“Estat de la qüestió dels estudis sobre ciència jueva en els territoris de llengua catalana”.

Share Embed


Descripción

ACTES DEL II CONGRÉS PER A L’ESTUDI DELS JUEUS EN ELS TERRITORIS DE LLENGUA CATALANA

ACTES DEL II CONGRÉS PER A L’ESTUDI DELS JUEUS EN ELS TERRITORIS DE LLENGUA CATALANA BARCELONA – CERVERA Del 25 al 27 d’Octubre del 2004

BIBLIOTECA DE CATALUNYA - DADES CIP Congrés per a l’Estudi dels Jueus en Territoris de Llengua Catalana (2n : 2004 : Barcelona i Cervera) Actes del II Congrés per a l’Estudi dels Jueus en Territoris de Llengua Catalana : Barcelona-Cervera, del 25 al 27 d’octubre de 2004 Textos en català, castellà, francès i anglès. – Referències bibliogràfiques I. Institut Europeu de la Mediterrània II. Títol 1. Jueus – Catalunya – Història – Congressos 2. Jueus – Corona catalanoaragonesa – Història – Congressos 946.71(=924)(061.3)

Disseny de la coberta: Núria Esparza Impressió: Dipòsit legal: Institut Europeu de la Mediterrània Girona 20, 5a planta 08010 Barcelona www.iemed.org ISBN: 84-393-6431-8

Queda rigorosament prohibida la reproducció total o parcial d’aquesta obra. Cap part d’aquesta publicació, inclòs el disseny de la coberta, pot ser reproduïda, emmagatzemada, transmesa o utilitzada per cap tipus de mitjà o sistema, sense l’autorització prèvia per escrit de l’editor.

,,&21*5e63(5$/¶(678','(/6-8(86(1(/67(55,725,6'( //(1*8$&$7$/$1$

3UzOHJ -RVHS5LEHUD)ORULW

1R HUD IjFLO G¶LPDJLQDU TXH GHVSUpV GH WUHV DQ\V GH FHOHEUDU HO ³, &RQJUpV SHU D O¶(VWXGL GHOV -XHXV HQ HOV 7HUULWRULV GH /OHQJXD &DWDODQD´ SRGULDUHDOLW]DUVHDPEXQq[LWVHPEODQWHO,,&RQJUpV,DL[tKDHVWDW6¶KD FHUFDW GRQFV OD PDWHL[D ILWD pV D GLU O¶DSURIXQGLPHQW VREUH OHV SHWMDGHV TXHHOVMXHXVKDQGHL[DWHQOHVWHUUHVGHOOHQJXDFDWDODQDHQWRWVHOVjPELWV FXOWXUDOV LVRFLDOV DPE XQD FODUD GLIHUHQFLDFLyDPEHOV MXHXV GH6HIDUDG L GH7VDUIDWOD)UDQoDPHGLHYDO/HVDSRUWDFLRQVGLjOHJVLGLVFXVVLRQVKDQ YHUVDWVREUHHOVPDWHL[RVFDPSVLWHPHVGHOSULPHUFRQJUpVTXHGHFDSGH OHVPDQHUHVUHVWDUHQQLUHVWHQH[KDXULWV $TXHVW KD HVWDW HO VHJRQ SDV QR HO GDUUHU IUXLW GH O¶HVIRUo GH O¶HTXLS RUJDQLW]DGRU OD 'UD 7HVVD &DOGHUV L OHV GRFWRUDQGHV (VSHUDQoD 9DOOV 0RQW 3RUWD L (OLVDEHWK *LUDOW *UjFLHV D OOXU WHQDFLWDW KHP FHOHEUDW MRLRVDPHQW DTXHVW QRX FRQJUpV DPE OD SDUWLFLSDFLy GH PpV GH YLQW FRQIHUHQFLDQWV QDFLRQDOV L HVWUDQJHUV DL[t FRP DPE O¶DEXQGDQW SUHVqQFLD GH PpV G¶XQ FHQWHQDU G¶RLHQWV 3URYD HYLGHQW GH O¶DPSOLD DFFHSWDFLy TXH SUHQHQVHPSUHHVGHYHQLPHQWVFRPDTXHVWHQXQS~EOLFLQWHUHVVDWSHUOHV DUUHOV MXHYHV GHO QRVWUH SDVVDW L TXH YRO FRQqL[HU PLOORU HO FRQVLGHUDEOH OOHJDWFXOWXUDOTXHHOVMXHXVHQVKDQWUDQVPqVHQHOGHFXUVGHOWHPSVDOHV WHUUHVGHOOHQJXDFDWDODQD +DHVWDWXQHQFHUWHQFHWDUHO&RQJUpVDPEHOUHFRUGLKRPHQDWJHDXQ JUDQ MXHX XQLYHUVDO 0RL[p EHQ 0DLPRQ 6¶KD HVWXGLDW VREUHWRW HO YHVVDQW ILORVzILFRWHROzJLF G¶DTXHVWD JUDQ ILJXUD WUDFWDQW O DFqUULPD SROqPLFD TXH JHQHUj OD WUDGXFFLy GH OD VHYD REUD FXOPLQDQW /D *XLD GHOV SHUSOH[RV SUHFLVDPHQW D OD 3URYHQoD L &DWDOXQ\D GHOV V ;,,,;,9 6¶KD DSURILWDW O¶DYLQHQWHVD SHU SDUODU GHO SHUVRQDWJH PpV OLWHUDUL G¶DTXHVWD FRQWURYqUVLD FRPIRXHOSRHWD0HL[XOÂODPGH3LHUD 



-26(35,%(5$

6HJXLQWHOPDWHL[FULWHULGHO,FRQJUpVV¶KDYROJXWTXHODVHYDORFDOLW]DFLy V¶HVWHQJXpV D XQD GH OHV FLXWDWV TXH HQ DOWUH WHPSV DFROOLUHQ FRPXQLWDWV MXHYHV 3HU DTXHVWD UDy OHV FRQIHUqQFLHV GHOVHJRQGLD HV UHDOLW]DUHQD OD FLXWDWGH&HUYHUD/HVDSRUWDFLRQVGHFDLUHKLVWzULFHQVKDQLOÂOXPLQDWDPE FODURU PHULGLDQD OD YLGD VRFLDO G¶DTXHOOD FRPXQLWDW JUjFLHV D OD GRFXPHQWDFLyYDOXRVDTXHpVDOQRVWUHDEDVW6HQVGXEWHHOWHVWLPRQLPpV IHIDHQW SHU D OD KLVWzULD GH O¶DOMDPD GH &HUYHUD VyQ HOV PDQXVFULWV HQ KHEUHXTXHHVFRQVHUYHQHQWUHHOVTXHRFXSDXQOORFVLQJXODUOD%tEOLDGH &HUYHUD (QHOFDPSKLVWzULFPHGLHYDOODSUHVqQFLDGHMXHXVGHSDUODFDWDODQDGH &jOOHU L  O¶$OJXHU KD HVWDW OD UDy TXH VH¶QV GRQpV XQHV SLQ]HOODGHV LQWHUHVVDQWV VREUH  OHV FRPXQLWDWV MXHYHV G¶DTXHVWHV FRQWUDGHV &RP WDPEp OD GRFXPHQWDGD LQIRUPDFLy VREUH OD FRPXQLWDW MXHYD GH OD IURQWHUD FDWDORQRDUDJRQHVDGH0RQWVy 1RKDQPDQFDWHVWXGLVVREUHUHODFLRQVHQWUHLOÂOXVWUHVSHUVRQDWJHVHOV SRHWHV;HORPyGH3LHUDL9LGDO%HQYHQLVWHFRPWDPSRFLQIRUPDFLyVREUHOD KDODNDMXGHRFDWDODQDLDOWUHVGRFXPHQWVMXUtGLFVFULVWLDQVUHODFLRQDWVDPE HOVMXHXV/HVGLVSXWHVMXGHRFULVWLDQHVKDQWLQJXWFRPH[SRQHQW(O/OLEUH GHOV*HQWLOVGH5DPRQ/OXOO 6¶KDRIHUWXQSURJUDPDDPELFLyVLO¶HQVHPVVXJJHVWLXVREUHHOFDPSGH OHVFLqQFLHVFRQUHDW SHOVMXHXV PHGLHYDOV DL[t FRP HQ FRQFUHW HOV HVWXGLV DFWXDOV GH OD FDUWRJUDILD WDQ LPSRUWDQW SHU VLWXDU OHV ]RQHV XUEDQHV GHOV FDOOVFDWDODQV (VWXGLVOLQJtVWLFVHQOHVREUHVKHEUHHVGHOVQRVWUHVMXHXVLVREUHPRWV FDWDODQVLQWURGXwWVHQWH[WRVKHEUHXV7DPEpO¶HGLFLyFUtWLFDGHOHVYHUVLRQV FDWDODQHV PHGLHYDOV GH OD %tEOLD VyQ UHDOPHQW FRQWULEXFLRQV PROW DSURSLDGHVSHUDPSOLDUHOVFRQHL[HPHQWVVREUHHOOq[LFGHODQRVWUDOOHQJXD +D FRPSOHWDW OD SDQRUjPLFD GH UHFHUFD HQ O¶qSRFD PHGLHYDO OD VLWXDFLy KXPDQDLODERUDOGHODGRQDHQODVRFLHWDWMXHYDGHO¶qSRFD 1R KL SRGLD PDQFDU OD WHPjWLFD GH OHV FRPXQLWDWV MXHYHV DFWXDOV WUDFWDGD WDQW HQ GLVVHUWDFLRQV FRP HQ XQD WDXOD URGRQD RQ HO GLjOHJ L OD GLVFXVVLy KDQ VHUYLW SHU SUHVHQWDUQRV OD YLVLy UHDO G¶DTXHVWHV FRPXQLWDWV HQO¶HQWRUQGHODVRFLHWDWLFXOWXUDFDWDODQHV $UDGRQFVYROHPXQDYHJDGDPpVTXHOHVGLIHUHQWVGLVVHUWDFLRQVTXH V¶KDQSURQXQFLDWHQDTXHVWVMRUQVUHVWLQFRQVLJQDGHVHQOHVDFWHVG¶DTXHVW YROXP FRP D PHPRULDO SHO IXWXU L SHU WDO TXH SXJXHP WUHXUH¶Q HO Pj[LP SURILWGLItFLOPHQWDVVROLWSHUXQDVLPSOHWUDQVPLVVLyRUDO (Q DFDEDU QR SXF GHL[DU G¶HVPHQWDU HQ WHVWLPRQL G¶DJUDwPHQW OHV HQWLWDWVFROÂODERUDGRUHVO¶$PEDL[DGDG¶,VUDHOO¶$UFDGHO/OHJDWGH0DOORUFD $5&&, $VVRFLDFLy GH 5HODFLRQV &DWDOXQ\D ,VUDHO  $VVRFLDFLy GHO &DOO GH %DUFHORQD $7,' &RPXQLWDW MXHYD GH %DUFHORQD  &,% &RPXQLWDW ,VUDHOLWD GH%DUFHORQD &ROÂOHJLRILFLDOGH'RFWRUVL/OLFHQFLDWVGH&DWDOXQ\D)HVWLYDO &LQHPD -XHX GH %DUFHORQD ,QWHUIUDFWjOLD %DUXFK 6SLQR]D ,QVWLWXW 1DNKPjQLGHV GH *LURQD /D &DL[D L OD 3DHULD GH &HUYHUD L GH PDQHUD HVSHFLDO HOV SDWURFLQDGRUV GHO  ,, &RQJUpV OD 8QLYHUVLWDW GH %DUFHORQD O¶$MXQWDPHQW GH %DUFHORQD OD *HQHUDOLWDW GH &DWDOXQ\D O¶,QVWLWXW (XURSHX GHOD0HGLWHUUjQLDLHO0LQLVWHULG¶(GXFDFLyL&LqQFLD 

35Ñ/(*



*UjFLHV D WRWV HOOV HO ³,, &RQJUpV SHU D O¶(VWXGL GHOV -XHXV HQ HOV 7HUULWRULVGH/OHQJXD&DWDODQD´KDHVGHYLQJXWXQDUHDOLWDW    -RVHS5LEHUD)ORULW 3UHVLGHQWGHO&RQJUpV G¶RFWXEUHGHO 



,,&21*5e63(5$/¶(678','(/6-8(86(1(/67(55,725,6'( //(1*8$&$7$/$1$



'LVFXUVRVG¶LQDXJXUDFLyD%DUFHORQD 6DOyGH&UzQLTXHVGHO¶$MXQWDPHQWGH%DUFHORQD

(Q XQ DFWH GH OHV FDUDFWHUtVWLTXHV TXH DYXL HQV UHXQHL[ pV G¶REOLJDW FRPSOLPHQW GRQDU OHV JUjFLHV D OHV LQVWLWXFLRQV HQWLWDWV L DVVRFLDFLRQV TXH DPE HO VHX VXSRUW HFRQzPLF O¶KDQ IHW SRVVLEOH $YXL SHUz SHQVR TXH YDOGULDODSHQDLQYHUWLUHOVWHUPHVLTXHIRVVLQOHVLQVWLWXFLRQVOHVHQWLWDWVL OHVDVVRFLDFLRQVOHVTXHDJUDwVVLQDOHVSHUVRQHVTXHSHUPLWMjGHODVHYD LQWHOÂOLJqQFLD HVIRUo YROXQWDW LOÂOXVLy L FDSDFLWDW GH WUHEDOO HOV KDQ GRQDW O¶RSRUWXQLWDW GH FROÂODERUDUKL (IHFWLYDPHQW O¶(VSHUDQoD 9DOOV L OD 0RQW 3RUWDDPEO¶DMXWHQDTXHVWDHGLFLyGHO¶(OLVDEHWK*LUDOWPRJXGHVQRPpV SHUO¶DIDQ\TXHHOVHVWXGLVGHMXGDLVPHFDWDOjDVVROHL[LQODGLPHQVLyTXHHOV FRUUHVSRQ KDQ DFRQVHJXLW XQ FRS PpV DSOHJDU HVWXGLRVRV GH IRUD L GH FDVDHOUHFRQHL[HPHQWGHOVTXDOVpVLQGXEWDEOHDOFRVWDWG¶LQYHVWLJDGRUHV PROW MRYHV TXH WLQGUDQ O¶RSRUWXQLWDW GH IHU S~EOLTXHV OHV VHYHV DSRUWDFLRQV TXHGHVHJXUVRUSUHQGUDQSHOVHXLQTHVWLRQDEOHQLYHOOSHUWRWVDTXHOOVTXH WLQJXHXHOSULYLOHJLG¶HVFROWDUOHV(VGHYHQLPHQWVFRPHOTXHDYXLHQFHWHP FRQYLGHQ D O¶RSWLPLVPH SHUTXq XOWUDFRQVWDWDU TXH HOV HVWXGLV VREUH HOV QRVWUHVMXHXVVyQEHQYLXVFRQWULEXHL[HQDDVVHJXUDUHOIXWXUGHODQRVWUD QDFLy9XOOH[SUHVVDUHOPHXUHFRQHL[HPHQWDO¶(VSHUDQoD9DOOVLDOD0RQW 3RUWDTXHP¶KDQHQODLUDWDODFDWHJRULDGHGLUHFWRUDG¶DTXHVWFRQJUpVTXDQ O¶~QLF PqULW TXH HP FRUUHVSRQ pV HO G¶KDYHUPH GHL[DW GLULJLU GzFLOPHQW 7DPEpYXOOGRQDUOHVJUjFLHVDOHVDXWRULWDWVLDWRWVHOVTXHJHQWLOPHQWDYXL HQVIHXFRPSDQ\LD*UjFLHV  7HVVD&DOGHUVL$UWtV 3URIHVVRUDGHO'HSDUWDPHQWGH6HPtWLTXHVGHOD8% 6HFFLyG¶+HEUHXL$UDPHX 'LUHFWRUDGHO&RQJUpV



,1$8*85$&,Ï%$5&(/21$

%HQYROJXGHVVHQ\RUHVLVHQ\RUV  8QDGHOHVSULRULWDWVGHO¶,QVWLWXW(XURSHXGHOD0HGLWHUUjQLDpVH[SORUDU HOV GLIHUHQWV OOHJDWV TXH KDQ FRQILJXUDW OD LGHQWLWDW QDFLRQDO GH &DWDOXQ\D 'HVSUpV GH WRWHV OHV DFWLYLWDWV TXH V¶KDQ IHW D O¶HQWRUQ GH OHV FRPXQLWDWV KHEUHHVGH&DWDOXQ\DGXUDQWHOVGDUUHUVDQ\VFUHFTXHMDSRGHPGLUTXH XQ GHOV FRPSRQHQWV VLJQLILFDWLXV D OD QRVWUD KLVWzULD pV OD FXOWXUD L OHV FRPXQLWDWV MXHYHV D &DWDOXQ\D VREUHWRW HQ qSRFD PHGLHYDO /¶,QVWLWXW (XURSHXGHOD0HGLWHUUjQLDYDVHUXQGHOVRUJDQLW]DGRUVLFROÂODERUDGRUVGHO ,&RQJUpVSHUDO¶HVWXGLGHOVMXHXVHQWHUULWRULVGHOOHQJXDFDWDODQDDUDMDID SUjFWLFDPHQW  DQ\V D O¶RFWXEUH GHO  SHUz WDPEp YD VHU XQ GHOV RUJDQLW]DGRUVLSDWURFLQDGRUVGHO¶H[SRVLFLy/D&DWDOXQ\D-XHYDTXHFRP YRVWqVFRQHL[HQYDRUJDQLW]DUVHDO0XVHXG¶+LVWzULDGH&DWDOXQ\DDOPDLJ GHO(QUHSDVVDUODKLVWzULDGH&DWDOXQ\DHQVREOLGjYHPPDVVDVRYLQW GHO SDSHU TXH HOV MXHXV YDQ WHQLU ILQV DO  DO PHQ\V QRX VHJOHV GH SUHVqQFLDFRQWLQXDGDLGRFXPHQWDGDQRSRGHQSDVVDUGHTXDOVHYROPDQHUD SHU OHV SjJLQHV GH OD KLVWzULD G¶DTXHVW SDtV 1R FRQHL[HP DPE PROW GHWDOO JDLUHGHOHVFRPXQLWDWVMXHYHVGHO¶qSRFDYLVLJzWLFDLDQGDOXVLQD6tSHUz KDQ GRQDW PpV GH OLWHUDWXUD L EDVWDQW PpV GH UHFHUFD D OD %DL[D (GDW 0LWMDQDVREUHWRWDSDUWLUGH-DXPH,LVREUHWRWHQqSRFDGH3HUH³(O*UDQ´ D RQ OD FRPXQLWDW MXHYD YD WHQLU XQ SDSHU UHOOHYDQW ILQV HO SXQW TXH HOV HVWXGLRVRV GHO PyQ MXHX HO FRQHL[HP FRP HO 6HJOH G¶2U D OD &RURQD G¶$UDJyeVHOPRPHQWHQTXqOHVFRPXQLWDWVMXHYHVV¶RUJDQLW]HQLDOJXQV MXHXV RFXSHQ FjUUHFV LPSRUWDQWV D O¶HQWRUQ UHDO /¶,QVWLWXW (XURSHX GH OD 0HGLWHUUjQLD KD YROJXW WHQLU HQ FRPSWH DPE GLYHUVHV DFWLYLWDWV DTXHVWHV FRPXQLWDWV L DPE OD GDUUHUD GH OHV DFWLYLWDWV TXH KHP IHW OD 0RVWUD 0HGLWHUUDQLXP TXH HQ HO PDUF GHO )zUXP GH /HV &XOWXUHV GH %DUFHORQD HVYDSUHVHQWDUWDQWDO0XVHXG¶+LVWzULDGH&DWDOXQ\DFRPWDQWHQHO 0XVHX0DUtWLPLYDYROHULQFORXUHXQDGHOHVJUDQVSHFHVTXHFRQIRUPHQ HO OOHJDW FDWDOj O¶$JDGj GH 6DUDMHYR 0DODXUDGDPHQW DIHUV SROtWLFV GH GDUUHUDKRUDQRYDQSHUPHWUHTXHDTXHVWDSHoDSRJXpVHVWDUHQWUHOHVTXH QRVDOWUHVFRQVLGHUjYHPOHVTXDWUHJUDQVSHFHVG¶DTXHVWDH[SRVLFLySHUz YDP YROHU UHIOHFWLU HQ HO QRVWUH FDWjOHJ XQ GHOV SRFV DUWLFOHV GHGLFDWV D DTXHVWDSHoD/DWUDGLFLyKLVWRULRJUjILFDFDWDODQDGHGLFDGDDOPyQMXHXpV (YLGHQWPHQW FHQWHQjULD L DTXHVW FRQJUpV QR ID PpV TXH UHIRUoDU DTXHVWD LGHD(VSHURTXHDTXHVWVHVIRUoRVHQVSHUPHWLQFRQqL[HUPLOORUO¶DSRUWDFLy GHODFXOWXUDMXHYDYDORUDUODHQODVHYDPHVXUDFRPSUHQGUHODLQIOXHQFLD HQHOVRUtJHQVGH&DWDOXQ\DLHQO¶qSRFDGHPj[LPDH[SDQVLyPHGLWHUUjQLD SHUzWDPEpDSRUWDUGDGHVGHODFRPXQLWDWMXHYDHQO¶qSRFDFRQWHPSRUjQLD $TXHVW,,&RQJUpVSHUDO¶HVWXGLGHOVMXHXVHQWHUULWRULVGHOOHQJXDFDWDODQD HVGHVSODoDUjGHPjDODFLXWDWGH&HUYHUDDPEODYROXQWDWGHFRQqL[HUXQD PLFDPpVFRPHUHQOHVFRPXQLWDWVMXHYHVGHOD&DWDOXQ\DLQWHULRU1RFDO TXHKRGLJXLSHUzFRPDOOHLGDWjLFRPDSRQHQWtTXHVyFYROGULDUHFRUGDU TXHODGHQRPLQDFLyPpVFRPXQDHQO¶HVSDLItVLFGHOHVFRPXQLWDWVMXHYHVD &DWDOXQ\DVRQFRQHJXWVFRPD³FDOO´+LKDSHUzGRVH[FHSFLRQVOHVGXHV TXH HV SURGXHL[HQ D OD &DWDOXQ\D LQWHULRU 3HU XQD EDQGD HO TXH pV %DODJXHU 7jUUHJD $JUDPXQW &HUYHUD HWF HV FRQHL[ FRP ³MXHULD´ L D /OHLGD KL KD XQD SDUDXOD H[FOXVLYD QR VRODPHQW D OD &RURQD G¶$UDJy VLQy WDPEpDODSHQtQVXOD,EqULFDTXHpVOD³FXLUDVVD´SHUUHIHULUVHDO¶LQGUHWRQ

,1$8*85$&,Ï%$5&(/21$



 V¶HVWDYHQ HOV MXHXV ³&XLUDVVD´ pV XQD SDUDXOD TXH SURYp VHJXUDPHQW GH O¶jUDELTXHYHDUHIHULUVHDDTXHVWDSDUWTXHVREUHVXUWGHODPXUDOODLTXH V¶XQLD D OD FLXWDW DPE HO FRUUHQW G¶DLJXD PpV SURSHU HQ DTXHVW FDV HO ULX 6HJUH (VSHUR GRQFV TXH DTXHVW WUHV GLHV GHGLFDWV DOV MXHXV HQ WHUUHV FDWDODQHVVHUYHL[LSHUDSRUWDUPpVOOXPVREUHHOOOHJDWG¶XQSREOHTXHKD HVWDW GHV GH VHPSUH SDUW GH O¶DFWLX PHGLWHUUDQL *UjFLHV SHU SHUPHWUH¶QV HVWDUDPEYRVWqV  -RVHS*LUDOW 'LUHFWRUG¶$FWLYLWDWV&XOWXUDOV ,QVWLWXWHXURSHXGHOD0HGLWHUUjQLD    ,OÂOXVWUtVVLPDVHQ\RUDUHJLGRUDDXWRULWDWVVHQ\RUHVLVHQ\RUV  &RPDGHJDQDGHODIDFXOWDWGHILORORJLDGHOD8QLYHUVLWDWGH%DUFHORQD SXF GLU TXH pV XQ KRQRU DTXHVW ,, &RQJUpV SHU D O¶HVWXGL GHOV MXHXV HQ WHUULWRULVGHOOHQJXDFDWDODQDSHUXQDIDFXOWDWTXHWpGHVGHPROWDQWLFHOV HVWXGLV KHEUHXV HQ HO VHX FXUUtFXOXP FRVD TXH QR HV SRW GLU WRWHV OHV XQLYHUVLWDWV HVSDQ\ROHV $ %DUFHORQD HVWXGLHP KHEUHX L SHU PROWV DQ\V HVSHUR /D UHJLGRUD KD HVPHQWDW DO SULQFLSL HO FDUjFWHU KLVWzULF G¶DTXHVW VDOD TXH pV HVSOqQGLGD L FUHF TXH SHU PROWV QRVDOWUHV PROW PLOORU TXH TXDOVHYRO VDOD PRGHUQD GH FRQJUHVVRV 7HQLP XQD FDVD GH OD YLOD XQ DMXQWDPHQWKLVWzULFWHQLPXQDFLXWDWKLVWzULFDDPEPROWVVHJOHVG¶KLVWzULD WHQLP XQD SDtV DPE PROWV VHJOHV G¶KLVWzULD WHQLP XQD XQLYHUVLWDW OD 8QLYHUVLWDWGH%DUFHORQDDPEPROWVVHJOHVG¶KLVWzULDIRXIXQGDGDTXDQHOV MXHXVHQFDUDQRKDYLHQHVWDWH[SXOVDWVGHODSHQtQVXOD 7RW DL[z VL MR WDPEp IDLJ UHIHUqQFLD D OD KLVWzULD pV SHU VXEUDWOODU OD LPSRUWjQFLDG¶HVWXGLVFRPHOVTXHYRVWqVIDQQRSDVSHUDOOzTXHDPEXQD FRVD R XQD DOWUD HQV KHP GH GLVWUHXUH HOV ILOzOHJV VLQy SHUTXq DOOz TXH HVWXGLHPIRUPDSDUWGHOQRVWUHSUHVHQWHQWDQWTXHKDFRQILJXUDWHOVVHJOHV GHO QRVWUH SDVVDW L DUULED ILQV DYXL GLD 3RGHP GLU TXH &DWDOXQ\D HVWj HPSHOWDGDGHOPyQMXHXLQRKLKDPDQHUDGHILQLGDGHGHVWULDUTXHpVXQD FRVD L TXH pV XQD DOWD +HP YLVFXW DPE HOV EDUULV MXHXV D GLQWUH GH FDVD QRVWUD KHP YLVFXW DPE FRQWDFWH SHUPDQHQW DPE OD FXOWXUD MXHYD L GH IHW WRWHOTXHpVMXHXpVO¶RULJHQGHWRWDODQRVWUDWUDGLFLyRFFLGHQWDOXQDFRVD TXHQRKHPG¶REOLGDU$PpVDTXHVWFRQJUpVHOGHOVMXHXVHQWHUULWRULVGH OOHQJXDFDWDODQDWHQLQWHQFRPSWHTXHODOOHQJXDFDWDODQDHVYDHVFDPSDU SHUWRWDODPHGLWHUUjQLDWHPSVHUDWHPSVHPVHPEODTXHWRWDL[zHQVKD GHIHUFRQWHQWVDOKRUDG¶HVWXGLDUKRSHUTXqDUDXVHVWLFSDUODQWODOOHQJXD G¶DTXHVWDWHUUDLHQXQWHPSVO¶KHEUHXWDPEpYDVRQDUHQDTXHVWDWHUUDOD OOHQJXD GHOV MXHXV WDPEp YD VRQDU HQ DTXHVWD WHUUD FRP KL VRQD R L VRQDYHQPROWHVG¶DOWUHVeVXQDDOWUDFRVDTXHQRKHPG¶REOLGDU 6L HOV HVWXGLV KLVWzULFV VyQ TXHOFRP GH IRQDPHQWDO SHU HQWHQGUH HO SUHVHQWDTXHOODSDUWGHODKLVWzULDTXHWUDFWDDPEOHVSDUDXOHVLHOVWH[WRV pVDGLUODILORORJLDDOOzTXHHQVSHUWRFDLTXHHPSHUWRFDSHUVRQDOPHQWpV SRWVHU OD SDUW GH OD KLVWRULD TXH PpV FRVHV HQV H[SOLFD SHUTXq MXVWDPHQW WUDFWDDPEODSDUDXODDPEDOOzTXHpVIRQDPHQWDOHQO¶pVVHUKXPjLTXHpV



,1$8*85$&,Ï%$5&(/21$

IRQDPHQWDO HQ OHV QRVWUHV WUDGLFLRQV PHGLWHUUjQLHV 'HV GH OD )DFXOWDW GH )LORORJLD L GHV GH OD 8QLYHUVLWDW GH %DUFHORQD HO TXH SXF GLU pV TXH HVWLF PROW FRQWHQWD L FRPSODJXGD TXH KL KDJL HVWXGLV KHEUHXV TXH FRQWLQXwQ PDOJUDW WRWV HOV SURQzVWLFV GH PDO DYHUDQ\ TXH XQV OHJLVODGRUV  SRFV VHQVLEOHVDYHQWXUHQDSDUODUGHOHVILORORJLHVSHUzSRGHXHVWDUVHJXUVTXH HOTXHpVHVSHFtILFLTXHHOTXHpVFRQFUHWLTXHHOTXHpVKLVWzULFLHOTXH WpYDORUSHOQRVWUHSUHVHQWpVWDPEpWLQJXWHQPROWGHFRPSWHLpVWDPEp PROW FRQVLGHUDW GLQV GH OD QRVWUD XQLYHUVLWDW 8V GHVLWMR XQ ERQ FRQJUpV L PROWHVJUjFLHV  0RQWVHUUDW&DPSV 'HJDQDGHOD)DFXOWDWGH)LORORJLDGHOD8%   ,OÂOXVWUtVVLPDVHQ\RUDUHJLGRUDDXWRULWDWVVHQ\RUHVLVHQ\RUV  9jUHP FHOHEUDU DPE q[LW ID WUHV DQ\V HO , &RQJUpV SHU D O¶HVWXGL GHOV MXHXV HQ WHUULWRULV GH OOHQJXD FDWDODQD TXH DPE SHUVSHFWLYD PHGLHYDO Wp XQDSURMHFFLyPpVDPSODTXHDUDSHQVHPTXHOHVUHODFLRQVDPE&DWDOXQ\D LHO/OHQJXDGRFDEUDoDPROWPpVTXHDOD&DWDOXQ\DG¶DUD)LQDOPHQWWHQLP MDDODYRVWUDGLVSRVLFLyOHVDFWHVGHO,FRQJUpVPHQWUHHQFHWHPXQGHQRX SHU WDO G¶DSURIXQGLU HQ HO PDWHL[ FDPS L HQ WHPHV TXH GH FDS PDQHUD UHVWDUHQH[KDXULWV $TXHVWFRQJUpVVHFHQWUDUjHQGXHVSHUVRQDOLWDWVPROWVLJQLILFDWLYHVSHO MXGDLVPH FDWDOj PHGLHYDO 0DLPzQLGHV GHO TXDO HQJXDQ\ FHOHEUHP HO 9,,, FHQWHQDUL GH OD VHYD PRUW L D OD 8QLYHUVLWDW GH %DUFHORQD HQ IDUHP XQD H[SRVLFLy  GH OD VHYD YLGD L REUHV HQ HO +DOO FHQWUDO GH OD 8% D ILQDOV GH QRYHPEUHLHOSHUVRQDWJHPpVVLJQLILFDWLXGHODFRQWURYqUVLDPDLPRQLGLDQD GH &DWDOXQ\D HO SRHWD JLURQt 0HL[XOÂODP GH 3LHUD (Q HO FDPS KLVWzULF PHGLHYDO VH¶QV GRQDUj XQHV SLQ]HOODGHV LQWHUHVVDQWV GHOV MXHXV GH 6DUGHQ\D GH O¶$OJXHU HQ FRQFUHW (Q OD QRVWUD HVWDGD D &HUYHUD SHU LQYLWDFLyGHOHVDXWRULWDWVORFDOVFRQHL[HUHPHOVMXHXVG¶DTXHOODFLXWDWFRP WDPEp HOV MXHXV GH OHV DOMDPHV GH /OHLGD 6HQV GXEWH HO WHVWLPRQL PpV IHIDHQW GH OD KLVWzULD GH OD MXHULD GH &HUYHUD pV HO FRQHL[HPHQW GHOV VHXV PDQXVFULWVHQKHEUHXDL[tFRPDOWUHVGDGHVFRQFUHWHVUHVSHFWDDOD%tEOLD GH &HUYHUD L DOJXQ FRJQRP GH IDPtOLHV  MXHYHV FHUYHULQHV (VFDX WDPEp GLQVG¶DTXHVWjPELWODFRPXQLWDWMXHYDGHODIURQWHUDFDWDODQRDUDJRQHVDGH 0RQWVy1RSRGHQPDQFDUHVWXGLVGHUHODFLRQVHQWUHLOÂOXVWUHVSHUVRQDWJHV 6DORPyGH3LHUD9LGDO%HQYHQLVWHL1DNKPjQLGHVFRPWDPSRFLQIRUPDFLy VREUH OD +DODNKj MXGHRFDWDODQD L DOWUHV GRFXPHQWV MXUtGLFV FULVWLDQV UHODFLRQDWV DPE HOV MXHXV /HV GLVSXWHV MXGHRFULVWLDQHV WLQGUDQ FRP H[SRQHQW HO /OLEUH GHO *HQWLO GH 5DPRQ /OXOO 6H¶QV DVVDEHQWDUj GH O¶HVWDW HQTXqHVWUREHQHOVHVWXGLVVREUHO¶jUHDGHOHVFLqQFLHVPHGLHYDOVFRP WDPEpHQFRQFUHWHVSDUODUjGHODFDUWRJUDILDSDUWWDQLPSRUWDQWSHUVLWXDU OHV]RQHVGHOVFDOOVFDWDODQV&RPOLQJtVWLFDPHQWVHUjVHPSUHLPSRUWDQW FRQqL[HUODLQIOXqQFLDGHOVWH[WRVKHEUHXVSHUDSURIXQGLUHQHOFRQHL[HPHQW GHOFDWDOjPHGLHYDOLSHUWDPEpSHUDOWUDEDQGDODOOHQJXDKHEUHDHPSUDGD HQ OHV SUHJDULHV L HQ OHV GLVSXWHV PHGLHYDOV D &DWDOXQ\D 8QD DSRUWDFLy PROW DGLHQW L DFWXDO VHUj OD YLVLy VREUH OD GRQD HQ OD VRFLHWDW MXHYD GH

,1$8*85$&,Ï%$5&(/21$



 O¶qSRFD L HQ  O¶DVSHFWH FROÂODWHUDO VREUH OHV LPDWJHV GH OD GLYLQLWDW 0DOJUDW TXHHOFRVFHQWUDOGHOFRQJUpVJLUDHQWRUQGHOO¶qSRFDPHGLHYDOQRYROHPGH FDS PDQHUD GHVFRQqL[HU OD VLWXDFLy L YLVLy GHO MXGDLVPH D OD &DWDOXQ\D DFWXDOGHODTXHHVSHUHPDSRUWDFLRQVPROWYDOXRVHV (O GHVLJ GH WRWV HOV HVIRUoRV QR PLQVRV GH OHV RUJDQLW]DGRUHV OD GRFWRUD 7HVVD &DOGHUV OHV GRFWRUDQGHV (OLVDEHWK *LUDOW 0RQW 3RUWD L (VSHUDQoD9DOOVpVTXHSXJXHPHQWUHWRWVFRQqL[HUDYDOXDULDJUDLUPLOORU HO FRQVLGHUDEOH OOHJDW FXOWXUDO TXH HOV MXHXV HQV KDQ WUDPqV HQ HO GHFXUV GHOVWHPSVDODQRVWUDWHUUD  -RVHS5LEHUD)ORULW &DWHGUjWLFGHO'HSDUWDPHQWGH6HPtWLTXHVGHOD8% 6HFFLyG¶+HEUHXL$UDPHX 3UHVLGHQWGHO&RQJUpV   %RQGLD([FHOÂOHQWtVVLPVVHQ\RUVLVHQ\RUHV  (OV MXHXV IRUHQ LPSRUWDQWV HQ O¶RUJDQLW]DFLy GH OD QRVWUD YLGD XUEDQD 1RPpV D WDOO G¶H[HPSOH SHQVHP HQ SREODFLRQV  FRP DUD %DUFHORQD *LURQD %DODJXHU &HUYHUD RQ DQLUHX GHPj /OHLGD 7RUWRVD 9DOqQFLD L 3DOPD TXH pV FDVD PHYD (Q DTXHVWD GDUUHUD FLXWDW YDQ DUULEDU D UHSUHVHQWDU XQ   GH VD SREODFLy 2EVHUYHP HO OORF L H[WHQVLy GH FDOOV MXHULHVLFXLUDVVHV'¶DOWUDEDQGDWDPEppVPROWLPSRUWDQWTXHXQFRQJUpV GH QDWXUDOHVD DFDGqPLFD TXH HVWXGLD L DQDOLW]D HV SDVVDW KL KDJL D OD YHJDGD XQ HVSDL GHGLFDW D OD FLqQFLD L D OD FRPXQLWDW DFWXDO 0HQWUH SHQVDYD HQ VD LQDXJXUDFLy G¶DTXHVW FRQJUpV YDLJ IHU XQ H[HUFLFL TXH DYXL HQGLDpVPROWKDELWXDOIHUXQDFHUFDD,QWHUQHW9DLJFHUFDUGXHVSDUDXOHV FRPELQDGHV MXHXV R MXGDLVPH L FDWDOj 1R SDWLX QR XV GLUp TXH KL YDLJ WUREDU SHUTXq MD SRGUtHX FRQIRQGUH DTXHVWV PRWV GH VDOXWDFLy DPE XQD FRPXQLFDFLyVREUHGLYHUVHVIRQWVEHQLQWHUHVVDQWV'LUTXHVLPpVQRVyQ XQWHUPzPHWUHGHVDJUDQDFWLYLWDWDFWXDOTXHUHSUHVHQWDHOMXGDLVPHHQ HOV WHUULWRULV GH OOHQJXD FDWDODQD HVWXGLV DFDGqPLFV L EtEOLFV VLQDJRJXHV HGLFLRQV L SXEOLFDFLRQV SHULzGLTXHV LQVWLWXFLRQV L HQWLWDWV FXOWXUDOV R RUJDQLW]DFLRQVG¶LQWHUqVWXUtVWLFLJDVWURQzPLFPLWMDQV7DPEpKLKHWUREDW HQDTXHVWDFHUFDOD6RFLHWDW&DWDODQDGHOVjXGLRYLVXDOV(VWXGLV+HEUDLFV GHO,(&FUHDGDDOLTXHHQWUHDOWUHVSURMHFWHVSUHSDUDXQGLFFLRQDUL KHEUHXFDWDOj8QFRQJUpVG¶DTXHVWDFDWHJRULDHQDKDGHSHUPHWUHDWRWV SOHJDWVHVSHFLDOLVWHVHVWXGLDQWVLDVVLVWHQWVFRQqL[HULFRPSUHQGUHPLOORU DOVDOWUHVHQODVHYDVLQJXODULWDWDODYHJDGDTXHHVWLFVHJXUTXHDTXHVWHV MRUQDGHVVHUDQXQWHVWLPRQLPpVGHODGLYHUVLWDWGHOHVFXOWXUHVLGHODXQLWDW GHOJqQHUHKXPj0ROWHVJUjFLHVTXHVLJXHXPROWIHOLoRVHQDTXHVWVGLHVL ERQDIHLQD $QWRQL0LU 'LUHFWRUGHO'HSDUWDPHQWGH 3ROtWLFD/LQJtVWLFDGHOD*HQHUDOLWDWGH&DWDOXQ\D   



,1$8*85$&,Ï%$5&(/21$

*UjFLHVDWRWVHOPHPEUHVGHODWDXODTXHHQVKDQDMXGDWDPEDTXHVWHV SDUDXOHVDVLWXDUHOTXHVHUDQHOVFRQWLQJXWVLHOPDUFG¶LQWHUqVG¶DTXHVW,, &RQJUpV TXH ID SURSGH WUHV DQ\V LQDXJXUjYHP HQDTXHVW VDOyGH OD Pj GHOD7HVVD&DOGHUVLGHOVHXHTXLS (QDTXHOODFWHLQDXJXUDOMRYDLJLQIRUPDUTXHO¶$MXQWDPHQWGH%DUFHORQD HVWDYD HVWXGLDQW XQ SURJUDPD LQWHJUDO SHU UHFXSHUDU HO EDUUL GHO FDOO L TXH KDYLDVROÂOLFLWDWIRUPDUSDUWWDPEpGHOD³5HGGH-XGHUtDVGH(VSDxD´&DO GLUTXHMDHQDTXHVWPRPHQW%DUFHORQDpVMDPHPEUHG¶DTXHVWD[DU[DID PpV G¶XQ DQ\ $TXHVW SDV pV PROW LPSRUWDQW MD TXH FRPSRUWD XQ VHULyV FRPSURPtVDPEODUHVWDGHFLXWDWVPHPEUHVSHUSRVDUHOQRVWUHEDUULMXHXD O¶DOoDGD GH OD UHVWD GH FLXWDWV PHPEUHV GH OD ³5HG GH -XGHUtDV´ 6RP FRQVFLHQWVTXHKLKDPROWDIHLQDSHUIHULTXHpVXQDIHLQDPROWOHQWD'H PRPHQW O¶DMXQWDPHQW KD FUHDW XQD FRPLVVLy GH WUHEDOO LQWHUQD DPE UHSUHVHQWDFLyGHOFRQMXQWG¶jUHHVTXHKLLQWHUYLQGUDQHQDTXHVWSURMHFWHL KDDSURYDWXQSODGHWUHEDOOTXHHVFRQFUHWDHQODVHQ\DOLW]DFLyWXUtVWLFDGHO EDUULODUHFXSHUDFLyGHOVHGLILFLVDWUDYpVG¶XQSODHVSHFtILFGHUHKDELOLWDFLy ODUHDOLW]DFLyGHGHWHUPLQDGHVDFWLYLWDWVFXOWXUDOVODFUHDFLyG¶XQDIXQGDFLy TXH SHUPHWL OD SDUWLFLSDFLy GH OD VRFLHWDW FLYLO LQWHUHVVDGD L G¶DOWUHV LQVWLWXFLRQV L OD FRPSUD MD UHDOLW]DGD G¶XQ HGLILFL HQ SOH EDUUL GHO FDOO DO FDUUHUGHO¶$UFGH6DQW5DPRQTXHUHKDELOLWDUHPSHUFRQYHUWLUORHQODVHX GH OD IXQGDFLy L HQ XQ FHQWUH G¶LQWHJUDFLy GHO SURSL EDUUL GHO FDOO L GH OD %DUFHORQDPHGLHYDO 9ROHP H[SOLFDU TXH HO FDOO HQFDUD TXH IRV XQ HVSDL WDQFDW QR VLJQLILFDYD TXH HOV MXHXV  KL YLVTXHVVLQ DwOODWV DO FRQWUDUL  SHU OD GRFXPHQWDFLyFRQVHUYDGDVDEHPGHO¶H[LVWqQFLDGHSURSLHWDWVGHFULVWLDQV GLQVGHOEDUULGHOFDOOLGHMXHXVGLQVGHIRUDGHOFDOO$0RQWMXwFKLWUREHPHO FHPHQWLUL HWF &RP MD VDEHX OD PDMRU SDUW GHOV MXHXV TXH YLYLHQ GLQV GH O¶HVSDL GHO FDOO HUHQ DUWHVDQV L PHQHVWUDO L GHVWDFDYHQ HVSHFLDOPHQW HQ DOJXQV RILFLV FRP DUD RUIHEUHV FRUDOHUV WHL[LGRUV GH YHOV VDEDWHUV HQTXDGHUQDGRUV R VDVWUHV L G¶DOWUHV HUHQ  PHWJHV PROW DSUHFLDWV SHOV FULVWLDQV DGYRFDWV WUDGXFWRUV L DOWUHV SURIHVVLRQV &RP YD GLU O¶$OIUHG %RVFKHQXQDFRQIHUqQFLDTXHYDSURQXQFLDUDTXtPDWHL[HQDTXHVWDVDOD HQPRWLXGHODFHOHEUDFLyGHOD9-RUQDGD(XURSHDGHOD&XOWXUD-XHYDHOV MXHXV PDQWHQLHQ OHV VHYHV WUDGLFLRQV FRVWXPV L FUHHQFHV YLYLHQ HQ XQD VRFLHWDW TXH QR VDFUDOLW]DYD OD GLIHUqQFLD VLQy TXH OD LPSXOVDYD L OD SRWHQFLDYD3HUzHVWDYHQPROWDUUHODWVDODWHUUDHOUHWRUQD-HUXVDOHPQR HUD PpV TXH XQD ILJXUD UHWzULFD O¶KHEUHX QR HUD WRW MXVW TXH XQD OOHQJXD G¶~V ULWXDO  L HVWj FODU TXH HQWUH HOOV L DPE HOV VHXV YHwQV HQUDRQDYHQ HQ FDWDOj3HUDL[zOHVOOHJHQGHVGHO¶jPELWFDWDOjHODERUDWVSHUMXHXVYDQVHU HVFULWHVHQXQFDWDOjSUHFLyVLLPSHFDEOHHQHOVIRQVHOVMXHXVHUHQHOVPpV FDWDODQVGHWRWV3HUTXqSRGLHQWUDoDUODVHYDSUHVqQFLDDQ\VDQWHULRUVDOD FRQTXHVWD FULVWLDQD DOV DQ\V GH GRPLQL PXVXOPj YLVLJzWLF L ILQV L WRW SRW VHUGHGRPLQLURPj 7RWLSDUODUODPDWHL[DOOHQJXDQRHVYDQVDEHUHQWHQGUHLQRYDQSRGHU HYLWDUHOVDYDORWVTXHO¶DQ\LQLFLDWVD6HYLOODLTXHV¶HVWHQJXHUHQDWRWD OD SHQtQVXOD (O FDOO %DUFHORQt YD VHU DWDFDW HOV GLHV  L  G¶DJRVW G¶DTXHOO PDWHL[ DQ\ HOV GDQ\V IRUHQ WDQ LPSRUWDQWV TXH QR UHVVRUJLUHQ PDL PpV PDOJUDW  HOV HVIRUoRV GHO UHL -RDQ , TXH GHVLWMDYD OD LQWHJUDFLy GHOV MXHXV DPEODSREODFLyFULVWLDQDGHODFLXWDWLHQEDVHDDL[zYDGLFWDUXQSULYLOHJL

,1$8*85$&,Ï%$5&(/21$



 VHQVHHOTXDO%DUFHORQDQRKDYLDGHWRUQDUDWHQLUXQEDUULMXHXHOPXQLFLSL YD LQWHUYHQLU DL[t HQ DTXHVW HVSDL ILQV D OHV KRUHV WDQFDW L HO YD REULU L XUEDQLW]DU (OV MXHXV HQ qSRFD  PHGLHYDO D %DUFHORQD VRQ WHPHV GLUHFWDPHQW UHODFLRQDWV L TXH GHVSHUWHQ PROWHV FXULRVLWDWV SHU SDUW G¶HVWXGLRVRV L FLHQWtILFV 1RPpV FDO YHXUH TXH D %DUFHORQD HQ DTXHVW PRPHQW V¶HVWDQ GXHQWDWHUPHGHIRUPDSDUDOÂOHODHO6HPLQDULG¶+LVWzULDGH%DUFHORQDVRWD HOWtWRO³(OVMXHXVDO¶qSRFDPHGLHYDO´LDTXHVW,,&RQJUpVTXHYRODSURIXQGLU HQODSUHVqQFLDMXHYDHQWHUULWRULVGHOOHQJXDFDWDODQD9XOODJUDLUVREUHWRW DOV RUJDQLW]DGRUV TXH IRPHQWLQ  OD LQYHVWLJDFLy VREUH DTXHVWV DVSHFWHV L TXHDSRUWLQSHUTXqGHEHQVHJXUTXHDL[zKRIDUDQQRYHVLQIRUPDFLRQVL FRQFOXVLRQVTXHVHVXPDUDQDOHVTXHMDWHQLPILQVDUD3HUWDQWYXOODFDEDU GHVLWMDQWYRVTXHOHVSRQqQFLHVTXHFRPHQoDUDQDUDTXHMDDFDEDODVHVVLy LQDXJXUDOVLJXLQPROWSURGXFWLYHVLTXHFRPGHLDTXHWDQWHQDTXHVWVDODL DYXL DTXHVW PDWt TXH GHVSUpV YLVLWDUHX OD *DOHULD *zWLFD HO 6DOy GHO &RQVHOO GH &HQW L DTXHVWD WDUGD  D OD  8QLYHUVLWDW GH %DUFHORQD GHPj D &HUYHUDLGHPjSDVVDWODFORHQGDWDPEpDOD8QLYHUVLWDWGH%DUFHORQDHQ GLIHUHQWVHVFHQDULVSHUzVHPSUHDPEDTXHVWjQLPGHFRQFzUGLDLG¶LQWHUqV HQODLQYHVWLJDFLyTXHUHSUHVHQWDVREUHWRWDSRUWDFLRQVG¶LQWHUqVDFWXDOTXH HQFDUDDYXLGLDKLGHVLWMRSHUPROWVDQ\VSHUODKLVWzULDG¶XQOOHJDWTXHYD VHU LPSRUWDQW HQ OD QRVWUD FXOWXUD HQ OHV QRVWUHV FLXWDWV HQ HOV QRVWUHV WHUULWRULV0ROWHVJUjFLHVDWRWDODJHQWTXHRUJDQLW]DDTXHVWFRQJUpVLDWRWV YRVWqV TXH FRP D SDUWLFLSDQWV HOV KL VLJXLQ G¶LQWHUqV OHV SRQqQFLHV L HOV GHEDWVTXHHQDTXHVWVGLHVWLQGUDQOORF0ROWHVJUjFLHVLERQ,,&RQJUpV       .DW\&DUUHUDV0R\VL 5HJLGRUDGH5HODFLRQV&LXWDGDQHVL,QVWLWXFLRQDOV GHO¶$MXQWDPHQWGH%DUFHORQD    



,,&21*5e63(5$/¶(678','(/6-8(86(1(/67(55,725,6'( //(1*8$&$7$/$1$

/D&RQWURYqUVLD0DLPRQLGLDQDD 3URYHQoDL&DWDOXQ\D -RVHS5LEHUDL)ORULW

0RL[p EHQ 0DLPRQ DEUHXMDW 5$0%$0 pV XQD GH OHV ILJXUHV VHQVH SDULyQRVRODPHQWGHOMXGDLVPHXQLYHUVDOVLQyWDPEpGHODFXOWXUDPHGLHYDO HXURSHD 'HJXW SUHFLVDPHQW D OD VHYD H[WUDRUGLQjULD SHUVRQDOLWDW HVGHYLQJXp XQD ILJXUD SDUDGR[DO SHU D XQV HORJLDW DO Pj[LP SHUTXq OHV VHYHV REUHV HUHQ O¶H[SRQHQW PpV VLJQLILFDWLX GHO SURJUpV UHEXWMDWV SHU DOWUHVMDTXHOHVVHYHVLPSOLFDYHQXQVHULyVSHULOODOMXGDLVPHWUDGLFLRQDO, pV SUHFLVDPHQW HQ OHV FRPXQLWDWV MXHYHV GHO /OHQJXDGRF 3URYHQoD L &DWDOXQ\D RQ V¶RULJLQD L SUHQ XQD WHQVLy VLQJXODU OD FRQWURYqUVLD PDLPRQLVWD3HUWDOGRQFVGHFRSVDUPLOORUHOVHQWLWGHODSROqPLFDIDUHP XQEUHXUHVXPGHODVHYDYLGDLGHOVSXQWVGRFWULQDOVPpVFRQWURYHUWLWV  9LGDLREUHVGH0DLPzQLGHV (OUDEt0RL[pEHQ0DLPRQFRQHJXWHQHOPyQjUDESHU$EX,PUDQ0XVD EHQ 0DLPXQ QDVTXp D &zUGRYD HO  GH PDUo GHO  (VVHQW HO VHX SDUHMXWJH GD\\DQ GHODFRPXQLWDWMXHYDGHVGHPHQXWV¶DYHVjDOVHVWXGLV MXUtGLFV TXH DPE HO WHPSV FXOPLQDULHQ HQ OD VHYD REUD PHVWUD GH OD MXULVSUXGqQFLD MXHYD OD 0L[Qp 7RUj ³/D 6HJRQD /OHL´ $ FDXVD GH OD SHUVHFXFLy UHOLJLRVD SURYRFDGD SHOV $OPRKDGHV TXH HQYDwUHQ $O$QGDOXV %HQ 0DLPRQ VLPXOj XQ WHPSV OD FRQYHUVLy D O¶,VODPLVPH 9D KDYHU SHUz G¶HPLJUDUD)HVLG¶DOOjD3DOHVWLQDDUULEDQWD$FFRFDSHO)LQDOPHQW HV WUDVOODGj D )XVWDW O¶DQWLF &DLUH  $OOt SUDFWLFj HO FRPHUo GH SHGUHV SUHFLRVHVDPEHOVHXJHUPjLGHVSUpVHVGHGLFjDODPHGLFLQDHVGHYHQLQW





$YXLGLDHVWjEHQGRFXPHQWDWTXH0DLPzQLGHVQRYDQpL[HUHOVLQyHQHO(GXDUG )(/,8'HOD*XLDGHOV3HUSOH[RVLDOUHVHVFULWV%DUFHORQDSjJ



-26(35,%(5$

PHWJH GHO YLVLU GH 6DODGt $O)DGKHO   (Q DTXHVW DQ\ IRX QRPHQDW FDSQDJJLGGHODFRPXQLWDWMXHYDG¶(JLSWHODVHYDIDPDV¶HVWHQJXpDUUHXL FRPXQLWDWVG¶2ULHQWLG¶2FFLGHQWHOFRQVXOWDYHQVREUHTHVWLRQVMXUtGLTXHVL WHROzJLTXHV 0RUt HO  GH GHVHPEUH GH  DOV  DQ\V G¶HGDW L IRX HQWHUUDW GHILQLWLYDPHQW D 7LEHUtDGHV RQ OD VHYD WRPED HVGHYLQJXp OORF GH IUHTHQWVSHUHJULQDFLRQVSHUSDUWGHOVVHXVFRUUHOLJLRQDULV 0DLPzQLGHV HQ HOV VHXV DQ\V GH MRYHQWXW TXDQ YLVTXp D 6HIDUDG O¶(VSDQ\DPXVXOPDQDPHGLHYDO ILQVHO" DVVLPLOjH[WUDRUGLQjULDPHQW WRWD OD FXOWXUD JUHFRDUjELJD GH OD ILORVRILD L GH OHV FLqQFLHV TXH GHVSUpV SHUIHFFLRQDUj DL[t FRP DSUHQJXp D GRPLQDU O¶DPSOL FDPS GH OD FXOWXUD EtEOLFRWDOP~GLFD 1R PHQ\V VRUSUHQHQW pV OD VHYD HQRUPH FDSDFLWDW GH WUHEDOO FRPSDJLQDQW OD WDVFD DEVRUEHQW GH PHWJH FRUWHVj L SRSXODU DPE OD FRPSRVLFLy G¶REUHV GH OD PpV GLYHUVD WHPjWLFD WUDFWDWV VREUH OzJLFD PHGHFLQDDVWURQRPLDHWFHVFULWVHQODOOHQJXDGHODFLqQFLDG¶DOHVKRUHV TXHHUDO¶jUDE+LKDSHUzGXHVREUHVTXHVyQHOWHVWLPRQLPpVSDOqVGHO JHQL PDLPRQLGLj 0L[Qp 7RUj ³/D 6HJRQD /OHL´ L 0RUp KDQHEXNKLP ³/D *XLD GHOV SHUSOH[RV´ /D SULPHUD FRQHJXGD FRP @ ' *21=$/2 0$(62 0DLPzQLGHV*XtDGHSHUSOHMRV0DGULG

/$&217529Ê56,$0$,021,',$1$$3529(1d$,&$7$/81«@ (VWD HV OD VHxDO GHO SDFWR TXH \R KDJR HQWUH 0t \ YRVRWURV >«@ «@ $GHPiV HO ILUPDPHQWR FRQ VX FXDGUDGR LQFOXLGR FRQWLHQHODJDPDGHWRGRVORVFRORUHV6REUHVDOLHQWHVFRQFXDWUR FRORUHVJUDEDGRFDGDXQRFRQFXDWURVLJQRVWUDQVO~FLGRVDUULED\ DEDMR
Lihat lebih banyak...

Comentarios

Copyright © 2017 DATOSPDF Inc.