Environment Friendly Magneto Hydro Dynamic Generator-A Sequel

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 04, October 2014

Environment Friendly Magneto Hydro Dynamic Generator-A Sequel Y. D. DWIVEDI1, CH KOTESWAR RAO2, D. JAGADISH1 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vignan University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh India Department of Mechanical Engineering, GITAM University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

2

Abstract: Modern society requires a variety of goods and services which require energy as the diversity of range of services increases so is the demand for energy. Electrical energy because of its versatility takes major share. Coal has to be transported to thermal stations located away from coalfields by railways and power has to be transmitted over large distances from pithead stations. These problems can be eliminated or reduced by converting coal into SNG (synthetic natural gas) at pithead and transporting the gas by pipe-grid to all thermal stations. The efficiency of power station can be increased by adopting combined cycle. Eco-friendly MHD (Thermal Cell) generator is now suggested for development as a topping addition for combined cycle to further improve the efficiency. Keywords: Coal, MHD Generator, Thermal Cell, Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG), Combined Cycle Introduction: Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation has been studied as a novel commercial power plant due to its inherent advantage of high-efficiency with high-working temperatures. We are very much dependent on non-biological sources of energy mostly obtained by burning fossil fuels. In fact per capita consumption of energy is a reliable indicator of living conditions of an average citizen of any country. Every nation therefore is making strenuous efforts in increasing this factor. Most of the commercial energy is in the form of electrical energy as it is highly versatile and easily maneuverable. Latest figure for per-capita consumption of electrical energy in India is 360 units, which compares very badly with 6000-10,000 units of industrially advanced countries. India has to increase power generating capacity at a very rapid rate. About 75% of power is generated by thermal stations burning coal or lignite, pollute the environment. India’s coal reserves are about 1% of the world’s reserves, while its population is 16% of the global population. So increasing the generating capacity alone is may not be the right solution. It is very much important to increase the efficiency of power generation for increasing the energy productivity and accelerating the schemes to tap natural sources of energy, i.e., hydel, the sun, wind, tide, geothermal and biomass. [1, 2] Present Scenario: The total installed capacity in India by March 1994 is 76,719 MW consisting of 54,347 MW thermal, 20,336 MW hydel and 2006 MW nuclear. So, thermal generating capacity is about 71%. Out of 323.5 billion units generated the sector-wise generation is 247.8 billion units thermal, 70.35 billion units hydel and 5.4 billion units nuclear. Share of thermal power is 76.6% in future also the share of thermal capacity and generation will hover around

these figures. Hence any idea of improving the efficiency of thermal power generation deserves highest consideration. Environmental pollution which is increasing very rapidly is a threat to the survival of biological systems including mankind. Manmade natural boundaries have no control over it. Pollution caused by a 200 MW thermal station at Talcher in Orissa. The station consumes 9000 tonnes of coal per day generating 3000 tonnes of ash. If only 15% of toxic metal from ash is leached out, which is a conservative estimate into the nearby Nandira the river will receive daily 208 kg of iron, 56 kg of zinc, 45 kg of copper, 5 kg of cadmium, 56 kg. of nickel, 4.6 kg of uranium, 16.5 kg of thorium, 60.6 kg of chromium and 11.2 kg of cobalt all in absorbable micron size.[2] The pollution content in ash, flue gasses, and water in the river Nandirain PPM is given in table 1 Table-1: Pollution Contents in Nandira River Ash Iron Zinc Copper cadmium Cobalt Nickel Uranium Chromium Thorium manganese

416 112 90 10.2 21.3 112.9 9.2 121.2 32.9 -

Flue gases 118 36 145 8.5 3.5 38.5 6.4 50 16.5 -

Water in Nandira 79 39 39 46 264 756

R.

The passage of this finely divided toxic metals into the living systems and finally into human system and damage to their health and well-being of mankind is

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Y. D. DWIVEDI, CH. KOTESWAR RAO, D. JAGDISH

a different subject but that has to be borne in mind in searching for solutions. With slight variation depending upon coal used every thermal station spews out pollutants more or less at the same level. No power is less costly than “No power” is H.J. Bhabha’s statement. But he has no opportunity to realize that erratic and unpredictable power supply is more costly than ‘no power’ which is costlier than no power. Due to chronic shortage in generation voltage swings frequency fluctuation and unscheduled shutdowns has become a common feature. With the result private generation from countries mini domestic generators to captive generators of large capacity has become a necessity. It is the public purchasing goods and services which unwarily pays more than what the capital and running costs of this power warrants and also have to tolerate the noise and pollution from these sets. And the nation pays for the petroleum products consumed by these sets in foreign exchange. There seems to be no relief from these in future too, if the present approach to power generation is considered. The original proposal to add 45,000 MW during eighth plan period was scaled down to 36,000 MW and the present realizable capacity is mere 16,500 to 18,000 MW. By 2020 AD about 1.42 lakh MW and by 2050 AD about 7.2 lakh MW is envisaged to be added. If the achievement during eighth plan is any indication, it is doubtful whether even half of what is envisaged can be realized. So shortage of power will be more severe in future unless some miracle happens. From 19931994, 246.04 metric tonnes of coal and about 15mt of lignite was mined and 165.23 mt of coal and most of lignite was consumed by thermal stations. Power stations run by NTPC and NLC are pithead located and a few power stations run by SEBs are located at pithead. The capacity of pithead power stations run by NTPC is 14029 MW (93-94) and that of NLC, 2070 MW adding up to 16100 MW. Thecapacity of total such stations taking into account the stations run by SEBs is about 22,000 MW. So the rest i.e. (54,347 -22,000 = 32,347) MW is due to the stations located away from coal mines which entails transportation of coal by rail. Roughly 60% of the coal consumed by power stations has to be transported to far of places also like Tuticorin in the south, Bombay in the west etc. in future also the ratio will be the same as all the future stations cannot be located at pithead, because it will be difficult to meet water requirement and to evacuate power over large distances in spite of advances in HVDC transmission, the cost of coal purchased from Talcher mines in Orissa by Vijayawada thermal station is Rs. 850/- per Tonne and for stations like Tuticorin it must be much more. Considering that at least 60% of 165 mt i.e. 100 mt was transported at an average cost of Rs. 1000/- per tonne. The ash content of coal ranges between 40% to 50% and the average can be 45%. Simply this means that SEBs are purchasing 45 mt of ash at Rs 1000/- per tonne which comes to Rs 4,500

crores including freight charges which will be Rs 15,00 crores in the least. The cost of wear and tear in running the roller mills and high maintenance costs ofthe boilers subjected to abrasive and corrosive nature of high ash content are just taken for granted and passed on to the consumer. But the pollution due to burning of such coals in thermal stations to the air, water and soil cannot be reversed just by spending money. The regenerative capacity of Mother Nature is the only remedy and if the pollution level goes beyond that regenerative capacity then nothing can save living systems from slow and painful extinction. Man cannot claim exception in that situation. Thermal stations require water in abundance and the World Bank survey indicated that 21st century will witness water wars between nations.[2] Table 2- Parameter and stages Parameters Thermal Input Channel Mass flow rate Fuel Oxidizer Oxidizer preheat temperature

Stage-I 5MW 1kg/sec

Stage-II 15MW 3kg/sec

Water gas Air with 40% oxygen 1500 degrees enrichment Celsius

Water gas/ l urgi air gas 2000 degrees Celsius

Operating pressure in combustor

Up to 5 ata

Up to 5 ata

Pressure at the diffuser outlet

08 to 1.2 ata

0.8 to 1.2 ata

Magnetic induction

2 tesla

2 tesla/ 3 tesla

Seed injection Seed recovery Flow regimes Electrical loading

Wet 50% (k2co3 Wet in water) Sub-sonic Ohmic

Wet/ dry Wet/dry Sub sonic/ super sonic Synchronized inverter

Benefits of Eco-friendly MHD generator: 1. Drastic reduction in pollution. 2. There will be Reduction in water consumption by boilers and condensers per unit of energy generated. 3. Shore location of stations will emerge as third alternative to reduce burden on inland water sources. 4. Reduction in the consumption of furnace oil per unit generated. 5. Railways will benefit by switching the relieved capacity to high fright goods. 6. In the Integrated Gas Combined Cycle, coal after transportation to the thermal station is to be converted into gaseous fuel. In this scheme all the stations can be converted to combined cycle stations.

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 04, October 2014, pp 271-278

Environment friendly magneto hydro dynamic generator

7. Transporting SNG over long distances is cheaper than transporting power by HVDC lines even after considering that 3 units of thermal energy is needed to generate one unit of electrical power. 8. Land requirement for an equivalent thermal station will be less. 9. Wear and tear and maintenance costs will be drastically reduced. 10. Plant load factor will certainly increase. 11. Future developments like fuel cell, MHD generation or the proposed THERMAL CELL can be easily integrated. 12. Exportation of this technology is a distinct possibility. Solution: Supply of power at low price, can be achieved by converting coal into gas or SNG at pithead and transporting the same over a pipe grid to all thermal stations. The implementation of such a scheme may appear rather costly at first glance, but careful analysis of the direct and indirect benefits will outweigh the initial capital considerations. Present Status of MHD: The U.S.A., Japan, China, Poland, Germany, France, Italy, Israel, Russia and India are actively engaged in this field, each trying to develop technology suitable to its conditions. However Russia was a pioneer in this field and had firm plans to commission a 500 MW MHD combined cycle plant in 1989. But the breakup of that country resulted in not only suspension of the work in that country but also reduced the tempo in other countries which were awaiting the outcome in Russia. In India, BHEL Thiruchi started working MHD technology in 1978 in close cooperation with BARG and High Temperature Institute, Moscow which was a pioneer in large scale MHD activities. The 5 MW pilot plant, which was commissioned at Thiruchi in 1985 helped in carrying out developmental work on air pre-heater, slagging coal combustor, MHD generator, high power magnet, high temperature materials and power flow in the systems etc., very successfully. With that experience an engineering report for installing a 200 MW retrofit in an existing thermal station has been submitted to the Central Government for approval way back in 1993. In advanced countries MHD generators are widely used but in developing countries like India, it is still under construction, this construction work is in progress at Tiruchi Tamil Nadu under joint efforts of Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Associated Cement Corporation and Russian Technologies. The work is at standstill and the Government is not enthusiastic about funding the project further. The thinking is that materials to withstand high temperature in the presence of corrosive potassium salts for long periods and to create magnetic field of

4 Tesla in high temperature environment are the problems too difficult to solve at the present juncture. BHEL, Thrichy however claims that their design is suitable to Indian coals of high ash content and they have developed all the required subsystems, which are used currently in other large industries. But the two objections are not completely baseless. So much so, in spite of developmental work on MHD in several countries over 3 to 4 decades, it is yet to establish as a viable technology, it is in this context, that the new idea, Eco-friendly MHD generator commends careful consideration. Fig.1 shows the basic layout of MHD (by C. Ambasankaran project director) Indian MHD power generation project Bhabha atomic research centre, Bombay, India, March, 1978

Figure 1- Basic Layout of MHD Eco-friendly MHD generator or Thermal cell: Thermal cell is shown in figure 2. Compressed air passes through a heat exchanger, abstracting heat from the hot gases leaving the thermal cell. The compressed air then enters a combustor, which receives fuel gas by another inlet; both combine and burn raising the temperature to 20,000 0C or above. The hot compressed air then passes into a rectangular tube, width being smaller than height. Two electrodes I- and 1+, one at the top and the other at the bottom are fixed. These carry fine needles at the ends, to serve as electric discharge terminals in the hot gas flowing out of combustor.They are connected to H.T. battery to ionize the gas. The ionized gas then passes through an electrostatic field due to condenser plates 2- and 2+, placed outside but close to the walls of the tube and connected to a H.T. battery. The ions produced by the discharging electrodes get accelerated in the electrostatic field. All the ions have high thermal kinetic energy due to high temperature and addition of kinetic energy due to electrostatic field in between collisions enhances their capacity to ionize further[2]. This ionization absorbs heat energy of the gas. The electrostatic field polarizes the charges, the positive ions moving towards negatively charged plate and

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 04, October 2014, pp 271-278

Y. D. DWIVEDI, CH. KOTESWAR RAO, D. JAGDISH

negative ions, towards positive plate. Thus as gas flows down the tube ionization and polarization take place and by the time the gas reaches the end of the tube where it branches out into two, this process is almost complete. The field extends a little further than the branching point so that the polarized charges do not mix and recombine before final separation into two branch tubes. Then each branch carries ions of one particular charge, either positive or negative along with half of the gas flowing in it. Grid like electrodes 3- and r are placed in the branch tubes to collect charges on the ions. D.C. power flows from the electrodes or poles 3- and 3+. By this process the THERMAL CELL converts directly thermal energy into electrical energy. Part of the pressure is used up in moving the polarized charges to the charge collecting poles. The fig-2 shows the thermal cell and parts in it.

Figure 2- Parts of the Thermal Cell [1] There is the possibility that the ions can escape the charge collecting poles. This is prevented by creating potential barrier. Short metal tubes enclose the branch tubes after the poles. These tubes 4- and 4+ insulated from the branch tubes are connected to negative and positive poles of a suitable H.T. battery. The branch tubes are joined and the de-ionized gas is utilized further depending upon the temperature and pressure. A second thermal cell working with a suitable gas in closed circuit, a gas turbine or steam turbine or a suitable combination of these three can operate downstream [2]. MHD Aerodynes: MHD propulsion has been extensively studied since the fifties. To shift from propulsion to an MHD Aerodyne, one only needs to accelerate the air externally, along its outer skin, using Lorentz forces. A set of successful experiments, obtained on a disk shaped model, placed in low density air, dealt with various problems: wall confinement of twotemperature plasma obtained by inversion of the magnetic pressure gradient , annihilation of the Velikhov electro thermal instability by magnetic confinement of the streamers, establishment of a stable spiral distribution of the current, obtained by an original method. Another direction of research is devoted to the study of an MHD-controlled inlet

which, coupled with a turbofan engine and implying an MHD-bypass system, would extend the flight domain to hypersonic conditions [3]. During the sixties it was shown that if the electrical conductivity of the gas was large enough (3,000S/m), Lorentz forces J x B (B = 2 tesla) could deeply modify the gas parameters of a supersonic flow(M = 1.4) in a Faraday MHD converter. In a constant cross section channel, when slowing down the gas (short duration argon flow, T = 10,000°K, p = 1 bar, V = 2750 m/s, delivered by a shock driven wind tunnel) when slowing down, the deceleration was strong enough to create a front shock wave, without any obstacle. Accelerating the gas, velocity gain of 4,000 m/s was obtained along a 10 cm MHD channel. In supersonic flows, shock waves occur when the local slowing down is strong enough to produce self crossing of Mach lines. Two dimensional flow around a flat wing. Mach lines computed from Navier-Stokes equations. A: self crossing phenomenon. B: With shock waves system can be seen in fig-3.

Figure 3- : Two dimensional flow, around a flat wing. Mach lines computed from Navier-Stockes equations. A: self crossing phenomenon. B: With shock waves system [3]. It was shown, based on 2d-numerical calculation and hydraulic simulation that those shock waves could be eliminated if a suitable Lorentz force was applied around the model [4]. Elimination of shocks around a flat wing by convenient Lorentz force field is seen in figure-4. The gas must be accelerated around the leading edge and the bottom, and slowed down between the two to prevent the expansion fan. By the way, this introduced the concept of MHD bypass. In the eighties it was planned to use a shock tube as a supersonic, high electrical conductivity gas flow generator, to operate this key-experiment. But, due to the connection to UFO phenomenon (supersonic silent flight, as reported by witnesses) this was no longer possible in institutional structures.

Figure 4- Elimination of shocks around a flat wing by convenient Lorentz force field [3].

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 04, October 2014, pp 271-278

Environment friendly magneto hydro dynamic generator

After years, the Lambda Laboratory was created (2007) with private funding. The use of a shock tube was too complex and expansive, so that the team shifted to experiments in low pressure hypersonic wind tunnel, providing natural high electrical conductivity. Then disk shaped MHD aerodynes, are more suitable, due to the high Hall parameter conditions. This arises specific difficulties, such tendency of the discharge to be blown away, due to the magnetic field gradient. This was rapidly solved, by wall confinement through inversion of magnetic gradient [5].In Figure-5, the Left shows the discharge is blown away by the magnetic gradient and right: wall confinement by inversion of this magnetic gradient

Figure 5- the Left shows the discharge is blown away by the magnetic gradient, and Right: wall confinement by inversion of this magnetic gradient. [3]. As we used a two temperature plasma (Te>Tg) in unstable conditions, with respect to electro thermal (Velikhov) instability, it is operated successfully an instability cancellation method by streamers confinement by magnetic pressure gradient control. The MHD aerodyne concept is a set of many formulae, and including induction systems with pulsed wall controlled ionization by microwaves or micro wall ionizers. The schema of the MHD aerodyne working with spiral currents is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6-The schema of the MHD aerodyne working with spiral currents [3]. Annihilation of the electro thermal instability and MHD aerodyne with spiral current is in Fig-7.

Figure 7- Annihilation of the electro thermal instability and MHD aerodyne with spiral current [3] Recent work: The team works on this system, which implies spiral current pattern. If one tries to obtain such pattern with all couples of electrodes simultaneously feeded, the result is poor (figure 6 left). Using a sequential feeding we got good looking spiral pattern (figure 6 right), the criterium being the following: in order to control the flow, the commutation period must be small with respect to the transit time of the gas around the disk shaped machine. Spiral current pattern is shown in fig-8. Aerospace applications: Several Authors have investigated the possibility to utilize MHD energy conversion systems in the space. Many of them proposed a plasma MHD generator feed by fuel in liquid or solid state (liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, kerosene, and nuclear fuel). The fuel contained in heavy vessels, have to be carried to space together with MHD generator. To do this a large amount of energy is needed. An electrical power generation on-board system was also considered. The MHD generator proposed is built in supersonic nozzle of rocket engine utilizing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The MHD interaction is effective in a layer near the wall at room temperature of about 2,600 0K and at pressure of 0.37 MPa. Hence in order to increase the electrical conductivity, alkali metal seeding is used. A. Kantrovitz presented one of the first studies on MHD interaction generated by space vehicles at hypersonic velocities. During reentry into atmosphere between 80 and 60 Km of altitude at velocities 7,00011,000 m/s strong shock waves occur with highly non-uniform flow field. The temperature of air behind the shock reaches 10,000-20,000 0K and due to relaxation near vehicle surface is between 10,000 and 5,000 0K. This produces sufficient ionization to sustain a significant MHD interaction level. As a consequence of ionized boundary layer of hypersonic vehicle, Bityurinet. Al. proposed to utilize as fuel for MHD, potential energy associated to gravitational field [6,7].

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 04, October 2014, pp 271-278

Y. D. DWIVEDI, CH. KOTESWAR RAO, D. JAGDISH

The MHD interaction process as suggested by Bityurin can be utilized for the generation of energy or for the control of spacecraft. In the first case the conversion process can be realized in a channel inside the vehicle or directly in the boundary layer of external surface of it. This can be done by properly shaping electrodes on this surface and magnetic field configuration as shown in Figure-8.

Figure 8- Magnetic field configuration [3] The control of flight of spacecraft can be obtained by creation of drag forces and tangential forces as well as a controlling moment. The external flow structure including shock wave formation can be influenced too. At lower altitudes and velocities the MHD conversion and the flight control would be possible through pre-ionization or seeding of the working media can be seen in Figure9.

Figure9- Scheme of conversion system realized on Boundary layer of hypersonic vehicle [3] Future technologies: MHD Generation: Second law of Thermodynamics sets a limit on the efficiency of conversion of heat into work or electrical energy obtained from that work. This limit is determined by the extreme limits of temperature of the working medium. If T1 and T2 are the maximum and minimum temperature in Kelvin of the working medium then the efficiency limit is (1— T2/T1). Stated otherwise a certain non-available fraction of heat defined by T2/T1 cannot be converted into work. Efforts are continuing in decreasing this factor, first by rising steam temperature and pressure and then by combining steam turbine with gas turbine. Taking the ambient temperature as 300K and the maximum temperature of steam as 500°C or 810K the nonavailability factor is 300/810 = 0.37 and in the combined cycle taking the inlet gas temperature as

1300K the non-availability factor is 300/1300 = 0.23. If a method to utilize heat right from the temperature of furnace, say 2500K, is developed, then the nonavailability factor will be 300/2500 = 0.12. Only direct conversion of heat energy into electrical, as MHD promised, is the only way of utilizing heat directly when its temperature falls from 2500K to 1300K [8, 9]. MHD generation works on the Faraday's principle of electromagnetic induction, wherein high temperature plasma replaces a metallic conductor. The plasma containing both positive and negative charges moves with a high velocity, across a magnetic field of high intensity when the positive and negative charges move in opposite directions developing electro motive force in a direction perpendicular both to the field and the velocity of the plasma. This principle was demonstrated by Kelvin by placing two metal plates one over the other but separated, in salt water in the mouth of a river flowing perpendicular to earth's magnetic field. The immense advantage that MHD can offer can be understood by the fact that plasma with a conductivity 6 mho/m, flowing at a velocity of 2000 m/s across a magnetic field of intensity 4 Tesla and load factor 0.5 develops a power density of 100 MW/m3. Thus a 500MW generator will have a nominal volume of 5m3, i.e., a 5m long tube of one square-meter cross-section. Can this dream be ever realized, is the question [10, 11]. Space application: The "AJAX" concept of the hypersonic flight vehicle proposed and developed in the State Hypersonic System Research Institute (GNIPGS) is based on the active energetic interaction of the flight vehicle with the ambient air flow. Figure 10 shows, in cartoon form, the different systems that together make up the AJAX hypersonic vehicle Concept.[12,13] The use a hydrocarbon fuel, T-6 aviation kerosene, is central to the concept, but to make up this fuel usable in a high-speed propulsion system.

Figure 10- Outline of Ajax concept [13] Part of it is converted to hydrogen in a steam reforming process. This steam reforming process is highly endothermic, and the energy required to keep it going is supplied by cooling the engine and vehicle surfaces. In the version of the concept shown, a twostage engine is used, with the low-speed stage

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 04, October 2014, pp 271-278

Environment friendly magneto hydro dynamic generator

provided by turbojet, which operates to about Mach 5.5, and the high speed stage provided by supersonic combustion ramjet (or scramjet) which takes over at this Mach Number. The inlet of the scramjet is controlled by a MHD generator (the device for conversion of energy of the ionized gas flow in to electric energy) which allows the use of a fixed geometry inlet while also generating substantial amounts of electrical power.

Fig-12 MHD generator of hypersonic plane is located upstream of combustor (scramjet) [14] This electrical power may be used for a variety of purposes, which include operating an ionization apparatus, which produced the weakly ionized flow required to provide the MHD interactions in the inlet. [14, 15] At high speeds, where the MHD generator provides more power than is required to operate the ionizer, the excess electrical power can be used to operate an MHD accelerator (the device for conversion of the electric energy into kinetic energy of the ionized gas flow) in the exhaust nozzle or to provide a directed energy beam which can be used to alter the characteristics of the flow around the vehicle.[16, 17] According to the GNIPGS performance specifications the IVTAN-Association has performed a mass-dimensional optimization of MHD generators for two types of the hyper sonic flight vehicles based on the "AJAX" concept: 1) a full-scale hypersonic aircraft, and 2) a small-scale vehicle for flight tests.

Fig-13 Arrangement of onboard MHD generator [15] In the case of the small-scale hypersonic flight vehicle the MHD generator location was considered upstream and downstream of the scramjet combustor. [18, 19] Conclusion: Power generation capacity has to increase rapidly. To reduce pollution, and to improve overall efficiency the coal has to be gasified at pitheads and the gas, SNG, transported by pipe-grid to all thermal stations. This facilitates conversion of all stations into

combined cycles initially. Later MHD generators or thermal cells can be added to the power stations. This is the only way beneficial to one and all. The space applications using MHD generators have much advantage when compared to the other spacecrafts. [20] References: [1] C. Ambasankaran Project Director “Status Report on the Indian MHD Programme” Indian MHD Power Generation Project, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre [2] C.Rajareddy “Eco-Friendly Power Generation: Thermal Cell's Future Role” Proceedings Of The Seminar On Environment Friendly Electric Power Generation. [3] J.P.Petit, J.C.Dore “MHD Aerodynes, With Wall Confined Plasma, Electrothermal Instability Annihilated And Stable Spiral Current Pattern” Lambda Laboratory France [4] Nob. Harada, Le Chi Kien, and M. Hishikawa “Basic Studies on closed cycle MHD Power Generation System For Space Application” 35th AIAAPlasmadynamics and Lasers Conference 28 June-1 July / Portland , Oregon AIAA 20042365 [5] Harada, Nobuhiro “MagnetohydrodynamicsFor Advanced Power Generation System” The International Conference on Electrical Engineering 2008 No. O-043 [6] Samuel O. Mathew , Obed C. Dike , Emmanuel U Akabuogu , And Jemima N. Ogwo “Magneto Hydrodynamics Power Generation Using Salt Water” ISSN 2186-8476, ISSN 2186-8468 Vol. 1 No. 4, December 2012 Asian Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences [7] VyacheslavChernyshev“International CoOperation in MHD Electrical Power Generation” IAEA Bulletin-Vol.20, No.1 53 [8] Ajith Krishnan R, Jinshah B S “Magneto Hydrodynamic Power Generation” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 6, June 2013 1 ISSN 22503153 [9] P. Satyamurthy “Experimental Facility To Study MHD Effects At Very High Hartmann And Interaction Parameters Related To Indian Test Blanket Module for ITER” Bhabha Atomic Research Centre [10] Vishal. D. Dhareppagol&AnandSaurav “The Future Power Generation With MHD Generators Magneto Hydro Dynamic Generation” ISSN (Print) : 2278-8948, Volume2, Issue-6, 2013 [11] Ebersohn, F., Longmier, B., Sheehan, J., Shebalin, J., Girimaji, S., "Preliminary Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Magnetic Nozzles" , IEPC-2013-334 33rd International Electric Propulsion Conference, Washington, D.C

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[12] Sergey O. Macheret, Mikhail N. Shneider, And Richard B. Miles, Aiaa “Mhd Power Extraction From Cold Hypersonic Air Flows with External Ionizers” Department of Mechanical And Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University [13] Zeigarnik V.A., Novikov V.A., Okunev V.I., Rickman V.Yu, “Mass-Dimension Optimization of Mhd Generators for Hypersonic Aircraft of «Ajax» Concept” High Energy Density Research Center of Ivtan-Association and State Hypersonic System Research Institute of “Leninetz” Holding Company. [14] Steven J. Schneider “Annular MHD Physics for Turbojet Energy Bypass” NASA/Tm-2011217210 AIAA–2011–2230 [15] Sheehan, J., Longmier, B., Bering, E., Olsen, C., Squire, J., Carter, M., Cassady, L., "Plasma Adiabaticity in A Diverging Magnetic Nozzle" Iepc-2013-159, 33rd International Electric Propulsion Conference, Washington, D.C., October 6-10, 2013.

[16] Gilchrist, B. E., Davis, C., Carlson, D., And Gallimore, A. D., "Electromagnetic Wave Scattering Experiments In Hall Thruster Plasma Plumes" AIAA-98-3642, 34th Joint Propulsion Cleveland, Oh, July 12-15, 1998. [17] J. Marlin Smith “Results and Progress on the NASA Lewis H 2-0 2 MHD Program” Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135 [18] The Russian Academy of Sciences Scientific Council on Complex Problem «Methods of Direct Energy Conversion» Section «Magnetohydrodynamics Energy Conversion» Perspectives of MHD and Plasma Technologies in Aerospace Applications March 24-25,1999 Moscow [19] Fraishtadt. V.L., Kuranov A.L., and Sheikin E.G., “Use of MHD Systems in Hypersonic Aircraft” Technical Physics, Vol 43, 1998, P. 130 9. [20] Brichkin D.I., KuranovA.L., and Sheikin E.G., “The Potentialities of MHD Control for Improving Scramjet Performance” AIAA Paper 99-4969.

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering ISSN 2348-0157, Vol. 02, No. 04, October 2014, pp 271-278