Artificial Organs

INTRODUCTION
ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
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INTRODUCTION

1885 M. von Frey and M. Gruber (Leipzig) build and use the first artificial heart-lung apparatus for organ perfusion studies.
1925 G. Haas (Germany) performs first clinical hemodialysis of 5 patients, using a modification of the Hopkins artificial kidney.
1939 W. Thalheimer (New York) performs the first hemodialysis of a dog using cellophane membrane and heparin anticoagulation.
1943 W. Kolff (Kampen, The Netherlands) develops a rotating drum artificial kidney and later the Kolff-Brigham dialyzer (designed and constructed in Boston), which becomes the standard throughout the 1950s.
And all the development leads to the 21st century inventions of modern artificial organs used in the body.

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ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
BRIEF HISTORY




INTRODUCTION


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ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
DEFINITION OF ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

An Artificial organ may be defined as a human made device designed to replace, duplicate or augument, functionally or cosmetically a missing, diseased or otherwise incompetent part of the body, either temporarily or permanently and which requires a non-biologic material interface with the living tissue. (Galleti, 1995)





DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

Artificial organs can conveniently be classed into four groups:
(I)Bone/Joint Replacements (e.g. hip, knee, finger, total limb),
(II)Skin/Soft Tissue Replacements (e.g. skin, breast, muscle),
(III) Internal Organs (e.g. heart, kidney, blood vessels, liver, pancreas)
(IV) Sensory Organs (e.g. eye, ear).

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ARTIFICIAL ORGANS


MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

The various processes involved in the manufacturing of artificial organs involve the following:
Tissue Engineering: This is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physico-chemical factors to improve or replace biological functions.
Bioprinting or 3D printing of tissues: Bioprinting, where living cells are precisely printed in a certain pattern, has great potential and promise for fabricating engineered living organs.
Industrially by using biomaterials which includes metals, ceramics, polymers and composites.
In the laboratory by using stem cells under Regenerative Medicine.

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ARTIFICIAL ORGANS


AREAS OF APPLICATIONS
Artificial Bone
Artificial Skin
Bionics
Biomedical Engineering
Cochlear Implant
Ocular prosthetic
Organ Anantomy
Organ Transplant
Plastic Surgery
Prosthesis
Tissue Scaffold
Decellularization and others.


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ARTIFICIAL ORGANS


PROS AND CONS OF ARTIFICIAL ORGAN
PROS
1. Artificial organs can replace diseased or damaged organs, thereby, providing the ailing patient with an opportunity to lead a healthy and normal life.
2. Artificial organs can meet the huge demand of healthy donor organs. There is a huge list of patients who are in urgent need of healthy organs but are unable to find a suitable willing donor.
3. A major stumbling block in the form of organ rejection can be solved due to artificial organs. As artificial organs are created by taking the stem cells of the same person and of the same organ, the possibility of rejection has been reduced significantly.
4.With the help of regenerative medicine or artificial organ therapy, burn victims can even have a new skin.

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ARTIFICIAL ORGANS


ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

BY

FELIX CHIBUZO OBI (20144610)
ISAAC TSADO (20144267)
PWADUBASHIYI COSTON PWAVODI(20143883)
SUPERVISED BY
LECTURER: TUGDEM MUSLU


REFERENCES

De Bakey, M.E. A simple continuous flow transfusion instrument. New Orleans Med Surgery Journal. 1934; 87: 386
Galletti, P. M. and C. K. Colton, 1995a, Artificial Lungs and Blood-Gas Exchange Devices, in The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, J. Bronzino, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 1879-1897
Gebelein, C.G.,"Prosthetic and Biomedical Devices,"in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., 1982 ;19,275-313 .
Gebelein, C.G.;Koblitz,F.F.,editions.,"Biomedical and Dental Applications of Polymers,"Plenum Publication.Corporation.,New York,1981 .

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ARTIFICIAL ORGANS


PROS AND CONS OF ARTIFICIAL ORGAN
CONS
A major concern is the possible presence of the disease in the base tissue which is used to create the organ. Sometimes, even a foreign body tissue is used to regenerate or reconstruct the organ. In such cases, there is a possibility that the tissue is already infected by other diseases.
The entire cost of growing and transplanting an artificial organ is prohibitive, and thus, limit the scope of its application to the general public.
There are high chances of organ failure, and the body may even take some time to adapt to the new organ. How the body reacts to the new organ may vary from person to person. If there is a problem with the functioning of the organ, you might need to go for another transplant.
 


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ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
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