Estratto del n° III (2015) - Abstract n° III (2015)

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TICONTRE TEORIA TESTO TRADUZIONE

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5*$0/53& 5&03*" 5&450 53"%6;*0/& ঀইॿॷ঄ঁ   ॳং঄ॻॾॷ  DPO JM DPOUSJCVUP EFMMԗ"SFB EJQBSUJNFOUBMF JO 4UVEJ -JOHVJTUJDJ 'JMPMPHJDJ F -FUUFSBSJ %JQBSUJNFOUP EJ -FUUFSF F 'JMPTP‫׷‬B EFMMԗ6OJWFSTJU  EFHMJ TUVEJ EJ 5SFOUP

$PNJUBUP EJSFUUJWP 1ॻॷআ঄ঁ 5ॳ঄ॳঈॳॵॵॻ %JSFUUPSF SFTQPOTBCJMF

"ঀॶ঄ॷॳ #ॻঀॷॾॾॻ .ॳআআॷঁ 'ॳॶॻঀॻ 'ইॾঈॻঁ 'ॷ঄঄ॳ঄ॻ $ॳ঄ॾঁ 5ॻ঄ॻঀॳঀঌॻ %ॷ .ॷॶॻॵॻ $PNJUBUP TDJFOUJଃDP 4ॻॿঁঀॷ "ॾॴঁঀॻॵঁ -BVTBOOF

'ॷॶॷ঄ॻॵঁ #ॷ঄আঁঀॻ #PMPHOB

$ঁ঄঄ॳॶঁ #ঁॾঁॹঀॳ 3PNB 5SF

'ॳॴ঄ॻঌॻঁ $ॳॿॴॻ *TUJUVUP *UBMJBOP EJ 4UVEJ (FSNBOJDJ

$ॾॳইॶॻঁ (ॻইঀ আॳ 5SFOUP

%ॷॵॾॳঀ ,ॻॴॷ঄ॶ 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /PUSF %BNF

"঄ॿॳঀॶঁ -ড়ংॷঌ $ॳঅআ঄ঁ -F³O

'঄ॳঀॵॷঅॵॳ -ঁ঄ॳঀॶॻঀॻ 5SFOUP

3ঁॴॷ঄আঁ -ইॶঁঈॻॵঁ 6OJWFSTJUZ PG .BTTB DIVTFUUT "NIFSTU

0ॾॻঈॻॷ঄ .ॳॻॾॾॳ঄আ 1BSॺ 0VFTU /BOUFSSF -B %©GFOTF

$ॳআॷ঄ॻঀॳ .ঁ঄ॶॷॹॾॻॳ 5SFOUP

4ॻ঄ॻ /ॷ঄ॹॳॳ঄ॶ #PMPHOB

5ॺঁॿॳঅ 1ॳঈॷॾ $IJDBHP

(ॻঁ঄ॹॻঁ 1ॻঀঁআআॻ .JMBOP

.ॳঅঅॻॿঁ 3ॻঈॳ #SPXO 6OJWFSTJUZ

"ঀॶ঄ॷॳ 4ॷঈॷ঄ॻ #PMPHOB

+ॷॳঀ $ॺॳ঄ॾॷঅ 7ॷॹॾॻॳঀআॷ 1BSॺ *** Ԓ 4PSCPOOF /PVWFMMF

'঄ॳঀॵॷঅॵঁ ;ॳॿॴঁঀ 5SFOUP  3FEB[JPOF (ॻॳঀॵॳ঄ॾঁ "ॾॸॳঀঁ /BQPMJ 'FEFSJDP **

'঄ॳঀॵॷঅॵঁ #ॻॹঁ 5SFOUP

%ॳ঄ॻॳ #ॻॳॹॻ 3PNB

7ॳॾॷঀআॻঀঁ #ॳॾॶॻ .BMUB

"ঀॶ঄ॷॳ #ॻঀॷॾॾॻ 5SFOUP

1ॳঁॾॳ $ॳআআॳঀॻ .J MBOP 4UBUBMF

7ॻআআঁ঄ॻঁ $ॷॾঁআআঁ /BQPMJ 'FEFSJDP **

4ॻॾঈॻॳ $ঁॵॵঁ 5SFOUP

"ঀআঁ ঀॻঁ $ঁॻ঄ঁ 1JTB

"ॾॷঅঅॻঁ $ঁॾॾই঄ॳ 1BMFSNP

"ঀॶ঄ॷॳ $ঁॿॴঁঀॻ 5SFOUP

$ॾॳইॶॻॳ $঄ঁॵॵঁ 5SFOUP

'঄ॳঀॵॷঅॵঁ 1ॳঁॾঁ ॶॷ $঄ॻঅআঁॸॳ঄ঁ /BQPMJ 'FEFSJDP **

'঄ॳঀॵॷ অॵॳ %ॻ #ॾॳঅॻঁ 5SFOUP

"ॾॷঅঅॳঀॶ঄ॳ %ॻ 3ॻॵॵঁ 5SFOUP

.ॳআআॷঁ 'ॳॶॻঀॻ 5SFOUP

(ॻঁ঄ॹॻॳ 'ॳॾॵॷ঄ॻ 5SFOUP

'ॷॶॷ঄ॻॵঁ 'ॳॾঁংংॳ 3FBEJOH

"ॾॷঅঅॳঀॶ঄ঁ 'ॳॿॴ঄ॻঀॻ 5SFOUP

'ইॾঈॻঁ 'ॷ঄঄ॳ঄ॻ 5SFOUP

"ॾॷঅঅॳঀॶ঄ঁ "ঀআॺঁঀঋ (ॳঌঌঁॾॻ 5SFOUP

$ॳ঄ॾॳ (ইॴॷ঄আ 5SFOUP

"ॾॻॵॷ -ঁॶॳ 4ZEOFZ

%ॳঀॻॷॾॳ .ॳ঄ॻॳঀॻ 5SFOUP

"ॶॳॾॹॻঅॳ .ॻঀ ॹॳআॻ 5SFOUP

7ॳॾॷ঄ॻঁ /ॳ঄ॶঁঀॻ .PEFOB Ԓ 3FॿJP &NJMJB

&ॾঅॳ .ॳ঄ॻॳ 1ॳ঄ॷॶॷঅ #ॷ঄আॳॹঀঁॾॾॻ 5SFOUP

'঄ॳঀॵঁ 1ॻॷ঄ঀঁ 5PSPOUP

4আॷॸॳঀঁ 1঄ॳॶॷॾ 5SFOUP

"ঀআঁ ঀॻঁ 1঄ॷআॷ 4JFOB

.ॳঅঅॻॿঁ 3ॻঌঌॳঀআॷ 5SFOUP

$ॳॿॻॾॾॳ 3ইঅঅঁ 5SFOUP

'ॷॶॷ঄ॻ ॵঁ 4ॳঈॻঁআআॻ 1BWJB

.ॳ঄ॵঁ 4ॷ঄ॻঁ 5SFOUP

1ॳঁॾঁ 5ॳॿॳঅঅॻॳ 5SFOUP

1ॻॷআ঄ঁ 5ॳ ঄ॳঈॳॵॵॻ 5SFOUP

$ॳ঄ॾঁ 5ॻ঄ॻঀॳঀঌॻ %ॷ .ॷॶॻॵॻ 5SFOUP

"ॾॷঅঅॻॳ 7ॷ঄অॻঀॻ 5SFOUP

"ॾॷঅঅॳঀॶ঄ॳ &ॾॻঅॳ 7ॻঅॻঀঁঀॻ #FSHBNP  * TBHHJ QVCCMJDBUJ EB k5JDPOUSF{ BE FDDF[JPOF EFJ 3FQSJOUT TPOP TUBUJ QSFDFEFOUFNFO UF TPUUPQPTUJ B VO QSPDFTTP EJ QFFS SFWJFX F EVORVF MB MPSP QVCCMJDB[JPOF ¨ TVCPSEJOBUB BMM‫؍‬FTJUP QPTJUJWP EJ VOB WBMVUB[JPOF BOPOJNB EJ EVF FTQFSUJ TDFMUJ BODIF BM EJ GVPSJ EFM $P NJUBUP TDJFOUJଃDP *M $PNJUBUP EJSFUUJWP SFWJTJPOB MB DPSSFUUF[[B EFMMF QSPDFEVSF F BQQSPWB P SFTQJOHF JO WJB EFଃOJUJWB J DPOUSJCVUJ cbed -B SJWJTUB k5JDPOUSF 5FPSJB 5FTUP 5SBEV[JPOF{ F UVUUJ HMJ BSUJDPMJ DPOUFOVUJ TPOP EJTUSJCVJUJ DPO MJDFO[B $SFBUJWF $PNNPOT "UUSJCV[JPOF ؈ /PO DPNNFSDJBMF ؈ /PO PQFSF EFSJWBUF  6OQPSUFE QFSUBOUP TJ QV² MJCFSBNFOUF TDBSJDBSF TUBNQBSF GPUPDPQJBSF F EJTUSJCVJSF MB SJWJTUB F J TJOHPMJ BSUJDPMJ QVSDI© TJ BUUSJCVJTDB JO NBOJFSB DPSSFUUB MB QBUFSOJU  EFMM‫؍‬PQFSB OPO MB TJ VUJMJ[[J QFS ଃOJ DPNNFSDJBMJ F OPO MB TJ USBTGPSNJ P NPEJଃDIJ

4PNNBSJP ؈ 5JDPOUSF 5FPSJB 5FTUP 5SBEV[JPOF ؈ *** 

ॾॳ আ঄ॳॶইঌॻঁঀॷ ॵঁॿॷ ॹॷঀॷঅॻ ॷ ংॳॾॻঀॹॷঀॷঅॻ ॶॷॾॾॳ ॾॷআআॷ঄ॳআই঄ॳ B DVSB EJ 1 $BUUBOJ . 'BEJOJ F ' 4BWJPUUJ  *O QSJODJQJP GVJU JOUFSQSॹ  "ঀঀॳ #ॷॾআ঄ॳॿॷআআॻ -F QSPWPDB[JPOJ EJ "OUJHPOF F RVFMMF EJ $SFPOUF $PNF F QFS DI© USBEVSMF PॿJ QFS JM QVCCMJDP  "ॾॷঅঅॻঁ $ঁॾॾই঄ॳ -ԗ &WBOHFMJVN /JDPEFNJ F MF USBEV[JPOJ SPNBO[F  .ॳ঄ॹॺॷ঄ॻআॳ -ॷॵॵঁ (BJNBS 8BDF F HMJ BMUSJ BVUPSJ -B USBEV[JPOF BMMF PSJHJOJ EFMMB MFUUFSBUVSB BOHMPOPSNBOOB  7ॷ঄ঁঀॻॽॳ "ॾআॳ੊ॻঀॳ -B USBEVDUJPO Eॹ SPNBOT GSBO§Bॺ FU Mॹ E©CBUT TVS MF SPNBO FO 3VTTJF BV 97***F TJ¨DMF  3ঁঅॳ঄ॻঁ (ॷঀঀॳ঄ঁ -B USBEV[JPOF F MB kOVPWB MFUUFSBUVSB{ *M NPEFSOJTNP OP WFDFOUJTUB USB OB[JPOBMJTNP F JOUFSDVMUVSBMJU 

 .ॳॻॳ 7ॳ঄অॻॿॳঅॺঈॻॾॻ3ॳংॺॳॷॾ 5SBEVDUJPO FU RVªUF JEFOUJUBJSF -F Dॸ EF MB (©PS HJF  *঄ॷঀॳ ,঄ॻঅআॷঈॳ -F S´MF EF MB USBEVDUJPO EBOT MB DPOTUJUVUJPO EF MB QSPTF GPOEB NFOUBMF CVMHBSF  +ঁॷॾ (ॻॾॴॷ঄আॺঁ঄ংॷ 5SBOTMBUJPO ॸ (FOFTॺ  4ইঅॳঀ #ॳঅঅঀॷআআ 5IF $PNQMFYJUJॹ PG 5SBOTMBUJOH 1PFUSZ  আॷঁ঄ॻॳ ॷ ং঄ॳআॻॵॳ ॶॷॾॾॳ আ঄ॳॶইঌॻঁঀॷ  3ॻॵॵॳ঄ॶঁ 3ॳॻॿঁঀॶঁ 5FSSJUPSJ EJ #BCFMF "GPSJTNJ TVMMB USBEV[JPOF EJ +FBO:Wॹ .BTTPO  -ॳই঄ॳ 0঄ॹॳঀআॷ $PMFSJEHF F JM /PWFDFOUP JUBMJBOP -V[J 'FOPHMJP F (JVEJDJ USB EVUUPSJ EFMMB 3JNF PG UIF "ODJFOU .BSJOFS  ঄ॷং঄ॻঀআঅ  1ॳইॾ )ॳঌॳ঄ॶ 3PNBOUJTNF JUBMJFO FU SPNBOUJTNF FVSPQ©FO B DVSB EJ 1BPMB $BUUB OJ

 1ॳইॾ 0অॽॳ঄ ,঄ॻঅআॷॾॾॷ঄ -ԗPSJHJOF F MP TWJMVQQP EFMMB QSPTB WPMHBSF JUBMJBOB B DVSB EJ $BNJMMB 3VTTP

 ॻঀॶॻॵॷ ॶॷॻ ঀঁॿॻ



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ॾॳ আ঄ॳॶইঌॻঁঀॷ ॵঁॿॷ ॹॷঀॷঅॻ ॷ ংॳॾॻঀॹॷঀॷঅॻ ॶॷॾॾॳ ॾॷআআॷ঄ॳআই঄ॳ ॳ ॵই঄ॳ ॶॻ 1ॳঁॾॳ $ॳআআॳঀॻ .ॳআআॷঁ 'ॳॶॻঀॻ ॷ 'ॷॶॷ঄ॻॵঁ 4ॳঈॻঁআআॻ

ॻঀ ং঄ॻঀॵॻংॻঁ ॸইॻআ ॻঀআॷ঄ং঄ॷঅ 1ॳঁॾॳ $ॳআআॳঀॻ .ॳআআॷঁ 'ॳॶॻঀॻ ॷ 'ॷॶॷ঄ॻॵঁ 4ॳঈॻঁআআॻ ˆ OPUP DIF BMM‫؍‬JOJ[JP EJ OVPWF USBEJ[JPOJ EJ MJOHVB TDSJUUB F MFU UFSBSJB ଃO EPWF QPTTJBNP TQJOHFSF MP THVBSEP TUB NPMUP TQFT TP MB USBEV[JPOF TJDDI© BM WVMHBUP TVQFSCP NPUUP JEFBMJTUJDP JO QSJODJQJP GVJU QP«UB WJFO GBUUP EJ DPOUSBQQPSSF PHHJ M‫؍‬VNJMF SFBMU  DIF JO QSJODJQJP GVJU JOUFSQSॹ JM DIF TJHOJଃDB OFHBSF OFM MB TUPSJB M‫؍‬BTTPMVUF[[B P BVUPDUPOJB EJ PHOJ DPNJODJBNFOUP ( 'ঁॾॷঀॳ 7PMHBSJ[[BSF F USBEVSSF 5PSJOP &JOBVEJ 

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1ॳঁॾॳ $ॳআআॳঀॻ .ॳআআॷঁ 'ॳॶॻঀॻ ॷ 'ॷॶॷ঄ॻॵঁ 4ॳঈॻঁআআॻ

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1ॳঁॾॳ $ॳআআॳঀॻ .ॳআআॷঁ 'ॳॶॻঀॻ ॷ 'ॷॶॷ঄ॻॵঁ 4ॳঈॻঁআআॻ

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1ॳঁॾॳ $ॳআআॳঀॻ .ॳআআॷঁ 'ॳॶॻঀॻ ॷ 'ॷॶॷ঄ॻॵঁ 4ॳঈॻঁআআॻ

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