Artificial Intelligence

 

Artificial Intelligence

JENNIFER .M. SIRIAS January 12, 2013 Laureate Online Education B.V., Haarlerbergweg 23C, 1101 CH Amsterdam Z.O., The Netherlands Tel. +31 (0)20 713 0000 Fax +31 (0)20 713 0099 www.uol.ohecampus.com  

“Artificial Intelligence subjects face the challenge of organizing, identifying and interpreting sensory information in order to intelligently represent and understand the environment that humans know well. Machines have limited capabilities to responding to the essential stimuli thus it is a challenge for machines to process sensory input information efficiently. “        

The  approach  of  AI  is  based  on  the  belief  that  mankind  is  capable  of  analyzing  and  describing   the  real  world  views  including  the  knowledge  pertaining  to  it  through  algorithm  methods  based   on  logic.  Langley  and  Laird  (2006)  see  the  vision  of  Artificial  Intelligence  as  being  a  vision  to   develop  intelligent  systems  with  a  range  of  capabilities  as  observed  in  humans.   Considered  a  highly  technical  and  specialized  field,  Artificial  Intelligence  despite  being   subdivided  into  subfields  including  machine  learning,  statistical  research  etc.,  each  have  led   their  own  research  and  with  less  communication  with  other  related  fields,  many  sections  have   evolved  into  working  around  a  particular  organization  and  using  the  work  of  individual   researchers.  (Wikipedia,  n.d)   The  downside  of  such  division  Langley  and  Laird,  (2006)  resulted  in  students  identifying  more   with  the  work  of  the  subfield  rather  than  with  Artificial  Intelligence  in  general.     Few  problems  rose  with  AI  in  various  areas  of  its  study  including  the  field  of  philosophy.  How   the  human  brain  works  is  way  too  complex  for  science  to  detect  the  intelligence  it  houses.   Theories  were  developed  by  many  scientists  with  claims  that  computers  can  be  developed  to   possess  intelligence  and  capabilities  similar  to  a  human  person’s  brain  however;  the  impacts  of   Artificial  Intelligence  were  met  with  some  fundamental  problems  of  perception,  common  sense   reasoning,  knowledge  representation  and  learning  methodologies.     Artificial  Intelligence  subjects  face  the  challenge  of  organizing,  identifying  and  interpreting   sensory  information  in  order  to  intelligently  represent  and  understand  the  environment  that   humans  know  well.   Machines  have  limited  capabilities  to  responding  to  the  essential  stimuli  thus  it  is  a  challenge   for  machines  to  process  sensory  input  information  efficiently.       The  development  of  reasoning  abilities  within  a  machine  can  become  tedious  and  problematic   when  there  is  a  large  class  of  problems  to  be  reasoned  with.  Difficult  problems  in  Artificial   Intelligence  often  require  enormous  computational  resources  especially  if  the  problem  is   critically  large  in  size.  Such  problems  often  require  efficient  problem-­‐solving  algorithms  to  aid   resolving  of  difficult  computational  problems.   Machines  have  to  deal  with  ways  of  representing  and  storing  knowledge  that  have  to  be  readily   accessible  and  achieving  this  accessibility  is  yet  another  challenge  (Brookshear,  2012)  Artificial   Intelligent  systems  would  have  to  be  designed  to  distinguish  between  related  information  and   relevant  information.  (Brookshear,  2012)     Human  intervention  is  required  by  intelligent  machines  to  represent  and  manipulate  new   knowledge.  Machines  are  said  to  learn  by  imitating  actions  of  humans.  These  actions  will  have   to  be  translated  into  machine  language  in  order  for  systems  to  comprehend.  Machines  require  

specific  algorithms  to  aid  its  interpretation  of  the  extensive  knowledge  about  the  world.  For   example,  an  artificial  machine  that  has  been  programmed  to  play  chess  will  have  to  be  added   new  programs  every  time  a  new  move  in  the  game  is  developed  etc.   One  might  ask,  what  has  artificial  intelligence  achieved  that  have  proven  to  be  beneficial  in   society?  Well,  despite  its  limited  capabilities  to  respond  to  stimuli,  machines  can  be  developed   to  learn  and  memorize  simple  inputs  then  later  process  them  by  identifying  the  input  from   memory  and  processing  it  intelligently.  This  benefit  however,  can  also  create  tedious   programming  tasks  when  new  inputs  are  developed  or  learned.   Artificial  intelligence  has  continued  to  aid  science  research,  technology  and  exploration.  For   example  consider  the  capabilities  of  robots  sent  into  Mars  for  space  exploration.  Artificial   intelligence  tools  and  techniques  are  commonly  used  within  the  field  of  computer  science  such   as  the  advancing  technology  of  incorporating  voice  and  touch  on  hand  held  gadgets  such  as   smartphones,  computers,  tablets,  cars  that  can  drive  themselves  by  using  speech  recognition   features.  The  ability  of  smart  phones  to  track  locations  and  provide  directions  has  aided  law   enforcing  departments,  emergency  rescue  operations  and  as  well  as  account  for  easier  access   to  information  that  was  previously  unreachable.     Assembly  lines  in  manufacturing  organizations  have  also  benefited  greatly  from  the  use  of   robotic  systems.  Instead  of  human  workers,  companies  use  robots  to  work  the  assembly  lines.   Robots  do  not  need  to  be  paid  wages  thus  costs  will  be  saved  for  the  organization.   By  combing  various  related  fields  of  studies  within  the  circle  of  artificial  intelligence.  Can  the   original  dream  of  building  complete  intelligent  systems.  (Langley  and  Laird,  2006)  be  achieved?   In  my  opinion,  building  a  complete  intelligent  system  will  always  be  a  challenge  as  the  human   brain  is  way  complex  for  all  of  its  attributes  to  be  imitated  easily  as  well  as  translated  into   algorithms.  However,  research  is  still  ongoing  to  achieve  the  challenge  of  creating  intelligent   systems  that  can  translate  real  world  views.     References:   Brookshear,  G.  (2012)  Computer  Structure:  an  overview  (11th  Edition)  Addison-­‐Wesley   Gregor,  H.  (n.d)  [Online]  Available  at:   https://elearning.uol.ohecampus.com/bbcswebdav/institution/UKL1/INTAKES/2012_11/CSTRUC/Wk10/ Hochmuth.pdf  (Accessed:  11  January  2013)  

Hearst,  M.  A.,  and  Hirsch,  H.  (2000)  Trends  and  Controversies:  AI’s  greatest  trends  an  controversies   [Online]  Available  at;  http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs472/2002fa/handouts/challenges-­‐ai.pdf   (Accessed:  13  January  2013)   Hilbert,  D  (n.d)  [Online]  Available  at:   https://elearning.uol.ohecampus.com/bbcswebdav/institution/UKL1/INTAKES/2012_11/CSTRUC/Wk10/ CSTRUC_week10_readings_TOC_Hilbert.pdf  (Accessed:  11  January  2013)   Langley,  P.,  and  Laird,  E.,  J  (2006)  Artificial  Intelligence  and  Intelligent  Systems  [Online]  Available  at:     http://www.isle.org/~langley/papers/systems.fellows06.pdf  (Accessed:  13  January  2013)   Lawrence,  T.,  (1991)  Impacts  of  Artificial  Intelligence  on   Organizational  Decision  Making*  [Online]  Available  at:   http://thomaslawrence.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/lawrence-­‐1991-­‐impacts-­‐of-­‐artificial-­‐intelligence-­‐ on-­‐organization.pdf  (Accessed:  12  January  2013)   Philosophical  Perspectives  on  Artificial  Intelligence  (n.d):  Ethical  Issues  [Online]  Available  at:     http://www-­‐cs-­‐faculty.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/soco/projects/2004-­‐05/ai/ai-­‐ethics.html   (Accessed:  13  January  2013)   Smetana,  M  (n.d)  Artificial  Intelligence  [Online]  Available  at:   https://elearning.uol.ohecampus.com/bbcswebdav/institution/UKL1/INTAKES/2012_11/CSTRUC/Wk10/ tech-­‐1.pdf  (Accessed:  11  January  2013)   Sotala,  K.  (2012)  Advantages  of  Artificial  Intelligences,  Uploads,  and  Digital  Minds  [Online]  Available  at:   http://singularity.org/files/AdvantagesOfAIs.pdf  (Accessed;  13  January  2013)   Stone,  M.,  and  Hirsh,  H.  (2012)  AI  –  The  next  25  Years  [Online]  Available  at:   http://www.ai.rutgers.edu/aaai25/  (Accessed:  13  January  2013)   Tilkhomlrov,  O.K.,  (n.d)  Philosophical  and  Psychological  Problems  of  Artificial  Intelligence  [Online]   Available  at:  http://ijcai.org/Past%20Proceedings/IJCAI-­‐75-­‐VOL-­‐1&2/PDF/140.pdf  (Accessed:    12  January   2013)   Wikipedia  (n.d)  Artificial  Intelligence  [Online]  Available  at:   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence  (Accessed:  13  January  2013)   Yudkowsky,  E.,  Bostrom,  N.,  and  Cirkovic  (2006)  Artificial  Intelligence  as  a  Positive  and   Negative  Factor  in  Global  Risk  [Online]  Available  at:  http://philosophyandhistoryofscience.com/wp-­‐ content/uploads/2012/01/artificial-­‐intelligence-­‐risk.pdf  (Accessed:  12  January  2013)