Análisis Fenomenológico Interpretativo: Introducción

Análisis Fenomenológico Interpretativo INTRODUCCIÓN ©LYMARIE RODRÍGUEZ

Ejemplo de un estudio con AFI Procedimiento •

Entrevista semi-estructurada

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Transcripción verbatim

Análisis •

Una primera lectura global del texto

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Identificar/establecer los temas

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Repetir proceso con del resto de los participantes

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Comparar patrones emergente en todos los casos

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Escribir/redactar los resultados - examinar convergencia e individualidad

Qué es el AFI Interés en: •

La experiencia vivida

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Cómo el participante hace sentido de su experiencia

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El significado de la experiencia para el/la participante

Qué es el AFI Fundamentos teóricos:

Fenomenología Hermenéutica Ideografía

Fenomenología Husserl (1859-1938) •

“Volver a las cosas mismas”

•

Interés en la experiencia vivida (lived experience)

Fenomenología(s) Diferentes filósofos, diferentes enfoques:

Husserl

Conceptual, epistemológico

Heidegger

Contexto, ontológico, existencial

Merleau Ponty

Corpóreo, punto de vista del que “vive la experiencia”

Sartre

Interpersonal

Fenomenología(s) “The history of phenomenology is the history of Husserlian heresies” ( Moran, 2000) Todos somos fenomenólogos:

“In everyday life each of us is something of a phenomenologist insofar as we genuinely listen to the stories that people tell us and reflect on our own perception” (Halling, 2008).

Psicología Cualitativa Fenomenológica Enfoque Husserliano •

Amedeo Giorgi – fenomenología empírica

Enfoque hermenéutico – interpretativo •

Jonathan A. Smith – AFI

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Max van Mannen – fenomenología hermenéutica

Psicología Fenomenológica •

Trata de comprender al ser humano a partir de la experiencia vivida.

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No se puede separar al ser humano del mundo.

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Se basa en la intencionalidad de la conciencia.

Hermenéutica •

El arte de interpretar textos

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Cuáles son los métodos para interpretar? Schleiermacher Heidegger

Gadamer

Schleiermacher “Every person is on the one hand a location in which a given language forms itself in an individual manner, on the other their discourse can be only be understood via the totality of language. But then the person is also a spirit which continually develops, and their discourse is only one act of this spirit of connection with the other acts” (Schleiermacher, 1998: 8-9).

Heidegger Fenomenología – fenómeno “lo que aparece” logos

discurso/razón

“Phenomenology is seeking after meaning which is perhaps hidden by the entity’s mode of appearing. In that case the proper model for seeking meaning is the interpretation of a text and for this reason Heidegger links phenomenology with hermeneutics. How things appear or are covered up must be explicitly studied” (Moran, 2000, p. 229).

Heidegger “Our first, last, and constant task in interpreting is never to allow our…fore-conception to be presented to us by fancies and popular conception, but rather to make the scientific theme secure by working out the fore-structures in terms of the things themselves” (Heidegger, 1962/1927, p. 195).

Interpretar/Comprender •

Comprensión como empatía

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Hermenéutica de la sospecha

I

P

Ideografía •

El opuesto al enfoque nomotético el cual es la lógica dominante en la investigación psicológica y social.

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Nomotético Análisis a nivel de grupo Conclusiones acturiales Crítica de Lamiell

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Valor del estudio de caso

Resumen Fenomenológico – Estudio de la experiencia es central. Interpretativo – No hay acceso directo a la experiencia. La experiencia está mediatizada por la interpretación. Ideográfico – Enfoque en la experiencia de cada individuo

Psicología Cualitativa •

Análisis fenomenológico interpretativo

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Teoría fundamentada

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Análisis de discurso

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Análisis narrativo

Example research question

Key features

Suitable approach

What are the main experiential features of being angry?

Note the focus on the common structure of ‘anger’ as an experience.

Phenomenology

How do people who have complained about their medical treatment make sense of being angry?

Note the focus on personal meaning and sense- Interpretative making in a particular context, for people who phenomenological share a particular experience. analysis

What sorts of story structures do people use to describe events which made them angry?

Note the focus on how narrative relates to sense-making (e.g. via genre, structure, tone or imagery).

Narrative psychology

What factors influence Note the willingness to develop an explanatory Grounded theory how people manage being level account (factors, impacts, influences, etc.). angry? How do people talk about ‘being angry’ in close relationships?

Note the focus on interaction over and above content, and the caution about inferring anything about anger itself.

Discursive psychology

How is ‘anger’ constructed in incident reports from a residential home for Older People?

Note the willingness to use a range of data sources, and the focus on how things ‘must be understood’ according to the conventions of a particular setting.

Foucauldian discourse analysis

AFI – Cómo se hace? Diseño •

Preguntas de investigación adecuadas

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Cognición caliente vs. fría

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Momento de importancia existencial

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Enfoque en la experiencia

Muestra/grupo homogéneo Por qué homogéneo Cómo Cuántos

Procedimiento Recopilación de datos Muestreo/reclutamiento de participantes

Entrevista semi-estructurada Transcripción verbatim Análisis Examen sistemático de los temas emergentes Establecer patrón de temas Resultados Relato narrativo sobre los temas emergentes. Deben estar apoyados por los citas extraídas de los participantes.

Entrevista Semi-Estructurada Usar itinerario/libreto de preguntas, pero: •

Establece ‘rapport’ con el entrevistado

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Orden/secuencia de las preguntas es flexible

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Seguimiento de áreas interesantes que surgen

Ejemplo 1.

Can you tell me briefly how you started in NA?

2.

How is participation in NA helping you?

3.

How do you feel about not using drugs?

4.

What does the term recovery mean to you?

5.

On a daily basis what do you do to stay in recovery?

6.

How do you deal with cravings or thoughts about using drugs? What do you do?

7.

How do you manage to socialize with friends that use drugs?

8.

Have you felt supported in your recovery process? Prompts: If yes, what has supported you? If no, why not?

9.

What activities are helping you to get away from the drug/alcohol scene? Prompts: Hobbies

10.

How would you describe yourself? Prompts: moody, happy, neurotic

11.

Do you feel that you have an addiction problem?

12.

Do you see yourself recovering?

13.

Has the way people see you changed? Prompts: Your family? Friends?

Itinerario de Entrevista •

Tema apropiado

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Incluye varias áreas de interés

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Reflexiona sobre preguntas potenciales

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Modifica las preguntas hasta que estés contento con ellas!

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Considera varios ‘indicadores’ cuando sea necesario

Entrevista I. Okay. Um, you said that, it took time to realize that you could not use any drugs, how have you realized that you cannot use any drugs? R: Because I tried the alcohol and that didn’t work. I came out of rehab. and tried all the drugs, same effect as what had happened with the alcohol. Feeling very ill, all messed up, unable to manage my life, unable to do anything, I wasn’t working, I was just getting high all the time. Um…, I was very skinny, ill, I couldn’t eat and I felt sick. Again, I felt the same feeling as I did with the buzz. I: The same feeling? R: Um, just unhappiness, with my life, emptiness, to be honest, I felt very empty as a person, I had no, I had hopes but I could not achieve anything living my life like that.

I: You felt that you weren’t achieving anything? R: No, no I: Can you elaborate on that? R: Um, (hesitates) it wasn’t good. (Long pause)…It just, it wasn’t a good feeling. I: Right R: I went to the meetings and admitted that I was using drugs and that my life was fucked, screwed up. That’s when I started making a change.

Entrevista •

Lugar cómodo y adecuado

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Conoce tu guión y utilízalo con flexibilidad

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Comienza con una conversación informal

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Sé paciente – no apures la entrevista

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Grabación – preferible, aunque puede causar incomodidad

Análisis

Análisis Feelings of drinking ‘Setting myself on fire’ Time and drinking Memory lapses Failure of self-control Being false Early battle-conflictive feelings Identification with AA people Realization of a drinking problem Pain as crisis Hitting bottom First days sober Feeling/being different AA’s relational template Socializing without alcohol 12-step as a life structure Temporality of recovery Fearful and angry younger self (the past) Happy self (the present) Pain of growing Self and addiction Addiction as a disease

Tabla de Temas THEME: Relationship with alcohol Feelings of drinking

2.23

“the first sip, it’s good and it feels nice”

‘Setting myself on fire’: Self and whisky

3.40

“I liked to set myself...on fire almost”

Time and drinking

5.26

“I had a quarter of whisky on my way to work”

Memory lapses

4.11

“I’m waking up...looking at my alcohol it’s all finished”

Failure of self-control

2.16

“But tomorrow never came...”

Being false

2.22

“My whole life was lying”

Early battle - conflictive feelings

3.13

“I kind of knew...I can’t be one of these people”

Identification with AA people

1.30

“That morning fear, I related to that at first”

Realization of a drinking problem

8.35

“I knew by getting, um, into such a painful place”

Pain as crisis

2.13

“I’m a person who learns through extreme pain”

Hitting bottom

2.22

“in front of my family...it was so surreal”

First days sober

9.15

“The mind is just so loud”

Feeling/being different

10.18 “I’m the only fucking one...that can’t drink”

AA’s relational template

11.2

“the power of the meetings”

Socializing without alcohol

3.66

“I felt like a prisoner in a corner”

THEME: Early suspicion of the problem

THEME: Early days in recovery

Tabla Grupal GROUP TABLE-EARLY RECOVERY Page/Line THEME: Self, drugs and alcohol Enhancing sociability Ethan: “alcohol was the big payer...everyone liked me” Adam: “I was very outgoing and happy” Alexis: “it was peer pressure”

1.11 1.23 1.11

Self-regulation Alexis: “hated the taste but loved the feeling” Bill: “I thought heroin was the answer to all my problems” Ethan: “I had to be drunk and off my face” Adam: “I used drugs to medicate how I felt”

1.14 1.33 1.32 1.28

Failed attempts at self-control Adam: “control doesn’t come into it” Ethan: “it went down to just weekends...to Tuesday, Thursday” Alexis: “my life has been dominated by this drug” Bill: “Full of remorse, self-pity, regret...at what my life had become”

1.36 1.40 1.28 1.33

Validez •

Sensibilidad al contexto

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Compromiso y rigor

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Transparencia y coherencia

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Impacto y relevancia

Referencias Moran, D (2000) Introduction to Phenomenology. Routledge. Husserl, E (1927) Phenomenology. Encyclopedia Britannica http://www.hfu.edu.tw/~huangkm/phenom/husserl-britanica.htm

Eatough V & Smith JA (2008) Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In C Willig & W Stainton-Rogers (eds) Handbook Qualitative Psychology. London: Sage. Smith, JA (2007) Hermeneutics, human sciences &health: linking theory & practice. International Journal Of Qualitative Studies On Health And Well-Being, 2, 3-11. Smith, JA and Osborn, M (2008) Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In JA Smith (ed) Qualitative Psychology. London: Sage. (2nd ed). Smith JA & Osborn M (2007) Pain as an assault on the self: an interpretative phenomenological analysis Psychology & Health, 22, 517-34 Website

http://www.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/ipa/