1 %

( 6 (

6

E

E

>

F : F

186 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Bezy , R. L. and J. L. Camarillo. 1995. Key to the species of the xantusiidae in Mexico. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. González P. (comps.). Recopilación de claves para la determinación de anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Elaborada por los autores para esta recopilación.

4

%

T

4

-

$

/ T /

$

!

&$

! $

%

T &$

T

-

& $

-

&

-

&

"

U

# -

&

&

-

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 187

?

"

"

#

#

%

&=

"

%

#

-

)

% " 4

&= #

%

: 4

1

% %

: >

1

>

+ -

1

>+

>

K %

>

@

-

-

-

:

% =

188 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

=

K

% =

-

.

4

%

4

% "

%

)

@ %

&&

#

-

" #

,

&&

$ &

&

$

(

"

%

U

# -

$

(

%

8 % "

U

# -

%

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 189

# $%&% FUENTE: KING. W. F. and F. G. THOMPSON. 1968. A review of American lizards of the genus Xenosaurus Peters. Bull. Florida St. Mus. Biol. Sci. 12(22): 93@123. Se reproduce con permiso del ler autor; modificación y actualización por Edmundo Pérez Ramos y Lucía Saldaña de la Riva.

A.(1) Presencia de un canto temporal, consistiendo de una serie longitudinal de escamas grandes que se distinguen de las escamas granulares más pequeñas de la región temporal. (2) Con hileras paravertebrales de tubérculos grandes. (3) Una hilera longitudinal de 3H5 escamas supraoculares hexagonales grandes que son más anchas que largas. (4) Vientre generalmente con puntos o marcas obscuras que podrían estar ausentes o ser indistinguibles KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. B AA.(1) Sin canto temporal. (2) Las hileras paravertebrales de tubérculos grandes no están bien definidas. (3) Generalmente de 2H3 escamas supraoculares redondeadas y grandes formando una hilera longitudinal. (4) La coloración del vientre varía de un gris claro uniforme al blanco KKKKKKKKKKKK. F B.(5) Cabeza ampliamente triangular, 0.79H0.96 veces tan ancha como larga K.. C BB.(5) Cabeza escasamente triangular, 0.73H0.83 veces tan ancha como larga K. E C.(6) La cola 0.86H1.10 veces la longitud del cuerpo. (7) Patrón de tubérculos laterales enmascarado por pliegues y arrugas pequeñas de la piel que surgen del pliegue lateral. (8) Escamas del pecho arregladas en series reticulares de hileras cortas de escamas o arregladas sin ningún orden. (4) El vientre claro presenta

manchas

obscuras

que

podrían

formar

evidentes

barras

ventrolaterales KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. X. grandis grandis

190 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

(9) Patrón dorsal con bandas claras transversales sobre el fondo del cuerpo uniformemente opaco, frecuentemente rotas en manchas o parches. (10) Marca nucal obscura en forma de "V" y punteada posteriormente. (11) Tímpano cubierto por una membrana debilmente escamosa. (13) Un pliegue lateral fuertemente acanalado que se extiende desde la axila hasta la ingle. (14) Los tubérculos grandes sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo, separados uno del otro por 1H2 hileras de gránulos diminutos. (15) Vértebras presacrales de 28H30. La cola 0.99 veces la longitud del cuerpo. (7) Patrón dorsal de tubérculos laterales en series verticales. (2) Tubérculos de las hileras paravertebrales grandes y planos, ligeramente más grandes que los tubérculos laterales. (3) Presenta de 4H5 supraoculares grandes. (4) La coloración blanquizca de! vientre se extiende dorsalmente a través del pliegue lateral. (5) Cabeza triangular 0.81 veces tan ancha como larga. (8) El patrón de escamas del pecho sin considerarse en la descripción original. (9) Coloración dorsal sobre el cuerpo y la cola en un fondo blanquizco, contrastando con las puntas de los tubérculos evidentemente pigmentadas y que están en las áreas claras. (10) Marca nucal transversal y restringida a la parte media de la nuca. (11) Semicírculos supraorbitales separados o en escaso contacto. (12) Las características del tímpano no están consideradas en la descripción original: (13) Un pliegue lateral blanquizco bien definido que se extiende desde la axila a la ingle. (14) Tubérculos grandes de la superficie dorsal del brazo y de la pierna, generalmente en contacto o separados por lo menos (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((. (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 191

por una hilera de gránulos. (15) La cantidad de vértebras presacrales no está definida en la descripción de la especie. (16) Una escama postrostral bulbosa, grande, sencilla y más ancha que larga. (17) Una hilera de supraoculorbitales moderadamente

grandes.

(18) Los.

bordes

zigomático

y

postorbital

evidentemente realzados, mostrando una remarcada contiguidad. (19) Hilera de

sublabiales extendiendose hasta la primera de las escamas de la garganta y la infralabial. (20) Hileras de ventrales de 25H29. (21) Lamelas sobre el cuarto dedo del pie de 19H23. (22) Un par de marcas cuadradas obscuras comunmente presentes, unidas por una línea vertebral clara, sobre la parte posterior de la cabeza KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. X. rectocollaris CC.(6) La cola de 0.79H0.97 veces la longitud del cuerpo. (7) Tubérculos laterales arreglados en series longitudinales oblícuas. (8) Escamas del pecho acomodadas en series transversales oblícuas. (4) Vientre de un gris claro uniforme o con barras obscuras KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK D D. (9) Coloración del fondo dorsal muy obscuro, las bandas transversals claras también reducidas a puntos claros paravertebrales deformes y con tubérculos claros arreglados en series transversales. (10) Marca nucal obscura, más obscurecida por la coloración general obscura, pero en forma de "V" y punteada posteriormente. (4) Coloración ventral en gris claro uniforme KKK. KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... X. g. arboreus (11) Semicírculos supraorbitales generalmente en contacto, pero podrían estar separados por una hilera longitudinal de escamas simples. (12) Tímpano KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..

192 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

cubierto con escamas granulares, diminutas y rugosas. (13) Un pliegue lateral bien definido, extendiendose desde la axila a la ingle. (14) Tubérculos grandes sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo, separados uno del otro por 1H2 hileras de gránulos diminutos. (15) Vértebras presacrales de 30H31. DD.(9) Coloración del fondo dorsal variable, desde un café intermedio hasta un café obscuro, generalmente con bandas transversales claras, pero podrían estar reducidas a hileras de puntos. (10) Marca nucal obscura en forma de "W" y redondeada posteriormente. (4) Vientre generalmente con barras obscuras que podrían estar reducidas o ausentes KKKKKKKKKK X. g. agrenon (11) Semicírculos supraorbitales generalmente en contacto, pero podrían estar separados por una hilera longitudinal de escamas sencillas. (12) Tímpano cubierto con escamas granulares pequeñas. (13) Un pliegue lateral bien definido extendiendose de la axila él la ingle. (14) Tubérculos grandes sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo, separados cada uno por 1H2 hileras de gránulos diminutos. (15) Vértebras presacrales de 28H30 E.(9) Patrón dorsal con bandas transversales claras sobre el cuerpo, frecuentemente no más claras que la coloración del fondo dorsal. Marcas obscuras reducidas a puntos y manchas KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. X. g. rackhami (4) Coloración del vientre variable de blanquizco a blanco con barras transversales que varían de café a negro, algunas uniendose a las series dorsales de manchas obscuras. (6) La cola de 0.87H1.09 veces lalongitud del cuerpo. (7) Tubérculos laterales generalmente sin un arreglo bien definido. (8) KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 193

Escamas del pecho tendiendo a estar arregladas en hileras transversales que generalmente no están divididas por una línea ventral media. (10) Marca nucal obscura en forma de "V", posteriormente atenuada. (11) Semicírculos supraorbitales separados por una hilera medio dorsal de escamas sencillas. (12) Tímpano cubierto con escamas granulares pequeñas. (13) Un pliegue lateral bien definido extendiendose desde la axila a la ingle. (14) Tubérculos grandes sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo, separados cacia uno por una hilera sencilla de gránulos diminutos. (15) Vértebras presacrales de 28H29. EE.(9) Patrón dorsal con bandas transversales claras sobre el cuerpo siempre más claras que la coloración del fondo dorsal. Las bandas obscuras irregulares se continúan a través de la superficie dorsal KKKKKK.. X. g. sanmartinensis (4) Vientre con barras obscuras sobre un fondo claro. En juveniles las marcas obscuras se extienden desde las partes laterals del cuerpo como barras ventrolaterales pero en adultos se empiezan a obscurecer y generalmente se reducen o son menos definidas. (6) La cola de 0.88H1.03 veces la longitud del cuerpo. (7) Tubérculos laterales generalmente sin formar un patrón distinguible; sin embargo, ocasionalmente están arreglados en hileras transversales, generalmente sin dividirse por una línea medioventral. (10) Marca nucal obscura

en forma de "V", atenuada posteriormente. (11) Semicírculos supraorbitales separados por una hilera sencilla de escamas en la parte mediodorsal. (12) Tírnpano cubierto con escamas granulares pequeñas. (13) Un pliegue lateral completo, pero ténue, extendiendose desde la axila a la ingle. (14) Tubérculos KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..

194 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

grandes sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo, separados cada uno por 1H2 hileras de gránulos diminutos. (15) 28 vértebras presacrales. F.(5) Cabeza escasamente triangular, de 0.75H0.83 veces tan ancha como larga; gruesa, de 0.63H0.68 veces tan alta como ancha; relativamente Iarga, de 0.26H0.28 veces la longitud del cuerpo. Hileras transversales de escamas entre la axila y la ingle de 33H37; escamas por hileras longitudinales, en la parte más ancha del vientre de 17H18. (11) Semicírculos supraorbitales en contacto, no separados por una hilera de escamas en la parte mediodorsal. (12) Tímpano liso, sin escamas pequeñas. (13) Un pliegue lateral ténue, frecuentemente indistinguible; cuando se observa está confinado al tercio anterior o a la parte media del cuerpo. (6) Cola de 0.93H1.09 veces la longitud del cuerpo. (7) Tubérculos laterales predominantemente arreglados en series longitudinales oblicuas y secundariamente tenderían a estar alineadas con las hileras de escamas ventrales. (8) Escamas del pecho tendiendo a estar arregladas en hileras transversales que generalmente no están divididas por una hilera línea medioventral. (9) Patrón dorsal con bandas transversals claras sobre el cuerpo no continúandose hacia la línea media. (10) Marca nucal obscura en forma de "V", atenuada y punteada posteriormente. (14) Tubérculos grandes sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo en contacto cada uno, no separados por gránulos diminutos. (15) 29 vértebras presacrales KK... X. newmanorum FF.(5) Cabeza ampliamente triangular, de 0.86H0.97 veces tan ancha como larga; aplanada, de 0.47H0.54 veces tan alta como ancha; la longitud promedio de la KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 195

cabeza va de 0.22H0.26 veces la longitud del cuerpo. Hileras de escamas transversales entre la axila y la ingle de 40H42; escamas por hileras longitudinales, en la parte más ancha del vientre de 20H23. (11) Semicírculos supraorbitales separados por una hilera sencilla de escamas mediodorsales. (12) Tímpano cubierto por una membrana con escamas pequeñas. (13) Un pliegue lateral pronunciado, extendiendose desde la axila a la ingle, pero sin replegar. (6) Cola de 0.92H1.13 veces la longitud del cuerpo. (7) Tubérculos laterales arreglados en hileras distinguiblemente verticales que se continúan con las hileras de escamas ventrales. (8) Escamas del pecho acomodadas en hileras transversales, evidentemente oblícuas y divididas por una línea medioventral. (9) Patrón dorsal de bandas transversales claras sobre el cuerpo del mismo color del fondo, continúandose dorsalmente y resaltadas por los tubérculos esmaltados de blanco. (10) Marca nucal obscura en forma de "W", truncada posteriormente. í 14) Tubérculos grandes sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo, separados cada uno por 1H2 hileras de gránulos diminutos. (15) Vértebras presacrales de 30H31 KKKKKKKKKKKK. X. platyceps

5 sep 1994 NOTAS: Se ha descrito recientemente una especie que no se incluye en esta clave ; (Smith, H. M. and J. B. Iverson. 1993. A new species of knobscale lizard (Reptilia: Xenosauridae) from México. Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 29(2): 51@66.

196 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Rossrnan D. A. and Van Wallach. 1987. " [email protected].

Duges. Mountain Meadow Snakes. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept.

Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue American Arnphibians and Reptiles.

Dorsal scales in 15@15@15 rows; no loreal scale; posterior genials longer than anterior pair; five infralabials; 5th supralabial more than twice as long as the 4th; no paravertebral dark stripes; a pair of lateral pale stripes ………………………………………… "$ Dorsal scales in 17@17@17 rows; loreal present; posterior genials shorter than anterior pair; six infralabials; 4th and 5th supralabials subequal in length; a pair of para vertebral dark stripes; no lateral stripes ………………………………………………………. "$ ! )

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 197

FUENTE: Campbell, J. A. and L. S. Ford. 1982. Phylogenetic relationships of the colubrid snakes of the genus Adelphicos in the highlands of Middle America. Occ. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 100: 1@22. Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

1a. Third infralabial absent or greatly reduced in size; chin ... shields greatly expanded toward lip …………. "$ + 1b. Third infralabial not so reduced; chin shields not expanded ... toward lip ……………………………………………………… 2 2a. Subcaudals more than 42 in males and 32 in females; dorsal... stripe involving paravertebral scale row; venter unpig@... mented ………………………………………….. "$ ! 2b. Subcaudals less than 42 in males and 32 in females, dorsal... stripe, if present, involving vertebral scale row only; venter... pigmented or not ………………………………………………. 3 3a. Venter unpigmented, or darkened only midventrally, anterior... edges of ventrals not conspicuously darkened; ground color... bright orange, red, or tan ………………………….. "$ % 3b. Anterior edges of ventrals conspicuously darkened, ground... color brown or gray …………………………………………… 4 4a. Venter not darkened midventrally; ventrals 120 in single... known male, 128@132 in females; subcaudals 28 in male,... 19@22 in females, frontal at least as broad as long ……... "$ 4b. Venter darkened midventrally; ventrals 120@133 in males,... 132@142 in females; subcaudals 29@41 in males, 24@31 in... females; frontal generally longer than broad …….. "$

198 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas@Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata. Part 1. Snakes. U. S. Natn. Mus. Bull. 297: 1@346.

Se reproduce con permiso de Smithonian lnstitution.

?

>

$

(

& +

$ %

&$ + %

? '

& #

"

D

+

%

+

@ % +

6

% =

&$

+

(

+

6

8

D

&>

>

&

+

8

+ % :

*

> %

@ % +

% +

@ %

&

6

+ D

8

(

1= +

=

&

V

(

% :

"

@ %

1 > =

%

#

= 1 +

1+

+

+ @ %

$+ : D

)6 %

& 8

%

: $

$ + E

(

= 1 =1

%

&

1+

=

8

% + @ %

+

@ +

: + V

+ U

NOTAS: En México ocurren dos especies

, $

7

E

.

6 U

8

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 199

FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas@Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squarnata. Part 1. Snakes. U. S. Natn. Mus. Bull. 297: 1@346. Se reproduce con permiso de Smithsonian lnstitution. ( +

: 9

B

+ : "

9 #

%

-9 " 9 -9

%7

@

#+ %

+ +

9 +

9

%

0

%

4

" 8

D 7

"

#+ #

4

+ "

"

#

NOTAS: Esta clave no incluye a la especie

"

.

#

$#

"

#

200 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Goyenechea, I. 1995. Revisión taxonómica de Maestría en Ciencias (Biología Animal). UNAM, México. 74 p.

Günther y

Kennicott (Serpentes: Colubridae). Tésis

Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

1a Escamas prefrontales e internasales divididas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1b Escamas prefrontales e internasales fusionadas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2a Patrón de manchas dorsales hexagonales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conopsis acutus 2b Patrón de manchas dorsales no hexagonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3a Patrón de manchas dorsales teselado o en dos líneas vertebrales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conopsis biserialis 3b Patrón de manchas dorsales en tres o más líneas o sin patrón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conopsis lineatus 4a Patrón de manchas dorsales hexagonales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conopsis nasus 4b Patrón de manchas dorsales alargadas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conopsis megalodon

NOTAS: Goyenechea (1995 y en prep.) concluye que ubicandose todas dentro del género válido.

es sinónimo de

, por lo que las especies se renombran,

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 201

FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas@Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata. Part 1. Snakes. U. S. Natn. Mus. Bull. 297: 1@346. Se reproduce con permiso de Smithsonian Institution.

1. Dorso enteramente negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Dorso no enteramente negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Cola y vientre no rojizos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coralis Cola y vientre rojizos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rubidus 3. Diseño dorsal pardo claro por lo menos anteriormente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Diseño dorsal negro con bandas transversas irregulares grises, difusa o distinta anteriormente, más prominente en la parte posterior de la cola . . . margaritae 4. Diseño dorsal en pardo claro uniforme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . unicolor Diseño dorsal en pardo oscuro más intenso en el tercio posterior del cuerpo y toda la cola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . melanurus

202 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas@Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata, Part 1. Snakes. U. S. Natn. Mus. Bull. 297: 1@346. Se reproduce con permiso de Smithsonian lnstitution.

!

D

+

%

% !

D

!

D

+

%

6 %

!

D

W

X X

0

%

B :

9 @ %

+

6 !

D

K

E

@ %

& $& % 8

8

+ %

% " %

98 %

8

% E

.

: % # + 6

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 203

# FUENTE: Hardy, L. M. 1990. Ficimia Gray. Southern Hook@nose snakes. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. [email protected]. Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles.

1a.

Dorsal markings absent……….

(219)

1b.

Dorsal markings present……………………..2

2a.

Dorsal bands short (one scale or fewer in length), one postocu@ lar………………………………………………

2b.

(181)

Dorsal bands longer than one scale in length; two postocu@ lars…………………………………………………………….3

3a.

Length of interspaces between dorsal blotches two or more times length of blotches………………………...

3b.

& (228)

Length of interspaces between dorsal blotches less than two times length of blotches……………………………………….4

4a.

Dorsal body blotches 42 or more……………………………...5

4b.

Dorsal body blotches fewer than 42………………

(254)

5a.

lnternasals absent……………………………...

(269)

5b.

Internasals present……………………………...

(243)

NOTAS: < fue descrita para el estado de Hidalgo y no se incluye en la clave (Mendoza Q. F. and H. M. Smith. 1993. A new species of the hooknose snake, < (Reptilia, Serpentes). Jour. Herpetol. 27(4): 406@410.

204 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Downs, F. L. 1967. Intrageneric relationships among colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis Wagler. Misc. Publs. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 131: 1@193. Se reproduce con permiso del editor de la Universidad de Michigan. 1. 1’. 2 (1). 2’. 3 (2). 3’. 4 (2). 4’. 5 (4). 5’. 6 (4). 6’. 7 (6). 7’. 8 (1). 8’. 9 (8). 9’. 10 (9). 10’. 11 (10).

11’.

12 (11). 12’.

13 (9). 13’. 14 (13). 14’. 15 (14). 15’. 16 (14). 16’. 17 (16). 17’.

Anterior temporal present ……………………………………………………. 2 Anterior temporal absent …………………………………………................ 8 Dorsal scales in 15 rows …………………………………………................ 3 Dorsal scales in 17 rows ……………………………………………............. 4 Internasals dark; infralabials 6 or 7; anterior edges of ventrals dark……... …………………………………………………........... '$ (p. 118) Internasals whitish; infralabials 5; ventrals immaculate whitish………….. …………………………………………………........ '$ ! (p. 122) Two postoculars; anterior temporal in contact with supralabials 5 and 6…. 5 One postocular; anterior temporal in contact with supralabial 5, not with supralabial 6 …………………………………………………………........... 6 Supralabials 6, the sixth much the largest; faint keeling on posterior dor@ sals; narrow light crossbands on a dark dorsum .. '$ (p. 124) Supralabials 7, more notably enlarged; dorsal scales smooth; dark blot@ ches on a light dorsum ……………………………… '$ (p. 121) Dorsum uniformly brownish ir blackish (a light collar may be present in juvenils) ………………………………………………………………......... 7 Dorsum light with dark crossbands, often complete across venter ……… ………………………………………………........ '$ (p. 109) Chin creamish; ventrals light, mottled with dark; dorsum unicolor in all age groups ………………………………………… '$ ! (p. 101) Chin blackish; venter checkered (uniformly blackish in large adults); light juvenille collar present ………………………..... '$ + (p. 104) Dorsal scales in 17 rows …………………………………………………….. 9 Dorsal scales in15 rows ……………………………………………………. 19 Dorsal scales distinctly keeled on at least posterior half of body ………. 10 Dorsal scales smooth, or keeled only above the vent region …………..... 13 Dorsum unicolor brownish to blackish ……………………………………. 11 Dorsum light with dark blotches or saddles ……………... '$ (p. 153) Loreal distinctly longer than combined nasals; greatest internasal length less than half as long as prefrontal suture; venter predominantly light, not banded ………………………………………………………………… 12 Loreal shorter than combined nasals; greatest internasal length three@fourths as long as prefrontal suture; venter distinctly banded ……………….... ………………………………………………………….. '$ (p. 81) Sum of ventrals and caudals, 171@191; dorsals moderately keeled Sum of ventrals and caudals, 142@I72; dorsals keeled on posterior two@thirds of body; scales of first dorsal row not distinctly light@centered ………. ………………………………………………………........ '$ (p. 160) Supraocular distinct, frontal not in orbit ………………………………..... 14 Supraocular absent, frontal enters orbit ………….... '$ (p. 92) Head distinct from neck; eye diameter as long as loreal; snout not projecting beyond lower jaw ………………………………………………………… 15 Head not or scarcely distinct from neck; eye diameter distinctly shorter than loreal; snout projecting well beyond lower jaw ………………...... 16 One postocular; sum of ventrals and caudals, 192@196 .. '$ (p. 57) Two postoculars; sum of ventrals and caudals, 195@209 ... '$ (p. 55) Venter light; frontal half@again two twice as long as parietal suture; infra@ labials 6 …………………………………………………………………… 17 Venter checkered; frontal slightly longer than parietal suture; infralabials 7 ………………………………………………………. G. blanchardi (p. 99) Dorsum unicolor ………………………………………………………………….. 18 Dorsum with light lateral blotches on dark ground color ………………... ………………………………………………………. '$ ! (p. 88)

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 205

18 (17). Internasals distinct; dorsal scales smooth; lip exposure of fifth supralabial nearly twice that of fourth ……………………….. '$ (p. 90) 18’. Internasals often fused with prefrontals; dorsal scales usually keeled above vent region; lip exposure of fifth supralabial only slighty greater than that of fourth …………………………………………...... '$ (p. 84) 19 (8). Supraocular distinct; color of rostral and prenasal similar to adjacent scales … 20 19’. Supraocular absent; parietal enters orbit; rostral and prenasal whitish, con@ trasting with adjacent head scales ……………………. '$ (p. 72) 20 (19). Five suprlabials, venter mostly light ……………………………………… 21 20’. Six supralabials venter light or not ……………………………………...... 22 21 (20). Two supralabials behind eye; dorsum light with dark saddles ………….. …………………………………………….............. '$ (p. 133) 21’. One supralabial behind eye; dorsum uniformly dark (light collar in young) …..…………………………………………………….. '$ !! (p. 155) 22 (20). Internasals fused with prefrontals; dark dorsal saddles separated by narrow light interspaces; venter light and immaculate …. '$ (p. 129) 22’. Internasals distinct; coloration not as above ……………………………... 23 23 (22). Sum of ventrals and caudals less than 225; body without complete dark and light rings …………………………………………………………………. 24 23’. Sum of ventrals and caudals more than 225; body with alternating dark and light rings ………………………………………. '$ + (p. 52) 24 (23). Combination of black dorsum with narrow light crossbars and black venter with few light blotches …………………………….. '$ (p. 131) 24’. Combination of dorsal and ventral coloration not as above …………….. 25 25 (24). Head distinct from neck; eye contained twice in snout length; supraocular as long or longer than loreal …………………………………………….. 26 25’. Head not or scarcely distinct from neck; eye contained twice or more in snout; supraocular distinctly shorter than loreal ………………………. 28 26 (25). Venter whitish, spotted with black; dorsum with dark crossbands or irregu@ lar markings …………………………………………………………………….. 27 26’. Venter immaculate whitish; dorsum blackish, with 0@7 narrow white cross@ bands on anterior third of body …………………………. '$ (p. 59) 27 (26). Irregular blackish markings on neck, disappearing on posterior part of body $$$========================= '$ (p. 65) 27’. Numerous narrow dark crossbands throughout length of body and tail ……………………………………………………….. '$ (p. 63) 28 (25). Dorsal scales smooth, or faintly keeled above the vent region …………. 29 28’. Dorsal scales keeled on at least the posterior half of body ……………… 31 29 (28). Sum of ventrals and caudals more than 170; dorsal scales keeled above the vent region; snout bluntly rounded from above ……………………….. 30 29’. Sum of ventrals and caudals less than 170; dorsal scales smoth throughout length; snout acuminose from above ………………. '$ (p. 70) 30 (29). Venter predominantly blackish; rostral length less than one@third its distance from frontal …………………………………………… '$ & (p. 174) 30’. Venter whitish; rostral length more than half its distance from frontal ……………………………………………………………. '$ (p. 164) 31 (28). Loreal longer than combined nasals; greatest internasal length less than half as long as prefrontal suture; frontal a third longer than parietal suture …… 32 31’. Loreal shorter than combined nasals; greatest internasal length as long as prefrontal suture; frontal twice as long as parietal suture ……………. ……………………………………………………………. '$ (p. 75) 32 (31). Prefrontal suture more than three@fourths as long as parietal suture; dorsum grayish brown; scales of first row with light centers; venter whitish .. …………………………………………………………….. '$ (p. 168) 32’. Prefrontal suture less than three@fourths as long as parietal suture; dorsum unicolor, blotched, or whit lateral stripe; scales of first row dark; dark pigment usually present along anterior edges of at least some ventrals =$$ ====================== '$ (p. 146)

206 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Hardy, L. M. 1976. Gyalopion Cope. Hook@nosed snakes. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. [email protected]. Se reproduce con pemiso del editor del Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles

Anal plate entire; six supralabials; six infralabials; gen@ erally black dorsal blotches on a red to reddish@brown background ……………………………. '$ +

$

Anal plate divided; seven supralabials; seven infralabials; generally dark brown dorsal blotches on a paler brown to tan background ………………………………. '$

$

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 207

" FUENTE: Platt, D. R. 1983. Heterodon Latreille. Hognose Snakes. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. [email protected]. Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles.

1.

2.

Single (0@2) azygous plate, prefrontals in contact; rostral only slightly upturned; usually 25 scale rows at midbody @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ $ (282) Accessory scales around the azygous (3@28 scales in the azygous mass) usually separating the two prefrontals; ros@ tral sharply upturned; usually 23@25 scale rows at midbody @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 2 Ventral surface black with yellow patches, more uniformly dark under the tail; usually 23 scale rows at midbody; ros@ tral as broad as space between eyes @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ $ Ventral surface pale, clouded or punctate, similar under tail; usually 25 scale rows at midbody; rostral narrower than space between eyes @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ $

208 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

! FUENTE: Blaney, R. M. 1973. Lampropeltis, Fitzinger Kingsnakes. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. [email protected] Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles.

1. Last two maxillary teeth usually not longer and stouter …. than the preceding ones …………………………………… 2 Last two maxillary teeth usually longer and stouter than .... the preceding ones ……………………………………........ 3 2. Dorsal pattern consisting primarily of a dark ground ... color with light crossbands, longitudinal stripes, or spots…. on at least the lateral scales; hemipenis moderately or ... deeply bilobed ………………………………... (151) Dorsal pattern consisting primarily of a light to dark . brown ground color with darker dorsal and lateral..... blotches; hemipenis only slightly and asymmetrically..... bilobed ……………………………………. (152) 3. Dorsal pattern consisting of white@bordered gray bands.... or blotches alternating with black@bordered reddish… orange dorsal markings ……………………... ) (55) Dorsal pattern not as above ……………………………….. 4 4. Dorsal pattern of black@red@black triad annuli separated.... by more than 40 (body + tail) white annuli; top of head.... black, snout unformly white …………………... Dorsal pattern of annuli or dorsal blotches, usually.... fewer than 40 (body + tail) white annuli, or if more,.... with snout black …………………………………………... 5 5. Dorsal pattern of black and white annuli, white annuli.... more than 30, sometimes with red dividing black annuli.... into two; snout black ………………………………... & Dorsal pattern of brown, gray, or red dorsal blotches,.... or red, black, and yellow or white annuli or dorsal bands,.... white or yellow annuli fewer than 30 …………...

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 209

! FUENTE: Duellman, W. E. 1958. A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus Leptodeira. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 114(1): 1@15:2. Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

!

" "

#

% %

#

#

$

& $

( )

%

% !

'

! $

%

'

)

! $

%

' '

)

" !

$

%!

%

%

% #

*

'

!

% +

# %

+ %

"

#

, % % , % % +

&! ! !

%

+ # %

! #

%

#

!

210 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

-

.

!

%

!

&

% /

&

.

!

%

!

&

%

& /

& %

&

%

% 0 1

& # %

%

& #

! %

%

# (

&

! #

!

# %

&

)

#

"

2

%

3

& & % )

'

2

$

%

%

%

3

& ! # $ &!

!

!

% )

&! $

%

% % %

)

! &! $

# %

! %

1 ! % &

#

/

-

# '

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 211

(

! # # / &!

! -

%

& %

' *

-

" !

!

%

%

%

#

!

" ' *

#

-!

%

% !

%

!

!

0 % %

$

#

%

4 %

% %

$ "

'

*

! %

*

! %

%

+

&!

#

!

! % + # % -

! #

*

% % !

%

! $

%

# !

*

% %

# % $

# %

212 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

4

!

4 *

%

% & %

&

' -

*

% &

&

%

+

-

-

!

# &

&

%

%

+

" !

- -

-

#

'-

&

%

% +

-

+

-

1 (

%

' ! #

!

% ' ,

" -" #

#

5 %

-

2

%

'3

% ,

#

-"

%# " # ( #

% !

%

$ #

& '' 2

% ' 3

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 213

(

$

" .

!

#

" 2

%

"3

%

!

&

#

% / .

& !

&

%

! %6

& & /

214 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

"

!

FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas@Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squarnata. Part 1. Snakes, U. S. Natn. Mus. Bull. 297: 1@346. Se reproduce con permiso de Smithsonian Institution.

!

$

!

6

)6 )

= =

0

> $

0

)6

>

< &

$ ) % )

E

& 0 (

/

1 +

+ +

/

1 8

6

+ 8 '+

0 +

$ $> "$

# 0 + #

&

"

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 215

! FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas@Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squarnata, Part 1. Snakes. U.S. Natn. Mus. Bull. 297:1@346. Se reproduce con permiso de Smithsonian Institution.

X

=

% +

8 X +

9

8 '

6

$> % 9

; +

8 $>+

/

$

9

+ 8

$

%

'

% +

:

E

%

&

!

+ % @ <

&

!

8

6

D :

:

%

+ K 7

0 !

D : % 6 8 + K 7 D

: 8 0

( E

V

+

216 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

! FUENTE: Henderson, R. W. 1976. A new insular species of the colubrid snake # Colubridae) from Belize. Jour. Herpetol. 10(4): 329@331.

)

(Reptilia, Serpentes,

Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

1. Lateral dark stripe on entire length of body or nearly so; dorsum grey to bronzeHbrown ... 2 Lateral dark stripe absent from body or extending only to neck region; dorsum uniform green or with black points on lateral anterior dorsum ......................................................... 3 2. Lateral dark stripe on posterior oneHthird of body usually occupying only upper edge of scales of dorsal scale row 2 and lower edge of scales in row 3 KKKKK... m. mexicanus Lateral dark stripe on posterior oneHthird of body occupying upper edge of dorsal scales of row 2, all of scales in row 3, and lower edge of scales in row 4 KKKK... m. yucatanensis 3. Postocular stripe reaching to region of neck; black points on lateral scales of anterior dorsum ..................................................................................................... m. septentrionalis Postocular stripe faint and reaching only to temporal region; no black spotting on anterior dorsum ............................................................................................................... m. hoeversi

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 217

$ FUENTE: Johnson, L D. 1995. Key to mexican species of Masticophis. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. González P. (cornps.). Recopilación de claves para la determinación de anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Elaborada por el autor para esta recopilación. 1.

15 midbody scale rows @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ M. taeniatus 17 midbody scale rows @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 2

2.

Seven supralabials (juveniles with lateral white stripes) @@@@@@@@@ M. mentovarius (part) Eight supralabials (young juvenile pattern variable @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 3

3.

Prominant dark or light lateral stripes on a contrasting background (young juvenile pattern variable) @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 4 No prominant dark or light lateral stripes (young juvenile pattern variable) @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 7

4.

Prominant dark stripes of varying number, the lowermost on 2nd scale row (young juvenile pattern of anterior bands) @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ M. mentovarius (part) Prominant light stripes (young juvenile pattern similar to adults) @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 5

5.

Primary lateral light stripes widening at uneven intervals on anterior portion of body, loreal scales longer than wide @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ M. aurigulus Lateral light stripes of same width along body; loreal scales more or less square @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 6

6.

Temporal spot present @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ M. lateralis Temporal spot absent @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ M. bilineatus

7.

Dorsal pattern unicolored (young juvenile pattern of anterior bands) @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ M. mentovarius (part) Dorsal pattern variable (juvenile pattern variable) @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 8

8.

Anterior ventral scales not, or only very lightly mottled, many dorsal scales with dark spots or streaks (young juvenile pattern of anterior bands) @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ M. mentovarius (part) Anterior ventral scales mottled (juvenile pattern variable) @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 9

9.

Dorsal pattern of uniform background throughout body, with irregular scattered short dark streaks on many dorsal scales (young juveniles without dark streaks) @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ M. anthonyi Dorsal pattern variable, from uniform throughout, to banded, to a darker anterior pattern; if dark streaks are present on dorsal scales, they are regularly distributed on almost all scales (young juvenile pattern of anterior bands, at least on neck @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ M. flagellum

218 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

'

''

FUENTE: Conant, R. 1969. A review of the water snakes of the genus Natrix in Mexico. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 142(1):1@140. Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

1. Scales in 19 or 21 rows at midbody (races of ) ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Scales in 23 or more rows at midbody (races of ) and ) ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. A prominent, pale, middorsal stripe. Nayarit . . . . . . . . . ) No prominent, pale, middorsal stripe . . . . . 3 3. Dorsum gray, or brown, usually with four longitudinal rows of small dark spots. West coast of mainland Mexico . . . . . . . . . 4 Dorsal pattern variable: (a) as immediately above; (b) dorsum black or dark brown but with a pale, ragged@edged lateral stripe; or (e) variations between these two pattern types. Cape Region, Baja California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 4. Dorsum usually gray or dull brown and un@ striped; ventrals 132 to 150 (mean in males, 141.7; in females, 140.3). Southern Sonora to Nayarit . . . . . . . . . ) Dorsum rich brown in many specimens; lower three rows of scales usually pale in coloration and producing the effect of a pale lateral stripe; ventrals 130 to 138 (mean in males, 134.0; in females, 133.7). Jalisco to central Guerrero . . . . . . ) 5. Consult chart 1. If characters are those indi@ cated for ! , then see . . . . . . . 6 Consult chart 1. If characters are those indi@ cated for , then see . . . . . . 8 6. Dark dorsal pattern prominent . . . . . . . . . 7 Dorsal pattern subdued or virtuaJly absent; pattern, if distinguishable, largely confined to edges of scales and skin between them. Río San Fernando and headwa ters of the Rio San Juan southward to the Pánuco@ Tamesí and adjacent drainages in Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, and Hidalgo . . . . . . . . . . ) ! 7. One preocular; dorsal pattern usually clean@ cut; belly usually marked with numerous, …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 219

…………………………………………………. ………………………………………………… more or less prominent, semicircular spots. Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas . . . . . . . . . . ) ! ! Two or three preoculars; dorsal pattern dark, not clean@cut in some specimens; dark markings on belly, if present, often small, irregular, or diffused. Southern Veracruz and Tabasco . . . . ) ! * 1 8. Lateral blotches wide, involving one and one@ half or more scales (longitudinally); usually two supralabials entering eye; head (in adults) brown or gray, in some cases with a reddish tone. Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas . ) Lateral blotches narrow, involving one scale or less; usually one supralabial entering eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9. General appearance of adults pale and pinkish; lateral blotches very narrow, involving only fractions of adjacent scales and with all dark pigment virtually confined to skin between the scales; head decidedly reddish or orange@ brown; usually one supralabiaI entering eye; young more strongly patterned, with dark gray blotches on apinkish ground color. Río Nazas, Durango . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) General appearance of adults dark, including head; lateral blotches one scale wide; one supralabial entering eye; young similar to young of bogerti, Río Aguanaval, Zacatecas . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

220 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

' FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas@Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata, Part 1. Snakes, U.S. Natn. Mus. Bull. 297:1@346. Se reproduce con permiso de Smithsonian Institution.

) F

W

? ?

>

) )6 $

&

$

=

/

% &

/

&

%

! !

@

! ! !

:

%

&$

$

+ !

:

% +

NINIA DIADEMATA 0

%

)

% % "

+

$& "

#

1

"

#

=

&=

#

)

+ % "

#

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 221

' FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas@Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata. Part 1. Snakes. U.S. Natn. Mus. Bull. 297: 1@346. Se reproduce con permiso de Smithsonian Institution.

NINIA SEBAE 0 !

%

D

% V

D

+

!

D

8

D

B + + $ (

% $

$

&

/

> $

+ + &

&

& +

$ $>+

&

&=

@ /

& +

9

@

$=

222 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

' FUENTE: Burger, W. L. and J. E. Werler. 1954. The subspecies of the ring@necked coffee snake, Ninia diademata, and a short biological and taxonomic account of the genus. Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 36(10):643@672. Se reproduce con permiso del editor de Kansas University.

Because of our meager acquaintance with several of the coffee snakes, we hesitate to attempt construction of a key for their identi@ fication. Instead we have organized available diagnostic informa@ tion as a summary of scutellational differences (Table 2) and as an outline of theír color patterns, which follows: I. Black above, with a light collar A. Usually immaculate below…………........ $ , $ $ B. Yellow with a median row of spots below ( $ sub@ species). 1. Midventral spots crescent@shaped, ………………=====$ =======$$$ $ $ , $ $ , $ $ $ 2. Midventral spots circular…………………........ $ $ $ II. Red above, with a black head, a yellow neck; band bordered behind by black, and sometimes with black crossbars on the body, usually ímmaculate below………………………… $ , $ $ $ III. Uníform black above, checkered black and red below…......... $ $ IV. Black or dark brown above, with numerous narrow white transverse lines; checkered black and ivory below……………………………… $ ) . V. Brown above with darker brown or black crossbands ( $ sub@ species). A. Dark bands broad and numbering 25 or fewer; belly light with small quadrangular black spots scattered or in one or two longi@ tudinal rows, subcaudal surface black…….. $ . B. Dark bands narrow and numbering 50 or more; belly white or ivory checkered wíth black, the latter color increasing posteriorly, …………………………… $ $ and $ $ .

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 223

FUENTE: Keiser, E. D. 1974. A systematic study of the neotropical vine snake Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler). Texas Memorial Mus. Univ. Texas, 51 Pp. Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

No single, wide, dark green stripe located.KKKKKKKKKK medially on full length of venter KKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. 2 Single, wide, dark green stripe located medialHKKKKK.KKKKK Iy on full length of venter (stripe occupies KKK.KKKKKK. oneHhalf or more of width of ventral scales KKK.Oxybelis boulengeri KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.(if recognized*) Lateral and vertebral dark stripes lacking KKKKKKKKKK.. 3 Prominent lateral stripe present; vertebral KKKKKKKKK. stripe usually presentKKKKKKKKKKK.. Oxybelis argenteus Anal plate divided; supralabials usually eight KKKKKKKKK.. or more KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 4 Anal plate single; supralabials usually six KKK Oxybelis brevirostris Paired white or yellow lateral stripes on venter KKKKKKKKK.. prominent on full length of body KKKKKKK... Oxybelis fulgidus Paired white or yellow ventral stripes absent, KKKKKKKKK or if present, weak and restricted to extreme KKKKKKKKK lateral edges of ventrals on anterior half of KKKKKKKKK body KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. Oxybelis aeneus

* ) Procter (1923), although synonymized by Amaral (1929), may be a rare but valid species which is closely allied with ) . I have not seen the holotype, but additional specimens closely matching Procter's description of the holotypes are extant. The specimens I have examined differ from typical in at least seven distinctive features involving both scutellation and coloration. Several of these features are not mentioned in Procter's description. I am recognizing the species only tentatively until I have occasion to examine the holotype.

224 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas@Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata. Part 1. Snakes. U. S. Natn. Mus. Bull. 297: 1@346. Se reproduce con permiso de Smithsonian lnstitution.

0 0

>

0 0 K

@ E

$

K

$

@

)6 )

$= $=

:

PLIOCERCUS ELAPOIDES

0

-

%

9 %

K K

$ 6 %

0 @ ( @

%

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 225

FUENTE: Myers, C. W. 1970. The systematics of Rhadinaea (Colubridae), a genus of new world snakes. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 153(1): 1@262. Se reproduce con permiso del autor.

1. Dorsal scales in 17 rows . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Dorsal scales in 19 or 21 rows . . . . . . . . 2 2 (1). Dorsal scales in 19 rows1 . . . . . . . . . . 3 Dorsal scales in 21 rows1 . . . . . . 3(2). Bold lateral darkstripe on scale row 3 and part of each adjacent row, and bold ventrolateral dark stripe on edges of ventrals and lower part of first scale row (fig. 28C) . . . . . . . . . . . . No such combination of stripes . . . . . . . 4 4(3). Body pattern complex, including dark line or stripe on adjacent edges of scale rows 1 and 2 (fig. 28D) . . . . . . . . . Body pattern variable (e.g., fig. 28K@M), but not including a conspicuous line or stripe on adjacent edges of rows 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5(1). Definite white line, solid or broken, on scale row 1 (may also involve row 2); dark lines or stripes absent or very vague . . . . . . 19 No definite white line on first scale row; body striped, unicolor, or speckled . . . . . . . 6 6(5). Well@defined pale line, stripe, ocellus, or wedge@shaped marking lying close behind rear edge of eye and extending either horizontally toward neck or obliquely across temporal región toward rear of mouth or side of neck . . . . . . . . . . 23 No conspicuous pale rnarking in post@ ocular or temporal region (exception: some ! of SE United States) . . . . 7 7(6). At least one obvious dark line or stripe on side of body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Body without dark lines or stripes, or with only vertebral dark line (lateral dark stripes completely absent or vague due to diffusion of pigment) . . . . . . . . . . . 13 8(7). Series of dark spots, transverse markings, or even solid stripe down middle of belly (fig. 34) . . . . . . . . . . (part) Belly immaculate or speckled , but no series of midventral dark markings . . . . . . . . 9

226 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

9(8).

10(9).

11(10).

12(10).

13(7).

14(13).

15(14).

Black stripe along side of head, and a middorsal black stripe that is usually short and confined 10 neck (figs. 36C, 38) . . . . . . . . . . . . . (part) No such markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Large pale blotch(es) on frontal plate (e.g., fig. 27B), or, if absent (some specimens of lachrymans), usually more than 154 ven@ trals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Frontal plate essentially dark, without large pale area (e.g., fig. 27A); usually less than 154 ventrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Pattern includes pair of bold vcntrolateral and lateral blackish brown stripes on each side of body (fig. 28A, B) . . . Body with more complex pattern of brown lines and stripes (fig. 29E), not dominated by pair of bold ventrolateral and lateral dark stripes . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dorsolateral dark lines present; lateral dark stripe occupying adjacent halves of scale rows 3 and 4 (fig. 29D); usually only one postocular scale . . . . . . . . . . No dorsolateral dark lines; lateral stripe covering all of row 4 and part of each adjacent row; two postoculars . . . Series of dark spots, transverse markings, or even solid stripe down middle of belly (fig. 34) . . . . . . . . . . (part) No series of midventral dark markings . . . 14 Body scales (at least in lateral rows) with pale dashes or speckIing (fig. 29A@C); often only a single postocular scale and never a subpreocular; diminutive snakes from Mexico and upper Central America . . . . 15 Body scales (even in lateral rows) lacking pale dashes or conspicuously pale speck@ ling; usually two postoculars; subpre@ ocular present or absent; normal@sized species from southeastern United States and lower Central America . . . . . . . . 17 Tail short, less than 20 percent of total length and with fewer than 50 pairs of sub@ caudals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tail much longer, usually more than 30 per@ cent of total length and with more than 80 pairs of subcaudals . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 227

16(15).

17(14).

18(17).

19(5).

20(19).

21(20).

Head and neck very pale (white in preserva@ tive) except for some dark brown mottling atop head (fig. 27D) . . . . . . . Head dark, sharply contrasted from pale collar on neck (fig. 27C) . . . . . . Head lighter than body; ventral plates tipped with dark pigment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Head usually darker than body, never lighter; edges of ventrals not tipped with dark pigment . . . . . . . . . . . . ! Conspicuously lighter color of head (or pale collar in juveniles?) extending three or four scales behind ends of parietal plates; supralabials intensely spotted and speckled with dark pigment, including encroach@ ment of pigment along common labial sutures (fig. 40C) . . . . . . ! (part) Slightly lighter color of head extending less than three scales behind parietals; supra@ labials pigmented mostly along tops and bottoms; no encroachment of dark pig@ ment along common sutures of supra@ labials (fig. 40H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (# group) Pair of white ocelli on rear of head (on outer side of each parietal plate) and sometimes additional ocelli on neck (fig. 4OE); two white lines on each side of body (fig. 41 A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No pale ocelli on head or neck; one or two white lines on each side of body . . . . . . 20 Two narrow white lines on each side of body, on scale rows 1 (or 1@2) and 5 (fig. 4ID) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (part) One narrow white line or series of white dashes on each side of body, on row 1 or rows 1 and 2 (any pale area in the vicinity of row 5 is broad and diffuse, as in fig. 41H, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Pale collar across rear of head, or head about as dark as body (fig. 40A); a white stripe across dark supralabials (fig. 40A, lower two heads) . . . . . . . . . . (part) No pale collar (except in juveniles?), but entire upper surface of head conspicuously lighter than body; supralabials variously pigmented but lacking white stripe . . . . 22

228 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

22(21).

23(6).

24(23).

25(24).

26(25).

27(26).

Light head color (pale collar in juveniles?) extending one or two scales behind tips of parietal plates; supralabials lightly marked with brown; usually 1+1 temporals (fig. 40B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light head color (pale collar in juveniles?) extending three or four scales behind parietals; supralabials heavily pigmented; usually 1 + 2 temporals . . . ! (part) Body golden brown with middorsal gray stripe three to five scales broad, and little or no indication of lateral striping; dark head set off by white line across neck and with a vivid horizontal white line extend@ ing from canthus rostralis to temporal region (figs. 6C, 7e) . . . . . . . . Not so marked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Middorsal black or gray stripe, usually con@ fined to neck (rarely extending length of body) and tending to bifurcate on nape; body otherwise nearly uniform brown for most of length, except for lateral dark line (figs. 36C, 37C, 38) . . (part) Not so marked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Broad middorsal black stripe broken by pale line down the middle (also might be inter@ preted as paired paravertebral dark stripes); conspicuous pale reticulum on head (figs. 36B, 37B) . . . . No such combination of markings; pale reticulum absent or present; middorsal dark stripe, if present, not broken by pale line in middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Lower several scale rows uniformly blackish; and a pale reticulum on head; no discrete dark lines on body (figs. 36A, 37A) . No such combination of markings . . . . . 27 Lateral dark stripe at least two half@scale rows in width and involving at least the lower edge of row 5; ends of ventral plates not conspicuously darkened by pigment from lower sides (which are never very dark), although discrete spots sometimes present; ventrals 148@197; group . . . . . 28 Lateral marking usually a dark line or ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ………………………………………………

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 229

28(27).

29(28).

30(29).

31(27).

32(31).

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. narrow stripe on scale row 4 or 5 ( , if wider, not touching row 5, or ventral plates conspicuously tipped with dark pigment); lower sides and ventral tips light or dark; ventrals 110@186; group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Middorsal brown stripe occupying median five scale rows plus an edge or larger part of each adjacent (sixth) row; a darker vertebral line present (fig. 20F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Middorsal stripe brown or black and not so broad, occupying median three scale rows plus part of each adjacent (seventh) row; a darker vertebral line present or absent . . 29 Lateral and dorsal stripes brown, with con@ spicuously darker edges; lateral stripe centered on row 4 and overlapping onto each adjacent row (fig. 20E) . . . . ! At least lateral stripe is black, without darker edges; lateral stripe not centered on row 4 (except in some intraspecific hybrids) . . 30 Lateral black stripe completely covering scale rows 4 and 5 as well as adjacent parts of rows 3 and 6; dorsal stripe also black; dorsolateral white stripe continuous above eye to snout (figs. 19D, 20D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lateral black stripe narrower, occupying parts of rows 4 and 5; dorsal stripe usually brown and containing a darker vertebral line; dorsolateral pale brown stripe inter@ rupted at eye (figs. 19A, 20A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lateral dark line usually confined to middle or lower edge of scale row 5, or, sometimes equally shared between rows 4 and 5 . . . 32 Lateral dark line mainly on row 4, sometimes including lower edge of row 5 . . . . . . 33 A distinct dark line down middle of vertebral row of sca1es (fig. 11 K@M); ventrals 139@ 177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

230 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

33(31).

34(33).

35(34).

36(35).

37(34).

No distinct line in middle of vertebral row, although wider dark streak often present (covering one or more scale rows); ventrals 110@134 . . . . . . . . . . Postocular pale marking usually wedge@ shaped, not a line or stripe (fig. 10F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postocular pale marking a line or narrow stripe, in some cases broken . . . . . . . 34 Postocular pale line sharply inclined, extend@ ing from upper edge of eye to behind corner of mouth; usually less than 150 ventrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Postocular pale line horizontal or oblique, but, in latter case, not extending to behind corner of mouth; usually more than 150 ventrals (except in /$ ) . . . . . . . 37 White line across nape and pale vermicular@ tions atop head (fig. 10H) ; about 50 spines on hemipenis . . . . . . . . . . . No white line across nape; pale vermicular@ tions absent or inconspicuous; fewer than 30 spines on hemipenis . . . . . . . . . . 36 Ventrals usually conspicuously tipped with dark brown or black; vertebral dark line usually unbroken; lateral dark line thick; ground color darker (fig. 11D); ventrals (nine specimens) 136@149 . . . . . . ! Ends of ventrals spotted or inconspicuously tipped with brown; dark vertebral line essentially absent; lateral dark line narrow; ground color lighter (fig. 11F); ventrals (three specimens) 119@131 . . . Sharply defined vertebral dark line usually set on a median ground color of gray or pale brown, or, if not, lateral light stripe occupying scale row 5 and adjacent parts of rows 4 and 6; vertebral dark line often preceded on neck by short pale line . . . . 38 Vertebral line usually broken and vague (not solid black), on a brown ground color; no lateral light stripe, only a vague pale area nearly confined to row 5; no short pale line on midline of neck . . . . . . . . . . 40

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 231

38(37).

39(38).

40(37).

Paravertebral light areas sharply defined by dark@edged dorsolateral brown stripes; lateral light stripe occupying row 5 and adjacent halves of rows 4 and 6 (fig. 11A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 No discrete dorsolateral brown stripes, or at least not with darker edges; lateral light stripe often higher, usually including most or all of row 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Lateral light stripe conspicuously paler than lower sides, and not extending onto row 7 (fig. 11B); 81@112 pairs of subcaudals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lateral light stripe not much paler than lower sides, and extending onto lower part of row 7; 76 subcaudals in only known specimen (female) . . . . . . + + Ventrals more than 145 (158 in only known male, 163 in only known female); post@ ocular pale line touching on ultimate supralabial (fig. 10J); small pale spots (interrupting lateral dark line) situated on posterodorsal section of each scale in row 4 (fig. 11G); capitulum of hemipenis com@ prising about half of length of organ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ventrals less than 145 (132, 135 in two males, 139 in only female); postocular pale line edging but not encroaching onto ultimate supralabial (fig. 10K); small pale spots in row 4 absent or situated dorsomedially on each scale (fig. 11B); capitulum of hemi@ penis only about two@fifths of total length of organ (fig. 12B) . . . . . . . . . .

NOTAS: Las figuras al final de la clave siguen el orden en la cual aparecieron en el artículo original. Se ha descrito una nueva especie / para México y se suprime /$ (Mendelson, J. R. III y D. A. Kizirian. 1995. Geographic variation in / (Serpentes: Colubridae) with the description of a new species from Chiapas , México. Herpetologica, 51(3):301@313.

232 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 233

234 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 235

236 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 237

238 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 239

240 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 241

242 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 243

244 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 245

246 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Kofron, K. P. 1995. Key to the species of Sibon in Mexico. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. Gonzalez P. (comps.). Recopilación de claves para la determinación de anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Elaborada y actualizada por el autor para esta recopilación.

1. Dorsal scale row at midbody 17 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2 Dorsal scale row at midbody 15 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. 5 2. A single, broad prefrontal scale, about 137H139 ventrals KKKKKKKKK.. zweifeli A pair of prefrontal, ventrals 165H200 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 3 3. Maxilary teeth 6H11 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK sartorii Maxilary teeth 12H17 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 4 4. Dentary teeth 13H17, loreal entering orbit KKKKKKK f. fischeri INCERTAE SEDIS Dentary teeth 18H24, loreal not entering orbit KKKKKKKKKKKK... fasciata, 10 5. Maxillary teeth 8H10, dentary teeth 11H14 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. annulifera Maxillary teeth 11H20, dentary teeth 18H27 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. 6 6. No infralabial in contact with another behind mental, usually 1 or 2 postmentals KK 7 Two infralabials in eontaet with each other (1 pair) behind mental, no postmental K. 8 7. Ventrals 143H162, subcaudals 57H86 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. s. saniola Ventrals 160H206, subcaudals 95H144 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK dimidiata 8. Vertebral scales not wider than other dorsals KKKKKKKKKKKKKK. philippii

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 247

Vertebral scales about 1 1/4H1 1/3 times wider than other dorsals KKK. nebulata ssp 9. Ventrals 165H197, some dorsals scales keeled KKKKKKKKKKKKK s. sartorii Ventrals about 198H200, dorsals scales without keels KKKKK.. sartorii macdougalli 10. Ventrals 172H192, venter with alternating light and dark areas, some dark bands complete across venter KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK f. fasciata Ventrals 188H200, venter white or mostly white, or a few dark bands extending to the ventral midline but none complete across venter KKKK.. fasciata guerreroensis

248 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas@Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata. Part 1. Snakes. U. S. Natn. Mus. Bull. 297:1@346. Se reproduce con permiso de Smithsonian lnstitution.

/ /

6

=

% =

( 0

9 9

!

4

+ %

+ %

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 249

$# ""$ FUENTE: Wilson, L. D. 1982. Tantilla. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. [email protected]. Se reproduce con permiso del editor Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles.

1. Last supralabial in contact with parietal, separating ante@ rior and posterior temporals ……………………. Last supralabial separated from parietal, anterior and pos@ terior temporals contacting one another …………………. 2 2. Postocular usually single ………………………………… 3 Postoculars usually 2 …………………………………….. 7 3. Dorsum tan to brown with darker stripes on middorsum and rows 3 and 4 …………………………………... Dorsal coloration not as above …………………………... 4 4. Head and nape white; remainder of dorsum dark olive ……………………………………………………. Dorsal coloration not as above …………………………... 5 5. Dorsum and venter black ……………………………. Dorsal coloration not as above …………………………... 6 6. Dorsum of head slightly darker brown than remainder of body ……………………………………………….. Dorsum of .head rnuch darker than remainder of body …………………………………………………….. 7. Dorsurn of body with alternating pale and dark transverse bands …………………………………………………….. 8 Dorsal pattern not as above …………………………….. 11 8. Dorsum reddish@brown to dark red with pale black@ bordered transverse bands usually extending to middorsal line and alternating with those on other side of body ……... ……………………………………………………. Dorsal coloration not as above …………………………... 9 9. Pale bands present only on anterior part of body …… * Pale bands present over length of body ………………… 10 10. Ventrals more than 160 [161@176]; subcaudals more than 50 [54@71] ……………………………….. (part) Ventrals fewer than 150 [holotype 148]; subcaudals fewer than 50 [38] …………………………………... 11. Dorsum with a pale middorsal stripe the length of the body on a black ground color …………………. (part) Dorsal pattern not as above …………………………….. 12 12. Dorsum and venter dark brown to black …………... Dorsal coloration not as above …………………………. 13 13. Dorsum with a median dark longitudinal stripe ………... 14 Dorsal coloration not as above …………………………. 22 14. Supralabials six; dark middorsal stripe occupying middle of middorsal scale row; head pattern of spatulate dark an@ terior extension of middorsal dark stripe flanked by pale narrow longitudinal markings connected to pale postpar@ ietal spots ………………………………………... Supralabials seven; dorsal coloration not as above …….. 15

250 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

15. Ventrals fewer than 130 [115@129]; subcaudals fewer than 30 [19@28] ……………………………………. > ! Ventrals usually 130 or more; subcaudals more than 30 ……………………………………………………….. 16 16. Middorsal dark stripe relatively broad, occupying as little as all of middorsal scale row or as much as middorsal row and adjacent halves of paravertebral rows; head pattern of spatulate dark anterior extension of middorsal dark stripe flanked by narrow longitudinal pale markings and short pale rniddorsally interrupted nuchal collar ………… Dorsal color pattern not as above ………………………. 17 17. Nuchal spots confluent with dorsal body ground color ……………………………………………... Nuchal spots or collar bounded posteriorly by dark nape band or, if not, nuchal spots not conftuent with dorsal body ground color ……………………………………………. 18 18. Pale preocular spot continues posterodorsally onto preoc@ ular scale to touch eye ……………………….. + Pale preocular spot excluded frorn orbit by dark ocular spot …………………………………………………………... 19 19. Dark head cap with extensive pale markings consisting of pale marking on snout continuing posteriorly over supra@ ocular and anterolateral corner of parietal and downward to connect with postocular pale spot ………………. Head pattem not as above ……………………………… 20 20. No dark pigment bounding pale neck band (behind dark nape band) posteriorly ……………... (part) Dark pigment bounding pale neck band (behind dark nape band) posteriorly ……………………………………….. 21 21. Nuchal spots indistinct and largely confined to scales posterior to parietals; dark ventral border of pale lateral stripe present ……………………………………… Nuchal spots distinct and usually restricted to parietal scales; no dark ventral border of pale lateral stripe (if present) ……………………………... (part) 22. Dorsum with a median pale longitudinal stripe ………... 23 Dorsal color pattern not as above ………………………. 29 23. Subcaudals fewer than 30 [21@26] …………….. Subcaudals more than 30 ………………………………. 24 24. Middorsal stripe occupying only middorsal scale row .. . Middorsal stripe occupying middorsal scale row and adja@ cent halves of paravertebral rows …………………......... 25 25. Nape band reduced to a pair of spots, one on either side of midline …………………………………………... Nape band complete or divided medially and/or laterally …………………………………………………………... 26 26. Nape band not crossing last supralabial ………….. ) Nape band crosses last supralabial ……………………... 27 27. Well@defined dark stripe present on lateral edges of ven@ trals; anterolateral edges of scales of pale areas on dorsum outlined with dark pigment ……………………... No dark stripe present on lateral edges of ventrals; no dark pigment concentrated on anterolateral edges of scales of pale areas on dorsum …………………………………… 28

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 251

28. Ground color pale, a dark median stripe of varying inten@ sity on each dorsal row, íncluding paraventral row ……….. …………………………………………………. ! Ground color dark, no dark median stripes on dorsal scale rows; scales of paraventral row distinctly divided into a dark upper and pale lower half …………………… 29. Ventrals fewer than 115 [103@114] ………………... Ventrals more than 115 ………………………………… 30 30. Pale lateral stripe rows 3 and 4 ………………………… 31 No pale lateral stripe …………………………………… 32 31. Ventrals more than 165 [male holotype 172] ……... Ventrals fewer than 160 [139@154] …………… 32. Dorsum of head more or less same color as dorsum of body …………………………………………………………... 33 Dorsum of head much darker than dorsum of body ……. 36 33. Bubcaudals more than 50 ………………………………. 34 Subcaudals fewer than 50 ………………………………. 35 34. Pale nuchal collar present ………………………… Pale nuchal collar absent …………………………... 35. Ventrals more than 155 [female holotype 164] …….. Ventrals fewer than 155 [117@147] ……………… 36. Entire head dark above and below to a point 3 to 4 scales posterior to parietals ………………………….. (part) Head pattern not as above ……………………………… 37 37. Pale nuchal band absent ………………………………... 38 Pale nuchal band present ……………………………….. 40 38. Head cap convex or pointed posteriorly ………… Head cap straight@edged posteriorly ……………………. 39 39. Hemipenis with 2 basal hooks ……….. (part) (256) Hemipenis with 1 basal hook ………… (part) (257) 40. Pale nuchal band crossing tip of parietals ……………… 41 Pale nuchal band bordering parietals or present 1 to 3 scales posterior to parietals ……………………………………. 47 41. Posterior black border of pale nuchal band covering one scale or less ………………………………………... * ) Posterior black border of pale nuchal band covering 2 to 3 scale lengths ……………………………………………. 42 42. Dark dorsal coloration sharply differentiated from pale ventral coloration at edges of ventrals …………… Dorsal coloration grades into pale ventral coloration ….. 43 43. Ventrals 147 or more …………………………………… 44 Ventrals 146 or fewer …………………………………... 45 44. Subcaudals more than 55 [56@73] ……………. (part) Subcaudals fewer than 55 [46@49] ………………... 45. Hemipenis with one basal hook ………. (part) (257) Hemipenis with two basal hooks ……………………….. 46 46. Pale nuchal band present ………………….. (308) Pale nuchal band absent (except in Key Largo specimens) ………………………………………... (part) (256) 47. Pale nuchal band distinct, bordered behind by black band one scale in length or less ………………………...

252 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Pale nuchal band distinct or not, not bordered posteriorly by dark pigment, or, if so, pigment reduced to series of spots …………………………………………………….. 48 48. Black head cap does not extend laterally below angle of mouth ………………………………………... Black head cap extends laterally below angle of mouth .. 49 49. Extensive white postocular spot, extending onto lower one@ fourth to three@fourths of anterior temporal …. + (198) No white pigrnent on anterior temporal …………

NOTAS: La clave no incluye a (Wilson, L. D. 1983. A new species of Chiapas, Mexico. Jour. Herpetol. 17(1): 54@59.

of the

group from

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 253

FUENTE: Rossman, D. A. 1995. Key to the species of garter snakes ( ) in Mexico. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. González P. (comps.). Recopilación de claves para la determinación de anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Elaborada por el autor para esta recopilación.

1. Lateral stripe involving 4th longitudinal dorsal scale row anteriorly1 . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Lateral stripe, if present, not involving 4th dorsal scales row anteriorly . . . . . . . . . 3 2. A maximum2 of 19 dorsal scale rows; no vertical dark bars on any supralabial suture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. proximus A maximum of 21 dorsal scale rows; vertical dark bars present on at least some supralabial sutures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. eques 3. A maximum of 17 dorsal scale rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A maximum of > 17 dorsal scale rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4. Supralabials usually3 7 on at least one side; maxillary teeth4 < 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Supralabials usually 8 on at least one side; maxillary teeth > 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. chrysocephalus 5. Infralabials usually 8 on at least one side; lateral stripe faint, but usually present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. exsul Infralabials usually 9 or 10 on at least one side; presence of lateral stripe variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Lateral stripe absent; maxillary teeth > 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. mendax Lateral stripe often faint but usually present; maxillary teeth 60 in males, > 50 in females; posterior supralabials same color as other supralabials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. scalaris (part) 9. A maximum of 19 dorsal seale rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 A maximum of 21 dorsal scales rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 10. Supralabials usually 7 on at least one side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Supralabials usually 8 on at least one side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 11. One or two rows of large, blackHedged brown spots or blotches between vertebral and lateral stripes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Dorsolateral spots, if present, black and moderate in size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12. Subcaudals < 60 in males, < 50 in females; posterior supralabials same color as temporals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. scaliger (part) Subcaudals > 60 in males, > 50 in females; posterior supralabials same color as other supralabials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. scalaris (part) 13. Vertebral stripes largely confined to vertebral row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Vertebral stripes involving vertebral row and at least 1/2 width of scales in paravertebral rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. sirtalis (part) 14. Ventrals < 151 in males, < 143 in females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. postremus8 (part) Ventrals > 150 in males, > 146 in females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Recopilación de claves para la determinación de Anfibios y Reptiles de México 255

15. Large dark spots present below lateral stripe; tongue red with blak tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. pulchrilatus8 No large dark spots present below lateral stripe; tongue black, not red stalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. errans (part) 16. Vertebral stripe present, at least anteriorly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Vertebral stripe usually absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 17. Preoculars usually 1 on at least one side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Preoculars usually 2 on at least one side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 18. Posterior supralabials same color as temporals, set off foreHandHaft by blackH edged light areas; lateral stripe, if present confined to 3rd dorsal scale row anteriorly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. marcianus (part) Posterior supralabials same color as other supralabials; lateral stripe not confined to 3rd dorsal scale row anteriorly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 19. Vertebral stripe involving vertebral row and at least 1/2 width of scales in paravertebral rows; upper row of dorsolateral spots expanded to form dark border for vertebral stripe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. sirtalis (part) Vertebral stripe confined to vertebral row or, at rnost, involving least than 1/2 width of scale in paravertebral rows; upper row of dorsolateral spots not expanded to form dark border for vertebral stripe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20. Maxillary teeth < 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. errans (part) Maxillary teeth > 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 21. Vertebral stripe bright and distinct throughout length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

256 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y González-Porter

Vertebral stripe usually indistinct, especially posteriorly . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. fulvus 22. Ventrals < 151 in males, < 143 in females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. postremus (part) Ventrals > 150 in males, > 146 in females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. cyrtopsis 23. Posterior supralabials same color as temporals, set off foreHandHaft by blackH edged light areas; lateral stripe, if present confined to 3rd dorsal scale row anteriorly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. marcianus (part) Posterior supralabials same color as other supralabial; lateral stripe not confined to 3rd dorsal scale row anteriorly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. melanogaster (part) 24. Preoculars usually 1 on at least one side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Preoculars usually 2 on at least one side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. melanogaster (part) 25. Subcaudals > 80 in males, > 75 in females; black nuchal collar not divided middorsaliy; no dark postocular stripe present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. vicinus Subcaudals