COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY ON DIFFERENT LOAD DURING ENERGY AUDIT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT

International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE) Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM

COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY ON DIFFERENT LOAD DURING ENERGY AUDIT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT 1

Pankaj Sindhu, 2Somvir Arya, 3Dr. Rohit Garg Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIET, Kinana, Jind, Haryama 2 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIET, Kinana, Jind, Haryama 3 Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIET, Kinana, Jind, Haryama 1

Abstract—This document carry out the reading of efficiency of a thermal power plant for different load factor of 450MWand 480 MW. And calculate the efficiency of Boiler, turbine and heaters. Keywords—Energy audit , Thermal power Plant INTRODUCTION Objective of energy management is to manage the energy efficiency of the individual subsystem equipment etc., the objective of energy audit is to balance the total energy inputs with its use and to identify all energy streams in a facility. Energy Audit quantifies the usage of energy according to its discrete functions. Energy audit focuses attention on energy cost also. Costs involved in achieving higher performance are studied by financial analysis and the best alternative is selected. The analysis basically checked the efficiency of energy use at present. Energy Audit covers the overall process of data collection and carrying out technical and financial analysis to evolving specific energy management action. Energy Audit identifies the performance of each equipment and compares it with the base case.

I.

Energy Conservation and Energy Audit Energy conservation means reduction in energy consumption but without making any sacrifice of quantity and quality of production. It is therefore imperative that electricity, Which is in shortage, be utilize efficiently and corrective measures are searched for adoption. This could

ISSN – 2394-0573

be done by “Energy Audit”Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications Need of Energy Conservation and Energy Audit In the present scenario of rapidly growing demand of energy in transportation, agriculture, domestic and industrial sectors, the conservation of energy has become essential for over coming the mounting problems of the world wide crisis and environmental degradation. There are two factors contributing to the increase in the energy consumption (i) more than 20% increase in world’s population and (ii) world wide improvement standard of living. The industrial sector consumes about 50% of our energy and therefore improving energy efficiency is the focus of the thesis work. It has been estimated that 25% improvement in the energy efficiency of the industrial sectors as per the data given in Table-1 is possible. In industry there are about ten energy intensive like steel, petroleum, fertilizer, cement, paper etc. which consumes about 60% of the energy used by industrial sector. Increasing government regulation, shortage of energy resources, soaring prices have compelled the energy consumers to go in for energy savings. Energy audit is of the tool to help in energy savings. Therefore energy conservation and energy audit in industry are never concepts for improving energy efficiency and have emerged as thrust areas. The conservation of energy programs of an industrial process contributes in improving energy efficiency and further increased energy efficiency enhances the

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International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE) Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM productivity. Along with conservation of energy there is urgent need to explore newer alternatives and renewable energy resources Sr.No. 1 2 3 4

Energy ConsumingnSectors Industrial Domestic Agriculture Transportation

Scope of Improvement 25% 30% 30% 20%

To meet the growing demand for energy in industries, one of the aims is to identify the technical support in improving their energy performance through comprehensive energy audits, implementation assistance, technology audits, and capacity-building. Energy audits help in identifying energy conservation opportunities in all the energy consuming sectors. While these do not provide the final answer to the problem, but do help to identify the existing potential for energy conservation, and induces the organizations/individuals to concentrate their efforts in this area in a focused manner.

Thermal Power Plant burns fuels and use the resultant heat to raise the steam, which drive the turbo generator. The fuel may be ‘fossil’ (Coal, Oil or Natural Gas) or it may be fissionable (uranium). Whichever fuel is used the object is same to convert heat into mechanical energy into electricity by rotating a magnet inside a set of windings. Conventional power plants work on Rankine cycle. The cycle may be split into distinct operations:  Water is admitted to the boiler raised to boiling temperature and then superheated.  The superheated steam is fed to a steam turbine where it does work on the blades as it expends.  The expended steam is rejected o the condenser and the resultant condensate is fed back to the boiler via feed heaters. The turbine drives a generator, which is turn supplies electricity to the bus bars.

Problem Formulation In RGTPP Khedar, 600 MW units is consideration for energy Audit for Energy Audit and Efficiencies of main sub-units as like Boiler, Turbine and generator, Condenser & Heater are calculated and compared are different loads which highlights in NTPC 210MW units energy efficiency has to be improved to survive in Global Market. Efficiency of any plant or equipment is the ratio of output to its input, expressed as percentage. Output and input are expressed in same physical units. The output is the electrical energy sent to the grid and input is the heat energy of the fuel fired in boiler. Overall station efficiency = Output of Station X 100 Input of Station = Energy sent out (KW) ______ Fuel burnt (Kg) x Calorific value of fuel (K Cal/Kg) ISSN – 2394-0573

Thermal Power Plant Cycle

Working Cycle of Typical Coal Fired Power Station Layout shows a Coal Fired Power Station. Its main raw material is Coal, air and Water. The Coal brought to the station by trains or by the other means & this travels from Coal handling plant by conveyor belt to the coalbunkers, from where it is fed to the Pulverizing Mills, which grind it as fine as face as face powder. The finely powdered coal mixed with pre-heated air, is then blown into the Boiler by a fan called Primary Air Fan where it burns, more like a gas than as a solid in the conventional domestic or industrial grate, with additional amount of air called secondary air supplied by a Forced Draft Fan. As the coal has been ground so finely the resultant ash is also a fine powder. Some of it binds together to from lumps, which fall into the ash pits at the bottom of furnace. The water-

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International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE) Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM quenched ash from the bottom of furnace is conveyed to pits subsequent disposal or sale. Most of ash, still in fine particles form is carried out of the boiler to the Precipitators as dust, where electrodes charged with high voltage electricity traps it. The dust is then conveyed by water to disposal areas or to Bunkers For sale while the cleaned flue gases pass on through Induced Draft Fan to be discharged up the Chimney. Meanwhile the heat released from the coal has been absorbed by the many Kilometers of tubing which line the boiler walls. Inside the tubes is the Boiler Feed Water, which is transformed by the heat into steam at high pressure and temperature. The steam, super heated is further tubes (Super Heater) passes to the Turbine where it is discharged through nozzles on the turbine blades. Just as the energy of the wind turns the sails of the windmill, so the energy of steam, striking the blades, makes the turbine rotate. Coupled To the end of the turbine is the rotor of the Generator –a large cylindrical magnet- so that when the turbine rotates the rotor with it. The rotor is housed inside the stator having heavy coils of copper bars in which electricity is produced through the movement of the magnetic

ISSN – 2394-0573

fields created by the rotor. The electricity passes from the stator winding to the Step-up Transformer which increases its voltage so that it can be transmitted efficiently over the power lines of the grid. The steam, which has given up its heat energy, is changed back into water in a condenser so that it is ready for re-use. The condenser contains many Kilometers of tubing through which cold water is constantly pumped. The steam passing around the tubes loses heat and is rapidly changed back to water. But the two lots of water (i.e., boiler feed water and cooling water) must never mix. The cooling water is drawn from the river/sea, but the boiler feed water must be absolutely pure, far purer than the water, which we drink, if it is not to damage the boiler tubes. Heat, which the water extracts from the steam in the condenser, is removed by pumping the water out to the Cooling Towers. The water is sprayed out at top of the towers and as it falls into the pond beneath it is cooled by the upward draught of air. The Pump then recalculates the cold water in the pond. Data Collection: Table No.2

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International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE) Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM DATA OF 600MW THERMAL POWER Sr. Description No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Condition

Superheat Steam Steam Outlet HPT and Superheat Inlet Re-heater Steam Steam Outlet Re-heater and Superheat inlet IPT Steam Superheat Steam Outlet IPT and inlet LPT Steam 6th Extraction HPT and inlet Superheat HPH6 Steam Steam Inlet HPT

HPH6 Outlet and Inlet HPH5

Water

5th Extraction IPT and Inlet HPH5 HPH5 Outlet and Inlet Dearator 3rd Extraction IPT and Inlet LPH3 Drip Outlet LPH3 and Inlet LPH2 2nd Extraction LPT and Inlet LPH2 Drip Outlet LPH2 and Inlet LPH1

Superheat Steam Water Superheat Steam

1st Extraction LPT Inlet LPH1

Pressure (bar)

Tem. (0C)

Flow Enthalpy (T/Hr) (KJ/Kg)

Energy (MW)

161

538

835

3586

831.75

31.6

326

735

3090

630.88

28.6

522

675

3529

661.69

360

600

3190

531.66

31.5

320

100

3025

84.027

20

205

100

2007.6

55.76

16.6

453

60

3389

56.48

6.5

171

100

1864.8

51.8

4.5

317

20

3078

1.71

17

2910

1.37

10.85

Water Superheat Steam

122.4 0.9

Water Superheat Steam

Drip Outlet LPH1 and Inlet to Water Hot-well Superheat 15 Exhaust Steam Outlet LPT Steam Condenser Outlet & Inlet Hot16 Water well Condensed Steam Inlet to 17 Water LPH1 Condensate Outlet LPH1 and 18 Water Inlet LPH2 PLANT AT LOAD 480MW

120 -1.5

14

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233

97

1650.6 23

47

1554

9.85

1344

0.08

45

505

1335.6

187.36

0.08

40

505

1314.6

184.41

11

45

600

1335.6

222.6

10.5

71

600

1444.8

240.8

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International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE) Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM

Sr. No. 19 20

Description Condensate Outlet and Inlet LPH3 Condensate Outlet and Inlet Dearator

LPH2 LPH3

Condition

Pressure (bar)

Tem. (0C)

Flow (T/Hr)

Enthalpy (KJ/Kg)

Energy (MW)

Water

11.8

115

600

789.9

253.41

Water

11.9

151

600

798.4

273.01

21

BFP Inlet

Water

9.2

169

718

746.8

362.7

22

Condensate Inlet HPH5

Water

184.5

173

718

1756.5

363.54

Water

184

205

718

1754

352.66

Water

184

236

718

1754

428.04

Water

179.5

321

718

1734.8

434.74 522.69

23 24 25

Condensate Outlet and Inlet HPH6 Condensate Outlet and Inlet Economizer Feed Water Inlet

HPH5 HPH6 Drum

26

Steam Inlet LTSH

Steam

176.04

365

718

820

27

Steam Inlet Platen SH

Steam

172.05

408

718

860

28

Steam Heater

Steam

168.7

490

718

898

674.3

29

Flue Gas Inlet Re-heater

Flue Gas

-10

635

800

3813.6

847.46

Flue Gas

-7

620

800

3750.6

833.46

Flue Gas

-0.08

950

800

5136.6

1141.46

30 31

Inlet

Flue Gas Super Heater Flue Gas Super-heater

Final

Super

Inlet

Final

Inlet

Platen

32

Flue Gas Inlet LTSH

Flue Gas

-0.4

861

800

4762.8

1058.39

33

Flue Gas Inlet Economizer

Flue Gas

-0.65

433

800

2965.2

658.93

34

Flue Gas Inlet APH

Flue Gas

93.7

313.8

800

1356

529.19

35

Flue Gas To Stack

Flue Gas

101.4

121.7

800

2727

392

36

SA Inlet APH

Air

145.6

32

800

2629

526.39

37

SA Inlet Boiler

Air

240

272

850

2289

540.45

38

PA Inlet APH

Air

615

36.5

142

1299.9

51.27

39

PA Inlet Boiler

Air

615

292

142

2373

93.59

40

Coal Supply to Boiler

Coal

41 42

Cold Water Inlet to Water Condenser Hot Water Outlet From Water Condenser ISSN – 2394-0573

228 6

30

40000

1272.6

14139.99

5

37

40000

1302

14466.67

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International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE) Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM

Data Analysis Data Analysis of plant at 480 MW Boiler Section Inlet in Boiler (1)At (40) Coal = 228T/hr = 228 x 1000/3600 =63.33 Kg./Sec. Calorific Value = (C.V) of Coal = 3350 K Cal/Kg Energy = 3350 x 63.33 x 4.2/1000 = 891.05 MW (ii) At (2) Energy = 630.875 MW (iii)At (24) Energy = 349.825 MW Outlet from Boiler (iv) At (1) Energy = 831.75 MW (v) At (3) Energy = 661.69 MW (vi) Flue Gases (These are not taken in consideration) Total Inlet = (i) + (ii) + (iii) = 891.05 + 630.875 + 349.825 = 1871.75 MW Total Outlet = (IV) + (v) + (VI) = 831.75 + 661.69 + 0 = 1553.4 MW Loss in Boiler = Inlet – Outlet = 1871.75 – 1553.4 = 318.35 MW Efficiency of Boiler = 1553.4x 100/ 1871.75 = 82.99 % Section Turbine & Gen. (i) HPT Inlet (1) = 831.75 MW Outlet (2) + (5) = 630.87 + 84.027 = 714.89 MW Net Energy at HPT = 831.75 – 714.89 = 116.86 MW (ii)

IPT Inlet (3) = 661.69 MW Outlet (4) + (7) = 531.66+56.48 = 588.14 MW Net Energy at IPT = 661.69 – 588.14 = 73.55 MW

(iii)

Net Input at Turbine (HPT, IPT & LPT) = 116.86 + 73.55 + 518.65 = 709.06 MW Efficiency of Turbo Generator = 480 x 100/ 709.06 = 67.70 % Section Condenser: Condenser Efficiency = Actual Cooling Water Temp rise Max Possible Temp. Rise = (T42 – T41) x100 T 17 – T41 = (37 – 30) x100 45 – 30 = 46.67 % Section Heaters (LP & HP) LPH1 Effectiveness

= T18 – T17 T 13 – T17 = 71 - 45 97 – 45 = 0.50

LPH2 Effectiveness

= T19 – T18 T 11 – T18 = 89 - 71 218 – 71 = 0.12

LPH3 Effectiveness

= T20 – T19 T 9 – T19 = 117 - 89 303 – 89 = 0.13

HPH5 Effectiveness

= T23 – T22 T 7 – T22 = 196 - 161 420 – 161 = 0.135

HPH6 Effectiveness

= T24 – T23 T 5 – T23 = 238 - 196

LPT Inlet (4) = 531.66 MW Outlet (9) + (11) + (13) = 1.71 + 1.37 +

9.93 = 13.01 MW Net Energy at LPT = 531.66 – 13.01 = 518.65 MW ISSN – 2394-0573

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International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE) Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM 330 – 196 = 0.31 Overall station efficiency Station x 100 =

=

Output

of

Input of Station Energy sent out (KW)

. Fuel burnt (Kg) x Calorific value of fuel (K Cal/kg) Fuel burnt (Coal) = 114 T/ Hr = 31.67 Kg/Sec C.V = 4860 K Cal/kg = 4860 x 4.2 = 20412 KW Heat Input = 20412 x 31.67/1000 = 646.45 MW Overall Efficiency of Plant = 232 x 100/646.45 = 35.89%

ISSN – 2394-0573

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International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE) Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM DATA OF 600MW THERMAL POWER Sr. No.

Description

1

Steam Inlet HPT

Condition

4

Steam Outlet IPT and inlet LPT

5

6th Extraction HPT and inlet HPH6

Superheat Steam Superheat Steam Superheat Steam Superheat Steam Superheat Steam

6

HPH6 Outlet and Inlet HPH5

Water

5th Extraction IPT and Inlet HPH5 HPH5 Outlet and Inlet Dearator 3rd Extraction IPT and Inlet LPH3 Drip Outlet LPH3 and Inlet LPH2 2nd Extraction LPT and Inlet LPH2 Drip Outlet LPH2 and Inlet LPH1

Superheat Steam Water Superheat Steam

2 3

7 8 9 10 11 12

Steam Outlet HPT and Inlet Re-heater Steam Outlet Re-heater and inlet IPT

150

540

150

150

540

38

340

38

38

340

38

540

38

38

540

38

340

38

38

340

184

246

184

184

246

42

326

42

42

326

189

200

189

189

200

1.7

220

1.7

1.7

220

123

123

100

-0.28

-0.28

100

Water

-0.6

94

-0.6

-0.6

94

-0.376

76

-0.376

-0.376

76

14

Drip Outlet LPH1 and Inlet to Hot-well

Water

15

Exhaust Steam Outlet LPT

Superheat Steam

Condenser Outlet & Inlet HotWater well Condensed Steam Inlet to Water LPH1 Condensate Outlet LPH1 and Water Inlet LPH2 PLANT AT LOAD 480 MW

ISSN – 2394-0573

Energy (MW)

-0.28

Superheat Steam

18

Flow Enthalpy (T/Hr) (KJ/Kg)

Superheat Steam

1st Extration LPT Inlet LPH1

17

Tem. (0C)

Water

13

16

Pressure (bar)

50

50

0.0945

45

0.0945

0.0945

45

0.1

36

0.1

0.1

36

11.8

50

11.8

11.8

50

11.8

72

11.8

11.8

72

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International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE) Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM 3.5.2 Data Analysis of plant at 480 MW Sr. No. 19 20

Description Condensate Outlet LPH2 and Inlet LPH3 Condensate Outlet LPH3 and Inlet Dearator

Condition

Pressure (bar)

Tem. (0C)

Water

150

540

Water

38

340

38

540

21

BFP Inlet

Water

22

Condensate Inlet HPH5

Water

23 24 25

Condensate Outlet HPH5 and Inlet HPH6 Condensate Outlet HPH6 and Inlet Economizer Feed Water Inlet Drum

Boiler Section Flow (T/Hr)

Enthalpy (KJ/Kg)

Energy (MW)

3414.6

0

652

2574.6

466.2887

786

3414.6

745.521

1146.6

0

2574.6

0

2179.8

475.923

Water

38

340

Water

184

246

Water

42

326

2515.8

0

786

26

Steam Inlet LTSH

Steam

189

200

0

0

27

Steam Inlet Platen SH

Steam

1.7

220

0

0

28

Steam Inlet Final Super Heater

Steam

123

0

0

29

Flue Gas Inlet Re-heater

Flue Gas

-0.28

100

1566.6

0

Flue Gas

-0.6

94

1541.4

0

Flue Gas

-0.376

76

1465.8

0

50

1356.6

0

30 31

Flue Gas Inlet Final Super Heater Flue Gas Inlet Platen Super-heater

32

Flue Gas Inlet LTSH

Flue Gas

33

Flue Gas Inlet Economizer

Flue Gas

0.0945

45

1335.6

0

34

Flue Gas Inlet APH

Flue Gas

0.1

36

1297.8

0

35

Flue Gas To Stack

Flue Gas

11.8

50

1356.6

0

36

SA Inlet APH

Air

11.8

72

1449

313.95

37

SA Inlet Boiler

Air

200

290

2364.6

0

38

PA Inlet APH

Air

800

36

1297.8

54.075

39

PA Inlet Boiler

Air

700

278

2314.2

0

40

Coal Supply to Boiler

Coal

0

0

41 42

Cold Water Inlet to Condenser Hot Water Outlet From Condenser ISSN – 2394-0573

780

150

142

Water

35

1293.6

0

Water

46

1339.8

0

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International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE) Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM Inlet in Boiler At (40) Coal = 114T/hr = 114 x 1000/3600 =31.67 Kg./Sec. Calorific Value = (C.V) of Coal = 4860 K Cal/Kg Energy = 4860 x 31.67 x 4.2/1000 = 646.45 MW

(i)

(ii) (iii)

At (2) Energy At (24) Energy MW

= 482.74 MW = 428.04

Outlet from Boiler (iv) At (1) Energy = 692.01 MW (v) At (3) Energy =634.73MW (vi) Flue Gases (These are not taken in consideration) Total Inlet= (i) + (ii) + (iii) = 646.45 + 482.74 + 428.04 = 1557.23 MW Total Outlet = (iv) + (v) + (vi) = 692.01 + 634.73 + 0 = 1326.74 MW Loss in Boiler = Inlet – Outlet = 1557.23 - 1326.74 = 230.49 MW Efficiency of Boiler = 1326.74 x 100/ 1557.23 = 85.20 % Section Turbine & Gen. HPT Inlet (1) = 692.01 MW Outlet (2) + (5) = 482.74 + 42.22 = 524.96 MW Net Energy at HPT= 692.01 – 524.96 = 167.05 MW (ii) IPT Inlet (3) = 634.73 MW Outlet (4) + (7) = 436.11+32.34 = 468.45 MW Net Energy at IPT = 634.73 – 468.45 = 166.28 MW (iii)LPT Inlet (4)

= 436.11 MW

Outlet (9) + (11) + (13) 9.73 + 9.85

= 13.45 +

= 33.03 MW = 436.11 – 33.03 = 403.08 MW Net Input at Turbine (HPT, IPT & LPT) = 167.05 + 166.28 + 403.08 = 736.41 MW Efficiency of Turbo Generator = 232 x 100/ 736.41 = 31.50 % Net Energy at LPT

Section Condenser: Condenser Efficiency= Actual Cooling Water Temp rise Max Possible Temp. Rise = (T18 – T17) x100 T 13 – T17 = (37 – 30) x100 45 – 30 = 46.67 % Section Heaters (LP & HP) LPH1 Effectiveness = T18 – T17 T 13 – T17 = 71 - 45 97 – 45 = 0.50 LPH2 Effectiveness = T19 – T18 T 11 – T18 = 89 - 71 218 – 71 = 0.12 LPH3 Effectiveness = T20 – T19 T 9 – T19 = 117 - 89 303 – 89 = 0.13 HPH5 Effectiveness = T23 – T22 T 7 – T22 = 196 - 161 420 – 161 = 0.135 HPH6 Effectiveness = T24 – T23 T 5 – T23 = 238 - 196 330 – 196 = 0.31 Overall station efficiency Station x 100

=

Output

Input of Station ISSN – 2394-0573

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of

International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE) Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM = Energy sent out (KW) . Fuel burnt (Kg) x Calorific value of fuel (K Cal/kg) Fuel burnt (Coal) = 114 T/ Hr = 31.67 Kg/Sec C.V = 4860 K Cal/kg = 4860 x 4.2 = 20412 KW Heat Input = 20412 x 31.67/1000 = 595.45 MW Overall Efficiency of Plant = 232 x 100/595.45 = 31.5%

fired boilers, Vol.42, 2000, Page No.1100-1110. 6. Dognlin, Chen James, D & Varies B.de (2001) “Review of current combustion, technologies for burning pulverized coal”, Energy conservation in coal fired boilers Vol.48, 2001, Page No. 121-131.

Result: in this research we calculate the overall efficiency of thermal power plant at different loads 450 MW and 480 MW . this calculation shows that the power plant work more efficiently at higher loads as compared to lower loads. References 1. Raask, E Lo, K.L. & Song E, Z. M.(1969)“ Tube Failures Occurring in the primary super heaters and repeaters and in the economizers of coal fired boilers” Vol.12, 1969, pp no. 185 Optimizing Energy efficiency in industries by G.G. Rajan (January 2001), “Energy Loss Control-models”, 2. Pilat, J.Micheel Pinterton, A. (1969) “Source test Cascade impactor for measuring the size ducts in boilers”, Energy Conservation in Coal fired boilers Vol. 10,1969, Page No.(410-418) 3. Schulz,E, Worell, E & Blok, K. “Size distribution of submission particulars emitted from Pulverized coal fired plant” Energy Conservation in Coal Fired boilers Vol. 10, 1974, Page No.74-80. 4. Neal, P.W.Lo, K.L. (1980) “Conventional automatic control of boiler outlet steam pressure” Energy Conservation in Coal fired boilers Vol. 16, 1980, Page No.91-98 5. Diez, lgnacio, Lvis Hurt F. Earl (2000) “Evaluation of customary measurements and adoption of supplementary instruments” Energy conservation in coal ISSN – 2394-0573

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