Design Reseach Multi-Level Parking Facility

University of the East Caloocan College of Fine Arts, Architecture and Design S.Y. 2015-2016

AN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN RESEARCH STUDY ON

MULTI-LEVEL COMMERCIAL PARKING BUILDING SSubmitted to Arch. Glenn S. Openiano in partial fulfillment for the requirements of :

Preliminary Design Major Plate of Architectural Design 5.

By: Alcantara, Zarah Arceo Chua, Christine Joy Echauz Hugo, Mickaela Nicole De Guzman Ignacio, John Christopher Rubin

Table Of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION

Page

1.1

Background

1

1.2

Statement of the Problem

1

1.3

Architectural Goals and Objectives

2

1.3.1

Goals

2

1.3.2

Objectives

2

Scope and Limitations

3

1.4

1.4.1

Scope

3

1.4.2

Limitations

3

1.5

Definition of Terms and Concepts

4

1.6

Significance of the Project

5

1.7

Assumptions

5

1.8

Review of Related Literature

1.9

Research Methodology

6- 20 21- 22

1.9.1

Methods and Tools

21

1.9.2

Respondents

22

2. SITE INVESTIGATION 2.1

Background

2.2

Site Selection Criteria

2.3

Site Selection and Justification

2.4

Site Analysis

2.4.1

Natural Factors

23 24- 25 25 26-37 26-28

2.4.2

Cultural Factors

29-36

2.4.3

Aesthetic Factors

36-37

2.5

Site Issues and Concern

2.5.1 2.6

SWOT Analysis

Summary and Recommendations

37 37 38

3. RESEARCH TOPIC 3.1

Introduction

39

3.2

Goals and Objectives

39

3.3

Scope and Limitations

39

3.3.1

Scope

39

3.3.2

Limitations

39

3.4

Significance of the Research

40

3.5

Methodology

40

3.6

Research Body

40- 51

3.6.1

Parking Solutions

40- 45

3.6.2

Building Materials

45- 48

3.6.3

Green Roofs

49- 51

3.7

Application

51

3.8

Summary and Recommendations

52

4. CASE STUDY 4.1

Introduction

52

4.2

Goals and Objectives

52

4.3

Scope and Limitations

52

4.3.1

Scope

52

4.3.2

Limitations

52

4.4

Methodology

53

4.5

Case Studies

53- 59

4.5.1

Herma Parking Building

53- 56

4.5.2

Multi-level Parking voestalpine

57- 59

4.6

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

60

4.6.1

Summary and Conclusion

60

4.6.2

Recommendations

60

5. DESIGN SOLUTION 5.1

Project Description

5.2

Design Concept

5.3

Design Philosophy

5.4

Design Criteria

5.5

Space Program and Lot Area

5.6

Architectural Program

61 61- 62 62 62- 63 64 65-67

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Architects are valuable professionals when it comes to building industry. Multi-level parking building located in CBD is our primary solution in one of the major problem in the Philippines which is the heavy traffic. It should be designed to meet the client’s expectations and high quality characteristics, attractiveness, based on project conditions and development plans. The recent trends in design today compared to traditional design structures have increasing preferences for the classical, blending well with modern elements. Our proposed multi-level parking building offers a different kind of function compared to the traditional one. Unlike from others car owners go to parking buildings to leave their cars to go to somewhere, but our proposed parking offers new amenities. We incorporated it with terminal, V.I.P. section, interconnecting bridge from the major road and park so people can stay and relax while waiting. The only permanent in this world is CHANGE. Innovations are needed to go together with the fast advancement of the world, creating new configuration with new designed technologies.

1.1 Background of the Study As the nation’s economy progressly cultivate in the past few years, the growth of the population is also developing from time to time. As more and more people got cars, the need for a place to park it was growing bigger and bigger. Being commissioned by the City Government to prepare and submit a study on “Car Park Buildings & Vehicle Facilities” and to provide a design for the said Multi-level Parking Building. Having no idea on how many levels would the design of the car park building be and how much land area would be required for such a project. The goal of this study is deal with the data that is needed to justify the design proposal in terms of total floor area and land area requirements.

1.2 Statement of the Problem The City Government of Caloocan has a proposal to construct a multi-level parking building to be located within the City’s Central Business Building (CBD). The project was conceptualized in response to the growing need to address traffic congestion in the locality particularly in the vicinity of CBD area which has been a perennial (recurring, perpetual, and constant) problem that local traffic managers has been trying to address. The project is also intended to generate additional income for the LGU.

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1.3 Architectural Goals and Objectives

1.3.1 Goals

 To design a Multi-level Parking Building that will accommodate the current number of users and taking into account the future growth of the expanding users of vehicles.

 To address the traffic congestion in the locality particularly in the vicinity of CBD area.

 To integrate a sustainable design towards the natural environment.  To be able to address the current and possible issues and concern that is present at the location of the project

 To be able to express a design approach that is unique, innovative and progressive that might lead to open people’s mind to newer things.

1.3.2 Objectives 

     

To form a design solution that will address address other apparent issues that causes traffic congestion such as (sidewalk vendors, large group of waiting passengers, inappropriate location of jeep terminals, climate etc.) To formulate an organized pattern and circulation of spaces that is need to be provided according to the data that is gathered through the research. To analyze the different factors that will affect the design proposal such as natural, cultural and aesthetis factors. To consider the possible economic growth and development within the vicinity of the CBD area. To gather the data of the number of vehicle that is passing through within the area and the increasing volume of it through out the year. To apply different sustainable strategies that will reduce negative impact on the environment, and the health and comfort of the occupants of space. To incorporate a space within the site for additional urban in-fill project

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1.4 Scope and Limitations

1.4.1 Scope “This research study was conducted in response to the data that is needed for the Proposed Multi-level Car Park Building in the CBD area of Caloocan. The aspects that will be looked into are the methods, strategies, vehicle facilities, concern, issues and proposed solution to the problems.”

1.4.2 Limitations 

Some member of the group that will conduct the research has a certain conflicting schedule of subject with another member, which may limit the number of times that the group may be required to gather as a whole.



There are present subjects that are being taken by some of the members that may also require an amount of work and time, and due to the possibility that the deadline of submission for those subject may arise within the span of time that the research can be conducted then it may partially limit the range of the research due to the divided working hours.



The conducting of some outdoor research methods such as site investigation, information gathering in public offices etc. the guaranteed participated of the members will depend on the authority and approval of the parents.



There is a great distance of the current address of each of the members which may limit the option of having an overnight stay at the other member’s house unless there is a certain agreement within the group.



A possible unexpected calamities or other issues such as typhoons,flood, sickness, etc. that may arised during the plan of an outdoor research or group meeting may affect the participation of some members and the limit of time that can be contributed to the research.



Since this is the first time that the group has encounter this kind of research format and initiation, it would be understandable that the group will take this as a fresh experience in conducting a wide research study, and the group would be open for correction, advice and future development. 3|Page

1.5 Definition of Terms and Concepts

Arrays- a large and impressive grouping or organization of things Benevolent- desiring to help others; charitable Coherent- having a natural or due agreement of parts; harmonious. Density- the state or quality of being dense; compactness; closely set or crowded condition. Disparate- distinct in kind; essentially different; dissimilar Epoxide- an organic chemical that contains a group consisting of an oxygen atom bound to two already connected atoms, usually carbon (epoxy group). Epoxy- having the structure of an epoxide. Fiasco- a complete and ignominious failure. Innovate- to introduce something new; make changes in anything established. Lair- a secluded or hidden place, especially a secret retreat or base of operations; a hideout or hideaway Linkage- the act of linking; state or manner of being linked. Manipulative- of or relating to manipulation of objects or parts of the body; serving to manipulate. Premises- a tract of land including its buildings. Prototypical- someone or something that serves to illustrate the typical qualities of a class; model; exemplar. Refract- to subject to refraction. Trend- the general course or prevailing tendency; drift. Utilitarian- having regard to utility or usefulness rather than beauty, ornamentation, etc. Vicious- characterized or marred by faults or defects; faulty; unsound

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1.6 Significance of the Project The Proposed Project is the key to the big development of Caloocan City specifically along Rizal Avenue and EDSA , where in the structure is said to be built. The key to avoid traffic and it can also be serve as panacea to the passengers being stranded during pick hour, for the reason of lack of proper traffic rules and regulations. Illegal parking and lost of right drop off area are also cause of traffic. This Project is not just the answer , but also will change the bad image of society to the said place. To maintain good economic system for the following generation.

1.7 Assumptions 

It would be easy for the passengers to catch jeepney or bus



Cleanliness of the place will easily maintain because passengers will be provided a waiting area.



There will be a continious flow of vehicles



Accident will extremely avoided specially to the student passengers waiting beside the major road



The parking space will greatly assure the security of the vehicles and also for the safety of passengers.



The development will make an impact to the socio-economical development within the CBD area.



That the Multi-level Car Park Building would respond to the ongoing need of spaces for vehicles in a large span of time.



That the design would promote the advancing development and culture.



Not just the vehicle traffic congestion would be minimized, but also the pedestrian traffic congestion.



The Multi-level Parking Building would address effectively the condition of its natural environment and responding to it through adaptive and sustainable strategies that is implemented.

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1.8 Review of Related Literature MULTI-LEVEL PARKING

MECHANICAL

TYPES OF PARKING

ELEVATOR/ AUTOMATED PARKING

CLEARWAY

SYSTEM

RAMPS

ADJACENT

SYSTEM CONVENTIONAL PARKING / SELF

TYPES STRAIGHT

PARKING

CURVE LAYOUT 30

FLOOR SYSTEM

45 PARALLEL

60

SPLIT SLOPING

PERPENDICULAR

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RAMP SYSTEM 1) Clearway parking • Interfloor travel path completely separated from potentially conflicting parking unparking movements • Provide safest movement with least delay • Preferred for self park design • Feasible for small garage sites

2) Adjacent parking •Part or all of ramp travel is performed on access aisles • Requires less area per parking stall • Twofold use of travel paths • Feasible for smaller land parcel • More susceptible to traffic movement delays • Has potential in causing accident

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RAMP DESIGN

1) Opposed ramp design •Vehicles rotate in the same direction •Up and down ramps in opposite direction •Required ramp surfaces to be opposed •The operation is safer

2) Parallel •Up and down ramp slope in the same direction •Ramp surfaces are parallel •Vehicles must rotate in opposite direction •Cheaper to construct

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PARKING LAYOUT

PARALLEL •parallel parking requires experience, confidence, and patience •Parking spaces (min );

•Works well in extremely narrow, linear spaces •Requires minimum pavement area

Disadvantages

7.5 meters long •Difficult maneuvering for most drivers 2.75 meters wide. •Less than ideal visibility of adjacent traffic

Advantages

•Inefficient use of on-street space

ANGLE 90 •effective in low turnover rate or long term parking areas, the perpendicular, or 90 degree parking configuration is the most efficient and economical since it accommodates the most vehicles per linear meter. •Standard dimensions for this configuration are Description Dimension

Parking space width2.75 meters

Parking space length6 meters

Two rows plus aisle width 19 meters V

Driving aisle width (2-way) 7 meters

vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 82 9|Page

ANGLE 60 -ideal for a fast turnover rate or predominantly short term use -often offset by difficulties of inefficient circulation patterns and one-way aisles •Standard dimensions for this configuration are: Description Dimension

Parking space width 2.75 meters Parking space length6 meters Driving aisle width (1-way)5.5 meters Two rows plus aisle width 16.5 meters Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 65.660

ANGLE 45 The 45 degree angled parking configuration displays similar benefits and limitations as the 60 degree.

Parking space length 6 meters

Standard dimensions for this configuration are:

Two rows plus aisle width14 meters

Description Dimension

Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 52.545

Driving aisle width (1-way) 4.5 meters

Parking space width 2.75meters

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TYPES OF RAMP

Straight Ramp •Usually rectangular shaped with ramp well along the structure’s longer side dimension

•Cause difficulties to get on and off straight ramp (Sharp turn)

•more horizontal distance is required to satisfy ramp grade criteria than accommodate vehicular movement between ramp ends

•Having two ways circulation lanes on parking floor may be hazardous

•Requires less floor area and simple to construct

•Up and down circulation lanes intersect on the parking floor unless the floor area is so large that each circulation can be kept within its own half on one-way lanes

Curve Ramp •Single surfaces that permits vehicles to travel on a continuous helical path between parking levels

•Directly above each other on succeeding floor

•Movement;

•Continuous-360º of rotation between two parking levels

Up-counterclockwise Down-counterclockwise Entrance and exit in the side

•Should be clearway type

•Offer better traffic operation by providing gradual turning as compared to sharp turning movement usually required at ends of straight ramp

•Opposite side of ramp oil 11 | P a g e

FLOOR SYSTEM

1) SPLIT-LEVEL OR STAGGERED FLOOR SYSTEMS •Floor levels in one section is staggered vertically by one half story from those in adjacent sections •Applicable to small, high-cost sites where maximum use of space must be achieved

Two-way staggered-floor ramp system

This staggered-floor system provides parking on level floors and desirable one-way traffic flowCOMMON TYPE

Tandem staggered-floor ramp system

Three-level staggered-floor ramp system

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2) SLOPING-FLOOR SYSTEMS •Consist of sloping levels (full width ramp/continuous ramp) •Contains two adjacent parking modules tilted in opposite directions •Well-suited to self-park operations

Sloping –floor system with crossover ramp of mid point

Double sloping-floor system with midpoint crossover

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STANDARD AND REGULATION Ramp break over angle •Transitional blend top and bottom of ramps composed of two or more break point can multiply the steepness with workable break angles beyond the normal capacities of cars or driver Angle of departure •Min 10º •To reduce incident of tailpipe and rear bumping dragging Angle of approaches •Min 15 º Ramp slopes •Max 15% •For slopes over 10%, transition at least 8 feet long should be provided at each end of the ramp at one half the slope of the ramp itself Ramp grades transition •Min 12 foot long = 1/2 of ramp grade Ramp width One way straight ramp-min 12 feet Two way straight ramp-min 22 feet Circular ramp-min 14-18 feet Ramp radius •Single lane helical ramp-min 32 -37 feet •Must kept min to conserve space and reduce travel distance •Very sharp can cause dizzy Ramp turn super elevation •½ inch/foot of ramp width at sharpest turning

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Vehicle Control Fee collection

Lighting

•Fixed or variable charged pay on exit

•Services illumination for public should be (lux);

Barrier capacity

Parking areas - 20

•2 barrier types available

Driveways - 50

-Rising arm

Ramps - 70

-Rising kerb

Roof - 20

•Entry barrier400 vehicles/hour

Entrance and exit - 150

•Exit barrier250 vehicles/hour

Fire And Precaution Structural fire resistance •Use non-combustible materials in the construction with structural fire requirement 1 hour in specific restricted circumstances requirement for structural fire requirement may be waived for building less than 15.2m high

•All parking spaces within 45.7 m of escape stairway having 1 hour fire requirement

•Eg: Cast in place concrete, pre-cast concrete and structural steel

-fire bridge access

Means of escape

Fire precaution •Have adequate

-Dry rising main

-Fire points

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Parking Lifts

Simple double-parking system for dependant parking – convenient only in some cases, e.g. for long-term parking of cars being used only seasonally or vintage cars.

Double-parking with horizontal platforms (parking lift) accommodating 2 vehicles on top of each other for independent retrieval.

Tilted platforms enable tight parking - however, user-friendliness is greatly diminished and vehicles with low rear can only be accommodated on the top platform.

Parking lift accommodating 2 vehicles below ground and another one on ground-level if required, e.g. for backyards.

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Shifting Palettes

Shifting palettes to create additional parking spaces within aisles of parking garages (left) or for back-toback parking (right).

Examples: parking garage with turntable for rotating cars with a tight angle of 180 degrees (left), shifting palettes to facilitate access to small single garages (middle and right).

Parking lifts with shifting palettes Parking lifts with shifting palettes use palettes with horizontal doorways; palettes are laterally moveable. Palettes above and below are vertically retrievable to the doorway, thus the doorway must include an empty space. Parking is done through the vertical grid of the parking levels.

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Parking shelves Parking shelves are automated parking systems which mainly follow static storage principles, where parked cars are shifted into a parking shelf by means of conveyor facilities. The control of the lifting and shifting process happens automatically. The transport of the vehicles is done via different aisles and stacks which are situated next to the parking spaces.

Different parking shelves in tower, stack and mixed design with central conveyor and direct access and up to triple deep storage

Cycle moving parking system (palette shifting system) Cycle moving parking systems utilize a dynamic storage principle, where palettes need to be shifted partially or completely within the system to retrieve an empty pallet or a vehicle that is to be pulled out to the transfer cabin. In this case, several palettes need to be shifted most of the time. Parking palettes are either shifted separately or on block within the parking deck or separately between connected levels or aisles.

Horizontally cycle moving system with 2 levels and turntable in the transfer cabin.

Vertically cycle moving system with 4 levels and drive-through transfer cabin

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Continuous circulating parking systems (Mary-go-round)

Cycle moving system (horizontal elevator); example with additional vertical conveyor unit and transfer cabin mostly provided with driveway platform and without extra transfer cabin (should be classified as semi-automated system).

Automatic parking systems

Parksafe Parksafe are automatic parking systems for stacking cars on top of each other within a very small floor plan area. From 10 to 80 cars can be parked on max. 30 levels. The user leaves the car in the entrance room and has not access in the working area.

Levelparker Levelparker are automatic parking systems for stacking cars on top of each other ideal for garages and underground parking.

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Car display towers Car display towers consists of an exclusive, attractive and eye-catching way to display independent brands with a cost-effective and optimal use of available surface area at sites of high demand. They can provide storage for customer cars during servicing and repair operations.

Combiparker With the tried and tested principle of stacking and moving closer together, the new Combiparkers create even more space. With up to 8 levels on top of each other and up to 5 grids next to each other, this system accommodates up to 31 parking spaces.

Slimparker This Semi-automatic parking system is ideal for small areas like town centers or courtyards. The Slimparker allows the storage of a maximum of 23 car. This system is developed in depth leaving free the surface. The roof covering, completely suitable for vehicles, can be coated with different materials to adapt perfectly to its surroundings.

Crossparker This plant is ideal for limited area in which several car spaces are needed. 20 | P a g e

1.8.1 References www.idealparkit.com

www.roadtraffic-tecnology.com

www.roboticparking.com

www.ukessays.co.uk

www.simmapark.co.kr

www.uparkit.com

www.parkmatic.com

www.cark-park-solutions.lodige.com

www.electrofriends.com

www.goldbeck.de

www.automotionparking.com

www.theconstructor.org

www.electrosofts.com

www.skyline-parking.com

-Time Saver Standard for Building Types 2nd Edition by Joseph De Chiara & John Callender

1.9 Research Methodology 1.9.1 Methods and Tools 

Site Visitation- a research that involve the presence of the researchers in analyzing and observing different factors that is exist at the site.



Case Study Research- An in-depth investigation of issues at specific instances and locations.



Comparative Research- A comparison of different analyses, that compares attributes, characteristics, or particular treatments across two or more situations.



Demographic Analysis- A tool used to study the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, and distribution.

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Ethnographic Research- A method for obtaining an in-depth understanding of the history, practices, values, traditions, and circumstances of the groups and surrounding resources being studied. 21 | P a g e

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Observation- An information-gathering technique based on personal observation and recording of human activities and behaviors.

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Social Assessment- A method of data collection and analysis used to characterize the social environment in the area in which one manages (e.g., watershed, protected area).



Social Impact Assessment- To identify how people and communities could potentially react to changes and to predict probable impacts of the implementation of rules and regulations.



Survey- A standardized list of questions administered by mail, telephone, Internet, or in person.

1.9.2 Respondents      

Car Owner Guard (stationed at a Carpark Bldg.) Traffic Enforcer Disabled person Any official related to the project Pedestrian

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CHAPTER 2: SITE INVESTIGATION

2.1 BACKGROUND The site is located within the area of A. Bonifacio Monument that serves as the Central Business District (CBD) of Caloocan City, it is aligned to Epifanio Delos Santos Avenue (EDSA) road and considered as one of the CBD’s advantage point and its major modes of transportation resulting to extend the services of the area to its neighboring cities like Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela and areas as far as Manila, Makati and Quezon City.

Coordinates: 14°39'23"N 120°59'10"E Total Lot Area: 7109.399m² Current Use: North Integrated Bus Terminal/ Sto. Nino, Meycauayan Jeep Terminal

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2.2 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

A. Natural Factors 1. Geology – the natural science that studies the earth. Geology processes which might have affected the site, its formation and the type of bedrock below the surface of the soil. The type and depth of bedrock presents many question of its adequacy as a base for foundation of buildings, walls or roads. Geomorphology – a branch of geology that deals with the origin, nature and distribution of land forms. Basis Geomorphologic Information a) Soil Properties – describe the soil for use in site design. b) Drainage – usually refers to soils ability to transfer the gravity water downward c) Topography (Topographic Map) – a map of a portion of the earth that describes the shape of the earth;s surface by contour lines. 2. Climate – regional pattern of temperature, humidity, precipitation, sun angles, cloudiness, wind direction and speeds.

B. Cultural Factors 1. Existing Land Use – the manner of utilizing land, including its allocation, development and management. 2. Traffic and Transit – relationship of traffic patterns to each other and to the site. 3. Density and Zoning – refers to the population of a unit land area and the division of community to zone and district. 4. Socio- Economic Factors – refers to the information of social processes and economic activity that affects the site. 5. Historical Factors – A historical factor is any element of influence on a situation that is related to history that may exist within the site.

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C. Aesthetic Factors 1. Natural Features – significant natural features that should be identified to determine whether they must be avoided or can be used as positive design features in the site design. 2. Visual Resources – view analysis may be required to determine the most desirable ways to orient buildings, outdoor areas, and approaches to the buildings. Undesirable views can be minimized or blocked with landscaping or other manufactured features.

2.3 SITE SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION a) Why is there a need for a Multi-level Commercial Parking Building for the designated site along the vicinity of A. Bonifacio Monument?

As Caloocan’s economy progressly cultivate in the past few years, the growth of population is developing from time to time, along with the number of people who own cars grow bigger and bigger and the place to park it also equivalent to that demand. The increasing volume of vehicle around the area mirrors the urbanization that is happening predominantly along the EDSA which needs to be addressed along with others factors that causes traffic congestion such as pedestrian traffic, inappropriate UV terminals, etc. Located within the commercial district of South Caloocan a Multi-level Car Parking would response to this need, we promote a design that is unique, innovative and progressive that transcends time, considering the future needs of the surrounding elements and the potential commercial development around the area in determining the prospect number of users of the project.

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2.4 SITE ANALYSIS

2.4.1 Natural Factors Basic Geomorphologic Information a) Soil Properties 

The soil property of the site is classified as “Novaliches Clay Loam Adobe” which is characterized as a surface soil that is friable and in some places shallow, substratum compact volcanic tuff/ adobe rock.

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b) Drainage South Caloocan accumulates recurrent rainfall outflow from the northeastern portion of Metropolitan Manila. This storm run-off shapes major water courses over the years. Some of the major water channels traversing South Caloocan are Tullahan River, Saluysoy River, Maligaya Creek, and Panaca Creek. c) Flooding Existing causes of flooding in Caloocan that may affect the site are the ff:       

River overflow. Excessive rainfall. Inadequate channel capacity. Rapid urban settlement, causes the replacement of vegetated and forested areas with concrete and other non-permeable pavements. Conversion of some natural streams into underground drainage. Accumulation and disposal of garbage to water streams Informal settlers and even establishments are encroaching easements of creeks and rivers that eventually lead to constriction of streams.

d) Topography

The whole southern portion of the city has a slope ranging from 0% to 3%, being flat and highly accessible to neighboring cities and municipalities, its recommended to be used as a high density urban development. Currently these broadly level lands cover most of the commercial and industrial establishments in the city.

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Climate Just like the rest of the towns and cities of Metro Manila, Caloocan City falls under type 1 of the Philippine Climate Classification. The two distinct seasons recognized are the dry high pressure season, which comes in the months of November till April and the wet season, which starts from May and lasts up to October. The dry season corresponds with the northeast monsoon (October to January) and the wet season with the southwest monsoon (June to September). Between these two well-defined monsoon periods, the southeast trade winds blow from February to May. a) Rainfall In 1994, maximum rainfall in North and South Caloocan occur in the months of July, August and September. The annual rainfall was recorded to be 2,115.90 mm with a maximum of 761.70 mm in July and a minimum of 1.60 mm in February for the South Caloocan.

b) Wind Direction In South Caloocan, northeast winds prevail during the months of November and December. West wind is predominant in February, March and April. From May to October, the southwest monsoon blows. This procures the heavy rain experienced during that period. Maximum wind speed recorded in South Caloocan was 28 miles per second, which occurs in October.

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2.4.2 Cultural Factors

Existing Land Use The site is currently a undeveloped space along the growing commercial strip of EDSA. Part of it is currently utilized as a jeepney terminal for Sto. Nino and Meycauayan. Traffic and Transit a) Transit Modes There are various modes of transportation in Caloocan City. The largest volume among transport modes are cars and motorcycles and tricycles. For short travel in narrow routes and on roads where there are no bus services, commuters are using jeepneys (public utility vehicle), while on major highways, the major mode are buses. On secondary roads, where no such service exists, ‘tricycle’ (motorcycle with sidecar use as public para-transport system) is being utilized for short travel routes or even as doorto-door transportation. Another type of mass transport system serving the city is the elevated Light Rail Transit (LRT) with its north-end terminal located at A. Bonifacio Monument area in South Caloocan. b) Vehicle Registration In 2010, the number of registered motorcycles/ tricycles charted the highest number of registration at 38,477 units. Also, it has an average increase of 9.3% annually from 2000-2010. It was followed by Utility Vehicles (including SUVs) at 29,541. Number of registered cars and trucks followed at 11,364 and 7,990 units respectively. Generally the registration of private cars decreased at an average 3.3% for the last ten years.

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c) Traffic Density on Roads Traffic volume survey conducted by the Traffic Engineering Center (TEC) – MMDA indicates some major intersections within Caloocan City that receive large volume of traffic. Intersection of Rizal Avenue Ext. – 5th Avenue accords the highest traffic volume at 80,773 vehicles daily. It also bears the highest daily AM and PM Peak Hour Traffic of 5,714 and 6,924 respectively. The large difference between the AM and PM peak volume around A. Bonifacio Circle should show the seeming shift of vehicle routes travelling EDSA-Caloocan City during PM peak hours. The increasing trend of vehicle volume on these areas mirrors the recent urbanization taking place predominantly along EDSA and the outside suburban areas (that outline the City).Average A.M. and P.M. peak hour traffic in all intersections occurs mostly at 8:30 A.M. and 4:30 P.M. respectively.

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On all major roads in South Caloocan City, the traffic volume of private cars is almost half of the public transportation in about 9 intersections. On the other hand, from the same reference, 24.0% of vehicles occupying roads daily are motorcycles and tricycles, while 22.2% are jeepneys, followed by trucks at only 3.6% and buses at 2.4%.

Density and Zoning

a) Population and Average Annual Growth Rate In 1903, the Census of Population and Housing (CPH) reported a population of 7,847 for Caloocan City. This figure significantly doubled in 1918. In 1960, the population zoomed to 145,523 and in 1980, Caloocan’s population was just nearing its half a million mark at 467,816. As of the latest census conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) in 2010, the city’s total population is at 1,489,040, 26.4% higher from the census of 2000. The average annual growth rate based on 2000 and 2010 actual census is 2.37%, which is higher compared to the National Capital Region’s (NCR) 1.78%. The City’s 2010 population accounted for 12.56% of the National Capital Region total of 11,855,975 and 1.61% of the Philippines’ total population of 92,337,852. By population size, Caloocan ranks third among the cities and municipalities in NCR. It is projected that by year 2020 the population of Caloocan will reach 1,880,570.

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b) Zoning The site is located along the commercial district of South Caloocan where the predominant urbanization is taking place. It mirrors the potential development of the area as a major urban district, illustrating the needs and response that the Multi-level Car Park Building have to express in its totality.

Social Economic Factors

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a) Growth Areas 



 

A. Bonifacio Monument area serves as the Central Business District (CBD) of Caloocan City.This area covers approximately 102 hectares of land, with various business establishments like specialty shops, banks, business and professional offices, restaurants, malls, department stores, theaters and other entertainment facilities. Considered as the CBD’s advantage points are the presence of a 90-meter wide Circumferential Road (EDSA), the Rizal Ave. Extension, Light Rail Transit (LRT), major modes of transportation such as buses and jeepneys, different communication facilities and other public utilities. As a result, the area extends its services to its neighboring cities like Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela, and areas as far as Marilao and Meycauayan, Bulacan. Growth of commercial strips with chain of eateries like Jollibee, McDonald’s, Max’s Restaurant, Shakey’s Pizza Parlors, Pizza Hut, Yellow Cab Pizza, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Chowking and other restaurants and food chains now extends up to Rizal Avenue Extension, 10th Avenue and EDSA.

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The following areas are identified as potentials for Commercial Growth characterized by Concentric Development.    

Vicinity of A. Bonifacio Monument Vicinity of Sangandaan District Intersection of Circumferential Road 3 and A. Mabini St. Intersection of RAE and C-3

The following areas are identified as potentials for Commercial Growth characterized by Strip Development:   

Rizal Avenue Extension A. Mabini St. 10th Avenue

Historical Factors Philippine history will never be completed without mentioning the name of Caloocan. Caloocan is rich with cultural and historical heritage. The City, then a sitio, had an important role during the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution, events of which were summarily captured and highlighted in a bronze monument of delicate artistry and sculptural design, which is a fitting tribute to the greatness of Andres Bonifacio. It is situated at the crossroads of Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue (EDSA) and Rizal Avenue. The headstone was sculptured by GillermoTolentino in honor of the worldrenowned Father of the Philippine Revolution.

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2.4.3 Aesthetic Factors Natural Features - Most of the trees are surrounding the area of the site, leaving a large empty space in the middle area which gives a opportunity and freedom of possible innovations through landscaping or sustainable design. -Due to the site’s parallelogram-like shape it can be used as strategical approach for the form of the structure to conform to the site. - The site is classified as a through lot, facing a major road on its north side and a minor road/ collector street on its southwest side which gives a convenience in accessibility for the car park design. -It is most surrounded by low rise/ residential type structures which range from 1-3 stories which does not hinder the flow of the southwest monsoon to pass through the site.

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View Analysis -The north elevation of the site is visible to those pedestrian and vehicle that is passing along EDSA. There is also a wide panaromic view of the site for those who are passing through the foot bridge. -Different type of vehicles that are entering to the monumento circle, will face a sudden picture of the site in the northeast elevation, same with those leaving the circle and taking along the EDSA road will have a sudden picture of the northwest elevation of the site. - There is a minimal view for those who are passing through the collector street of L. Bustamante and San Diego compared to the views facing from the Major Road (EDSA).

2.5 Site Issues and Concern 2.5.1 SWOT Analysis a) Strength     



The site is accessible through a major road and minor road which enhance the circulation of the vehicle that will enter the area. Since it contains a large area of space, it can house other features such as commercial spaces, etc. and for future development. The soil of the site is classified to be appropriate for high density urban development. There is a low probability of flooding to the site compared to the other areas due to its difference of elevation according to the data of contour map. It is mainly visible to the vehicles and pedestrian that is passing through the major road which gives the opportunity in a extensive view in expressing its aesthetic design. Due to low levels of structure that surrounds the site, the wind has a wide space to flow and circulate. 37 | P a g e

b) Weakness  

  

The site is vulnerable to flood. A portion of area that is facing the site is currently a jeepney terminal which block the access coming from the major road and is needed to be addressed in the design solution. The site is prone to air pollution and noise from different vehicles that pass through EDSA. Lack of identity in the area. Sidewalks that are near the site is non-pedestrian friendly because of the air pollution and the street vendors.

c) Opportunity      

Large open area No identity because the site is currently used as a jeepney terminal, which gives more freedom to create its own identity through the design approach. Within walking distance to different commercial and industrial establishments (Malls, Fast food chains, Hotels, Hospital, Schools, etc.) Has linkage of streets to the former site of Ever Gotesco Grand Central which is classified as a potential growth for commercial development. The site is a potential area as a green oasis in Monumento, Caloocan. Different scales and accommodation is available around the site.

d) Threat  

Traffic congestion around the area may cause the inaccessability to the parking building. Car owners who’s destination exceed from the maximum walkable distance may not consider using the parking building.

2.6 Summary and Recommendations Through the accumulated data, certain positive and negative factors that may affect the site is worth of attention. Dealing with these factors will affect the design as a whole. Possible recommendations are the ff. - Include a green space in the site to adapt sustainability as well to deal with the pollution that the area give. - Enhance the accessibility and circulation of the proposed car park building. - Allocate proper terminal spaces and pedestrian zoning. 38 | P a g e

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH TOPIC

3.1 Introduction In attaining the desired results or effect that the Multi-level Car Park Building would give, necessary data of latest innovations, strategies and technologies can contribute to the functionality of the structure as a whole. The application of this components that are relevant to the design solution require a extended analysis to acquire the knowledge that the designer need.

3.2 Goals and Objectives  To study the components that will be implemented to the structure.  To gather ideas and information that can be applied to the design solution.  To applied different methods and strategies that will benefit for the sustainability of the structure.

3.3 Scope and Limitations 3.3.1 Scope The aspects that will be looked into are the methods, strategies for sustainability, building materials and parking solutions.” 3.3.2 Limitations 

The conducting of some outdoor research methods such as site investigation, information gathering in public offices etc. the guaranteed participated of the members will depend on the authority and approval of the parents.



There is a great distance of the current address of each of the members which may limit the option of having an overnight stay at the other member’s house unless there is a certain agreement within the group.

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A possible unexpected calamities or other issues such as typhoons,flood, sickness, etc. that may arised during the plan of an outdoor research or group meeting may affect the participation of some members and the limit of time that can be contributed to the research.

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3.4 Significance of the Research Gathering data for the the relevant components that will be applied to the structure is significant because of the ff:   

Justification of the design solution. Sufficient knowledge of how this components function and the benefits it gives to the structure and its environment. Understanding the relationship of the components to the functionality and aesthetics of the structure.

3.5 Methodology 

Comparative Research- A comparison of different analyses, that compares attributes, characteristics, or particular treatments across two or more situations.



Observation- An information-gathering technique based on personal observation and recording of human activities and behaviors.



Social Assessment- A method of data collection and analysis used to characterize the social environment in the area in which one manages (e.g., watershed, protected area).

3.6 Research Body 3.6.1 Parking Solutions

Smart Parking System How can Smart Parking change the parking experience? 

Improve Service- whether the requirements are for on-street or off- street parking it can improve the service. Smart Parking technology enables customers to find spaces quickly and easily. Less time parking means less stress and happier customers. The technology that makes management easier, using space more productively, while payment and compliance is made simple. 40 | P a g e





Lower Cost- Smart Parking’s technology will lower your cost. Products such as our SmartEye Sensor and SmartRep Management tool work together to give you instant and comprehensive information on space usage. The technologies manage payment, compliance and maximise use of space available. Better Choice- Want to cut out stress and guide drivers to their most convenient space? Smartapp can lead the way. Want to improve occupancy in under utilised bays. SmartGuide can help. Need to improve your revenue from compliance and penalties? SmartRep is the tool for the job.

The Specifics How can we can help you to help you customers? 





Supply- Smart Parking designs, develops and produces outstanding leading edge technology that enables clients to manage on-street and off-street parking efficiently and cost- effectively. Installation- Installation of Smart Parking technology is easier than you think. SmartEye sensors use wireless technology for ease of installation and minimisation of costs. Management- Our parking management solutions improve customer satisfaction and revenue generation. With SmartRep you get visible, measurable improvement to the service you provide. Day to day management including payment, compliance and space management, is made easy. Future planning is based on comprehensive data gathered and analysed by Smart Parking technologies. This enables you to improve your parking services, year on year.

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Installing Streetline’s Sensor Installing of low-power sensors and smart meters to track the occupancy of parking spaces along EDSA, one of its most congested areas. The sensors are about the size of a coffee cup lid and are embedded in the asphalt. The smart meters attach to regular meters and allow users to pay with their mobile phones in addition to communicating payment information to the city. With the information from the sensors, the city is able to change pricing on its parking depending on demand — raising it for a special event or a particularly busy hour, for instance. The information also alerts enforcement officials about expired parking meters or other parking violations and reduces the time they spend driving in circles.

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Drivers can also access information gathered by the sensors through a free app called “Parker”. The app alerts drivers where there they are or are not likely to find an available parking space so that they can save time cruising around. System: 

Accurately senses vehicle occupancy in real time



Guides residents and visitors to available parking



Simplifies the parking experience and adds value for parking stakeholders, such as drivers and merchants



Enables intelligent decisions using data, including real–time status applications and historical analytics reports



Provides tools to optimize workforce management

Significance: 

Smart parking design, develops and produces outstanding leading-edge technology that enables clients to manage on street and off street parking efficiently and cost effectively.



Installation of Smart Parking Technology is easier than you think. SmartEye sensor use wireless technology for ease of installation and minimization of cost. Installing and maintaining the equipment needed is to create a stress free parking experience for the customer.



Day to day management including payment, compliance and space management is made easy.



Future planning is based on comprehensive data gathered and analyzed by smart parking technologies. This enables to improve parking service, year on year.



Fuss-free efficient maintenance means increased market share and revenues.

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Automated parking system (Robotic Parking) It does not require more space, but rather, more intelligence to solve the parking and traffic problems of urban spaces today and for tomorrow. The Robotic Parking Systems technology is a flexible, modular, fully automated parking system, utilizing the latest in electronics and automation. It is driven by fully automated software with electro-mechanical robots. The versatile and flexible modular arrangement of robots enables fast movements that are smooth, reliable and quiet delivering the highest Peak Traffic performance worldwide. The modular technology provides for extreme flexibility for designers. The robotic car park can be designed in-between, under or above other development components. BIM models are available as a design tool. With this technology, an individual will not need to drive through the garage to find a parking space nor go through tiresome searches for the vehicle.

3.6.2 Building Materials WHAT MAKES CONCRETE A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIAL? Concrete is a friend of the environment in all stages of its life span, from raw material production to demolition, making it a natural choice for sustainable home construction. Here are some of the reasons why, according to the Portland Cement Association and the Environmental Council of Concrete Organizations:

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Resource efficiency. The predominant raw material for the cement in concrete is limestone, the most abundant mineral on earth. Concrete can also be made with fly ash, slag cement, and silica fume, all waste byproducts from power plants, steel mills, and other manufacturing facilities. Durability. Concrete builds durable, long-lasting structures that will not rust, rot, or burn. Life spans for concrete building products can be double or triple those of other common building materials. Thermal mass. Homes built with concrete walls, foundations, and floors are highly energy efficient because they take advantage of concretes inherent thermal massor ability to absorb and retain heat. This means homeowners can significantly cut their heating and cooling bills and install smaller-capacity HVAC equipment. Reflectivity. Concrete minimizes the effects that produce urban heat islands. Lightcolored concrete pavements and roofs absorb less heat and reflect more solar radiation than dark-colored materials, such as asphalt, reducing air conditioning demands in the summer. Ability to retain stormwater. Paved surfaces tend to be impervious and can block natural water infiltration into the soil. This creates an imbalance in the natural ecosystem and leads to problems such as erosion, flash floods, water table depletion, and pollution. Pervious concrete is a special type of structural concrete with a spongelike network of voids that water passes through readily. When used for driveways, sidewalks, parking lots, and other pavements, pervious concrete can help to retain stormwater runoff and replenish local water supplies. Minimal waste. Concrete can be produced in the quantities needed for each project, reducing waste. After a concrete structure has served its original purpose, the concrete can be crushed and recycled into aggregate for use in new concrete pavements or as backfill or road base.

IS IT GREEN?: Concrete

Concrete is a familiar substance. Its durable nature and versatile applications have made its usage ubiquitous throughout our cities. However this primary building material is also extremely energy intensive to make and transport, and produces a significant amount of 46 | P a g e

the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Can the omnipresent grey substance ever be reconciled as a green building material? Read on for our in-depth report. Concrete’s impact on the environment starts when limestone is blasted in quarries to make cement – the binder, or substance that sets and hardens it into a useful building material. Cement accounts for 7 to 15% of concrete’s total mass by weight and is made by superheating (in coal-fired kilns) a mixture of limestone and clay and then grinding the resulting substance into a powder. When this power mixes with water, it forms strong calcium-silicate-hydrate bonds that can bind other particulates, like sand or gravel, to make concrete. The cement-to-water ratio determines the strength of the concrete. Once limestone has been blasted and mined it is then transported to a cement plant, where the fuels used by the plant and machinery produce CO2 emissions. Next the limestone, or calcium carbonate, releases CO2 when it is heated to make the cement. Forty percent of CO2 emissions from the cement plant come from the combustion process and Sixty Percent of CO2 emissions come from the calcination process, according to the Cement Sustainability Initiative report produced by members of the concrete industry. The report also says that since calcination is intrinsic to the process, they must focus on reducing energy use associated with the manufacture of concrete.Concrete producers also say that as concrete ages, it carbonates and reabsorbs all the CO2 released during calcination – but this process takes hundreds of years.The general consensus is that cement manufacturing produces about 5% of global CO2 emissions generated by human activity, and 3% of global emissions of all greenhouse gases. By comparison the transport sector is responsible for about 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions, so concrete has a pretty hefty share of the pie considering it’s just one material. The problem stems from volume: According to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, concrete is the most widely used substance on Earth apart from water. Approximately 2.35 billion tons of concrete are produced each year. That works out to a cubic meter, or about a 3.2- by 3.2- by 3.2-foot cube of concrete for each person on Earth every year, according to researchers at MIT. And Demand is on the Rise: Concrete production has nearly quadrupled since 1970. Global cement output may reach 5 billion metric tons by 2030 due mainly to growth in China and India, according to a December report by the global conservation organization WWF. (The same report estimates the concrete industry’s share of global 47 | P a g e

emissions at 8%, and claims the industry is capable of reducing its emissions by 90% with current technology.) So what does concrete have going for it? It lasts. This is the stuff the Romans built their empire with. Concrete is highly resistant to heating and thawing. It’s impermeable to air and wind-driven rain. And concrete is inedible, so bugs and vermin can’t gnaw at it. This durability means that a building can preserve its concrete foundation or concrete exterior while replacing less durable parts like windows, insulation and plumbing (you get a point from LEEDif you reuse a building). A building with exterior concrete walls can also be energy-efficient, especially in climates that have daily temperature fluctuations. Even though concrete provides little insulation, it creates thermal mass that can store warmth or cold, reducing indoor temperature fluctuation. White concrete also reflects heat and can mitigate the urban heat island effect. LEED also awards points if you build concrete walls and a concrete ceiling with no coating. A Locally-Sourced Material: Another reason concrete is so popular is because the raw materials to make it are prevalent in most of the world. For the eco-conscious builder, this means it can be locally-sourced, reducing CO2 emissions from transportation. Of course, “local” is a relative term – advocates in the cement industry claim that “the cement, aggregates, and reinforcing steel used to make concrete and the raw materials used to manufacture cement are usually obtained or extracted from sources within 300 miles of the ready mixed, precast concrete, or masonry plant.” Concrete can also be be recycled – to a point. The concrete industry web site concretethinker.com says: “Most concrete in urban areas is recycled as fill or road base and not placed in landfills. Concrete pieces from demolished structures can also be reused to protect shorelines, for example in gabion walls or as rip rap.” Used concrete can also be reused as the aggregates in new concrete. Concrete’s recyclability is limited because its chemical properties change over time and with each processing. Other materials can be recycled as aggregates in concrete.

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3.6.3 Green Roofs

Public Benefits Aesthetic Improvement 

Urban greening has long been promoted as an easy and effective strategy for beautifying the built environment and increasing investment opportunity.

Waste Diversion Green roofs can contribute to landfill diversion by: 

Prolonging the life of waterproofing membranes, reducing associated waste



The use of recycled materials in the growing medium



Prolonging the service life of heating, ventilation, and HVAC systems through decreased use

Stormwater Management 

With green roofs, water is stored by the substrate and then taken up by the plants from where it is returned to the atmosphere through transpiration and evaporation.



In summer, depending on the plants and depth of growing medium, green roofs retain 70-90% of the precipitation that falls on them; in winter they retain between 25-40%. For example, a grass roof with a 4-20 cm (1.6 - 7.9 inches) layer of growing medium can hold 10-15 cm (3.9 - 5.9 inches) of water. 49 | P a g e



Green roofs not only retain rainwater, but also moderate the temperature of the water and act as natural filters for any of the water that happens to run off.



Green roofs reduce the amount of stormwater runoff and also delay the time at which runoff occurs, resulting in decreased stress on sewer systems at peak flow periods.

Moderation of Urban Heat Island Effect 

Through the daily dew and evaporation cycle, plants on vertical and horizontal surfaces are able to cool cities during hot summer months and reduce the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. The light absorbed by vegetation would otherwise be converted into heat energy.



UHI is also mitigated by the covering some of the hottest surfaces in the urban environment – black rooftops.



Green roofs can also help reduce the distribution of dust and particulate matter throughout the city, as well as the production of smog. This can play a role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting urban areas to a future climate with warmer summers.

Improved Air Quality 

The plants on green roofs can capture airborne pollutants and atmospheric deposition.



They can also filter noxious gases.



The temperature moderating effects of green roofs can reduce demand on power plants, and potentially decrease the amount of CO2 and other polluting byproducts being released into the air.

New Amenity Spaces Green roofs help to reach the principles of smart growth and positively affect the urban environment by increasing amenity and green space and reducing community resistance to infill projects. Green roofs can serve a number of functions and uses, including: 

Community gardens (e.g. local food production or co-ops)

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Commercial space (e.g. display areas and restaurant terraces)

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Recreational space (e.g. lawn bowling and children’s playgrounds) 50 | P a g e

Private Benefits Energy Efficiency 

The greater insulation offered by green roofs can reduce the amount of energy needed to moderate the temperature of a building, as roofs are the sight of the greatest heat loss in the winter and the hottest temperatures in the summer.

Increased Roofing Membrane Durability 

The presence of a green roof decreases the exposure of waterproofing membranes to large temperature fluctuations, that can cause micro-tearing, and ultraviolet radiation.

Fire Retardation 

Green roofs have a much lower burning heat load (the heat generated when a substance burns) than do conventional roofs (Köehler 2004). GRHC has codeveloped Fire Design Standards with SPRI (approved by ANSI) that ensure that green roofs offer fire protection and follow local fire codes.

Reduction of Electromagnetic Radiation 

The risk posed by electromagnetic radiation (from wireless devices and mobile communication) to human health is still a question for debate. Nevertheless, green roofs are capable of reducing electromagnetic radiation penetration by 99.4% (Herman 2003).

Noise Reduction 

Green roofs have excellent noise attenuation, especially for low frequency sounds. An extensive green roof can reduce sound from outside by 40 decibels, while an intensive one can reduce sound by 46-50 decibels (Peck et al. 1999).

3.7 Application  Smart Parking Technology will be applied to the structure to maximize the efficiency and accomodation of parking customers

 Concrete as a sustainable building material considering its benefits to the environment.

 Green Roof will be applied for the sustainability of the structure.

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3.8 Summary and Recommendations Through the application of Smart Parking technology, sustainable building materials and green roof a beneficial structure would be established to the community, environment and its user. Applying this components with the design concept and strategies, it would create an impact to the different elements that is present around the CBD area.

CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES 4.1 Introduction For more indepth investigation of what and how are a parking building operate, we conduct several case studies in each own specific locations, instances and issues to incorporate in our design what is beneficial and what is undesirable.

4.2 Goals and Objectives   

To gain understanding how a parking building operates in specific areas and locations. To be able to discern the criteria that is beneficial and not beneficial to the design process. To accumulate more knowledge for the justification of the design solution.

4.3 Scope and Limitations 4.3.1 Scope “This case study will cover foreign car park building in gathering specific data and analysis for the design solution.” 4.3.2 Limitations

 Due to the typhoon that cause almost a whole week of suspension of classes,



the group is not able to conduct a local case study investigation due to the inability to transport due to the flood in many areas and the ungranted permission of the parents. There are present subjects that are being taken by some of the members that may also require an amount of work and time, and due to the possibility that the deadline of submission for those subject may arise within the span of time that the research can be conducted then it may partially limit the range of the research due to the divided working hours.

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4.4 Methodology 

Comparative Research- A comparison of different analyses, that compares attributes, characteristics, or particular treatments across two or more situations.



Observation- An information-gathering technique based on personal observation and recording of human activities and behaviors.



Social Assessment- A method of data collection and analysis used to characterize the social environment in the area in which one manages (e.g., watershed, protected area).

4.5 Case Studies 4.5.1 Herma Parking Building Architects: JOHO Architecture Location: Yongin-Si, South Korea Architects: JOHO Architecture Jeong Hoon Lee Project Year: 2010

Parking lot either frankly reveals itself to be a parking lot without any consideration for design or surroundings, or disguises like a commercial facility. However, both cases are not welcomed in a city and ruin the city landscape. Development districts of New Downtown in Korea that are fully filled with gigantic real estate goods only emphasize the legal maximum floor area ratio. The city identity is represented by the wall-covering signs not the presence of space nor void. The massive box lumps clutter the city with the logic of capitalism that is composed of investment, lease and presale, rather than the respective regional characteristics. This project 53 | P a g e

intended to change the urban landscape through a proposition of a certain symbolically designed icon on a dry city. Furthermore, a vicious circle of gradually deteriorating surrounding urban environment continues because of the box-shaped boring parking buildings. The Herma parking building was started from a fundamental consideration of current parking lots in Korea. - Maximizing the potential commercial uses of the land - Maximization of lawful commercial area, the possibility of using front terrace - Composition of the parking ramp and the traffic line - Increasing the architectural value through front-skin design

Ground Floor Plan

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2nd to 4th Floor Plan

Roof Floor Plan

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Elevation

The characteristics of exterior design exist in the panel with respectively different sizes individually combined above all. As known from the pattern of elevation plane with various expressions the polycarbonate panels used for 635 units of outer covers are all different in their sizes. Each panel differs in size with the spacing of a few centimeters, which was cut and carried in the factory one by one. The maximum length of panel is 12 meters long,due to the maximum specification of container box when imported. Each opening part is less than 12 meters wide, which divides the polycarbonate panel and creates respectively different elevation plane factors. It is combined with respectively

.

different sizes of panel and stainless steel patterns

The polycarbonate panel composed of 5 plies of film reveals itself with the reflection due to the light source of external light.Contrary to this, at night it refracts the light sources outside by the internal lightings. According to the angle of vanishing point the outer cover changeably differs in its images reflecting the surrounding neon signs and night lightings, vehicular headlights.That is, during the daytime it receives light on the outer cover and wraps the internal space, but at night it refracts and projects the internal part outside.In other words, there is no fixed image here, its true nature infinitely changes.

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4.5.2 Multi-Level Parking voestalpine Architects: x Architekten Location: Linz, Austria Architects: x Architekten (Linz and Vienna) Client: voestalpine Stahl GmbH Area: 20700.0 sqm Project Year: 2008 From the architect. Due to the location in the city of Linz and restrictions on the premise boundaries, the voestalpine steel company needs to pursue alternative growth strategies. An important method of achieving this is through the strategic concentration of facilities and processes on the premises. For this reason the idea developed to concentrate the existing scattered parking spaces, which use up a lot of space, to a centrally located car park. Strategically positioning the car park has proved to be a prototypical solution when considering transformational processes of industrial premises that have limited possibilities for geographic extension.

A central aspect of the parking level and the vertical elements is to give the car park users a feeling of safety and for them to be able to intuitively orientate themselves. While the sunlight is caught in the delicate layer of steel ropes during the day and the sheet metal’s multi-coloured coating shines, the reflections from the floors coated with epoxy resin transform the parking levels at dusk to an interior shining from within

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Site Development Plan

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Each level consists of an access and exit ramp as well as three lifts, one of which leads directly to the bus station. The surrounding office buildings can be directly connected to the upper levels of the car park via foot bridges. The daily route of drivers from car to workplace becomes shorter and more convenient and an optimal vertical distribution of the car park’s usage is therefore encouraged.

The company’s rail system still runs diagonally below the five square parking levels which are 65 metres in length and 19 metres in overall height. This building therefore combines an existing rail track and a car park for 800 vehicles which will serve as a traffic hub and hence enables the steel company voestalpine to use its limited internal surface area in an optimal way.

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4.6 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

4.1 Summary and Conclusion In the selected project for case studies, the general concept of both subject defines the parking building innovatively as a structure that benefits its surrounding and environment. This is far to the common view of a parking building which is a considered as a giant set of concrete shelves, rather it must be look like a design that could define that it belongs to the city. Each of the parking building strategically response to the needs of their environment through their design solution, however different situations also give different options and approaches. In this case studies, we can conclude that a parking building should respond to the needs of its user and its surroundings, it must give an account to the identity of the city and be adaptively reusable for being repurposed of spaces in the future. 4.2 Recommendations 

To adapt more sustainabity in the given project.



To implement much more advanced technology in operating the parking building.



Minimize traffic and congestion through proper circulation.



Consider the future-oriented design considerations.



Improve the stability and strength of the structures.



In order to overcome a realistic limitation of a typical parking building, a new design must be implemented that can increase the value of commercial facilities that benefits the car park building.

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CHAPTER 5: DESIGN SOLUTION

5.1 Project Description In order to overcome a realistic limitation of a parking building, responding to the context of the CBD environment of Caloocan and giving identity to its design as something that labels it “belong to the city, we proudly presents “MANIBELA” a Multi-level Parking Building whose primarily aim is to accommodate, innovate and cultivate. A progressive solution is applied to address the present and future issues that may affect the Multilevel Car Park building, expressing it as unique, innovative and sustainable towards natural environment, which in turn might open people’s mind to newer things through spacial vision and experience.

5.2 Design Concept

“ Manipulative Benevolent Lairs” Manipulative Considerate Influencing Flexible Relates to manipulation of object, spaces and its uses. Benevolent Generous Caring Refers to the positive response of the project to its user and environment Lair (Lairs) Habitat Relates to blending in the environment A secret or private place A resting place 61 | P a g e

A manipulative design from the figurative concept "Manibela" a tagalog word for "Steering Wheel", and a manipulative solution of concept that will provide a benevolent lair for jeepney, bus private cars and pasesengers, that will change the fiasco system in the congested part of the city of Caloocan where the structure is said to be built. The concept of this building is not a typical design of parking lot. It's not a parking lot where in the customer will park and just leave.This proposed Multi level parking lot will change that kind of activity inside the structure.Here , the circulation of vehicles and pedestrian is not just the highlight of the project but also the activities that might help to change the negative impression to the place. The designed structure will also serve as a gateway for the pedestrian for the easy access of the main road EDSA to Rizal Ave. Along Bustamante street. The Proposed multi level parking lot was conceptualized to be a new inspiration because this might be a mark to the place that will let the society think that this place is highly developed.

5.3 Design Philosophy “Life is architecture, and architecture is the mirror of life” Life is filled with endless array of disparate elements and events, the outlook of life reflects the expression of our design. One’s outlook would be different from the other, but by piercing everything together as a designer trying to make a sense of it, how we combine this elements determines the fulfillment and significance of one’s life. Applying this as a design solution through unique and unusual design composition, from random responses to specific context becomes a design strategy. A balance of this different components forms a coherent whole, one that marries intelligence and imagination.

5.4 Design Criteria Accessibility 

The parking building is bound by a major and minor road which can be use effectively for the accessibility of the users of the project. It is also relationally connected to various business establishments and a linkage to site that are potentially subject to commercial development.

Aesthetics 

The design would promote a new definition of a parking building, something that is not just a utilitarian space but an emblem that signifies the recent urbanization that is taking 62 | P a g e

place at the CBD area of Caloocan. A balance of visual and experiential exquisite experience. Circulation 

A ramp system that is applicable to the site’s orientation and location is applied to minimize the congestion of vehicles. Due to the large area of the site, circulation can be effectively arranged in response to the consideration of the users of the project.

Sustainability 

Sustainability towards natural environment is one of the advocacy of the design. Addressing the different environmental issues that exist at the site such as heat island effect, air pollution, runoff pollution etc. through sustainable and adaptable strategies.

Mobility 

To response to the mobility of the vehicles inside the structure, through the existing parking standards are considered as a reference point in arranging the measurement of spaces and through the use of new technology that can be adapt to the operation in the car park building.

Orientation 

Sun path and wind flow is considered as a criteria for forming the geometry of the structure to establish a balance between sun shading and natural ventilation.

Security 

Through the advancement of technology, maintaining security is much more easier, the proper organization of access to the spaces also contributes to the protection of the users.

Disabled 

In compliance to B.P. 344, a person with disability must be given an easier access and accommodations to the parking spaces.

Adaptive Re-use 

Due to the growing trend of urban designs which is more focused on pedestrians, bicycles and public transport, a parking building must be designed with alternative purpose in mind. The parking will have an adaptable and progressive design which will allow them to be re-purposed in the future. Designing a parking structure with an eye toward their afterlife is not only logical but rather simple. The basic three elements of adaptable parking design are flat floors, comfortable floor to ceiling heights, and enough loading capacity to support another structural use that would allow them to be converted into apartments or offices in a future when many city-dwellers don't own cars 63 | P a g e

5.5 Space Program and Lot Area Computation Site Geometry

Classification of Occupancy: Group J- Accessory, Division 2 Lot Type: Through Lot- Min. 10% Open Space

1) Total Lot Area= 7109.399m² 2) Minimum Open Area (10%)= 710.94m² 3) Percentage of Site Occupancy= 6398.454m²

TERMINAL

ENTRY

CONTROL ROOM

COMMERCIAL SPACES

MECH ROOM

CAR PARK BUILDING OPERATOR

Bubble Diagram

BRIDGE

BLDG. ELEC ROOM

STAIRS

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5.6 Architectural Programming

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