Evaluación del aprendizaje en la Educación Superior: Una propuesta metodológica

(YDOXDFLyQGHODSUHQGL]DMHHQOD(GXFDFLyQ6XSHULRU XQDSURSXHVWDPHWRGROyJLFD /HDUQLQJDVVHVVPHQWLQ+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQD PHWKRGRORJLFDODSSURDFK /0RUHQR &6*RQ]iOH] %3RSHVFX

&/2*URHQZDOG

8QLYHUVLGDGGH/D/DJXQD 7HQHULIH(VSDxD ^ORUHQ]RFDULQDEHDWULFH`#LVDDWFXOOHV

8QLYHUVLGDG/XWHUDQDGH%UDVLO 5LR*UDQGH'R6XO%UDVLO FODXGLDJ#XOEUDEU

5HVXPHQ  (O (VSDFLR (XURSHR GH (GXFDFLyQ 6XSHULRU \ ODV WHFQRORJtDVGLJLWDOHVKDQFDPELDGRHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVODIRUPD GH LPSDUWLU GRFHQFLD \ OD IRUPD GH HYDOXDU HO DSUHQGL]DMH 3URSRQHPRV HQ HVWH WUDEDMR XQD PHWRGRORJtD GH HYDOXDFLyQ GHO DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGD HQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV SRU ORV DOXPQRV XWLOL]DQGR OD KHUUDPLHQWD 6,(1$ 62&,$/ OD UHVROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDVXWLOL]DQGRVLPXODGRUHV\ODHYDOXDFLyQFRQWLQXD

UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHGHOUDQNLQJPLHQWUDVTXH*RRJOH +DQJRXW \ 0RRGOH DSDUHFHQ HQ ORV SXHVWRV  \   UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH &LWDPRV HVWD OLVWD SDUD SRQHU GH PDQLILHVWR HO LPSDFWR TXH WLHQHQ ODV 5HGHV 6RFLDOHV LQGLFDQGR HO DVSHFWR VRFLDO GH OD (GXFDFLyQ DVLPLVPR LQGLFDPRV OD SUHVHQFLD HQ ORV SULPHURV OXJDUHVGHKHUUDPLHQWDVIXQGDPHQWDOHVSDUDODGRFHQFLDFRPR YHUHPRVSRVWHULRUPHQWHFRPR*RRJOH+DQJRXW\0RRGOH

3DODEUDV &ODYH (YDOXDFLyQ &6&/ $SUHQGL]DMH $GDSWDWLYR 5HVROXFLyQGH3UREOHPDV

(Q ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV KDQ KHFKR VX DSDULFLyQ ORV GHQRPLQDGRV 0DVVLYH 2QOLQH 2SHQ &RXUVH 022&  TXH VRQ FXUVRV RIUHFLGR SRU SODWDIRUPDV HGXFDWLYDV HQ ,QWHUQHW \ TXH WDOYH]ORVPiVFRQRFLGRVVRQORVSURGXFLGRVSRUODSODWDIRUPD &RXUVHUD\TXHPXFKRVGHQRVRWURVKHPRVFXUVDGRLPSDUWLGRV SRUXQLYHUVLGDGHVDPHULFDQDVGHSUHVWLJLR(VWRV022&VHVWiQ OODPDGRVDVHUHVHQFLDOHVHQORVHVWXGLRVXQLYHUVLWDULRV

$EVWUDFW ,QUHFHQW\HDUVWKH(XURSHDQ+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ$UHD (+($ DQGGLJLWDOWHFKQRORJLHVKDYHFKDQJHGWKHZD\LQZKLFK WHDFKLQJLVGHOLYHUHGDQGOHDUQLQJLVDVVHVVHG,QWKLV SDSHUZH SURSRVH D PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU HYDOXDWLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ OHDUQLQJ XVLQJWKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGE\VWXGHQWVXVLQJWKH6,(1$62&,$/ WRRO SUREOHP VROYLQJ XVLQJ VLPXODWRUV DQG ILQDOO\ FRQWLQXRXV HYDOXDWLRQ .H\ZRUGV $VVHVVPHQW &RQWLQXRXV (YDOXDWLRQ &6&/ $GDSWLYH/HDUQLQJ3UREOHP6ROYLQJ

,

,1752'8&&,Ï1

/RV FDPELRV KDELGRV HQ OD GRFHQFLD SURPRYLGRV SRU HO (VSDFLR (XURSHR GH (GXFDFLyQ 6XSHULRU (((6  \ ODV WHFQRORJtDV GLJLWDOHV ,QWHUQHW :L)L  HQ OR TXH YD GHO VLJOR ;;, KDQ VLGR GH WDO HQYHUJDGXUD TXH KDQ FDPELDGRGH IRUPD UDGLFDO QR VyOR OD IRUPD GH LPSDUWLUOD VLQR OD HYDOXDFLyQ GHO DSUHQGL]DMH\KDQREOLJDGRDOSURIHVRUDGR\DODOXPQDGRD XQ SURFHVRGHDGDSWDFLyQ\UHQRYDFLyQVLQSUHFHGHQWHV (Q HIHFWR KDQ DSDUHFLGR FRQFHSWRV QXHYRV FRPR EOHQGHG OHDUQLQJHQVHxDQ]DRQOLQHDVtFRPRDSUHQGL]DMHFRODERUDWLYR DVLVWLGR SRU FRPSXWDGRU HQVHxDQ]D FHQWUDGD HQ HO DOXPQR DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR  \ RWUDV WHRUtDV FRQVWUXFWLYLVWDV FRQFHSWRVHVWRV~OWLPRVPX\DUUDLJDGRV\DHQHOVLJOR;;SHUR TXHODWHFQRORJtDGLJLWDOKDSXHVWRGHDFWXDOLGDG 6HJ~QHO&HQWHUIRU/HDUQLQJ 3HUIRUPDQFH7HFKQRORJLHV >@ HO 7RS  GH ODV KHUUDPLHQWDV SDUD OD (GXFDFLyQ VHxDOD HQHOSULPHUOXJDUD OD UHG 6RFLDO 7ZLWWHU HQ VHJXQGR OXJDUD *RRJOH'RFV'ULYHHQWHUFHUOXJDUD @ HQWUH RWUDV TXH IDFLOLWDQ OD HODERUDFLyQGHPDWHULDOHVSDUDVHUSXEOLFDGRVHQ,QWHUQHW (Q  / 0RUHQR HW DO >@ SUHVHQWDPRV XQD SURSXHVWD LQLFLDO PHWRGROyJLFD SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGD HQ FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR \ DSUHQGL]DMH FRODERUDWLYR SDUD VHU XWLOL]DGD HQDVLJQDWXUDVGHWLWXODFLRQHVGH,QJHQLHUtDFRPRSRUHMHPSOR $UTXLWHFWXUD GH &RPSXWDGRUHV GH OD WLWXODFLyQ GH ,QJHQLHUtD ,QIRUPiWLFD (Q GLFKD SURSXHVWD VH KDFtD UHIHUHQFLD D OD LPSRUWDQFLDGHORVVLPXODGRUHVHQODUHVROXFLyQGHSUREOHPDV\ DO WUDEDMR HQ JUXSR $VLPLVPR VH XWLOL]DED OD KHUUDPLHQWD 0RRGOH TXH IDFLOLWDED OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH FRPXQLGDGHV GH WUDEDMRXWLOL]DQGRXQDYDULHGDGGHUHFXUVRVFRPRIRURVFKDWV\ :LNLV &RQ ORV DxRV HVWD SURSXHVWD PHWRGROyJLFD VH KD LGR PHMRUDQGR\HQ >@SUHVHQWDPRVXQDSURSXHVWD PiVHODERUDGD FRQODLQFOXVLyQGHXQDKHUUDPLHQWDLQIRUPiWLFDTXHGLVHxDPRV GHQRPLQDGD 6,(1$ 6LVWHPD ,QWHJUDGR GH (QVHxDQ]D $SUHQGL]DMH EDVDGDHQPDSDVFRQFHSWXDOHV\WHVWVDGDSWDWLYRV SDUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH WHVWV LQGLYLGXDOHV \ JUXSDOHV FRQ XQD SDUWLFLSDFLyQFRODERUDWLYDRQOLQHVtQFURQD (VWDKHUUDPLHQWDKDPRVWUDGRVHU~WLOWDQWRHQODHQVHxDQ]D VXSHULRUXQLYHUVLWDULDFRPRHQODHQVHxDQ]DVHFXQGDULD>@ (OREMHWLYRGHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRHVHOSURFHVRGHHYDOXDFLyQ VHJXLGR HQ OD PHWRGRORJtD GH HQVHxDQ]D DSUHQGL]DMH TXH

CISTI 2015 | 300

SURSXVLPRV HQ > @ (Q OD VLJXLHQWH VHFFLyQ DERUGDUHPRV HO SURFHVR GH HYDOXDFLyQ XWLOL]DQGR OD KHUUDPLHQWD 6,(1$ 62&,$/ 3DUD HOOR SUHVHQWDUHPRV ORV ~OWLPRV DYDQFHV HQ OD KHUUDPLHQWD FRQ QXHYDV SUHVWDFLRQHV EDVDGDV HQ PLQHUtD GH WH[WRV  SDUD IDFLOLWDU OD HYDOXDFLyQ GHO DSUHQGL]DMH $GHPiV ,QFOXLUHPRVHQHOSURFHVRGHHYDOXDFLyQODHYDOXDFLyQFRQWLQXD \ OD UHVROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV )LQDOPHQWH SUHVHQWDUHPRV ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV HQ ORV DOXPQRV D WUDYpV GH XQD HQFXHVWD GHO WLSR 06/4 0RWLYDWHG 6WUDWHJLHV IRU /HDUQLQJ 4XHVWLRQQDLUH >@ ,,

62%5(/$(9$/8$&,Ï1'(/$35(1',=$-(

6LJXLHQGR D /H\YD >@ SRGHPRV FRQVLGHUDU OD HYDOXDFLyQ FRPR XQD VHULH GH DFWLYLGDGHV SODQHDGDV FRQ VXILFLHQWH DQWHODFLyQTXHUHVSRQGHQDLQWHQFLRQHVFODUDV\H[SOLFLWDV\TXH JXDUGDQ XQD UHODFLyQ HVWUHFKD \ HVSHFtILFD FRQ HO SURJUDPD GRFHQWHFRQODV DFWLYLGDGHVGHHQVHxDQ]D\ GHDSUHQGL]DMH \ FRQ ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV HQ TXH VH GDQ HVDV DFWLYLGDGHV  /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODSUHQGL]DMHODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHOSURIHVRU \ ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV HQ TXH KD GH GHVDUUROODUVH OD HYDOXDFLyQ GHWHUPLQDQFXDOHVODHVWUDWHJLDPiVDGHFXDGD\DTXpQLYHOGH ULJRU R FRPSOHMLGDG SXHGH OOHJDUVH /R TXH HV UHDOPHQWH LQGLVSHQVDEOH HV TXH HO MXLFLR GH HYDOXDFLyQ QR VH EDVH HQ LPSUHVLRQHVVXEMHWLYDVVLWXDFLRQHVH[FHSFLRQDOHVRDLVODGDVQL HQLQIRUPDFLyQLQVXILFLHQWHLUU

PLVPRJUXSR$%\&(QHOSULPHUSDVRVHHVWXGLDQSRUSDUWH GH ORV DOXPQRV ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH FDGD QRGR GHO PDSD FRQFHSWXDO GH OD DVLJQDWXUD D FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH UHDOL]DQ GH IRUPDLQGLYLGXDOORVWHVWVSDUDDXWRHYDOXDFLyQ6LHVWRVWHVWVQR VRQ VXSHUDGRV OD KHUUDPLHQWD SHUPLWH SUHVHQWDU RWURV FRQWHQLGRVGHUHFXSHUDFLyQPiVGHWDOODGRVTXHORVFRQWHQLGRV LQLFLDOHV LQFOX\HQGR SRU HMHPSOR VHFXHQFLDV GLGiFWLFDV  6L ORV WHVWV  LQGLYLGXDOHV VRQ VXSHUDGRV HQWRQFHV SRGUiQ VHU UHDOL]DGRV ORV WHVWV GH IRUPD FRODERUDWLYD FRPXQLFiQGRVH ORV PLHPEURV GHO JUXSR D WUDYpV GH PHQVDMHV SDUD GDU HQ pVWRV DUJXPHQWRV GH FXiO HV OD UHVSXHVWD GH ODV P~OWLSOHV SRVLEOHV UHVSXHVWDV HQ FDGD SUHJXQWD6RQ HVWRV PHQVDMHVMXQWR FRQ HO UHVXOWDGRGHORVWHVWVLQGLYLGXDOHV\JUXSDOHV ODVKHUUDPLHQWDV TXH VH XWLOL]DUiQ HQ OD HYDOXDFLyQ 6H KD GHILQLGR XQD U~EULFD SDUDHVWRVPHQVDMHVHQODTXHORVWUHVFULWHULRVVRQ(OJUDGRGH SURIXQGL]DFLyQ HQ  OD UHVSXHVWD VL VH OOHYD OD LQLFLDWLYD HQ OD GLVFXVLyQ \ ILQDOPHQWH VL VH LQWHUYLHQH DFWLYDPHQWH HQ ORV PHQVDMHV HQ FDGD SUHJXQWD KDELHQGR XQD UHDOLPHQWDFLyQ SDUD FDGDXQRGHORVFULWHULRV

/D DXWRHYDOXDFLyQ HQ OD TXH HO DOXPQR UHDOL]D GH PDQHUD FRQWLQXD HMHUFLFLRV GH YDORUDFLyQ GH VX DSUHQGL]DMH SHUPLWH D pVWHLGHQWLILFDUDTXHOORVDVSHFWRVHQTXHGHEHPHMRUDU8QDGH ODV XWLOL]DFLRQHV SRVLEOHV GH OD DXWRHYDOXDFLyQ HV HQ HO SRUWDIROLRQRVRWURVSUHVHQWDPRVXQDXWLOL]DFLyQDOWHUQDWLYD /D LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD HYDOXDFLyQ HQ FXDQWR D VX ODERU IRUPDWLYD VH PDQLILHVWD FRQ OD UHDOLPHQWDFLyQ HIHFWLYD PHGLDQWH OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH U~EULFDV TXH FRQVLVWHQ HQ KHUUDPLHQWDVGHFDOLILFDFLyQEDVDGDVHQFULWHULRVXWLOL]DGDVQR VyORSDUDUHDOLPHQWDFLyQVLQRWDPELpQSDUDGLVSRQHUGHSUXHEDV REMHWLYDVODVFXDOHVHVWiQOLJDGDVDORVREMHWRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH HQORVVHUHTXLHUHDOJ~QWLSRGHHYLGHQFLDGHOWUDEDMRUHDOL]DGR $ /DKHUUDPLHQWD6,(1$62&,$/HQODHYDOXDFLyQ &RPR KHPRV LQGLFDGR DQWHULRUPHQWH 6,(1$ 62&,$/ KWWSVLHQDVRFLDOXOOHV HVXQDKHUUDPLHQWDLQIRUPiWLFDEDVDGD HQ PDSDV FRQFHSWXDOHV \ WHVW DGDSWDWLYRV  SDUD SUHJXQWDV GH HOHFFLyQ P~OWLSOH TXH SXHGHQ VHU UHDOL]DGRV GH IRUPD LQGLYLGXDO \ FRQ HVWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VH FRQYLHUWHQ HQ XQD KHUUDPLHQWD SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH FRQWHQLGRV \ OD DXWRHYDOXDFLyQ(ODOXPQRGHMDFRQVWDQFLDDWUDYpVGHORVWHVWV UHDOL]DGRVHQFDGDXQRGHORVQRGRVGHOPDSDFRQFHSWXDOGHOD DVLJQDWXUD GRQGH FDGD QRGR UHSUHVHQWD XQ WHPD GH VXV SURJUHVRV HQ OD DVLJQDWXUD /D FRPSRQHQWH VRFLDO VH FRQVLJXH FRQ OD LQFOXVLyQ GH WHVWV TXH SXHGDQ VHU UHDOL]DGRV GH IRUPD FRODERUDWLYD JUXSDO RQOLQH VtQFURQD HQWUH ORV PLHPEURV GH FDGDJUXSR /D )LJ  SUHVHQWD HO PDSD FRQFHSWXDO GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH OD KHUUDPLHQWD 6,(1$ 62&,$/ SDUD WUHV DOXPQRV GH XQ

)LJXUD0DSDFRQFHSWXDOGHOSURFHGLPLHQWRGHWUDEDMRGH6,(1$62&,$/

CISTI 2015 | 301

(Q FDGD QRGR OD KHUUDPLHQWD 6,(1$ 62&,$/  DQDOL]DUi PHGLDQWH WpFQLFDV GH PLQHUtD GH WH[WRV ORV PHQVDMHV GH WRGRV ORVJUXSRVHQFDGDXQDGHODVSUHJXQWDVGHORVWHVWVUHDOL]DGRV DOREMHWRGHH[WUDHUSDODEUDV\FDGHQDVGHSDODEUDVTXHSXHGDQ DxDGLUVH FRPR QXHYDV SDODEUDV FODYHV D ODV \D H[LVWHQWHV HQ FDGDSUHJXQWD 3UHWHQGHPRVTXHHVWHHVWXGLRSXHGDVHUGHLQWHUpVXQDYH] GLVSRQJDPRV HQ YDULRV FXUVRV DFDGpPLFRV GH JUXSRV GH DOXPQRV HQ Q~PHUR VXILFLHQWH (O REMHWLYR ILQDO TXH SHUVHJXLPRV HV TXH ORV PHQVDMHV GH ORV SURSLRV DOXPQRV QRV VXPLQLVWUHQ LQIRUPDFLyQ GLULJLGD KDFLD OD FRUUHFFLyQ DXWRPiWLFDGHORVPHQVDMHVGHORVIXWXURVJUXSRVGHDOXPQRV (QXQUHFLHQWH7UDEDMR)LQGH0iVWHU>@KHPRVDERUGDGR HVWHWHPDGHPLQHUtDGHWH[WRXWLOL]DQGRSDUDHOORLQLFLDOPHQWH OD KHUUDPLHQWD 62%(. >@ (VWD HV XQD KHUUDPLHQWD SURYHQLHQWH GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG )HGHUDO GH 5LR *UDQGH GR 6XO %UDVLO  GLVHxDGD SDUD HO iPELWR HGXFDWLYR \ GH XWLOL]DFLyQ  HQ OD TXH HO JUiILFR UHVXOWDQWH PXHVWUD OD PDQHUD HQ TXH VH UHODFLRQDQ ORV WpUPLQRV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV GHO WH[WR DQDOL]DGR /RVWpUPLQRVPiVUHOHYDQWHVVHPXHVWUDQHQXQWDPDxRGHOHWUD PD\RU\XQFRORUPiVRVFXUR 6H FUHy XQ LQWHUIDFH GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQWUH 6,(1$ 62&,$/ \ 62%(. GH PDQHUD TXH VH SHUPLWLHUDQ HQYLDU D 62%(. WRGRV ORV PHQVDMHV GH WRGRV ORV DOXPQRV TXH KDQ SDUWLFLSDGRHQHOFKDWGHVGHGLIHUHQWHVWHVWV (OVLJXLHQWHSDVRHQHODQiOLVLVGHPLQHUtDGHWH[WRVKDVLGR ODXWLOL]DFLyQGHQWURGH6,(1$62&,$/GHODKHUUDPLHQWD KWWSVJLWKXEFRPDXUHOLDQUXE\VWHPPHU TXH Q  &DGDJUXSRGHDOXPQRVSXHGHYHUORVWHVWV\HQFDGDSUHJXQWD ORV PHQVDMHVODVSDODEUDVFODYHVGHWHFWDGDVHQ FDGDSUHJXQWD MXQWR FRQ XQD UHDOLPHQWDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRU  $GHPiV FDGD JUXSRSXHGH YHU HVWD LQIRUPDFLyQ UHIHUHQWH D ORV RWURV JUXSRV FUHDGRVHQODFODVH\DTXHFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHHVWDLQIRUPDFLyQ UHODWLYD D ORV RWURV JUXSRV FRQVWLWX\H XQ HOHPHQWR PiV GH DSUHQGL]DMH % (YDOXDFLyQSDUDODUHDOL]DFLyQGHWUDEDMRVHQWRUQRDOD KHUUDPLHQWD6,(1$62&,$/ 6L PDQWHQHPRV FRPR FLHUWD OD VLJXLHQWH KLSyWHVLV GH WUDEDMR 6RODPHQWH XQ DOXPQR SXHGH KDFHU SUHJXQWDVFRQ XQD DGHFXDGD FRPSOHMLGDG \ TXH HVWDV SUHJXQWDV SHUPLWDQ GLVFULPLQDU VXILFLHQWHPHQWH VL  HO DOXPQR FRQRFH FRQ SURIXQGLGDG HO FRQFHSWR R ORV FRQFHSWRV TXH VXE\DFHQ HQ OD SUHJXQWD6LHVWRHVDVtXQWUDEDMRDUHDOL]DUSRUORVDOXPQRV TXH FRQVLGHUDPRV LQWHUHVDQWH HV OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH XQ FRQMXQWR GH SUHJXQWDV SDUD VHU LQFOXLGDV HQ OD KHUUDPLHQWD 6,(1$ 62&,$/ (VWR QRV SHUPLWLUi DXPHQWDU HO Q~PHUR GH SUHJXQWDV HQ FDGDQRGRGHOPDSDFRQFHSWXDOGHODDVLJQDWXUDORTXHDxDGLUi PD\RUGLYHUVLGDGHQODVSUHJXQWDVTXHODQ]DHOWHVWDGDSWDWLYR\ QR VH UHSHWLUiQ pVWDV VL XQ DOXPQR UHDOL]D YDULRV WHVWV /D UHDOL]DFLyQGHHVWHWLSRGHWUDEDMRVWHQGUiXQDU~EULFDWDPELpQ

LPSOHPHQWDGD HQ0RRGOH/DWDEODSUHVHQWD ODVRSFLRQHVGH ODU~EULFDXWLOL]DGD 7$%/$  23&,21(6 '( /$ 5Ò%5,&$ $/ 75$%$-2 '( &5($&,Ï1'(35(*817$63$5$6,(1$62&,$/ 2SFLRQHVGH U~EULFD &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV QLYHOHV

'LVFULPLQDFLyQGH ODVSUHJXQWDV

3UHJXQWDVVH H[WLHQGHQDWRGRV ORVWHPDVGHODV UHGHVGH LQWHUFRQH[LyQ\D ODVPiTXLQDV07 607 1~PHURGH SUHJXQWDV

3ODQWHD SUHJXQ WDV EiVLFDV  SXQWRV

3ODQWHD SUHJXQWDV GHWLSR PHGLR  SXQWRV

6yORVH WLHQHQHQ WRUQRDO GH ORV WHPDV SXQWRV PHQRV GH SUHJXQ WDV SXQWRV

6HWLHQHQ HQFXHQWD HQWRUQRDO GH ORVWHPDV SXQWRV HQWRUQRD  SUHJXQWDV SXQWRV

3ODQWHDQ SUHJXQWDV TXH JHQHUDQ XQDFLHUWD FRPSOH MLGDG SXQWRV 6HWLHQHQ HQFXHQWD WRGRVORV WHPDV SXQWRV

3ODQWHD SUHJXQWDV TXHJHQHUDQ FRPSOHMLGDG SXQWRV

HQWRUQRD  SUHJXQWDV SXQWRV

HQWRUQRD SUHJXQWDV SXQWRV

3RU HMHPSOR HQ OD DQWLJXD DVLJQDWXUD GH $UTXLWHFWXUD H ,QJHQLHUtDGH&RPSXWDGRUHVGHOVHJXQGRFLFORGHOD,QJHQLHUtD ,QIRUPiWLFD DVLJQDWXUD DQXDO GH  FUpGLWRV HO Q~PHUR GH WHPDV QRGRV GHO PDSD FRQFHSWXDO  HUD GH  \ HO Q~PHUR GH SUHJXQWDVWRWDOHVGHODDVLJQDWXUDDVFHQGtDDGLVWULEXLGDV HQWUH ORV  WHPDV 3XHV ELHQ OD WRWDOLGDG GH HVDV SUHJXQWDV IXHURQ UHDOL]DGDV SRU ORV DOXPQRV GXUDQWH YDULRV FXUVRV DFDGpPLFRV (O WUDEDMR GH ORV SURIHVRUHV VH OLPLWy D OD VXSHUYLVLyQ GH ODV SUHJXQWDV HOLPLQDFLyQ GH SUHJXQWDV DPELJXDV FDPELRV HQ OD GLILFXOWDG GHILQLGD SRU HO DOXPQR PHMRUDVGHOHQXQFLDGRHWF & (YDOXDFLyQGHOD5HVROXFLyQGHSUREOHPDV (Q DVLJQDWXUDV GH ,QJHQLHUtD FRPR OD $UTXLWHFWXUD GH &RPSXWDGRUHV  UHTXLHUHQ HO XVR GH VLPXODGRUHV SDUD OD LPSDUWLFLyQ GH OD GRFHQFLD $GHPiV HVWRV VLPXODGRUHV SHUPLWLUiQ OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV /RV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV SRU FDGD XQR GH ORV JUXSRV WDQWR LQGLYLGXDO FRPR JUXSDOPHQWHVHUiQPRVWUDGRVHQXQDSUHVHQWDFLyQRUDO\HQXQ UHVXPHQHVFULWRTXHVXELUiQDODSODWDIRUPD0RRGOH (Q >@ VH DQDOL]D HQ SURIXQGLGDG HO WUDEDMR LQGLYLGXDO UHDOL]DGR SRU FDGD PLHPEUR GHO JUXSR DVt FRPR HO WUDEDMR FROHFWLYR UHDOL]DGR HQWUH ORV PLHPEURV GHO JUXSR \ HQWUH ORV RWURVJUXSRVDORVTXHOHVKDFRUUHVSRQGLGRHOPLVPRSUREOHPD SDUD VX UHVROXFLyQ TXHGDQGR UHJLVWUDGRV WRGRV ORV LQWHUFDPELRV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ HQWUH ORV DOXPQRV HQ ORV IRURV KDELOLWDGRV SDUD WDO HIHFWR HQ 0RRGOH 3DUD HVWH WLSR GH SUR\HFWRGHWUDEDMRWDPELpQVHGHILQLUiXQDQXHYDWDUHDHQHVWD PLVPD SODWDIRUPD GRWDGD GH XQD U~EULFD FRQ ORV FULWHULRV GH &ODULGDGHQODH[SRVLFLyQGHFDGDPLHPEURGHOJUXSRDVtFRPR GHOUHVXPHQVXELGRRULJLQDOLGDGGHOWUDEDMR\SDUWLFLSDFLyQHQ ORVIRURV

CISTI 2015 | 302

,,,

(9$/8$&,Ï1&217,18$

(OKHFKRGHWUDWDUGHGLVSRQHUGHSUXHEDVREMHWLYDVHQFDGD XQD GH QXHVWUDV DFWLYLGDGHV FRPR GRFHQWHV QRV KD KHFKR FRQVLGHUDU OD SRVLELOLGDG GH WHQHU WDPELpQ HYLGHQFLDV GH ODV HYDOXDFLRQHV FRQWLQXDV TXH VH UHDOL]DQ (VWDV HYDOXDFLRQHV VH OOHYDQDFDERHQIRUPDJUXSDOFDGDGRVWHPDVGHODDVLJQDWXUD 3DUDHOORVHKDQXWLOL]DGRHQWUHYLVWDVFRQORVJUXSRVHQGRQGH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV WLHQHQTXH DQDOL]DUORV HMHUFLFLRVUHDOL]DGRV HQ HO 6,(1$ 62&,$/ (VWDV HQWUHYLVWDV VH UHDOL]DQ XWLOL]DQGR YLGHRFRQIHUHQFLDVPiVFRQFUHWDPHQWHHOKDQJRXWGH*RRJOHHQ GLUHFWR TXH SHUPLWH JUDEDU GLFKDV HQWUHYLVWDV RQOLQH HQ @ (VWD HYDOXDFLyQ VH UHDOL]y HQ GRV PRPHQWRVDQWHVSUHWHVW \GHVSXpVSRVWHVW GHODLPSDUWLFLyQ GHODDVLJQDWXUD 5HVSHFWR D OD PXHVWUDGHFLUTXH HOSUHWHVW IXH UHVSRQGLGR SRU XQ WRWDO GH  HVWXGLDQWHV YDURQHV HO  \ PXMHUHV HO  UHVWDQWH  PLHQWUDV TXH HO SRVWHVW IXH UHVSRQGLGR SRU  HVWXGLDQWHV HO  PXMHUHV  \ YDURQHV HO  UHVWDQWH  $ FRQWLQXDFLyQGHVWDFDUHPRVDOJXQRVGHORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRV HQSUHJXQWDVVREUHODVPRWLYDFLRQHV\VREUHODVHVWUDWHJLDV (QUHODFLyQDODVSUHJXQWDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODPRWLYDFLyQ HQHOSUHWHVWHOGHODOXPQDGRVHPRVWUDEDPX\LQWHUHVDGR HQORVFRQWHQLGRVGHODDVLJQDWXUD\XQSHQVDEDTXHVLVH HVIRU]DED VHUtD FDSD] GH HQWHQGHU ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH OD DVLJQDWXUD PLHQWUDV TXH HQ HO SRVWHVW XQ  VHJXtD PX\ LQWHUHVDGR HQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV \ XQ  VHJXtD SHQVDQGR TXH FRQ HVIXHU]R IXH FDSD] GH HQWHQGHU ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH OD DVLJQDWXUD)LJ 

$ ODV SUHJXQWDV VREUH VL HVSHUDEDQ WHQHU XQ EXHQ UHQGLPLHQWRHQODDVLJQDWXUD\ODVDWLVIDFFLyQGHHQWHQGHUORV FRQWHQLGRVHQHOSUHWHVWUHVSRQGLHURQDILUPDWLYDPHQWHDDPEDV SUHJXQWDVXQGHORVDOXPQRVPLHQWUDVTXHHQSRVWHVWVH PDQWXYR HVH SRUFHQWDMH SHUR FRQ XQD GLVWULEXFLyQ PiV XQLIRUPH 5HVSHFWRDODSUHJXQWDVREUHODFHUWH]DGHTXHVHUFDSD]GH HQWHQGHU ORV FRQWHQLGRV PiV FRPSOLFDGRV TXH VH LPSDUWHQ HQ HVWD DVLJQDWXUD HO  GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV LQGLFDURQ HQ HO SUHWHVW TXH Vt VHUtDQ FDSDFHV PLHQWUDV TXH HQ HO SRVWHVW HVWH SRUFHQWDMHDXPHQWyOHYHPHQWHDO (QFXDQWRDODSUHJXQWDGHVLHQXQDDVLJQDWXUDFRPRpVWD SUHIHUtDQ TXH HO PDWHULDO \ ORV FRQWHQLGRV GHVSLHUWHQ VX FXULRVLGDG LQFOXVR VL HV GLItFLO GH DSUHQGHU HO  ORV HVWXGLDQWHVPDQLIHVWDURQVXDFXHUGRHQHOSUHWHVWPLHQWUDVTXH HQHOSRVWHVWHVWHSRUFHQWDMHGLVPLQX\yDO 6REUH OD SUHJXQWD GH VL ODV UD]RQHV GH HQWHQGHU ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH OD DVLJQDWXUD VH GHEtDQ D TXH QR WUDEDMDEDQ OR VXILFLHQWH HQ HO SUHWHVW HO  HVWXYR GH DFXHUGR FRQ HVWD DILUPDFLyQ PLHQWUDV TXH HQ HO SRVWHVW HVWH SRUFHQWDMH GHVFHQGLyDO (QHOLQLFLRHOGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVHVWDEDQVHJXURVGH TXH SRGtDQ GRPLQDU ODV KDELOLGDGHV TXH VH HQVHxDQ HQ HVWD DVLJQDWXUD DXQTXH HVWH SRUFHQWDMH OXHJR GH OD H[SHULPHQWDFLyQGLVPLQX\yOHYHPHQWHDO 5HVSHFWRDODSUHJXQWDGHFRQVLGHUDQGRODGLILFXOWDGGHHVWD DVLJQDWXUD ORV SURIHVRUHV \ VXV KDELOLGDGHV ORV HVWXGLDQWHV SHQVDEDQTXHORKDUtDQELHQHQHVWDDVLJQDWXUDHQHOFRPLHQ]R GH OD DVLJQDWXUD HO  HVWDEDQ GH DFXHUGR D TXH Vt VHUtDQ

CISTI 2015 | 303

FDSDFHV PLHQWUDV TXH DO ILQDOL]DU OD PLVPD VROR XQ  HVWXYRGHDFXHUGRFRQHVWDDILUPDFLyQ (Q FXDQWR D OD SDUWH GH HVWUDWHJLDV GH DSUHQGL]DMH QRV FHQWUDUHPRV HQ DTXHOODV UHIHULGDV DO DSUHQGL]DMH DXWyQRPR FRODERUDWLYR\VRFLDO(QHVWHVHQWLGRDODSUHJXQWDGHVLWHQtDQ SUREOHPDV D OD KRUD GH HQWHQGHU ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH HVWD DVLJQDWXUDLQWHQWDEDQKDFHUHOWUDEDMRSRUVtPLVPRVVLQD\XGD GHQDGLHPiVHQHOSUHWHVWHOGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVHVWXYLHURQ GH DFXHUGR FRQ HVWD DILUPDFLyQ PLHQWUDV HO TXH HQ HO SRVWHVW HVWHSRUFHQWDMHDXPHQWyDO $VLPLVPR VH OHV SUHJXQWy GH VL LQWHQWDEDQ WUDEDMDU FRQ RWURV FRPSDxHURV \ FRPSDxHUDV GH FODVH SDUD FRPSOHWDU ODV WDUHDV DVLJQDGDV HQ OD DVLJQDWXUD \ HQ HOSUHWHVWUHVSRQGLHURQ HQXQTXH VtPLHQWUDVTXHHQHOSRVWHVWHVWHSRUFHQWDMH GLVPLQX\yDO 3RU RWUD SDUWH D OD SUHJXQWD GH VL LQWHUUXPStDQ HO HVWXGLR IUHFXHQWHPHQWH FXDQGR HVWXGLDEDQ OD DVLJQDWXUD SDUD GLVFXWLU ORVFRQWHQLGRVGHFXUVRFRQXQJUXSRGHFRPSDxHURVGHFODVH HQHOSUHWHVWHOGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVKDPDQLIHVWDGRTXHVtOR KDFtDQPLHQWUDVTXHHQHOSRVWHVWVRORORKDFtDHO 6REUH OD SUHJXQWD GH VL FDPELDURQ OD IRUPD HQ OD TXH HVWXGLDEDQ FRQ HO REMHWLYR GH FXPSOLU FRQ ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH OD PLVPD \ FRQ HO HVWLOR GH HQVHxDQ]D GHO SURIHVRU HQ HO SUHWHVW HO  GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV UHVSRQGLy TXH OR KDFtDQ HQ FDPELR HQ HO SRVWHVW HVWH SRUFHQWDMH GHVFHQGLy OHYHPHQWH DO  (QUHODFLyQDVLFRQVXOWDEDQDOSURIHVRUSDUDFODULILFDUORV FRQFHSWRV TXH QR HQWHQGtDQ ELHQ HQ HO SUHWHVW HO  UHVSRQGLy TXH OR KDFtD PLHQWUDV TXH HQ HO SRVWHVW HVWH SRUFHQWDMH GLVPLQX\y HQ XQ  )LJ   $GHPiV VH SUHJXQWy VL FXDQGR QR SRGtDQ HQWHQGHU ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH OD DVLJQDWXUDSUHJXQWDEDQ DRWURV FRPSDxHURVGH FODVH SDUD TXH PHD\XGHQ\ODUHVSXHVWDHQHOSUHWHVWIXHGHOPLHQWUDV TXHHQHOSRVWHVWGLVPLQX\yDO

WƌĞƚĞƐƚ

WŽƐƚĞƐƚ )LJXUD  (MHPSOR GH UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV HQ OD SDUWH GH HVWUDWHJLDV GH DSUHQGL]DMH HQ HO SUH \ SRVWHVW D OD SUHJXQWD 3UHJXQWR DO SURIHVRU SDUD FODULILFDUORVFRQFHSWRVTXHQRHQWLHQGRELHQ

3RU ~OWLPR VH OHV SUHJXQWy WDPELpQ VL WUDWDEDQ GH LGHQWLILFDU D ORV FRPSDxHURV GH FODVH D ORV TXH SRGtDQ SHGLU D\XGDVLHUDQHFHVDULR\HQHOSUHWHVWHOUHVSRQGLyTXHVt PLHQWUDV TXH HQ HO SRVWHVW GLVPLQX\y HVWH SRUFHQWDMH D XQ  9

&21&/86,21(6

+HPRV SUHVHQWDGR XQD QXHYD SURSXHVWD GH HYDOXDFLyQ GHO DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGD HQ OD DXWRHYDOXDFLyQ OD HYDOXDFLyQ GH ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH ORV DOXPQRV D ODV SUHJXQWDV UHDOL]DGDV HQ ORV WHVWVODUHDOL]DFLyQGHQXHYDVSUHJXQWDVSDUDORVWHVWVWRGRHOOR UHDOL]DGRHQODKHUUDPLHQWD6,(1$62&,$/ ODUHVROXFLyQGH SUREOHPDVXWLOL]DQGRVLPXODGRUHV\ODHYDOXDFLyQFRQWLQXD /D UHVSXHVWD GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV VREUH OD PRWLYDFLyQ \ ODV HVWUDWHJLDV KD VLGR HQ JHQHUDO SRVLWLYD SRU FXDQWR VXV GHVHRV LQLFLDOHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV QR IXHURQ GHIUDXGDGRV HQ OD LPSDUWLFLyQ \ SRVWHULRU HYDOXDFLyQ $XQTXH SXHGH REVHUYDUVH TXH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV DQWHV GH FRPHQ]DU D WUDEDMDUHQODDVLJQDWXUDVREUHHVWLPDQVXVFDSDFLGDGHV\OXHJR UHFRQRFHQ GH TXH WLHQHQ TXH HVIRU]DUVH SDUD REWHQHU EXHQRV UHVXOWDGRV  3RU RWUD SDUWH OD HQFXHVWD IXH UHDOL]DGD SRU HO DOXPQDGR GH XQD DVLJQDWXUD GH XQ LWLQHUDULR GHO JUDGR GH ,QJHQLHUtD,QIRUPiWLFDGXUDQWHHOFXUVRDFDGpPLFRSDVDGR(VWH JUXSR GH DOXPQRV HUD UHGXFLGR SRU WDQWR ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV QR IXHURQ VLJQLILFDWLYRV HVWDGtVWLFDPHQWH 3RU HOOR GXUDQWH HVWH FXUVR DFDGpPLFR VH HVWi SDVDQGR OD HQFXHVWD DO DOXPQDGRORTXH QRVKDUi WHQHUXQDPXHVWUD PiVVLJQLILFDWLYD DOILQDOGHOFXUVR 7DPELpQHQODVHQFXHVWDV VHGHVWDFDEDHOUHVXOWDGRREWHQLGR D OD SUHJXQWD VREUH VL FRQVLGHUDQGR OD GLILFXOWDG GH HVWD DVLJQDWXUD ORV SURIHVRUHV \ VXV KDELOLGDGHV ORV HVWXGLDQWHV SHQVDEDQ TXH OR KDUtDQ ELHQ \D TXH HQ HO FRPLHQ]R GH OD DVLJQDWXUD HO  SHQVDED TXH Vt VHUtDQ FDSDFHV SHUR DO ILQDOL]DUODPLVPDHVWHSRUFHQWDMHGLVPLQX\yDO 3RGHPRV GHVWDFDU TXH HO DSUHQGL]DMH DXWyQRPR VH YH SRWHQFLDGR D WUDYpV GH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH KHUUDPLHQWDV FRPR 6,(1$ 62&,$/ 3RU HMHPSOR GHVWDFDPRV ODV UHVSXHVWDV GHO DXPHQWRGHDXWRQRPtDHQFXDQGRDTXHHQHOSRVWHVWPHMRUDED HO DXWRDSUHQGL]DMH HQ XQ  FRQ UHVSHFWR DO REWHQLGR HQ HO SUHWHVW

CISTI 2015 | 304

$*5$'(&,0,(1726 /RV DXWRUHV GHVHDQ DJUDGHFHU DO DOXPQR GHO *UDGR GH ,QJHQLHUtD ,QIRUPiWLFD  GHO 8QLYHUVLGDG GH /D /DJXQD ' (GXDUGR (]HTXLHO %DUULR 3DUHMD HO WUDEDMR UHDOL]DGR VREUH 0LQHUtD GH WH[WRV HQ 6,(1$ 62&,$/ XWLOL]DQGR OD KHUUDPLHQWD 62%(. DVt FRPR D ORV FUHDGRUHV GH GLFKD KHUUDPLHQWD

5()(5(1&,$6 % ,%/,2*5È),&$6 >@ >@ >@ >@

>@

&HQWHU IRU /HDUQLQJ  3HUIRUPDQFH 7HFKQRORJLHV $YDLODEOH DW KWWSFOSWFRXN ([HOHDUQLQJQHWH[HOHDUQLQJPDQXDOWXWRULDO SXEOLFDGR HO  GH VHSWLHPEUHGH ZZZQRWWLQJKDPDFXN[HUWHLQGH[DVS[8QLYHUVLW\RI1RWWLQJKDP /RUHQ]R0RUHQR&DULQD*RQ]iOH],YDQ&DVWLOOD(YHOLR*RQ]iOH]-RVp 6   / 0RUHQR & *RQ]iOH] ( - *RQ]iOH] % 3RSHVFX DQG & 2 / OODERUDWLYH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(QJLQHHULQJ(GXFDWLRQ9RO1RSS 

>@

5HSUHVHQWDomR6HPLyWLFDQR(VWXGRGD5HWDFRP(QIRTXHQD*HRPHWUtD  SS >@ 6LVWHPD ,QWHJUDGR GH (QVHxDQ]D$SUHQGL]DMH XQD KHUUDPLHQWD 7,& SDUD OD (QVHxDQ]D %iVLFD \ 8QLYHUVLWDULD &RQJUHVR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO ('87(& /DV3DOPDV(VSDxD 1RYLHPEUH >@ 3 5 3LQWULFK ' $ ) 6PLWK 7 *DUFLD  : 0F.HDFKLH   $ PDQXDO IRU WKH XVH RI WKH 0RWLYDWHG 6WUDWHJLHV IRU /HDUQLQJ 4XHVWLRQQDLUH 06/4  $QQ $UERU 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0LFKLJDQ 1DWLRQDO &HQWHUIRU5HVHDUFKWR,PSURYH3RVWVHFRQGDU\7HDFKLQJDQG/HDUQLQJ >@ *XtD SUiFWLFD SDUD 0DU]RKWWSZZZVHVXQDPP[FXUVRSGIJXLDBH YDOXDFLRQBDSUHQGL]DMHSGI >@ (

8QLYHUVLGDGGH/D/DJXQD >@ 62%(.7H[WPLQLQJKWWSVREHNXIUJVEU

CISTI 2015 | 305