pretest
intervention
posttest
References
Bennett, M. J. (1998). Intercultural communication: A current perspective. In Milton J. Bennett (Ed.), Basic concepts of intercultural communication: Selected readings. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Retrieved from https://books.google.co.jp
Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2000). The development and validation of the intercultural sensitivity scale. Human Communication, 3, 1-15. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/com_facpubs/36/
Chun, D. M. (2015). Language and culture learning in higher education via telecollaboration. Pedagogies: An International Journal, (ahead-of-print), 1-17. doi: 10.1080/1554480X.2014.999775
Hülmbauer, C., Böhringer, H., & Seidlhofer, B. (2008). Introducing English as a lingua franca (ELF): Precursor and partner in intercultural communication. Synergies Europe, 3, 25-36. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/download/30870560/hulmbauer.pdf
Jenkins, J. (2009). English as a lingua franca: Interpretations and attitudes. World Englishes, 28(2), 200-207.
Jones, H. (2008). Competent communicators: explaining an international communication exchange. Enhancing Learning in the Social Sciences, 1(2). doi: 10.11120/elss.2008.01020004
Pedersen, P. J. (2009). Teaching towards an ethnorelative worldview through psychology study abroad. Intercultural Education, 20(1), 73-86.
PenPalSchools [web app]. https://penpalschools.com
[email protected]
(pretest / posttest measurement)
24-item self report instrument
Intercultural Sensitivity Scale
(Chen & Starosta, 2000)
Interaction Engagement
Respect for Cultural Differences
Interaction Confidence
Interaction Enjoyment
Interaction Attentiveness
(intervention)
penpalschools.com
Present Study
50 participants
ISS (pretest)
Six-week exchange (intervention)
(PenPalSchools)
ISS (posttest)
Statistical Analysis
Decrease in Ethnocentricity
Increase in Confidence
Statistical Analysis
Student's t-Test ( t-value, p-value) as a measure of statistical significance (p < .05)
Cohen's d as a measure of effect size (0.2 = small effect, 0.5 = medium effect, 0.8 = large effect)
Interaction Engagement ( t = 2.17, p = .04, d = 0.5 )
Interaction Confidence ( t = 2.33, p = .02, d = 0.5 )
Intercultural Development
Decreases in Ethnocentricity
"I tend to wait before forming an impression of culturally-distinct counterparts." (large effect)
"I have a feeling of enjoyment towards differences between my culturally distinct counterpart and me." (medium effect)
Increases in Confidence
"I always know what to say when interacting with people from different cultures." (large effect)
"I can be as sociable as I want to be when interacting with people from different cultures." (medium effect)
Considerations for Future Work
Digital Sojourn
Digital Sojourn
Variations to Pen Pal Exchange
(Jones, 2008)
Combine Experience with Instruction
(Pedersen, 2009)
Project-Based ELF
(Chun, 2015)
Quasi Experimental
Present Study
Developing intercultural sensitivity through digital pen pal exchange
English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)
ELF is about Mutual Negotiation (Jenkins, 2009)
ELF is "Partner and Precursor" to Intercultural Communication (Hülmbauer, Böhringer & Seidlhofer, 2008)
Intercultural Competence is hindered by Ethnocentrism
(Bennett, 1998)
Developing intercultural sensitivity
through
digital pen pal exchange
Simeon Flowers
[email protected]
Appendix: ISS (Chen & Starosta, 2000)
(Japanese Version)
Google Forms Template
English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)
&
Intercultural Communication
Overview
ELF & Intercultural Communication
Present Study
Decrease in Ethnocentricity
Increase in Confidence
Considerations for Future Work
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We live in a Rapidly changing digital landscape (Digital Sojourn is the next frontier of ELF development)
By Digital Sojourn I mean the use of technology to spend extended amounts of time "traveling" among a particular culture and its people. There are many ways we as teachers can support Digital Sojourn
1. Variations to Pen Pal Exchange:
Pen-Pal exchange is only one idea.
Whole class exchange (using social media tools) could overcome issue of non responsive partners
Mobilizing the exchange (using smartphones) would open other opportunities
2. Combine Experience with Instruction
Studies have shown tremendous increases in Intercultural Sensitivity Development combining authentic experience with classroom based lecture and reflection in physical exchange programs.
3. Project-Based Exchange
Connect students from different countries in project-based exchange and develop ELF as a byproduct
Such a method supports a variety of pedagogical goals
(aimed at preparing the next generation for the global workforce)
(Ex Platform to support such use: Google Apps)
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PenPalSchools is an online Learning Management System (LMS) style tool for teachers to manage pen pal exchanges over the internet. The LMS format allows both instructors of the participating groups to monitor the exchanges online. It has a simple interface. The subjects of this study were paired with a group of American high school students. Not all of the American students participated in the exchange, unfortunately, but those who did seemed to do so out of genuine interest.
The exchange was centered on weekly editorial articles which both students were challenged to read and respond to. The editorials covered different topics each week, such as: the environment; poverty; technology; war and conflict; government; and, culture.
Decrease in Ethnocentricity
overcoming ethnocentrism is linked to increases in intercultural willingness-to-communicate
and intercultural communication is the precursor and partner of ELF
students moved closer towards ELF competence as a result of the exchange
Increase in Confidence
1. Studies have shown that Japanese university students greatest source of anxiety with use of the English language comes from their teacher.
2. Students in this study were able to using English to communicate with someone other than their teacher which resulted in an increase in confidence.
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Inspired by Michael Byram
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Jennifer Jenkins (seminal proponents of ELF)
"ELF is a question, not of orientation to the norms of a particular group of English speakers, but of mutual negotiation involving efforts and adjustments from all parties."
Picking up the ELF mantle…
Hülmbauer, Böhringer, & Seidlhofer (Up and coming ELF researchers)
"ELF is precursor and partner to intercultural communication"
Milton Bennett (well-known for his Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity)
"The major obstacles to developing intercultural communication is ethnocentrism"
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