Fetahagic Maida final paper HDCA conference 2011

Human Development Indicators and Spatial Development and Planning: Opportunities and Challenges Maida Fetahagić Maida Fetahagić is Deputy Director in the Development Planning Institute of the Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a Ph.D. candidate in the University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Spatial/Regional Planning

Abstract Connections and relations between human development concept and spatial development and planning are explored and application of human development indicators in creating spatial plans are considered in this paper. Universal use of human development indicators implies their application in preparing and creating spatial plans as well. Beside the standard human development indicators that have been used so far, Spatial Development Index is presented for the needs of spatial planning. Contribution of this paper is reflected in the methodology of spatial development index that can be applied at the level of municipalities, cantons, regions or any other territorial spatial units for preparation of spatial development plans. Experiences of Bosnia and Herzegovina in national human development reports are a special part of this paper. The need for spatial planning at the level of the BiH state was underlined, as an instrument for arrangement of unique space of the state of BiH. Consideration of the EU context of spatial planning imposes a new role of spatial planning in BiH: this is also an instrument for successful integration into international and interregional trends. Key words: human development indicators, spatial development and planning, disparities in development, Spatial Development Index, accessibility, European Union, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Introduction remarks In the first decade of this century, in the period of financial and economic crisis, social issues and poverty and significant climate changes, the International Community continuously appeals for measuring the progress of well-being and quality of life at global level. 1 By introducing human development concept, the UN has also developed measuring indicators of human development. Human Development Index (HDI) is the fundamental indicator, combining indicators of health and education with GDP in a special way. This is a contribution to quantification of the entire socio-economic aspect of the progress, Human development indicators have provided the possibility of innovative thinking about the progress in society, by introducing a simple, but powerful idea that development is much 1

OECD organized several world’s forums on statistics, knowledge and policies (Palermo 2004, Istanbul 2007 and Bussan 2009). European Commission, along with other partners, organized the conference entitled ―Beyond GDP‖ in 2007, as well as in 2009, entitled ―GDP and beyond: Measuring progress in a changing world‖. Within the global project ―Measuring progress of society‖, a special commission was established. According to its report, the time has come for significance of measuring economic performances to be replaced by measuring human well-being. Commission consisting of Joseph Stiglitz (The President) Amartya Sen (advisor) and Jean Paul Fitoussi. Report is available at http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/en/index.htm

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more than economic growth. Using human development indicators is a step towards measuring the overall socio-economic progress. Human development has significantly changed the way the world sees development nowadays, while conception of human development has become a developmental paradigm of the 21st century. 1. Measuring Human Development 1.1. Notion of human development In the first published Human Development Report 1990, the UN introduced the concept of human development, with holistic vision of development that puts people in the focus of all developmental processes: all aspects of life – economic, social, political, cultural and environmental are viewed from the perspective of expansion of the freedom of choice and possibilities and improvement of human lives. The notion of human development originates from the visions of Mahbub ul-Hag2, Pakistani economist who wanted the world’s economic and social progress to be evaluated in a way that is different than usual analyses of incomes and economic growth. The approach to human development has been deeply inspired by Amartya Sen’s 3 pioneer works on welfare economics, social choice, poverty and famines, as well as developmental economy. Sen’s ―capability approach‖ and conception of ―development as freedom‖ has provided a basis for new paradigm in economy and social sciences in general. The first HDR 1990 affirms human development as a process of expansion of human choices and levels of the achieved well-being. This is a core of the idea of human development. In general, these choices are not final and they change over time. Regardless of the level of a country’s development, people find the three essential choices the most important: to achieve a long and healthy life, to acquire education and to have access to resources necessary for a decent living standard. Unless these choices are available, many other possibilities remain inaccessible. After over 20 years of practice and academic papers on human development and capability-based approach, the latest HDR 2010 redefines human development: ―Human development is the expansion of people’s freedoms to live long, healthy and creative lives; to advance other goals they have reason to value; and to engage actively in shaping development equitably and sustainably on a shared planet. 4 People are both the beneficiaries and the drivers of human development, as individuals and in groups.‖ Human development reports are published annually and all reports tend to articulate the perspective of human development in one set of issues 5. Besides the annual global report, some 100 countries make their own state and regional human development reports nowadays. Over 650 national regional reports have been published so far. The goal of these reports is to evaluate quality of the life of populations and to be a tool for its improvement. 1.2. Human development indicators 2

Mahbub ul Hag (1937-1998) Amartya Sen got the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998, for his contribution to welfare economics. 4 HDR 2010 p. 2 5 Human development reports, beside the concept and measurement of human development, deal with the issues of financing human development, global dimension of human development, people’s security and participation, relation between economic growth and human development, poverty in the context of human development, globalization, consumption, millennium development goals, democracy, fight against climate changes, international cooperation, etc. 3

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Broad definition of human development concept, in general, imposes the issue of the possibility of its measurement, quantification, planning, management and control. The concept itself is much broader than the ways of its measurement. The most important human development indicator is Human Development Index – HDI. Other indicators are either derived from or obtained by analysis of this indicator. Gender-Related Development index – GDI, Gender Empowerment Index – GEM, Human Poverty Index – HPI were thus developed. Besides these indices, the possibilities for calculation of other indices were studied, such as Human Freedom Index – HFI, Technology Achievement Index – TAI, etc. UNDP evaluates and improves the methodologies for calculation of the index, as well as other human development indicators, on an annual basis. The latest Human Development Report6 marks 20 years of human development concept and promotes new indicators, introducing new aspects of inequality adjustments (The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index), gender inequality (Gender Inequality Index) and multidimensional measurement of poverty (The Multidimensional Poverty Index).. Report involves 169 countries, classification of which was carried out according to human development index achieved, using new methodology. Human Development Index Human Development Index is a result of looking for a common measure for economic and social development, referring to achievements of a country in fundamental human development dimensions. Human Development Index (HDI) includes three fundamental human development dimensions, which refer to the capabilities that people expect to achieve. Those are the following: - life expectancy is achieved by the capability to live a long and healthy life, - the achieved education is realized by the capability to acquire knowledge. - the achieved living standard is realized by the capability to provide decent incomes for life. For calculation of HDI, as well as other human development indicators, it is necessary to calculate the index for each dimension. Each dimension is measured by one or more variables, combined into the index on the basis of the determined minimum and maximum value of the given variable. Use of the index of variables enables their combined application in a single indicator, which would be usually impossible, since the variables are expressed in different units of measurement (years, percentages, dollars). It is calculated by simple geometric mean of the index of fundamental dimensions. Changes introduced in HDR 2010 refer to the choice of dimension indicators, transformation in the calculation of dimension index, as well as aggregation method; GNI/pc is used instead of GDP/pc.

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UNDP (2010): Human Development Report 2010, The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development, Palgrive Macmillan, New York

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Table 1. Summary review of human development reforms, according to HDR 2010 Until 2010 Dimension

Indicator

Maximum

Minimum

From 2010 Observed maximum

Indicator

Transformation Long and healthy life

Knoledge

Life expectancy Adult literacy rate Combined gross enrolment ratio

Transformation 83,2

85

25

Life expectancy

100

0

Expected years of schooling

(Australia, 2002)

100

0

Mean years of schooling

(USA, 2000)

100

GNP/pc (PPP US$)

A decent GDP/pc standard of 40.000 (PPP US$) living Aggregation Aritmetic mean methods Source: adapted from HDR 2010

Minimum

(Japan, 2010)

20,6

13,2

108.211 (UAE, 1980)

20 0

0 163 (Zimbabwe, 2008)

Geometric mean

2. Use of human development indicators 2.1. As an indicator of development Human development indicators provide simple methods for users to analyze development, refer to the condition of development, trends, gaps, etc. These indicators provide a basis for development planners and development policy and strategy creators to set priorities and define human development policy. At global level, the indicators are a basis of comparison between the countries and regions of the world. ―The Index rests on a robust conceptual framework - the capabilities approach of Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen—and is based on a road-tested international tool that is the global gold standard for measuring human well-being‖ (Burd-Sharps,S. and Lewis, K. 2011, p.5.). The values of indicators – indices obtained can vary from 0 to 1 in theory and value based countries classification is done at low, medium, high and very high development levels. Human Development Report 2010, taking into account the changes in methodology, classifies the countries by the value of the index obtained through quarterly distribution of all countries (presented in Table 2). Table 2. Classification of countries in relation to Human Development Index HDI value Countries in the context of human development until 2010 since 2010 Very high development ≥ 0.900 ≥ 0.785 High development 0.800 – 0.899 0.675 – 0.784 Medium development 0.500 – 0.799 0.475 – 0.674 Low development < 0.500 < 0.475 Source: The Author, adapted from HDR 2010 and HDR 2009

Average HDI achieved in 2010 0.878 0.717 0.592 0.393

According to HDR 2010, Norway is the most developed country and takes the 1st position, with the achieved HDI in the value of 0.938. Considering HDI, Norway is 1.5 times as developed as the world’s average and 6.7 times as Zimbabwe, which takes the last HDI position, with HDI of 0.140. Bosnia and Herzegovina takes the 68th position, with the achieved HDI of 0.710, and belongs to the group of countries with high human development . 4

2.2. Disaggregation indicators HDI disaggregation into components is one of important possibilities for the use of HDI. HDI can be disaggregated in relation to regions, as well as given structure of population. Depending on the purpose and goals of the study, as well as availability of data, it is possible to carry out a number of disaggregation of the index dimensions. (See Table 3.) HDI is, therefore, a valuable tool, not only for the international comparison, but also for analysis of the levels of developmental capabilities in different regions within a country with various socio-economic conditions. Value of the index at national level indicates the position of a country in terms of human development, in relation to other countries in the world. Disaggregated HDI, i.e. its value at the level of given parts of the country, or at the level of given social groups, can suggest which position (and why) different administrative units or groups within a country take in relation to others, as well as advantages and disadvantages and, therefore, what priorities should be set at the level of central and local authorities. Table 3. Dimensions of Disaggregation Spatial dimensions National Regional Provincial District level Urban/rural Urban slum/non-slum Income Wealth quintile Poverty line (above poverty line/below poverty line) Employment Sector (agriculture, industry, services) Status (formal, informal))

Individual characteristics Gender Physical/mental ability Ethnic group Children The elderly Migrant/non-migrant Education Attainment (primary school, secondary school, university) Literacy

Other possible dimensions Other minority groups Conflict-prone areas Other economic classes requiring special policy guidance Source: Human Development Journey, Course, available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/learnmore/title,20584,en.html

The use of disaggregated indices at national and sub-national levels contributes to clarification of significant disparities and gaps between the regions, genders, between urban and rural areas, etc. Analyses contribute to policy-making and taking actions directed towards the gaps and inequalities. For example, it can contribute to restructuration of public expenditures in the region or group of population with low HDI. ―A Portrait of California‖ is an illustrative example, created within the American Human Development Project - Measure of America Series. The Portrait presents American Human Development Index scores for different regions, metropolitan areas, and over two hundred neighborhood clusters. Scores are also available for women and men as well as for racial and ethnic groups. Perhaps the most innovative and exciting aspect of the report is sorting of different parts of the state into the ―Five California’s‖, each with its own distinct profile. The gaps in well-being within California that this report lays bare are startling. The analysis reveals that some Californians are enjoying the highest levels of well-being and access to

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opportunity in the nation today, while others are experiencing levels of well-being that characterized the nation decades ago.7 (Burd-Sharps,S. and Lewis, K.,2011, p.7). Disaggregated HDI have been used for analyses in many countries, including Brazil, China, Colombia, Egypt, Greece, Germany, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Turkey, Ukraine, USA, South Africa, Peru, Bulgaria, etc. 2.3. Specific human development indicators In order to address specific priorities and issues of the areas and in order to better respond to development level of the areas, basic HDI components expressed at global level of human development can be modified or replaced by other significant components specific for the research area. Each country should choose the HDI components that refer to their priorities. Many national reports, starting from specific context of the country, developed new indices, such as the Human Government Index (HDR South Asia 1999), Health Index (HDR China 2002), Expanded Human Development Index (Argentina 2002), Service Deprivation Index (HDR South Africa 2003), Cantonal Security Index, Insecurity Perception Index and Individual Freedom Index (HDR Costa Rica, 2005) etc. Extensive research was performed for the needs of creating the Peru Human Development Report 2009 ―A State Density that Serves the People‖. The two volumes of the Report explore a vision of the Peru from two angles. The first volume analyses the concept of the State as basic service provider in the entirety of the Peruvian territory. To achieve this, the expert team developed a State Density Index (SDI – IDE in Spanish) composed by the following variables: identity cards/birth certificates, physicians per habitants, secondary school assistance rate, households with potable water and sanitation installations, and access to electricity in the housing. The second volume explores the concept of the State based on the geographical criterion defined by the natural territory and determined by available resources and their relation to human development. In this way, the analysis addresses specific problems and existing and latent vulnerabilities in the perspective of climate change and food insecurity. From this perspective, the report draws a particular attention to the theme of the country’s hydrological resources, which constitute the natural framework to facilitate communication and sustainable development.8 Taking into account the specific situation in BiH, the EU context of social exclusion and the concept and measurement of human development in ―Human Development Report 2007 – Social Inclusion in Bosnia and Herzegovina‖, the methodology for calculation of social exclusion index was developed for the first time. The General Social Exclusion Index (HSEI), The Extreme Social Exclusion Index (HSEI-1) and The Long-term Social Exclusion Index (HSEI-2) were evaluated. HSEI suggests that 50.32% of BiH population is socially excluded BiH; HSEI-1 signifies that 21,85% of BiH's population is extremely socially excluded from the most basic 7

• Asian American women in California can expect to live up to 88.6 years, over eighteen years longer than African American men. • A stunning $58,000 gap in median personal earnings separate the top earners in the Santa Clara–Cupertino, Saratoga, Los Gatos area (about $73,000) from the lowest earners in the LA–East Adams–Exposition Park area (about $15,000)—a gap double the median personal earnings for the country as a whole. • While only about seven in one hundred white adults in California never completed high school, this figure rises to forty-five in one hundred Latino adults in the Los Angeles metro area. (Ibid, at p.7) 8 The Report is available on: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/latinamericathecaribbean/peru/name,20206,en.html

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processes and needs; and HSEI-2 shows that 47% of the BiH population is at risk of longterm exclusion. This Report on B&H got two eminent world’s awards: UNDP award for excellence in measuring human development, New York, 2009 and the award for innovations in measurement, at the OECD World Forum ―Statistics, Knowledge and Policy‖, Bussan, Korea, October 2009.9 Besides, NHDR B&H 2007 was referred to in HDR 2010, as an example of a broader multidimensional concept of social exclusion at the national level. (HDR 2010 p. 86) Therefore, the benefits and universal use of human development indicators, as an analytic developmental took at national and sub-national levels, will be improved if the country chooses the components that determine their priorities and problems and that are sensitive to the level of their development, rather than strictly using three components that HDI consists of at the global level. Human development indicators will remain open for any further research on improvement, which certainly depends on availability of data on various dimensions of human development and poverty. 3. Experiences of B&H – National Human Development Reports Eight human development reports have been published in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Regional Human Development Report made in 2002/2003 was not published. Calculation of HDI was first officially made in the Report of 2002 by local experts. Table 4: Overview of Human Development Reports for Bosnia and Herzegovina Calculation of indicators -level Year Subject B&H Entities 1998 2000 2002

Human Development Report BiH Youth Measuring human development

2003

Millennium Development Goals

2003 2005

Regional Human Development Report (unpublished) Better local governance in B&H

... ... HDI HDI, GDI, GEM, HPI MRC Indicators HDI, HPI

HDI, GDI, GEM, HPI HDI, GDI, GEM, HPI Social exclusion 2007 Social inclusion in B&H indices (urban / rural) Laeken indicators 2009 Social capital HDI Source: The Author, based on B&H’s Human Development Reports

... ...

Regional/ municipal ... .. ..

HDI, GDI, GEM,HPI

..

..

HDI, HPI

HDI, GDI,GEM,HPI HDI,GDI, GEM, HPI Social exclusion indices (urban / rural)

..

..

..

..

Of course, the calculation of human development indicators crucially depends on the quality of data that are required for calculation. In the absence of population census (for nearly two decades), data sources - domestic and international ones - are often methodologically and quantitatively different. Possibility of obtaining the indicators diverse by gender, entities, etc., is provided to a large extent by numerous statistical surveys 10. These 9

The Report was created by a group of local experts: Zarko Papic, team leader, and the authors (alphabetical order): Maida Fetahagic, Boris Hrabac, Fahrudin Memic, Ranka Ninkovic, Adila Pasalic-Kreso, Lejla SomunKrupalija and Miodrag Zivanovic. The Report is available on the webpage: www.undp.ba. 10 These are: Living Standard Measurement Survey in B&H, 2001; Survey - Living in B&H – series of panel surveys in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004; Households Expenditures Survey in 2004 and 2007, Labor Force Survey -

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surveys are the basis for numerous studies and analyses of various aspects of life and work in B&H. Results of the regional Human Development Report BiH Human development index was calculated for the selected regions and municipalities separately in this Report, on the basis of the data collected from municipalities. 11 Summary of the indicators obtained is presented in the Table 5. and they refer to significant disparity both between the regions and the municipalities.

Region

Table 5. Ranking the regions according to HDP, GDP/pc and HPI, 2001 Municipalities

HDI

HDI rank

GDP/pc PPP $

GDP/pc rank

HPI %

Sanksi Most, Ključ 0.672 6 1,960 3 23.9 Bosanski Novi, Prijedor 0.692 5 1,783 5 22.4 Travnik, Vitez 0.730 1 2,733 2 21.9 Zenica, Tešanj 0.709 3 1,910 4 19.1 Široki Brijeg, Ljubuški, 5 0.721 2 2,803 1 28.6 Posušje 6 Trebinje, Gacko 0.697 4 1,667 6 20.2 Source: The Author, based on BiH NHDR 2002: Regional Human Development Report 1 2 3 4

HPI rank

2 3 4 6 1 5

Ranking the regions according to human development is different than ranking according to the basic indicator of economic development GDP/pc. Region 5 (Siroki Brijeg, Ljubuski, Posusje) takes the first position according to GDP/pc; it is also the poorest region, where about 28.6% of the population is poor in terms of human development. This suggests that high economic growth, measured by GDP/pc, was not accompanied by human development and the development model in this region is unsustainable. 4. Opportunities and challenges of the use of human development indicators in spatial planning Understanding the human development concept and human development indicators in the context of spatial development and planning leads to possible directions of consideration: - The first direction refers to theoretical contribution to understanding of spatial aspect as dimension of human development; - The second direction refers to the use of human development indicators in preparing and creating spatial plans; - The third direction is a special challenge: introducing a new indicator: spatial planning index. 4.1. Spatial planning in the context of human development 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, carried out by the Agency for Statistics of B&H, Federal Office of Statistics and Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics. 11 The areas that determined the following regions were set for the research: Region 1 – Sanski Most and Kljuc municipalities; Region 2 – Bosanski Novi and Prijedor municipalities; Region 3 – Travnik and Vitez municipalities; Region 4 – Zenica and Tesanj municipalities; Region 5 – Siroki Brijeg, Posusje and Ljubuski municipalities; Region 6 – Trebinje and Gacko municipalities.

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Spatial planning is a very complex process; it goes into all aspects of life and work and requires a multidisciplinary approach, as well as a team developing a spatial plan. Spatial planning serves for determination of the best ways for the use of economic potentials and arrangement of functional spatial structures. Spatial plan recognizes and determines the areas with special potentials or limitations and inequalities in development of areas. Without specific spatial-economic policy, developmental gap between favorable and unfavorable settlements will become deeper, which is unfavorable for the overall economic, social and spatial development. On the basis of spatial plans, public investments are allocated in certain areas, to contribute to development or to remove stagnations in development. Spatial plans supported by economic studies are used as a basis for decisions, made by developmental policy-makers, on the areas that the country especially needs to support and to certain extent. Therefore, spatial plan, which includes a strategic economic plan as well, is not only an instrument for structuring spatial development of certain area, but also an instrument for acquiring the funds and setting directions for investment flows. Contemporary approaches to spatial planning suggest that the ultimate objective of spatial plan is to ―creation of richness in diversity of spatial offer, for a contemporary individual to realize as many opportunities, i.e. freedoms of choices, as possible‖ (Neidhart, V. 1997, p 14). Holistic approach to spatial planning is a process of creative intervention in entirety of the living environment. On the other hand, ―The objective of human development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives‖ (Hag, Ul M. 2004, p. 17). The main orientation of spatial planning and development is to rely on the concept of human development, which puts people into focus, along with all their capabilities. In this sense, spatial plan should support the constant process of expansion of the choices and capabilities for people to achieve certain level of wellbeing. Space is understood as a dimension of human development – people are a part of the space and all activities happen in the space: people need all possibilities available, in the function of development of their capabilities. Space should not be an obstacle to development of basic dimensions of human development. Spatial planning in the context of human development is interpreted as a possibility to approach to the access place where three essential choices are realized: income, education and health. These are also the fundamental human rights: to work, to education and healthcare. 4.2. Application of human development indicators in preparing and creating spatial plans Understanding the relation between spatial planning and human development leads to the application of human development indicators, as a valuable tool for preparing and creating spatial plans and spatial development. Presenting the human development indicators on the maps is a good step towards spatial expression of the data obtained, especially presenting the data in GIS (Geographic Information System) format. GIS data are very practical because of the possibility to continuously use and edit the data in the future as well. Maps with the human development indices marked at the level of municipalities refer to spatial disparities in development in the country and to one of the fundamental objectives of spatial development: reducing the disparities and gaps in development of certain areas. Indicators presented on the maps thus became the fundamental input for the needs of preparing and creating spatial plans. (see Map 1. and Map 2.)

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Map 1. Level of HDI by districts and municipalities in Bulgaria

Source: NHDR Bulgaria 2002, p. 27.

Map 2. HDI by districts in Serbia

Source: NHDR Serbia 2008, p.211.

Spatial dimension of human development indicators was especially studied in the paper ―The Spatial Dimension of Human Development Index in Indonesia― 12. This paper explained the spatial pattern on HDI achievement at sub-national level in Indonesia, and estimated the determinants of HDI using spatial econometrics method. Spatial Development Index Spatial Development Index - SDI implies basic dimensions of human development from spatial aspect: access of the place13 where income is earned, place where health care is provided and the place where education is acquired. Spatial development in the context of human development can thus be interpreted as accessibility of workplace, education and healthcare as well, which implies, among others, the traffic and social infrastructure developed. The issue of accessibility of workplace, education and health care also implies the possibility to realize the fundamental human rights: the right to work, to education and health care. The issue of the right to work is not explicitly determined by the laws in BiH, but BiH Constitution foresees that BiH should provide the highest level of internationally recognized rights and fundamental freedoms. The issue of the right to work is referred to in the Article 1 of the European Social Charter. The issue of accessibility of workplace depends on a number of factors: functionalorganizational spatial structure, location requirements of economic structure of the area, spatial capacities of locations, development of infrastructure, etc.

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Rinaldi, R. and Nurwita,E. (2010): The Spatial Dimension of Human Development Index in Indonesia, Center for Economics and Development Studies, Department of Economics, Padjadjaran University Jalan Cimandiri no. 6, Bandung, Indonesia. 13 Place in the context of spatial planning means: location, point.

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In terms of the access to workplace in the context of understanding SDI, it is crucial for people to have a choice and possibilities to choose a job that is the most adequate to their qualifications and capabilities. People often choose a less paid job if the work place is nearby – looking for less expenditures and less time, which have a significant influence on the quality of life (not only in economic sense). However, if they do not have a choice, they accept a job at a more distant place, so we cannot talk about human development in this case. The existing legal regulations in BiH foresee the equality of approach and equal possibilities when it comes to health care and education as well. The Article 10 of FBiH Law on Health Care reads that ―Health care is provided to the citizens in accordance with the principles of universality, continuity, accessibility and totality of the approach to primary, as well as specialized approach to specialist consultative and hospital health care‖. The Article 4 of the Framework Law on Primary and Secondary Education in BiH reads that ―Every child has equal right to the approach and equal possibilities to participate in adequate education, without discrimination on any basis. Equal approach and equal possibilities imply providing equal conditions and opportunities for everyone, for the beginning and continuation of further education‖. Methodology of SDI calculations Possible steps in SDI calculations with selected variables of spatial dimensions are presented in the Figure 1. Selecting the measurement of accessibility It is clear that accessibility can be expressed and measured in several ways: in physical units (km or m), time, expenditures caused by movement, type of transport means – public or private transport, etc. In SDI calculations, accessibility and distance of spatial dimensions, given the features of spatial plan, are measured in meters (physical distance) and the time needed to pass certain distance (time distance 14). General approach to calculation of spatial dimension sub-index and accessibility index To calculate SDI, as well as other human development indicators, it is necessary to calculate the index for each dimension. Dimensions are combined into the index on the basis of the minimum and maximum value determined for a given variable. Features of each dimension are determined as 0 to 1 values, applying the following formula: Id = ( Xi – Xmin ) / ( Xmax – Xmin ) where:

Id is dimension index Xi is real value of the variable Xmin and Xmax are threshold limits set for the variable, with Xmin ≤Xi≤ Xmax

In the process of calculation of sub-index, formula (1) is applied on each variable.

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Time distance does not involve the way, a transport mean (by foot, bicycle, car or public transport) to arrive to certain destination.

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Figure 1. Scheme of the structure of Spatial Development Index (variables, sub-indices and indices) Human development dimensions Spatial dimensions

Variables

Spatial dimension subindex

Accessability index

Living standard

Health

Education

Workplace

Place where health care is provided

Distance between the place of residence and workplace

Distance between the place of residence and place of primary and tertiary healthcare

Place where education is acquired Distance between the place of residence and place of primary and secondary education Physical Time distance distance

Physical distance

Time distance

Physical distance

Time distance

Distance subindex

Time subindex

Distance subindex

Time subindex

Workplace Accessability Index

Healthcare Accessability Index

Distance sub-index

Time subindex

Education Accessability Index

Spatial Development Index Setting the minimum and maximum values of variables (goalposts for SDI) Selection of the minimum and maximum values of the indicator is a result of experience in preparing and creating spatial plans, as well as the value assumptions for application of the simulation model of calculation.15 Spatial standards in methodology of creating spatial plans are mostly normative, referring to the number of employed persons per ha covered by the economic facilities constructed, number of health workers in relation to the size of population, number of schools in relation to the size of population, school capacity by the number of students, etc. Certain standards of urban planning are recommended, which are expressed in ―service radius‖ in health care, social care and education (Tosković, D. 2006, p 187). This mostly implies the extent to which the population and space are covered by certain services. For example, the Spatial Plan of The Sarajevo Canton 2003 – 2023, in projections of spatial development and spatial systems, foresees the following for primary education: ―Network of elementary schools will equally cover the entire territory of the Canton, in order to meet the needs of the population and equalize the size of the gravitational area of schools by the number of inhabitants and territorial coverage.... for the planned number of students, 249,146km2 of useful space should be provided, with the improved standard of 5.5m2 per a student…‖ (Spatial Plan of The Sarajevo Canton 2003-2023, p 30). Some spatial plans include internal simple principles in accessability of certain places. Such as example, ―Spatial Planning in Denmark‖ reads: „Large office workplace exceeding 15

The planned research at the level of FBiH, i.e. cantons within the Federation, will provide new inputs for setting the goalposts of spatial variables.

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1500 m2 of floor space will generally have to be located within 600 meters by foot from the closest station―16. Table 6. Minimum and maximum values for availability variables N o. 1.

2.

3.

Spatial dimensions Distance between the place of residence and workplace Primary care17 Distance between (ambulance, family doctor) the place residence and place of Tertiary care18 healthcare (hospitals, clinical center) Primary education Distance between (elementary school) the place of residence and place Secondary education of education (secondary school)

Physical dimension in meters min. max.

Time dimension in minutes min. max.

100

30,000

5

60

100

10,000

5

30

100

60,000

5

120

100

10,000

5

30

100

20,000

5

60

So, neither the spatial standards nor the laws in the fields of health care and education explicitly determine physical accessibility of basic dimensions of human development. Therefore, the SDI calculation is also an attempt of standardization of availability of certain services, to certain extent, in order to improve the people’s living and working conditions. Steps in SDI calculations I Calculation of spatial dimension index and sub-index The following determinants were provided for the calculation: - In combination of physical dimension and time dimension, physical availability is more significant; - In combination of sub-index of primary and sub-index of tertiary health care, primary health care is more significant; - In combination of sub-index of primary and sub-index of secondary education, primary education is more significant. 1. Calculation of Workplace Accessibility Index (Iaw) Iaw = 2/3 Iwf + 1/3 Iwt

(1)

where: sub-index of physical distance from work is Iwf = ( Xiwf – Xminwf) / (Xmaxwf – Xminwf) Iwf = ( Xiwf – 100) / (30,000– 100) sub-index of time distance from work is Iwt = ( Xiwt – Xminwt) / (Xmaxwt – Xminwt) Iwf = ( Xiwt – 5) / (60– 5), and Xirwf is the real physical distance value, Xiwt the real time distance value. 16

Danish Ministry of the Environment (2007): Spatial Planning in Denmark, p.15 Primary health care involves: services of family doctor of medicine (hereinafter referred to as: family doctor), general medical services, school medicine, sanitary-epidemiological protection, dentist care, urgent medical care, labor medicine, health protection of workers, protection of women and children, diagnostic and pharmaceutical services. 18 Tertiary health care implies hospital health services that involve a number of measures, activities and procedures undertaken with the purpose of diagnostic, treatment and medical rehabilitation of patients in adequate stationary health institutes. 17

13

2. Calculation of Healthcare Accessibility Index ( Iah) Iah = 2/3 Iph + 1/3 Ith

(2)

where: Iph sub-index of primary healthcare Ith sub-index of tertiary healthcare

2.1 Calculation of Sub-index of Primary Healthcare (Iph) Iph= 2/3 Iphf + 1/3 Ipht

(2.1.)

where: sub-index of physical distance of primary healthcare Iphf Iphf = ( Xphf – Xminphf) / (Xmaxphf – Xminphf) = (Xphf – 100) / (10,000 – 100) sub-index of time distance of primary healthcare Ipzt Ipht = ( Xipht – Xminpht / (Xmaxpht – Xminpht) = (Xipht – 5) / (30 – 5), and Xiphf is the real physical distance value, Xipht the real time distance value. 2.2. Calculation of Sub-index of Tertiary Healthcare Itz

Ith= 2/3 Ithf + 1/3 Itht

(2.2.)

where: sub-index of physical distance of tertiary healthcare Itzf Itzf = ( Xitzf – Xmintzf) / (Xmaxtzf – Xmintzf) = (Xtzf – 100) / (60,000 – 100) sub-index of time distance of tertiary healthcare Itzt Itht = ( Xitht – Xmintht / (Xmaxtht – Xmintht) = (Xitht – 5) / (120 – 5), and Xithf is the real physical distance value, Xitht the real time distance value.

3. Calculation of Education Accessibility Index Iae Iae = 2/3 Ipe+ 1/3 Ise

(3)

where: Ipe Sub-index of primary education Ise Sub-index of secondary education 3.1 Calculation of Sub-index of Primary Education Ipe

Ipe= 2/3 Ipef + 1/3 Ipet

(3.1.)

where: Sub-index of physical distance of primary education Ipef Ipef = ( Xipef – Xminpef) / (Xmaxpef – Xminpef) = (Xipef – 100) / (10,000 – 100) Sub-index of time distance of primary education Ipet Ipet = ( Xipet – Xminpet / (Xmaxpet – Xminpet) = (Xipet – 5) / (30 – 5), and Xipef is the real physical distance value, Xipet the real time distance value.

3.2. Calculation of Sub-index of Secondary Education (Ise) Ise= 2/3 Isef + 1/3 Iset

(3.2.)

where: 14

Sub-index of physical distance of secondary education Isef Isef = ( Xisef – Xminsef) / (Xmaxsef – Xminsef) = (Xisef – 100) / (20.000 – 100) Sub-index of time distance of secondary education Iset Iset = ( Xiset – Xminset / (Xmaxset – Xminset) = (Xiset – 5) / (60 – 5), a Xisef is the real physical distance value, Xiset the real time distance value.

II Calculation of Spatial Development Index (SDI) At the end, SDI is a simple arithmetic mean of: Workplace Accessibility Index, Healthcare Accessibility Index and Education Accessibility Index SDI =( Iaw + Iah + Iae)/3

(4)

The steps in calculating SDI schematically shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Scheme of the Calculation of Spatial Development Index

SDI values obtained vary from 0 to 1, based on which typology of the area can be determined: Table 7. Typology of the area according to SDI values SDI value Typology of the area by spatial development 1 0.000 – 0.199 Highly developed space 2 2.000 – 0.399 Developed space 3 4.000 – 5.999 Moderately developed space 4 6.000 – 7.999 Insufficiently developed space 5 8.000 – 1.000 Space of ultimate underdevelopment

In further work on methodology, empirical study to be performed at the level of Federation represents a special challenge; SDI will be calculated and typology of the area

15

within the territory observed (cantons within FBiH) will be determined 19. Results will be a basis for consideration of disparities in development of FBiH and one of determinants for consideration of conception of the overall and spatial development of FBiH. Of course, methodology for SDI calculations remains open for all suggestions in terms of the approach to selection of variables, goalposts of variables, methods of calculation, etc. Results of the planned study will certainly provide some feedback information towards direction and improvement of the overall methodology. Example: simulation of SDI calculation model on the values assumed for five regions Assume that the distance variable values for 5 regions were obtained as it follows in Table 8.

Region

Table 8. Hypothetical variables values for SDI calculations Distance between the place of residence and workplace

A B C D E

Xiwf um 5,000 6,000 1,500 1,000 29,000

Distance between the place residence and place of healthcare

Xiwt u min 30 45 50 10 50

Primary Xiphf um 900 2,500 1,000 200 8,000

Distance between the place of residence and place of education

Tertiary

Xipht u min 15 30 15 5 25

Xithf um 20,000 10,000 30,000 10,000 10,000

Xitht u min 45 30 70 20 20

Primary Xipef um 1,000 1,500 5,000 800 7,000

Xipet u min 15 25 30 15 25

Secondary Xisef um 5,000 800 9,000 3,000 12,000

Xiset u min 20 20 15 15 50

Applying the SDI calculation model, the following sub-index and index values were obtained and presented in the Table 9. Table 9. Sub-indices and indices values Region A B C D E

Iaw 0,261 0,374 0,605 0,050 0,917

Iph 0,187 0,495 0,194 0,007 0,799

Ith 0,337 0,182 0,521 0,154 0,154

Iah 0,237 0,391 0,303 0,056 0,584

Ipe 0,194 0,361 0,663 0,180 0,731

Ise 0,255 0,114 0,359 0,158 0,671

Iae 0,214 0,279 0,562 0,173 0,711

SDI 0,237 0,348 0,490 0,093 0,737

Therefore, on the basis of SDI values, the regions can be classified as it presented in Table 10. Table 10. Typology of the region by SDI values Region SDI value Typology of the region by spatial development Developed region A 0,237 Developed region B 0,348 Moderately developed region C 0,490 Highly developed region D 0,093 Insufficiently developed region E 0,737

19

FBiH Ministry for education and science has allocated a part of the funds, which is not enough for completion of the entire project; additional funds are necessary and will be requested from other sources.

16

On the basis of the results obtained, the following can be concluded: a) Region E is assessed as an insufficiently spatially developed region in the context of human development. SDI structure of the region E refers to - undeveloped traffic infrastructure, lack of connection between the work and residence zones, dysfunctional organizational structure of the residential and business zones, and alike (high Iaw); - undeveloped network of primary health care (high Iph); - very poor network of educational infrastructure – primary and secondary education, which is not necessary a lack of traffic infrastructure; - low Ith suggests that this is a region where a clinical or medical center as a hospital is located, but there is no family doctor or ambulance accessible. b) Region A and Region B are assessed as spatially developed regions in the context of human development, however, the difference in Iph (higher in B region) implies that the network of primary health care is poorer in the region B, meaning that inhabitants need more time to get to the ambulance or family doctor. Therefore, the population in these five regions has very different possibilities of the approach and accessibility to workplace, health care service and education. Population of the region A has a higher quality of life, since accessibility of the fundamental dimensions of human development is closer and faster. These assessments provide clear inputs for spatial plan guidelines and for directing the future public investments, always with complex and multidisciplinary approach to spatial planning. 5. Spatial planning in Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.1. EU context of spatial planning and challenges Spatial planning is not among the original competencies of the EU, but implies the policies that directly affect spatial development, thus highlighting the importance of the role of spatial planning, i.e. space in achieving its institutional objectives. In order to organize cooperation of the European states in the field of spatial and regional planning, the Council of Europe established the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning – CEMAT, back in 1970. Documents adopted by the EU are the roof documents and represent a strategic framework for coordination of policies in other fields, the most important of which are: - European Regional/ Spatial Planning Charter ('Torremolinos Charter'), 1983. - European Strategy of Regional/Spatial Planning, 1988. - European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP): Towards Balanced and Sustainable Development of the Territory of the European Union, 1999 - The Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of European Continent 2000, 2003. - Territorial Agenda of the European Union, Towards a more competitive and sustainable Europe of diverse regions,2007 - Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities, 2007. - Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion: Turning territorial diversity into strength,2008 - Spatial Planning – Key Instruments for Development and Effective Governance with Special References to Countries in Transition, EC UN for Europe, New York and Geneva, 2008. 17

European Spatial Planning Observation Network – ESPON was established as well; it provides the data, knowledge, trends, territorial structures and perspectives that enable comparing of the regions and cities and understanding of European territorial diversity. 20 The ESPON projects have produced a great number of indicators (core, key and routing indicators) covering their specific thematic aspect.21 Of course, besides a number of documents related to spatial arrangement and territorial cohesion, the EU has adopted a number of strategic developmental documents as well, such as the Lisbon Strategy, which set the objectives for the EU development based on knowledge, or Europe 2020 – smart, inclusive and sustainable growth. European Charter on Regional/Spatial Planning defines spatial planning as a geographic expression of economic, social, cultural and ecological policies in society. At the same time, this represents a scientific discipline, administrative technique and policy developed as an interdisciplinary and understandable approach, directed towards equal regional development and physical organization of space, in accordance with the overall strategy. The document ―Key Instruments for Development and Effective Governance with Special References to Countries in Transition‖ underlines that ―Spatial planning is a key instrument for establishing long-term, sustainable frameworks for social, territorial and economic development both within and between countries. Its primary role is to enhance the integration between sectors such as housing, transport, energy and industry, and to improve national and local systems of urban and rural development, also taking into account environmental considerations.‖22 ESDP approaches to spatial development as a whole; sustainable spatial development involves economic, social and environmental aspects. ―The European Spatial Development Perspective is based on the EU aim of achieving a balanced and sustainable development, in particular by strengthening economic and social cohesion8.‖23 (See figure 3) The fundamental goal is reflected in the triangle of objectives that connect the three objectives of spatial development: economic and social cohesion; conservation of natural resources and cultural heritage; and more balanced competitiveness of the European territory. Figure 3 Triangle of Objectives: a Balanced and Sustainable Spatial Development Society

Sustainable Spatial Development Source: ESDP, 1999 p. 10 Economy

Environment

20

ESPON has promoted a number of programs and reports, including: ESPON 2013 Program that supports the developmental policy in relation to cohesion policy of the EU, Synthesis Report 2010: New facts on smart, sustainable and inclusive territories, as well as the first ESPON scientific report: Scientific dialogue on cities, rural areas and the increasing energy prices. 21 See the details on: http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_ScientificBriefingNetworking/indi cators.html 22 Spatial Planning – Key Instruments for Development and Effective Governance with Special References to Countries in Transition, EC UN for Europe, New York and Geneva, 2008, p. vii 23 ESDP, 1999 p. 9

18

ESDP also sets the following objectives: development of a balanced and polycentric urban system and a new urban-rural relationship; securing parity of access to infrastructure and knowledge; and sustainable development, prudent management and protection of nature and cultural heritage (ESDP 1999, p.10). Documents adopted later on, for example EU Territorial Agenda, rely on the ESDP objectives and upgrades them towards: enhancement of polycentric development and innovations through connecting the cities-regions and cities; new forms of partnership and territorial management between rural and urban areas; promotion of regional clusters for innovation competition in Europe; support to enhancement and expansion of trans-European networks; promotion of trans-European risk management, including the effects of climate changes, demands of enhancement of ecological structures and cultural resources, as additional value of development. The concept of territorial cohesion is an overarching objective of EU territorial development. Territorial cohesion is generally considered as complementary to the objectives of economic and social cohesion and aims at promoting a harmonious and homogeneous development of the entire territory. A wide agreement prevails on the fact that territorial cohesion is a multi-dimensional concept with at least three main components: Three main components of territorial cohesion: • Territorial quality: the quality of the living and working environment; comparable living standards across territories; similar access to services of general interest and to knowledge; • Territorial efficiency: resource-efficiency with respect to energy, land and natural resources; competitiveness of the economic fabric and attractiveness of the local territory; internal and external accessibility; • Territorial identity: presence of ―social capital‖; capability of developing shared visions of the future; local know-how and specificities, productive ―vocations‖ and competitive advantage of each territory. (Camagni, R, 2005) Understanding the territorial quality in this way, SDI can also refer to the achieved quality of territory, i.e. a part of spatial quality – working and living environment, living standards, access to social infrastructure (health, education, etc.) or what is described as space capability, or space access capability: to provide all people working and living conditions. For the countries in transition, objectives of spatial development and planning are especially highlighted: enhancement of territorial cohesion through the balanced social and economic development of regions and improvement of competitiveness; development supported by urban functions and improvement of relations between the city and village; promotion of higher balance of accessibility; development and access to information and knowledge; reduction of damages to the environment, etc. Spatial planning is especially important for the countries in transition, since it can provide the way of management and management of development, which creates more stability in the climate for development and investments. In the time of a number of global changes, unpredictability of the world’s economy, economic crises in the EU countries, etc., the following key challenges for the EU regions are crucially important: - Globalization, which triggers the scientific and technological progress (increasing knowledge, mobility, competitiveness and innovations); - Demographic changes, which reflect in transformation of the structure of population, migration pressures; - Influences of climate changes, which will burden the economic, social and ecological systems, while the fight against climate changes is the most important for wellbeing of the future generations; 19

-

Safe, sustainable and competitive energy represents one of the main challenges for society. The challenges for the countries in transition especially refer to European integrations and the reforms of market economy. Therefore, the issues of globalization, sustainable development, European integrations, market economy reform and demographic changes leave deep implications on the models of development in all countries in the EU region, while spatial planning is one of the ways to address these challenges. 5.2. Challenge or necessity of spatial planning in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina (area of 51,129 km2) is administratively divided into two entities: Federation of BiH (FBiH), which covers about 51% of the territory, and Republika Srpska (RS), which covers the surface of about 49% of the territory, and Brcko District (BD). Federation of BiH consists of ten cantons and the capital city, Sarajevo, is in Sarajevo Canton. BiH consists of a total of 142 main administrative-territorial units, 79 municipalities of which are arranged into 10 cantons of the Federation of BiH, 62 municipalities in the territory of Republika Srpska, and Brcko District of BiH. (See Map 1, Map 2 and Map 3.) Map 3. Entities of FBiH and RS

Map 4. Cantons in FBiH

Map 5. Municipalities in FBiH and RS

Source: Ministry for Human Rights and Refugees, 2006: Residential and urban profile of BiH, Image of destruction, recovery and developmental perspectives, Sarajevo, p. 2, available at: http://www.mhrr.gov.ba/PDF/?id=281

Spatial planning in BiH is in jurisdiction of the entities, cantons and municipalities. Spatial Plan of Republika Srpska until 2015 was adopted in 2008, while Spatial Plan of Federation of BiH 2008 – 2028 is in the process of preparation. The most of cantons and municipalities have adopted their spatial plans.

Spatial plan determines long-term objectives and measures of spatial development, in accordance with the overall planned economic, social and historical development, includes the policy of land use and directs the development of functions and activities to the territory of certain area. At the level of BiH, the need and necessity of regulation of spatial planning (or spatial arrangement) is significant at the state level, given at least four points. The first, spatial plan is a possibility for smart approach to the analysis of development disparities and to determine adequate policies and measures of the overall development on this basis, especially using the disaggregated human development indicators. Disparities in the area of BiH are especially significant, both in terms of demographic, economic and other characteristics. The Table 11. presents only some of the indications, as an illustration of disparities between municipalities.

20

Table 11: Extreme development disparities of BiH, according to some indications, 2008 Municipal features Area (km2) (BiH 51.129 km2)

The lowest values ≤10

Population (number) (BiH 3.840.315)

< 1.000

Population Density (inh/ km2) (BiH 75,1 inh/ km2)

1.000

Dobretići, Istočni Drvar Kupres, Petrovac, Istočni Mostar Ravno, Prozor, Trnovo Glamoč, Bosansko Grahovo, Istočni Drvar, Petrovac Bužim, Čelić, Kalesija, Sapna, Teočak, Osmaci

.> 100.000

> 1000

200% above average BiH

Municipalities with the highest values Konjic,Ravno Glamoč,Banja Luka Foča Tuzla, Zenica, Mostar, Novi Grad Banja Luka, Bijeljina Novi Grad. Novo Sarajevo, Centar Sarajevo Centar Sarajevo, Novo Sarajevo, Novi Grad

Ravno, Jezero, Kotor 200% above Varoš, Kupres RS, Lukavica, Istočni Drvar average BiH Vukosavlje Source: the author’s analysis based on: Edin Sabanovic et al. (2010): Regional Disparity Assessment, UNDP, Sarajevo, pg. 33; GDP/pc: Federal Institute for Development Programming; Population density: The Author’s calculation. Employment rate (%) (BiH 21,9%)

30% below average BiH

Map 6. Regional development disparities in BiH

Map 7. Geographical municipal pockets of underdevelopment in BiH

Source: Edin Sabanović et al. (2010): Regional Disparity Assessment, UNDP, Sarajevo, p. 10 and p. 24

Development disparities in BiH, between municipalities, regions and cantons and enormous differences that BiH citizens face in terms of basic living and working conditions impose one of the fundamental development strategies: reduction of differences in development between municipalities and cantons, i.e. spatially more equal development of BiH, with dynamic growth of the overall development of BiH. The second, this strategic orientation is also in accordance with the fundamental ESDP objective – achieving the equal and sustainable development through enhancement of economic and social cohesion (ESDP, 1999).

21

The third, let us remind you BiH adopted two important strategic documents in 2010: Strategy of Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Strategy of Social Inclusion. Holistic approach to development, approach to human development brings up the issue of observing the spatial dimension of development – through spatial planning. Spatial plan then becomes an instrument of management and arrangement of unique economic, social and infrastructural space of BiH. The fourth, EU requirements towards the countries – candidates refer to the obligation for the policy and objectives of spatial development, as well as the legislation on spatial arrangement, to be adjusted to European objectives of spatial development. In the context of European integrations, spatial planning takes over responsibility to ensure spatial cohesion, i.e. enough homogenous living conditions in all areas, in which local communities could have similar possibilities to develop their economic, social and cultural objectives; as well as responsibility to maintain and develop specific characteristics of the areas, differences and special features. Spatial planning thus becomes an instrument for achievement of successful integration into international and interregional trends. Final considerations and recommendations Conception of human development, as holistic approach to development, puts people in the focus of all aspects of developmental processes and becomes a developmental paradigm of the 21st century. Multiple uses of human development indicators open the possibilities for their application in spatial planning and development. Human development indicators have become a tool for spatial planning and monitoring of developmental processes. The map with human development index and sub-indices by municipalities or regions within the state thoroughly refers to development disparities. At the same time, it represents an instrument to set priorities and direct public investments: provides the answers to which sectors (health, education…) and where to invest. Spatial presentation of HDI in relation to the regions in the European Union is an answer to achieving the objectives of European perspectives of spatial development: social, economic and territorial cohesion. Understanding the relation between spatial planning and human development provides a new theoretical and applicative contribution to both the concept of human development and spatial development. Human development is expanded to spatial dimension as well: everything happens in space, people need physical access of the possibilities, in the function of development of their capabilities and realization of the fundamental choices. Space should not be an obstacle to development of the main human development dimensions. Spatial development relies on conception of human development and supports the constant process of enlarging of the choices and possibilities for people to achieve certain level of wellbeing. Spatial development index involves the main human development dimensions from spatial aspect: accessibility of the place where income is earned, place where health care is provided and the place where education is acquired. Spatial development in the context of human development can thus be interpreted as the space capability to provide all people equal conditions and opportunities of accessibility for work, education and adequate health care. On the basis of SDI values for certain areas (municipalities, districts, regions, states), it is possible to perform typology of the areas in accordance to spatial development in the context of human development. Spatial Development Index can be applied at the level of municipalities, cantons or any other territorial, spatial units for preparations of spatial development plans. 22

Complexity of economic, social and the overall condition in BiH requires the application of the concept of human development, in a much stronger and more consistent way than so far, as well as the application of human development indicators in analyses of the socio-economic situation. Taking into account the concept of human development, as approach to development that has marked the 21 st century and extraordinary possibilities of human development indicators, the following recommendations can be applied to BiH circumstances:

-

BiH needs to have the necessary statistical basis and monitoring of all human development indicators, which can be achieve through introduction of special studies, taking into account the special experiences in organization and results of statistic surveys in BiH. It is especially important to monitor the indicators in accordance with the HDI, IHDI, GII and MPI structure, as well as to continuously follow new findings in contemporary methodology and human development indicators. In BiH conditions, this once again refers to the need for census of population, significant expansion of monitoring of the indicators that are specific for human development, as well as unified expression of all indicators at the level of municipalities, cantons, entities, District and the state. Such database is a basis for monitoring the MDG, which is crucially important for global consideration of realization of MDG. The institutions of government should establish a department for human development, which would represent an institutional connection between the state and regional human development bureaus in The South East Europe; it would also analyze and monitor human development and human development indicators at the state level and send signals to the existing and long-term developmental policy on this basis. The department would analyze the causal relations between the policies, programs and their influences on the level of human wellbeing and it would thus provide assistance in informing, setting the objectives and priorities and optimum allocation of the funds. Given the wide possibility of use and disaggregation of human development indicators, this department would also monitor the relations between the entities, cantons, as well as development gaps, gender aspects, national aspects, specific issues related to rural development, etc. In order to promote, inform and educate the people on the notion and concept of human development and human development indicators, university curricula should include human development as a special curriculum subject. Besides the need to adjust the statistical studies to international methodologies and standards, it is also necessary to adjust and perform them at all levels, from municipalities, cantons and entities, to the state level. It is necessary to introduce spatial planning at the state level in BiH, due to great development disparities in municipalities, the lack of unique economic, social and infrastructural space. Complexity of the socio-economic and political situation in BiH, as well as the process of preparations for accession to the EU, imposes the necessity and need for: establishment of an institution at the state level, in charge of spatial planning and arrangement, new territorial and regional arrangement of the state, introduction of special studies for the needs of spatial planning, adjustment of indicators and performing statistical studies at all levels, from municipalities, cantons and entities, to the state level, adjustment of statistical studies to international methodologies and standards, as well as the introduction of international spatial data (for example ESPON indicators), 23

-

harmonization of legal regulations in the field of spatial planning, in accordance with the EU roof documents on spatial and regional development. Spatial planning thus becomes an instrument for arrangement of unique space of the state of BiH and, at the same time, a step towards successful integration in the EU. Necessity of spatial planning in the process of European integrations also imposes the need to suggest the UNDP in BiH to create a human development report in BiH dedicated to spatial planning and development, where the space of BiH is seen as unique territory. This would initiate a practical, public, political and expert debate on the function of spatial planning at the state level, which is one of the objectives of national human development reports.

Appendix

rank HDI

Table 13. The Position of Bosnia and Herzegovina in SEE and in the world according to HDI, 2010. Countries grouping, country

28 29 31 36 41 49 50 51 58 60 64 68 71

Czech Repubilc Slovenia Slovakia Hungary Poland Montenegro Romania Croatia Bulgaria Serbia Albania Bosna and Herzegovina Macedonia, TFYR

Very high human development High human development Medium human development Low human development 1 Norway 169 Zimbabwe World - average Source: HDR 2010

HDI value 0,841 0,828 0,818 0,805 0,795 0,769 0,767 0,767 0,743 0,735 0,719 0,710 0,701 0,878 0,717 0,592 0,393 0,938 0,140 0,624

Life expectan cy at birth 76,9 78,8 75,1 73,9 76,0 74,6 73,2 76,7 73,7 74,4 76,9 75,5 74,5 80,3 72,6 69,3 56,0 81,0 47,0 69,3

Mean years of schooling 12,3 9,0 11,6 11,7 10,0 10,6 10,6 9,0 9,9 9,5 10,4 8,7 8,2 11,3 8,3 6,3 4,1 12,6 7,2 7,4

Expected years of schooling 15,2 16,7 14,9 15,3 15,2 14,4 14,8 13,8 13,7 13,5 11,3 13,0 12,3 15,9 13,8 11,0 8,2 17,3 9,2 12,3

GNI/pc (PPP 2008 $) 22.678 25.857 21.658 17.472 17.803 12.491 12.844 16.389 11.139 10.449 7.976 8.222 9.487 37.225 12.286 5.134 1.490 58.810 176 10.631

No income HDI value 0,886 0,853 0,854 0,851 0,834 0,825 0,820 0,798 0,795 0,788 0,787 0,771 0,742 0,902 0,749 0,634 0,445 0,954 0,472 0,663

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