Amina Kaosar Thesis compare

Thesis for Masters Degree

Merit & Demerit of using Universal Decimal Classification on the Internet

Amina Kaosar

Master Programme in Library and Information Science

The Royal School of Library and Information Science Denmark

May 2008

Merits and Demerits of using Universal Decimal Classification on Internet

Advisor: Birger Hjørland

By

Amina Kaosar

Master Programme in Library and Information Science

The Royal School of Library and Information Science Denmark

A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Royal School of Library and information Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master programme in Library and Information science.

Copenhagen, Denmark May 2008 Approved by Thesis Advisor Professor Birger Hjørland

To my family and friends for their invaluable love and support

Abstract

Internet is one of the global repositories of information, which gives many possibilities for librarians and information providers to seek information. Information retrieval in the World Wide Web (WWW) remains a baffling challenge despite the development of so many search engines and Meta search engines. Library classification schemes have been devised with the aim of organizing the collection to make the retrieval easier, effective and efficient. As there is a shift in the focus of libraries the role of classification schemes are also changing. In the online environment, a faceted classification has a distinct advantage over an enumerative one in the kind of search strategies it empowers as well as in expert system applications making use of the synthesis and decomposition of class numbers. As we know that Universal Decimal Classification is a combination of facet analysis and enumerative scheme. So I believe, Universal Decimal classification can perform better than other schemes like (Dewey Decimal Classification, Colon Classification, Bliss Classification) because these schemes are only facet analysis or enumerative schemes. In this thesis Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) approach is discussed and the arguments for and against using UDC on the Internet is examined. The analytical and empirical methods have been used to discuss the paper. This thesis tries to delineate Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), the use of UDC, it is features and analyze the merits and demerits of UDC on Internet. We do the empirical study with domain of “Medicine, General and Internal” to check the suitability and efficiency of the UDC in respect to classify the knowledge of Web sources. We as well analyze that if it is more ii

suitable to use then what are the requirements to make it more efficient for the classification of chaotic knowledge of Web. The past hundred years have seen the progress of numerous systems for the structured representation of knowledge and information, including hierarchical classification systems with notation as well as alphabetical indexing systems with sophisticated features for the representation of term relationships. The reasons for the lack of extensive adoption of these systems are discussed. The suggested structure for indexing the Internet or other large electronic collections of documents is based on that of book indexes: specific headings with coined modifications.

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Acknowledgement

I would like to express my gratitude to many people who have enriched not only my research experience, but also this important period in my life. First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my thesis advisor, Professor Birger Hjørland, for his continuous support, guidance and encouragement during the entire course of my MS studies, and would like to thank him in advance for all his future advice. Furthermore, I would like to thank affiliated faculty members of Information Science Department for two great years Professors Peter Ingwersen, Birger Larsen, Jack Anderson, Michael Kristiansson and Trine Schreiber for their invaluable comments during the regular Lectures and Workshops. I would also thank my friends in the department and in the school. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family and relatives, whose love, support and encouragement have accompanied me throughout my life. They supported me in every feasible way and in every single moment during these years and they were always beside me although they were so many thousand miles away. Words alone can never express my gratitude.

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Table of Contents

Abstract ........................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgement ................................................................................... iv Table of Contents....................................................................................... v List of Tables .............................................................................................. vi 1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

2.

3.

4.

Research Background ....................................................................... 1 Motivation and Objectives................................................................ 2 Methodology ..................................................................................... 5 Thesis Organization .......................................................................... 6 Universal Decimal Classification ......................................... 7 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 7 2.2 Features ........................................................................................... 10 2.3 Merits and Demerits........................................................................ 13 2.3.1 Merits .............................................................................................. 13 2.3.2 Demerits .......................................................................................... 19 2.4 Summary ......................................................................................... 23 Theoretical Analysis .................................................................. 24 3.1 Universal decimal classification on Internet .................................. 26 3.2 Requirement of KOS for digital services ....................................... 31 3.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 33 Description of applied Methods and analysis.............. 34 4.1 Application of Methods .................................................................. 35 4.2 Analysis ........................................................................................... 35 4.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 45 Conclusion and Future Work................................................ 46

5. Abbreviations ............................................................................................. 50 Bibliography ............................................................................................... 52

v

List of Tables 1. UDC main classes…………………………………………………….……8 2. Common auxiliary table………………………………………………….12 3. Hierarchical structure…………………………………………………….15 4. Name of websites used UDC to classify information …………………….29 5. Current status of UDC based websites………………………...…………..30 6. Class number of JAMA articles through UDC……………………………39 7. Class number of LANCET articles through UDC..........………………….40

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Chapter 1

1. Introduction

1.1 Research Background Classification is the term, which involved in our daily life knowingly or unknowingly. Classification is the process of organizing system of like things together. According to Hunter (2002), “wherever one looks, examples of the use of classification can be found.” In post Vedic India, the Hindu society was divided in four varnas, Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisya and Shudra according to their social standing in marital and occupational matters. The procedure necessary in forming groups is called classifying and the result is a classification. It may be interesting to note the example of the vegetable seller. He separate vegetables by type, shape and size and keep them in different baskets and shelves. Clearly, he recognizes that the “classification lies at the base of every well managed life and occupation” (Maltby, 1975). In Library Science, the term “classification” is the activity of creating categories to which bibliographic items of all kinds may be placed and also the activity of identifying bibliographic items in terms of the categories already extent in a given system. It encompasses system for arranging items on the shelves of libraries, as well as systems for arranging the surrogates of items in catalogs. It includes classificatory systems based on all kinds of item characteristics (subject, form, author, citation, size, etc.), in all forms of order (logical and systematic, alphabetical, faceted, etc.), with all kinds of operating methods (pre-coordinated and post-coordinated, statistically based clustering and identification, etc.), and differing in scope from the universal to the very narrow (Miksa, 1998).

The two basics purpose for the classification scheme is: to provide a method of arrangement books on library shelves in an order, which would be helpful to the users, and to provide a method of arranging surrogates of the books themselves in a catalogue to facilitate the finding of information, concerned with saving time. Both of these need still exists, but in recent years tendency has been to concentrate on the second for a number of reasons (Foskett, 1973). Universal

decimal

classification

(UDC)

is

one

traditional

bibliographical classification scheme. UDC began as a mixture between the very largely enumerative scheme of Dewey and the type of synthetic scheme Colon classification to be developed by Ranganathan. The original concept of the UDC as an indexing language appropriate for the arrangement of a vast bibliographical listing is an important…(McIlwaine, 2000). It is one of the classification schemes, which is not primarily designed as a tool for the ordering of books in the shelves. Finally, library classification embraces a wide range of purposes, although most often its chief purpose has been to facilitate document retrieval (Miksa, 1998).

1.2 Motivation and Objectives To organize the knowledge is a fundamental role of library and information science. We have many ways to organise the scattered and exponentially growing uncontrolled knowledge by using classification schemes, bibliographic tools and other methods. Classification schemes are facing increasing challenges due to the ability of computer systems to perform massive searches of electronic full text database in an effort to find related material and present it in an organized fashion to the searcher (Loose, 1995). Traditional classification schemes are UDC, DDC and LC. These are used to classify the knowledge of institutes/ libraries as well as of web. The value of 2

classification has also been recognized as significant in the digital and networked environment (Koch et al., 1997; Hodge, 2000; Currier & Wake, 2001; McGuinness, 2003 etc.). Another scheme derived by S.R.Ranganathan to classify the knowledge is colon classification system; it is used in most of the libraries of India. Facet analysis is a method of colon classification, which is also known as analytico synthesis method. It is argued that the underlying philosophy of facet analysis is better suited to the disparate nature of WWW resources and searchers than the assumptions of contemporary Information retrieval research (Ellis, 1999). UDC is a combination of enumerative and facet analytic approach. It is a highly flexible and effective system for organizing bibliographic records for all kinds of information in any medium (it is well suited to multi-media information collections). I believe that if some more of the part of facet analysis is combined with the UDC scheme then it could perform better to organise the knowledge of web. In this paper the main objective of the study is to investigate that is it possible to classify well the knowledge of Web through Universal decimal classification scheme. We discuss about the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) approach and examine the arguments for and against of using the UDC on the Internet. We will see the efficiency of UDC with respect to MEDLINE by classifying the articles of highest impact factor journal of domain “Medicine, General and Internal”. In UDC discipline Medicine is a special case and was given careful consideration and attention in 1993. It has been revised thoroughly and was completed by 1999 and represents a completely new classification for medicine. It would be important to see, how many users are using UDC and why they are continuing to UDC instead of others, and some services (Bulletin Board for Libraries) have been switched over to other classification schemes like DDC. We as well analyze 3

that if it is more suitable to use the some more aspects of colon classification scheme to increase the facet flexibility to organise the uncontrolled knowledge of web. In the online environment, a faceted classification has a distinct advantage over an enumerative one in the kind of search strategies it empowers as well as in expert system applications making use of the synthesis and decomposition of class numbers. Walt (1997) highlighted the advantages of library classification schemes for organisation of information resources in the Web environment. According to Walt, the knowledge organisation tools developed and used by Web search engines often feature shallow hierarchies and uneven coverage of topics. On the other hand, Web search engines often respond to popular topics more quickly than traditional library knowledge organisation tools. Several Commentators see the UDC as a particularly useful starting point for organizing Web resources (Newton, 2000). This is based on the international emphasis that is a future of the scheme and the fact that the machine-readable format of the scheme is widely accessible to Internet developers (McIlwaine, 1995). UDC is the enumerative and analytico synthetic scheme and one of the oldest traditional approaches of knowledge Organisation but is still very popular. UDC is in worldwide use, and has been published in whole or in part in 23 different languages. The English-language editions are extensively used both in Anglophone countries and those where English is co-official or a working language (the British Isles, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, several African countries) and have a significant presence in other cultures as well (http://www.udcc.org/). We will examine the merits and demerits of UDC to organise the knowledge on web. A number of websites have indeed applied library classification schemes and controlled vocabularies to manage Internet 4

resources (Mckiernan, 2000) and their popularity indicates their potential for facilitating information retrieval for electronic resources (Koch, 2000). We could say that most of the sites, which are organizing by the classification schemes, are using UDC scheme in good number. The study will contribute to the literature from a theoretical, empirical and methodological way and provide the better understanding of use of UDC on Internet.

1.3 Methodology Our project is an analysis of Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) with respect to its use on Internet. In this thesis UDC used as a primary source. Described UDC and then discuss the features, advantages and disadvantages of the use of UDC. The ideas behind the development of UDC since its formation are separately investigated. The study is based on the arguments put forward based on its relation to the pertinent literature and readings of philosophers and knowledge organisation practitioners. The main emphasis of our project is on analysis that’s why we read about the UDC as well as about the other traditional classification schemes. Information obtained from UDC distributors/ publishers (AENOR, BSI and UDC Consortium). I studied the Web Universal decimal classification (UDC portal) to understand the electronic version of UDC. I analysed the similarities and differences between classification schemes, which are being used to organise the knowledge on the Internet. The descriptive approach is adopted for study with a lot of text-based argumentation from the relevant literature to support the argument and the knowledge claims. The extensive literature review was conducted to collect the relevant literature. The main emphasis is to analyse merits and demerits of UDC on Internet and is this scheme good enough to perform the classification of Internet and furthermore 5

the ways to improve its performance are studied. The analysis of articles has enabled us to point out various implications of the UDC on Internet. The data for empirical investigation is collected from MEDLINE, and DIALOG and we will discuss in detail in chapter 4. In this study, it was found important to further the understanding of UDC system and their applications on Internet.

1.4 Thesis Organization The problems that are considered in this thesis are organized as follows: In chapter 2 we present an overview of UDC. Firstly describe the UDC system through out this thesis. Later in this chapter study the application, characteristics merits and demerits of UDC system to be tackled in the following chapters of the thesis. In chapter 3 we focus on the characteristics of UDC and Use of Universal Decimal Classification on Internet. We analyse the Universal decimal classification scheme to organize the web. We as well analyse the 11 subject gateways, those used the UDC for their organization on the Web and why few of the subject gateways switch over towards other traditional bibliographic classification schemes. Requirement of Knowledge organisation system for digital services is also discussed in it. In chapter 4 we describe the applied method and analysis which shows the efficiency of UDC with MEDLINE in organizing the articles of “Medicine, General and Internal” from highest impact factor journals. In chapter 5 we summarize the contribution of this thesis and present some directions of the future study.

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Chapter 2

2. Universal Decimal Classification

2.1 Introduction The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is a system of library classification developed by the Belgian bibliographer Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine in 1904. Otlet and Fontaine made UDC based foundation was the DDC with the permission of Melwil Dewey. While Dewey has basically developed his scheme for the arrangement of books on shelves and Otlet and Fontaine were interested in the arrangement of Journal articles, news item, and other related documents and how to access them. UDC is designed to index and retrieve highly technical information and is well suited to indexing nontraditional media. The product can index multi-media collections, motion pictures, map collections, art collections and web-based directories of learning resources (http://www.udcc.org/). It was first published in French called “Manuel du repertoire bibliographique universal” and the first edition was later known as UDC. It comprised 33000 divisions in the schedule with an alphabetical index of some 38000 entries (Lloyd, 1977). The preparation and the publication of the English version of UDC as BS 1000 was at the original joint request of the British Society for International Bibliography (BSIB) and the Association of Special libraries and Information Bureaux (ASLIB), now amalgamated as Aslib, the Association for Information Management (British Standard Institution, 2005). UDC schedules available in the electronic format known as UDC Master Reference File (UDCMRF). The first published version in hard copy based on this file was that issued by the British Standard Institution in 1993 7

(BSI, 1993). It is standard version of UDC and owned by UDC Consortium. Derived from the Master Reference File (MRF) from the UDC Consortium, UDC standard edition, 2005 is newly revised Complete Edition, containing all available references and classifications. UDC Complete Edition contains over 65,000 entries, in two volumes. UDC contains over 56,000 Main numbers and over 13,000 Common auxiliaries UDC is less North American and Western European in focus in use. Universal Decimal Classification in English is now available as an online product. Universal Decimal Classification is hybrid of two schemes (enumerative and analytico synthetic) and it shows in its structure. So it has two kinds of tables: main and auxiliaries. Universal Decimal Classification is comprised of 10 main classes. One class 4 is vacant now, since class 4 was

Number

Caption

0

Generalities

1

Philosophy & Psychology

2

Religion & Theology

3

Social Science

4

Under development

5

Mathematics and Natural Science

6

Applied sciences. Medicine. Technology

7

The arts. Recreation. Entertainment. Sport

8

Language. Linguistics. Literature

9

Geography. Biography. History

Table 1: UDC main classes

8

cancelled in 1963 to make room for future development. All of the ten classes are denoted by a single digit Indo Arabic number. Each ten classes or occupied nine classes are further subdivided into ten Divisions, and each Division into ten Sections. The main classes are shown in Table 1. UDC classifications use Indo Arabic numerals and are based on the decimal system. Every number is thought of as a decimal fraction with the initial decimal point omitted, which determines filing order. For ease of reading, a UDC identifier is usually punctuated after every third digit. Thus, after 61 "Medical sciences" come the subdivisions 611 to 619; under 611 "Anatomy" come its subdivisions 611.1 to 611.9; under 611.1 come all of its subdivisions before 611.2 occurs, and so on; after 619 comes 620. An advantage of this system is that it is infinitely extensible, and when new subdivisions are introduced, they need not disturb the existing allocation of numbers (Wikipedia). Universal systems of classification cannot survive unless they have powerful sponsors. That is, the success of a classification system has less to do with its usefulness than with the support it receives in the way of regular supplements, expansions, available expertise (Baba, 1988). Universal decimal classification approach is one of oldest and popular traditional approach of Knowledge organisation but because of the lack of sponsors it could not get the position what it should had to be. The establishment of the UDC Management Board in 1987 was a very positive step in that

direction.

However, the board must be given tools to work with, including sufficient editorial staff and finances which would support UDC development at such a level that the system will be marketable and acceptable to users and which will support a high level of cost recovery. The traditional classification system used in libraries and databases and plays an important practical role in libraries and influences the teaching and study of Knowledge Organisation. 9

UDC can be used, alike other library classifications, for simple shelf arrangement (to any arbitrary level of specificity/complexity) but is often chosen as a tool by special libraries and bibliographic services for its strength in detailed indexing. Since 1993 its regularly revised, structured, updated and maintained by its owner (UDC Consortium). A good number of special libraries using UDC. In India UDC is more prominent for special libraries. Vizine-Goetz (1996) and Koch et al. (1997) maintain that classification schemes have a long tradition of use for organizing information resources in libraries and therefore they can also be used to effectively organize Internet resources. A number of websites have indeed applied library classification schemes and controlled vocabularies to manage Internet resources (Mckiernan, 2000) and their popularity indicates their potential for facilitating information retrieval for electronic resources (Koch, 2000). UDC is widely used and second popular scheme all over the world. It is translated in more than 30 languages and used by 30 countries for their national biographies. It is used in thousands of library and institutions.

2.2 Features It plays an important role in forming the effective and efficient use of UDC on Internet. Merits and demerits all is base on the features. Following are the special features of the UDC. •

Enumerative Scheme: UDC is almost an enumerative scheme. It has

a large schedule of enumerated subjects. It has various subdivisions and table, so it is easy to give the class number to any complex subject. It is easy for UDC to accommodate the newly emerging compound subject or any discipline/subdiscipline. •

Standard Scheme: It is a standard scheme and is not a system

optimized to any particular collection, domain or user group, but it is 10

economic to use for libraries as well as for WWW. It is used by different types of libraries in different countries around the world, and fulfills the needs of its users. •

Synthetic devices: The need for synthesis to give manageable

schedules at the time as a power to specify new composite subjects in detail implies in equal need for analysis. •

Notation: Notation is an artificial indexing language. UDC uses

Arabic numerals as a notation and arranged the numbers in decimal fractions. For example in the UDC database the 8 digit number 61425384 becomes 614.253.84 (medical confidentiality), which is more manageable. Symbols used for UDC notation are non-language dependent and consist of Arabic numerals, a few familiar mathematical symbols, and common marks of punctuation. According to Lois Mai Chan et al.: "There has been a renewed interest in using subject categorization of hierarchical structures to organize directories for more efficient knowledge discovery and retrieval. And, there is an equally obvious and pressing need for programmes that can accommodate multiple languages (Chan, Lois Mai et al., 2000)” •

Universal scheme: UDC contained the universe of knowledge in it. Its

classes reflect all the areas of specialized knowledge developed in society. All these specialized areas are put together in 10 main classes. 30 countries maintained their national bibliographies that are organized by UDC.

•

Mnemonics: UDC has one of the other important feature mnemonics,

which means, “aid to memory”, which is for the subject synthesis. There are lots of tables such as Area table, Language table, Standard division table etc, which are achieved to use subject synthesis.

•

Auxiliary tables: Auxiliary tables are of the greatest strength of the

UDC, because it constructs the great specificity of expressions through synthesis. It has two auxiliary tables: common auxiliaries and special 11

auxiliaries. Table 2 is showing common auxiliaries of UDC. Common auxiliaries is used to express the interrelations between subjects and applicable through out the main tables. Special auxiliaries are special and do not have extensive applicability. The hyphen series -1/-9, the point nough series .01/. 09 and the apostrophe’s series ‘1/‘9 are three main kind of special auxiliaries.

Concept

Symbol

The linking signs-Table 1a and 1b

+, /, :

Language of the document-Table 1c

=…

Form of the document-Table 1d

(0/09)

Place - Table 1e

(1/9)

Race, nationality etc.-Table 1f

(=…)

Time –Table 1g

“…”

Non-UDC codes etc.- Table 1h

#, A/Z

General characteristics- Table 1k, includes

-0…

Properties

-02…

Materials

-03…

Process

-04…

Persons

-05…

Table 2: Common auxiliary table

•

Popular: Recent research confirmed that UDC is used in libraries and

information centers in 124 countries and estimate is that it is used in from 100,000 to 300,000 libraries and institution in the world (Rigby, 1981). In 34 (mainly in Europe, Asia and Africa) it is the main classification and its schedules can be found translated into 39 languages (Slavic, 2006; 2004). UDC is very close in popularity to the more widely used DDC and rather more popular than LC. 12

•

Translated into many languages: The UDC has been translated into

39 languages and has been widely used all over the world. Printed editions exist in a range of sizes from pocket editions (e.g. French, English), the standard edition (e.g. Spanish, French, English), or expanded versions (e.g. Russian). Electronic versions are similarly available in various languages and formats. UDC is more international in the sense of number of translated version available in standard form. Its closest rival DDC (available in 30 languages) has the span of coverage in the terms of language UDC has. UDC can provide the necessary support in a multilingual and multiscript environment with in a global information space (Slavic, 2003).

2.3

Merits and Demerits UDC is the analytico synthetic classification scheme, which has

number of merits and demerits. For improvisation of any system we should be clear about their merits and demerits and then make to step towards their demerits. Following are the merits and demerits of UDC.

2.3.1

Merits During the examination of different authors, came to know that a lot of

people are arguing in the favour of using UDC to classify online data. •

Hierarchical order: One feature of the UDC that makes it especially

useful for online retrieval is its expressive notation. The UDC is a hierarchical classification, which means that it develops progressively from the general to the specific in disciplinary and subject relationships. Even so, the overall

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arrangement is not necessarily theoretical or logical. The UDC is built on the premise that no one class can cover all aspects of a given subject. Williamson points out that “Hierarchical relationships are the essence of all classification. Enumerative classifications systems provide a systematic arrangement of subjects according to set of principles based on an accepted philosophy of the organization of knowledge, on patterns established on the basis of literary warrant, and frequently, on a combination of both. However, classified order is not self-evident. Some method or device is required to preserve the relationships among classes, subclasses, topics and subtopics. In some classification systems, for example UDC, these relationships are preserved and may be manipulated through the hierarchical notation. LCC does not fit this pattern. Its notation preserves order but does not reflect hierarchy…some

other

means

must

be

found

to

preserve

those

relationships”(Vizine-Goetz, 1996). The number of digits that form the UDC number indicates the sequence of subjects from general to specific. As shown in Table 3, when the UDC number 616.936 for the topic “Malaria” is shown in the context of its UDC hierarchy it can be seen that “Various types of fevers” “Communicable diseases. Infectious and contagious disease, Fevers” and “Malaria” are at the same hierarchical level. The UDC number 616.1/9 corresponding to the heading “Specific pathology” is one digit shorter than those used to indicate specific kinds of disease and is considered to be broader or superordinate to those with longer numbers. Indentation is also used to indicate hierarchy. Through both notation and indentation, this example shows that each topic except for the main class 6 “Medical Technology” is subordinate to and part of all the broader classes above it.

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6

Applied Sciences, Medicine technology

61

Medical Sciences

616

Pathology. Clinical Medicine

616.1/9

Special pathology

616.9

Communicable diseases. Infectious and contagious disease, Fevers Various types of fevers

616.92/93 616.936

Malaria. Marsh Fever. Paludism

Table 3: Hierarchical structure •

Flexibility: UDC is a highly flexible and effective system for

organizing bibliographic records for all kinds of information in any medium. UDC is highly flexible to allow for constant revision in order to keep pace with development of knowledge. Flexibility of UDC for responding to complex interrelationship among subjects is more than DDC and LC. •

Precision: Precision is one of the most important merits of use of

UDC on Internet. When any searcher retrieves the information through the classified websites from WWW then the precision will be high. Classified websites has better precision than search engines such as Google, Yahoo, Infoseek, etc. •

Browsing: UDC is a good knowledge organisation tool, which provide

a hierarchical browsing. Browsing is particularly helpful for inexperienced users or for users not familiar with a subject and its structure. Hierarchical structures and other features do support of the browsing. For known item, 15

search capability is optimum. For subject type queries where specific items are not known, searching is often not effective as browsing. The Internet services that use UDC to organise digital collections are using a browsable classified structure and can further optimize access to their resources by exploiting features available in the current version. •

Hospitality: Hospitality is one of the merits of the UDC to go so far

since 1904-1907. Hospitality is also known as other terms by different researchers. Bliss called it expansive and adaptive quality of notation. Berwick Sayers names it flexibility and defines it “a notation, which is so constructed that, by the addition of a symbol or symbols, any new subject may be inserted into any place in the classification without dislocating the sequence of either the notation or the classification itself” (Sayers, 1962). To keep pace with the knowledge and to survival of the classification scheme, must provide a ways and means to accommodate the new subjects. The notational systems have adequate versatility to place new classes, which the idea plane demands. •

Speed of updates and degree of support: Since 1992 the speed of

updates and degree of support became a merit of UDC, which was the weakest and serious consideration point before it. In 1992 the UDC ownership has been transferred from FID to UDC Consortium a non-profit organization of publisher based in The Hague. The best classification systems are constantly being reviewed and improved and there is still need to speed up the update of UDC. •

Synthetic Principle: The synthetic principle is one of the main

reasons for the widespread use of UDC in preference to other systems. It extended the use of common tables, geographical subdivisions and viewpoints, all of which were established to different degrees in previous classifications, and added the ‘colon principle’ whereby every part of the 16

classification became divisible by every other part. This, with the growing complexity of knowledge, was an invaluable invention. •

Revision and maintenance: It is one of the greatest merits towards the

use of UDC on Internet. The development and maintenance of UDC was achieved by International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID) since its origin around 1900. But during the 1980s, it became clear that a more broadly based, and financially autonomous, organization was needed to administer and exploit UDC, and FID together with the publishers of the Dutch, English, French, Japanese and Spanish editions became founder members of a new body, the UDC Consortium (UDCC). The Consortium assumed ownership of UDC on 1 January 1992. One of its first actions was to create an international database, which could be the source of many kinds of UDC edition. It is called the Master Reference File (MRF), and is held at the Royal Library in The Hague, and updated once a year. The UDCC has also appointed an Editor in Chief and an Advisory Board with international membership, to oversee the content of UDC and contribute to its revision (http://www.udcc.org/). To remain viable, it is important to get the needed feedback from the institutions and do the revision. Revising a classification scheme is essential to accommodate the new subjects, to delete obsolete terms with current one and to rectify problems. D.J. Foskett (1989) the objective of revising a classification scheme “is to give library users an opportunity to see a spectrum of the universe of information displayed in an order that makes sense, which enables them to discover how the experts in each field think it best or arrange their information”. Revision is absolutely necessary to give the uptodateness and contemporary look to the scheme. Since 1993 UDC has been undergoing

17

major revision and many classes were completely restructured and modernized. Thousands of new concepts were added and many obsolete classes were cancelled. New version of the UDC Master Reference File is released every January and changes are published in the annual issues of the “Extensions and Corrections to the UDC”(British Standards Institution, 2005). Significant changes were made in the following areas (Following points under bullets [publication year, E & C edition] after each sentence is representing the issues of Extension and Corrections to the UDC in which that changes has been made. Tables 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1f, 1g, 1h and 1k are the ‘auxiliary’ tables of the UDC): •

Major revision in the “place auxiliaries” Table 1e.

•

Changes in “Common auxiliaries of time” Table 1g (included:

regularisation of notation, elimination of duplication, removal of concepts that are not aspects of time) [2003, E&C 25]. •

Cancelled “point of view” table 1 e and terms replaced by -02, -05 and

colon combinations [1999, E&C 21] •

Formation of Common auxiliaries of properties (-02) [1999, E&C 21]

and common auxiliaries of relation process and operation (-04) [2003, E&C 25], and persons (-05) revised and replaced main numbers for personal characteristics throughout UDC under table 1k. [2001, E&C 23], [2002, E&C 24], [2003, E&C 25] •

Major changes are found in main class. Formation of new classes for

example: computer science and technology (004), Management (005), Social welfare (364), Biotechnology (60). •

Major revision in Social Science (3), Mathematics and Natural Science

(5), Applied sciences. Medicine. Technology (6), The arts. Recreation. Entertainment. Sport (7) and Geography. Biography. History (9)

18

•

“Medicine” (61) is in the process of complete revision. See E&C18

(1996) and further issues •

“Religion” (2) has been completely revised. [2000, E&C 22]: Buddhism

[2001, E&C 23], Christianity - Eastern Church [2002, E&C 24], Islam [2006, E&C 28] Vizine-Goetz refers to Svenonius 1983 “Describes several uses for classification in online retrieval systems, including the following, (1) to improve precision or recall, (2) to provide context for search terms, (3) To enable browsing, and (4) to serve as a mechanism for switching between languages”(Vizine, 1996).

2.3.2

Demerits

Following are the demerits of UDC: •

Enumerative scheme: Enumerative schemes were sufficient in the

early days because there was not a great number of a material to be classified. Knowledge at that time was not growing as dynamically as it is growing now days. However, one of the major drawbacks is that there is “a rigidly specified network of pathways leading to rigidly grouped collections of items” (Vickery, 1966). It is not possible to put the newly developed class into existing class. Classification schemes like the UDC, DDC and the LCC are limited in their ways of bringing out the full field of subjects in an information package. Therefore, the need arises to investigate other ways of organizing knowledge. The Universal decimal classification is an enumerative scheme as well some elements of the faceted classification are also involved. “An enumerative scheme with a superficial foundation can be suitable and even economical for a closed system of knowledge…what distinguishes the universe of current knowledge is that it is a dynamical continuum. It is ever growing; new branches may stem from any of its infinity of points at any time; they are 19

unknowable at present. They can not therefore be enumerated here and now; nor can they be anticipated, their filiations can be determined only after they appear”(Ranganathan, 1951). Ranganathan thus expresses the views: 1. That enumerative system has a superficial foundation. 2. That the discovery of new knowledge cannot be anticipated in an enumerative system. 3. That the discovery of new knowledge can be anticipated in a faceted system (based on the view that new knowledge is formed by combination of a priory existing categories). •

Disappearance of directories: Library professionals were very

optimal for the subject classified websites to browse and search. For search services, the way in which the two contrasting approaches to finding information are (or are not) addressed can determine the entire character of the service and reflects one of the major trends in search engine history. In Yahoo and Google directory function has also been changed but both are still focused on the main page and three clicks down respectively. At that point, other search engine leaders including Lycos, Excite, GO Network, and HotBot gave a prominent place on their home pages to directory categories. Alta Vista provided a lesser placement for its directory, and Google, Northern Light, and later all the Web featured no directory categories on their main pages. Directory users are particularly receptive because they consult them when they have a real need and are therefore ideally open to information. We could see the disappearance of directories because general directories have become largely irrelevant. The shift from the use of directories to the use of search engines can be taken as strong evidence that search engine results have significantly improved over the last few years (Hock, 2007).

20

•

Out of date: The main problem faced by library classificationists was

the need to issue new editions and improvements of their respective schemes as time passed. It is one of the barriers in development of the classification. There have been recent attempts to improve the management of the classification and to speed up the revision process (Gilchrist, 1992). •

Literary warrant: Diane used the aspect of literary warrant in favor

of library classification schemes. As she says Classes are added or revised only after sufficient literary warrant is demonstrated and classes are removed with even greater caution (Vizine-Goetz). UDC captions are mainly based on literary warrant and that they attempt to represent the universe of knowledge as this is discovered by science and scholarship. Also they are mainly “positivist” in the sense that is assumed that one way of organizing knowledge is simply the best for all purposes and that the task of interpreting the subjects in documents is a neutral rather than a value-based task (Hjørland, 2005). Whereas Yahoo uses its own directory structures and new categories are added when required (Saeed and Chaudry, 2001). •

Less Exploitation: More than thousands of libraries and bibliographic

services and legacy systems are using UDC but do not fully exploit UDC. •

Assumption: We assumed that UDC is a Universalist classification

scheme. Universality means that it handles all subjects with growing degree of information. While many kernels and concepts of the main classes are missing and class 4 is vacant for new evolving classes. •

Not synthetic enough: Many of the criticisms levelled at the UDC at

the intellectual level are concerned with its hierarchical structure in the main classes. Common subdivisions, special analytical divisions and the use of the colon are not enough to make clear the interrelationships in modern knowledge. If we now criticize the UDC, it is because its very success 21

encouraged new thinking and opened up the possibility of systematizing some of the haphazard usage of its invention. Further common subdivision and further special analytical divisions for more schedules might help, but probably would not go far enough. For one reason or another, the UDC has not been able to keep up with these developments. There is therefore a need to create some auxiliary tables and to revise the UDC. •

Limited number of semantic relationship: In any complex subject

the signs like colon (:), plus (+), slash (/), double apostrophes (“”) and bracket (()) used to represent interrelations between subjects and express the concepts. These signs serve as a relator. Not many kind of relations are distinguished: the plus and slash represents kind of aggregation (the sum of meanings of several UDC numbers), while the colon serves for most other relations. When class number in UDC linked by colon, it shows that the subjects denoted by the numbers are related to each other in some way; it does not specify which influences the other, nor it shows the nature of the influence exerted. However it does not denote the phase of relation. So to clarify the semantic relationship between subjects, there is need to develop give more semantic relators. •

Uneven Maintenance: Uneven maintenance is the disadvantage,

which is seriously affecting the use of UDC. It can be sort out if the new concepts are constantly added to follow the growth of knowledge in all fields/classes. UDC uneven maintenance of the UDC causes unequal divison of the conceptual content. Uneven maintenance is one of the responsible factors to switched BUBL and OMNI from UDC to DDC. •

Accuracy: When auxiliaries and punctuation are inconsistently applied

we get a code language, which is impossible to manage with accuracy.

22

•

Brevity: Brevity is length of the notation to express the same concept.

Notation should be as brief as possible. The notation used in the UDC effect directly the class number allotted to the document. In most of the complex subject case UDC has a lengthy class number. These class numbers has been used to mechanize the system. Therefore, the lengthy notation of the subjects can effect to the recall. •

Inconsistency: In order to solve the problems of inconsistency and

generality of classification in the database studied, but research and development are needed. While the research should be directed mainly at clarifying the differences in classification practices, one should add more specific UDC classes to database consistently while taking into account different conceptual points of view. UDC has features, such as the auxiliaries and the signs of association, which are not only elegant. But which could be important devices in use of classification in online system.

2.4

Summary In this chapter the expedition of Universal decimal classification over

100 year of their structure, maintenance and features has been addressed. Classification schemes differ from one another in different ways, but except UDC they all have the same objective to assign a class number to documents, to give a specific location to the shelf documents. With this additional objective UDC is primarily designed to index and retrieve highly technical information and is well suited to indexing non traditional media. With passage of time dynamic growth of information all classification schemes focused to organize the traditional and web information. In organizing all kind of information the features, merits and demerits of UDC are analysed and compared to other traditional bibliographic schemes. 23

Chapter 3

3. Theoretical Analysis

At the end of the nineteenth century, the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) was developed for the detailed specification of information contained in parts of books and serials. It built upon the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), whose first edition had been published in 1876. Universal Decimal Classification is acknowledges as the second most used classification in the world. DDC was designed for the arrangement of books on library shelves and thus was not specific enough for the articles. The designers of UDC refined the Dewey classification and developed symbols for the representation of relationships between subjects. An example of UDC notation

is

616.24:617:616-031(.4/.5):616-036.8:614.253.8(048.83),

representing the topic " Survival after bilateral versus single lung transplantation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective analysis of registry data.” It is increasingly important for the librarians and Information specialist to become involved in the task of classification of digital materials. Due to the dynamic growth of information the use of documentary classification has been declined and the emphasis is to develop and support the automatic classification. Search engines such as Yahoo and Google are the most common tools of accessing web resources, and the web directories like Yahoo directory are the example of organizing WWW. Survey by the Delphi Research Group (http://www.delphigroup.com/) shows that 70% of user’s search time was spent browsing and that 75% of users preferred browsing to searching (Chowdhury & Chowdhury, 2007). Current research into online 24

search tools (search engines: Google, Yahoo, Lycos etc) shows that even highly advanced applications have problems in managing the large volume of electronic information on the Internet. Although these search perform well in finding exact matches to user query over the millions of web pages on the Internet, the final query result are frequently not good enough. If we used Boolean operators and advanced searching methods then searching tool offers filtering and the ability of refine search result. However, in some cases where the recall is small enough to be manageable, the relevance is very often unsatisfactory. While in UDC based websites the searcher browse moves from general to specific to seek the information. Universal decimal classification can perform better in ever changing and ever expanding electronic environment with few modifications in scheme. As we can see that 11 websites used UDC for shorter and longer period. Classifiers interpret a range of discipline to provide structure to deal with the universal knowledge is increasing in the same way. So for efficient retrieval it is been extremely challenging for a classifier to understand the whole range of research and development work in a variety of discipline. Earlier UDC was not used in English speaking countries like, USA, Canada, U.K and Australia. One of the reasons behind this is that DDC comes before in existence. But UDC has been used in special libraries and bibliographic services for which their powers in indexing and rich vocabulary offer necessary advantages over other library classifications. UDC was used in only a few classified catalogs in the U.S., including the Engineering Societies Library, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, and the United Nations. Of these, only the last mentioned still uses the scheme (Weinberg, 1996). It is more widely used in Europe and the Middle East because the numeric notation overcomes the language barrier. A list of libraries throughout the world that were using the scheme three decades ago-and which may still be using it-is in 25

the UDC Consortium. There have been recent attempts to improve the management of the classification and to speed up the revision process (Gilchrist, 1992). Adoption of UDC by American libraries that have never used it is unlikely, however. UDC was the first classification system, which was given serious consideration for the computer age, early hopes, and expectations were not realized. Depending on a number of factors, over the next few years UDC could decline and virtually disappear from use, or the opportunity may be there for renewal and change, which could make it an important tool of information system. If so, much energy will be needed to be expanded. In UDC colon has brought its own problems, the principal one being that it fails to distinguish between different types of relationship, but it represents the synthetic quality of the UDC, which was unique at the time of its invention (McIlwaine, 1997). In colon classification scheme derived by Ranganathan used colon to denote the energy facet.

3.1 Universal decimal classification on Internet Since 1992 UDC has been maintained in English in a database called the UDC MRF. The UDC MRF was derived from the machine-readable files of the first edition of BS 1000M: 1985, and was then amplified and updated (British Standard Institution, 2005). UDC MRF updated annually and distributed every January as ISO2709 or text files. The UDC was the first library classification scheme to be used for information retrieval in an online environment. It controlled and extensive vocabulary in the Sciences and Technologies together with its synthetic, language independent notation made it particularly agreeable to mechanization. Multilingual databanks and bibliographic services found that the UDC was a good substitute for a language based thesaurus, subject heading or keyword system. The very first 26

online bibliographic retrieval process to use a classification scheme for subject searching and browsing was piloted using UDC. This was AUDACIOUS (Automatic Direct Access to Information with online UDC system) which was created by Atherton and Freeman in 1967-68 at the American Institute of Physics (Atherton, 1968). Universal Decimal Classification is an indexing system designed to deal with knowledge recorded in documents. It is usually able to express not just knowledge, but the form in which that knowledge is recorded, the language in which it is presented and many features particular to the instantiation of the particular subject within some document like object. Bibliographic classification, UDC is the system, which have big controlled vocabularies 65000 terms. This system give provision to describe not only subject, but the form in which it is presented, the time and place that subject is connected, the language it is presented in the document, the physical quality of the carrier etc. Several commentators see the UDC as a particularly useful starting point for organizing web resources. It is based on the international emphasis that is a feature of the scheme and the fact that the machine readable format of the scheme is widely accessible to Internet developers (McIlwaine, 1995). The UDC is the basis for the Nordic WAIS/ World Wide Web project- a Scandinavian venture that is designed to make use of the mechanical readable UDC and, in tandem with developing common interfaces to databases, which can be accessed on the Web, uses the UDC vocabulary and notation to index the databases (Ardo et al, 1994). Improving resource discovery and retrieval on the Internet. UDC is being constantly revised and extended to meet the dynamic change in the special and general fields of knowledge. The revisions made by the international revision groups for the separate discipline are published as 27

“P-Notes,” and after acceptance by FID member countries and by the FID/CCC are issues annually in the Extension and Corrections (E & C) to the UDC. UDC Online is searchable by truncation, and offers the option of broadening the search if it is not immediately productive. McLennan (2000) consider that if Internet resources were adequately classified there seems every probability that scheme could provide adequate access (Hunter, 2002). UDC was starts to use on Internet in an optimal way. It is used as directory on the Internet. But now days the directories are hardly accessed and we could see the disappearance of these directories. Even we could see that Google search engine directory is not on the home page, it is available on the third click. Currently search engines are not efficient Many WWW are using the Universal decimal classification system to classify the knowledge. Nancy J Williamson (1997) investigated the knowledge structure of the Internet by focusing on the services that were using classification schemes for organization. Eleven sites were using classification system for organization. Electronic versions of the UDC make it possible to realize the potential of library classification to improve subject retrieval; however, much of the renewed interest in classification as an organizing and retrieval device for information resources has been sparked by the growth in usage of the Internet and WWW (Vizine-Goetz). In fact, UDC can be used to index anything to exploit a field of interest to the full, and to enable efficient retrieval of information. UDC is now being used to arrange directories on the Internet (http://www.bsi-global.com/en/). The subject gateways, which used UDC to organise the knowledge, are shown in the Table 4. The Table is showing the name, acronyms and the URLs of the website which used UDC to classify the knowledge of the web. Bulletin Board for Libraries (BUBL) was the first quality subject gateway in the U.K. that used UDC, and it set an example for other services to follow. During the 28

period 1990-2007, UDC was frequently mentioned in relation to the following services: Nordic WAIS/WWW, BUBL, FVL, OMNI, IANUS, UWL, NISS, SOSIG, GERHARD, OKO - Slovenian catalogue of the Web resources and PORT.

Name

Acronyms

URL

1. German Harvest Automated GERHARD Retrieval and Directory

http://www.gerhard.de

2. NISS Information Gateway

http://www.niss.ac.uk

3. SOSIG Social Information Gateway

NISS

Science SOSIG

http://sosig.ac.uk

4. IANUS Informazioni IANUS Classificate per Discipline

http://www.ianus.cineca.it/venus/ioni o/www/awww.htm

5. WWW Subject Tree of WAIS WAIS Databases (Nordic WAIS/World Wide Web Project 6. Services in classified order UWA Prifysgol Cymru, University of Wales Aberystwyth 7. Catalogue OKO (Slovenian OKO catalogue of the web resources)

http://www.ub2.lu.se/auto_new/UDC .html http://www.aber.ac.uk/~infolib/classi fied.html http://www.zrc-sazu.si/oko/

8. Finnish Virtual Library

FVL

http://www.linkkitalo.fi/

9. Maritime Information Gateway

PORT

http://www.port.nmm.ac.uk/

10. Bulletin Board for Libraries

BUBL

http://bubl.ac.uk/

11. Organized Access to Medical OMNI Network Information

http://www.intute.ac.uk/healthandlife sciences/medicine/

Table 4: Name of websites used UDC to classify information

29

Table 5 is showing the status, subject coverage, interface language and context indexing to access the WWW. We can see that BUBL and OMNI had switched to the other schemes in 1996 and 1998 respectively. BUBL changed from UDC to DDC, when gateway obtained permission to use DDC from OCLC. OMNI changed to the NLM classification in 1998, as it was more suitable for resources in the field of medicine. OMNI started to use UDC service in 1995, which was not the correct time for the gateway because UDC

Acronyms

Created

Status

Subject Coverage Not Accessible from General 2006 Not operational from General 2003 Operational Social Science Not Operational General

GERHARD

1997

NISS

1995

SOSIG

1994

IANUS

NA

WAIS

1993

UWA

NA

Accessible but updated Operational

OKO

2000

FVL

Interface Language English, German English

Content Indexing French, Automatic Manual

English

Manual

Italian

Manual

English

Automatic

General

English, Welsh

Automatic

Operational

General

English, Slovenian

Manual

1996

Operational

General

PORT

2000

Operational

English, Swedish English

Manual

BUBL

1994

OMNI

1995

not General

Maritime Information Operational (no UDC General English from 1996) and LIS Operational (no UDC Medicine English from 1998)

Table 5: Current status of UDC based websites

30

Finnish, Manual

Manual Manual

was updating its Medicine domain from 1993 to 1999. OMNI drop out it services in 1998 because of UDC’s weakness in the Medical field. Currently, 6 subject gateways on the Internet are using UDC. By this table we know that which website we used for the needed information. For example if somebody wants the information about the maritime then it would be better to go through “http://www.port.nmm.ac.uk/” rather than others. It might be possible that he/ she will get the information from the other websites, but this is effective and efficient way to retrieve the information.

3.2 Requirement of KOS for digital services Web is a huge repository of information, the importance and interest in the Web has rapidly increased during the last decade. Number of different approaches has been used to organize and utilize the Web. Pre-classifying the Web (Web directories), indexing the Web (search engines), and assigning metadata to the Web resources in order to integrate Web resources into library OPACs (Online Public Access Cataloging systems) or digital libraries are among the popular approaches (Yi, 2007). While Web search engines have made advances in recent years, the problems of keyword searching are well known. Significant differences in results stem from trivial variations in search statements. These problems can be alleviated by controlled vocabularies, which also serve as a resource for expressing an indexing concept or information need. Knowledge

Organization

Systems/Services

(KOS),

such

as

classifications, gazetteers, lexical databases, ontologies, taxonomies and thesauri, model the underlying semantic structure of a domain. Taxonomy is based on the principle of classification. Gilchrist (2006) comments that taxonomies are a sort of hybrid between classification and thesauri, although they don’t follow the practice of either classification or thesauri. Thesauri were 31

developed in late 1950s. Thesauri were designed for use with the emerging post coordinate indexing systems of that time, which needed simple terms with low pre coordination, not provided by the existing indexing languages (Aitchison, 1992).

A thesaurus contains a controlled set of terms-from a

particular are of knowledge-linked by hierarchical or associative relations, it also shows equivalence relations (synonyms) with natural language terms (Aitchison, J et al., 2000). The aim of the thesaurus is to provide terms, which are useful for the exact description of the subjects of a document, and at the same time are used in the (scientific) community served. In practice this means that thesaurus descriptors can overlap in meaning, even if synonyms and near synonyms are controlled. In a classification scheme there is no overlapping classes and gaps, the subclasses are mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive. However, a thesaurus is a linguistic tool and a classification is a logical tool. A thesaurus deals with words, a classification with concept (Riesthuis and Bliedung, 1990). A classification is strong in clarifying the meaning of term by context through hierarchical relations. In term of classification scheme the faceted schemes are more functioning on web. Broughton (2006) comments that faceted classification schemes can function very well as a tool for browsing, navigating and retrieving web information resources. Knowledge organization system embodied as web-based services, they can facilitate resource discovery and retrieval. They act as semantic road maps and make possible a common orientation by indexers and future users (whether human or machine). While Classification can be seen as the subjectbased systematic way of organizing items (Maltby, 1975) and subject has played a predominant role in organization and classification (Chan, 1994). In Web organization and retrieval, the discovery of primary subjects or topics of Web resources may be an essential aspect. Also, an IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions) working group began to 32

investigate the new trends of Web-based subject access to Web resources. With the increase of cataloging records for accessing digital resources in the networked environments, subject discovery is a crucial element of cataloging records or other metadata. Zeng and Chan (2004) stated “Have we fully exploited technological capabilities in our efforts to improve subject access to the myriad resources now available in the networked environment?” Hence more attention needs to be devoted to the development of subject discovery and access tools of Web resources, Web pages and exploitation of UDC.

3.3

Conclusion This chapter presents UDC analysis based on chapter 2. This chapter

analyses shows that UDC has better browsing and searching compare to search engines and provide precise result to the user. The 11 subject gateways used to UDC for their services to provide information in classified way and two switched towards other services because of their own wrong decision and demerits of UDC. Some serious consideration in improvement of UDC can provide better opportunities for their use. In web repository the subject or topic is an important aspect for searcher to retrieve the information. Knowledge organizing services ontologies, taxonomy and thesauri are semantic base organizing system while UDC is a subject and meaning based organization system. So UDC can perform better to satisfy the need/query of users.

33

Chapter 4

4. Description of applied Methods and analysis

In this chapter we will see the efficiency of UDC in comparison to MEDLINE. MEDLINE is the U.S National Library of Medicine (NLM)'s premier bibliographic database that contains references to journal articles in the life sciences with a concentration on biomedicine. A distinctive feature of MEDLINE is that the records are indexed with NLM's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). MeSH thesaurus is the NLM’s controlled vocabulary used for indexing and searching articles for MEDLINE/PubMed. MEDLINE is pre coordinative indexing. MeSH terminology provides a consistent way to retrieve information that may use different terminology for the same concepts. The database contains citations from 1950 to the present, with some older material. New citations that have been indexed with MeSH terms, publication types, GenBank accession numbers, and other indexing data are available daily (Tuesday through Saturday) (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/). The 2008 edition of MeSH contains 24,767 descriptors. Rather than creating a MeSH Descriptor for every subject that might be discussed in a journal article, multiple MeSH Descriptors or Qualifiers are combined to index the desired subject. For example, jejunitis may be expressed by the use of the Descriptors jejunum and Enteritis. Similarly, MeSH Qualifiers cans be used in conjunction with appropriate Descriptors. For example, a deficiency of monoamine oxidase may be indexed by the Descriptors Monoamine Oxidase, combined with the Qualifier/Deficiency. This combining procedure is called “coordinated” indexing. All complex subjects are indexed by coordination. When a particular complex subject 34

occurs frequently, a pre-coordinated” Descriptors may be created. For example for a subject of arm injuries, instead of combining the Descriptor Arm with the Qualifier/Injuries,

the

single

Descriptors

Arm

Injuries

is

used

(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/).

4.1 Application of Methods The journal and title for empirical investigation is collected from the Expanded Science Citation Index (SCI) available online through Web of Science (Thomson-ISI) and DIALOG. The list of title of articles is chosen in the domain of “Medicine, General and Internal” The data is collected from the recent year 2006. To delimit the scope of the project, the highest journal impact factor of journals has been chosen from the domain

“Medicine,

General and Internal” are selected by using Journal database. Used DIALOG to collects the title and summary of the articles from selected highest Journal Impact Factor journals Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and LANCET of domain “Medicine, General and Internal”. Class number represents the specific work. To give the class number to the articles we have to go through the whole bibliographic information of the article. We have to interpret the title and go through the abstract of the article and then give the class number to any work.

4.2 Analysis The UDC is a well-known example of a controlled information language, used for subject indexing. ‘Controlled’ means that the language has special features to provide for consistent description of the content of documents. UDC is a mixed form of a enumerative and faceted classification, in which for each complex subject there is a distinctive class with distinctive

35

notation and for faceted there is a separated classification for each characteristics of divison. Classification is a process that allows records to be filed correctly using a controlled vocabulary grouping business functions or activities together. The classification scheme is as a thesaurus, normally hierarchical in nature, designed to accommodate all functions and activities across the organisation which allows all users to use the same terms or wording when applying a file title for easy retrieval at a later date. It basically provides a standard to file titling. To index a document, it must ensure to choose indexing terms that will enable indexer and others to retrieve that document. It is need to add all indexing terms that other people may search to find that document. The indexing terms that are most commonly used are the recipient (who the document is for) and a short description about the document and of course the file number of the file it is being placed on. Any indexing terms those indexers feel it need to include making the document easier to find, then add them in. Table 6 is showing the call number of title of articles from the JAMA. Call number is a unique code displayed in the bibliographic record that represents the item in the catalog to identify the specific copy of the work and give its relative location. Call number is a composition of classification number followed by additional notation to make the call number unique. This gives a classified arrangement to facilitate browsing. Generally, the class number is followed by an author mark to distinguish the work from others of the same class, followed by a work mark to distinguish the title from other works of the same class by the same author, and some other information such as publication date, volume number, copy number, and location symbol. To classify the information from the WWW firstly we index and give the class number. We are doing the comparison with MEDLINE so we chosen 36

the medicine domain. In UDC class 6 and 61 represents “Applied Sciences. Medicine. Technology” and “Medical Sciences” respectively. 61 begin with the preclinical elements of Medical sciences, namely Anatomy and Physiology, followed by Health and hygiene at 613 and Public health at 614. At this latter number the administrative and professional elements of the subject precede public health and occupational safety and health. Pharmacology at 615 is followed by the main tables for medicine proper at 616, where the classification of diseases is set out, accompanied by a very detailed schedule of auxiliary subdivisions.

There is considerable use of

mnemonic notation between the parts of the body, its physiology and its diseases, with the same symbols being employed in 611, 612 and 616 whenever feasible, using parallel subdivision (McIlwaine, 2005). UDC is a hierarchical classification with a rather high degree of pre coordination of terms. However, post coordination of numbers by adding common auxiliaries and specific auxiliaries to main UDC class are allowed for complex subjects. Table 6 and 7 is showing the specific class number of the articles. All journal article titles are of complex and multiple subjects. Only “Menopause” is the title of article of LANCET, which is the simple subject. The following examples show how class numbers are built using UDC scheme. UDC shows the all applications through all the following elaborative examples. It depends on the title of the articles that how we give their class number in specific domain. We need to interpret all the articles according to their bibliographic information. For the title of “Adjuvant therapy for surgically resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma” firstly we go through the disease “adenocarcinoma” and then where the disease effects “pancreatic” and followed by what kind of medication is needed “therapy”.

37

616 Pathology, Clinical Medicine (The -00…and -0…auxiliaries are applicable throughout 616…) 616-00 morbid processes 616-006 Tumours. Neoplasms. Blastomata. Choristomata. Hamartomata. Oncology (Special .03/. 04 auxiliaries are applicable in the subdivisions of 616-006) Here .03/.04 represents the kind of tumours from benign to malignant tumours in general and “/” denote a range of subjects. 616-006.04 Malignant tumours in general 616-006.04.55 Adenomata. Adenocarcinoma

615 Pharmacology. Therapeutics. Toxicology 615.2 Medicaments according to their principal action 615.24 Agents affecting the alimentary system, including oral cavity. Gastrointestinal agents 615.245 Agents predominantly affecting the pancreas.

616 Pathology, Clinical Medicine (The - 00…and –0…auxiliaries are applicable throughout 616…) 616-01/-09 General aspects of pathology 616-08 616-089

Treatment Operative treatment. Operative technique. Surgery (Use - 089

subdivision only as auxiliaries with the subdivision of 616/618) 616-089.8 Operative treatment in the strict sense. 616-089.87 Ablation, Resection. Extraction. Exeresis. Organectomy

38

Here “Adenocarcinoma” 616-006.04.55 and “Adjuvant therapy for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma” 616-006.04.55:615.245 and finally the article “Adjuvant therapy for surgically resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma”

represent as

616-006.04.55:615.245:616-089.87 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Adjuvant therapy for surgically resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma 616-006.04.55:615.245:616-089.87 The loss of serendipity in psychopharmacology 615.214:52-218 Nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasia in the United States-The parachute is open 616-006.8.5(73) Financial support of Continuing Medical Education 614.253.4:37.014.54 Who really pays for health care? The myth of “shared responsibility” 640.522.2:364-232.2 A 74 year old man with memory loss and neuropathy who enjoys alcoholic beverages 616.89-008:331.445:663:661-071-055.1-053.9 Prevelance of nonpolypoid (flat and depressed) colorectal neoplasms in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults 616.006.8.5-036.22-053.8 Fluorouracil vs. gemcitabine chemotherapy before and after Fluorouracilbased chemoradiation following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma-A randomized controlled trial 616-006.04.55:615.245.28.811 Table 6: Class number of JAMA articles through UDC

Table 6 shows the class number of 9 different articles from Journal American Medical Association. 39

JOURNAL: LANCET Near-fatal bleeding, senna, and the opposite of lettuce 615.811:582.998.14.736.2 Tumour immunity: effector response to tumour and role of the microenvironment 616-006:612.017.014.4 Menopause 618.173 Mortality in HIV-infected Ugandan adults receiving antiretroviral treatment and survival of their HIV-uninfected children: a prospective cohort study 616.98:578.828HIV: 615:616.053.8-036.8(676.1)(083.41) Survival after bilateral versus single lung transplantation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective analysis of registry data 616.24:617:616-031(.4/.5): 616-036.8:614.253.8(048.83) Relation between fasting glucose and retinopathy for diagnosis of diabetes: three population-based cross-sectional studies 612.122:616-071:303.733.2 Complex interventions to improve physical function and maintain independent living in elderly people: a systematic review and meta-analysis 616-053.9(083.4) Global HIV/AIDS estimates-looking beyond the numbers (vol 370, pg 1802, 2007) 616.98:578.828HIV:616-036.8:616-092.11(100) A clarion call for greater investment in global sanitation (vol 370, pg 1592, 2007) 614.3:616-092.11(100) Effective malaria control: better burden estimates needed 616.936:616-039.71 Chikungunya in Europe 616.98:578.833.1(AV)(4)

Table 7: Class number of LANCET articles through UDC 40

In the article “Mortality in HIV-infected Ugandan adults receiving antiretroviral treatment and survival of their HIV-uninfected children: a prospective cohort study” the “HIV infected” was the main keyword in the study of the paper which followed by “antiretroviral treatment and survival”, “children” and Uganda. 616

Pathology, Clinical Medicine (The -00…and -0…auxiliaries are applicable throughout 616…)

616.9 Communicable disease. Infectious and contagious disease, fevers 616.98 Specific Infections. Infections due to particular organisms. Bacterial and viral infections (Class here infections not provided for in 616.91/97 and which cannot be classed with a particular part of the body, Specify by colon combination to 578/579)

Here after finding that it is kind of infectious disease we will see which virus is responsible for the infection. To find the virus go in the virology under Natural Sciences.

5 Natural Sciences 57 Biological Sciences in General 578 Virology 578.8 Classification and systematics of viruses 578.82/83 Viruses primarily of vertebrate hosts 578.828 Retroviriade. Retroviruses. RNA tumour viruses 578.828HIV Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV Infected 616.98:578.828HIV Here add the acronym of virus HIV for Human Immunodeficiency virus.

615 Pharmacology. Therapeutics. Toxicology 41

616 Pathology, Clinical Medicine (The -00…and -0…auxiliaries are applicable throughout 616…) 616-01/-09 General aspects of pathology 616-05 Persons and person characteristics in pathology. Characteristics of the patient 616-053 Disease and treatment according to age 616-053.8 Disease and treatment in adults (from table 1k 053.8 stands for adult) Here 616-053 is used for Disease and treatment according to age and 053.8 for adults from auxiliary table 1k. 616-03 Various forms of disease, of treatment, of administration of medicaments 616-036 Evolution, course, prognosis of disease, treatment etc. 616-036.8 Mortality in specific disease. Survival. Statistics

Mortality in specific disease for disease and treatment in adults 616-053.8036.8 Uganda 676.1 (from auxiliary table 1e) Publication/Forms-statistical tables of work 083.41(from auxiliary table 1d)

Mortality in HIV-infected Ugandan adults receiving antiretroviral treatment and survival of their HIV-uninfected children: a prospective cohort study 616.98:578.828HIV: 615:616.053.8-036.8(676.1)(083.41)

Here (676.1) stands for ‘Uganda’ from table 1e Common auxiliaries of place and (083.41) stands for ‘Publication /Forms-statistical tables of work’ from table 1d Common auxiliaries of form. 42

The article ‘Chikungunya in Europe’ is mainly dealing with the disease Chikungunya. In this article the index term are ‘Chikungunya’ and ‘Europe’.

616 Pathology, Clinical Medicine (The -00…and -0…auxiliaries are applicable throughout 616…) 616.9 Communicable disease. Infectious and contagious disease, fevers 616.98 Specific Infections. Infections due to particular organisms. Bacterial and viral infections (Class here infections not provided for in 616.91/97 and which cannot be classed with a particular part of the body, Specify by colon combination to 578/579)

5 Natural Sciences 57 Biological Sciences in General 578 Virology 578.8 Classification and systematics of viruses 578.82/83 Viruses primarily of vertebrate hosts 578.833 Togaviridae 578.833.1 Alfavirus. Group A arboviruses 616.98:578.833.1(AV) Alfavirus

Here the virus is Alfavirus and the attached acronym AV

Europe 4 (From auxiliary table 1e) Chikungunya in Europe 616.98:578.833.1(AV)(4) Here 4 stand for ‘Europe’ from table 1e Common auxiliaries of place.

Now classified articles of Table 6 (JAMA) and Table7 (LANCET) are showing that UDC can easily classify and index the recent articles of year 43

2007 while ‘Medicine’ in UDC has been well updated in 1999. The important concepts from the above study ‘Adenocarcinoma’ and ‘Chikungunya’ were missing in the UDC index 2005 edition. We found that MEDLINE and UDC both are the special and general bibliographic classification respectively. Both have the nearly same kind of structure tree and hierarchical. The difference is in the types of terms in controlled vocabulary. Vocabulary control tool MeSH is a controlled language tool used to facilitate access to information by using pre coordinated natural language terms. UDC includes the two types of terms of headings Descriptors (from main tables) and Qualifiers (represents from auxiliary tables). MeSH vocabulary includes the four types of terms Headings (over 24,000 headings represents concepts found in the biomedical), Subheadings (also called qualifiers: attached to MeSH headings to describe a specific aspect of concepts), Supplementary concepts records (over 172,000 terms in a separate chemical thesaurus which updated weekly) and Publication Characteristics (also known as Publication types, describe the type of publication being indexed). MEDLINE has more than 50% descriptors of UDC. We can see that MEDLINE is weekly updated database and UDC yearly. MEDLINE is dealing only with one domain of the UDC. But still JAMA and LANCET articles has been classified well through UDC. The UDC achieved the better recall with the help of hierarchical structure. The above examples are showing that we can classify and organize the articles and information on web in a good manner. The uses of classification and indexing can yield more satisfying design and evaluation criteria for information retrieval systems than the ideas of measuring relevant and recall abilities characteristically assumed in retrieval research.

44

4.3

Conclusion This chapter described the method used for the study of analysing the

efficiency of UDC to organize the information on Internet. MEDLINE the special bibliographic classification and UDC the general bibliographic classification is compared. It is concluded that UDC can classify the information of Medicine on Internet in a good approach. It is investigate that UDC is a system, which performs incredibly because of their merits, can statute just by prevail of their demerits.

45

Chapter 5

5. Conclusion and Future Work The Web is a confused repository of varied information, which lacks the coordination and organization of a traditional library concept. It has been practiced and proved that the use of traditional library tools and techniques could be a great help in enlightening the Internet. Still to choose the needed, exhaustive & pinpointed information remains a problem. After analysis we found out there are lot of merits and demerits of the use of UDC on the Internet. Other Universal scheme like DDC and LC also could have almost the same advantages and disadvantages. Still UDC always remains less complex and popular because of certain additional factors that determine weather or not a given library classification scheme will be adopted. UDC is used worldwide, so for its improvement it has to be kept in mind that responsibilities towards its diverse users and demerit uneven maintenance need to be solve for this front and need to update equally each classes and domains. For the international representation of the Universal Decimal classification all revisions committee asked to analyse their part of the UDC and to indicate what changes UDC needed in respect to go parallel with the dynamic information. With this analysis, preparations are made to make more indicator and auxiliary numbers or facets will be introduced. In this thesis we analysed and found out that some features like decimal notation and synthetic principle is a landmark in the development of notation. It is one of the obvious reasons for the worldwide use and popularity. Use of UDC on Internet has some merits as well as demerits. So to come out the problem of demerits like disappearance of directories have to make the 46

system user friendly. If one demerit will be sort out then the other will already be solved up to some extent. Many systematic changes now are being made in the UDC database, which will help to solve the barrier, which comes to organize the knowledge of web. One of the important factors revision and keep uptodateness. Moreover revise and update publication of different editions at regular interval could make a drastic change to use of UDC on Internet. Revision is one of the challenges for the UDC to keep pace with developing knowledge. Only revision can make the drastic change in the whole scheme and the usability of scheme. The whole position is stated clearly in the General Introduction to British Standard 1000A: 1957 from which the following paragraph is a quoted “the governing rule in all UDC revision work is that the significance of a particular number may be extended or restricted, but may not be completely altered. If a UDC number (with any subdivisions) is obsolete, it may be “cancelled”, which means that its use is no longer authorized because a better or more up-to-date arrangement has been developed under another number, often a “free” (unused) number. Eventually, the cancelled number becomes “free” (by disuse) and may then be authorized with a completely different significance, but only after a period of 10 years, which is considered the minimum necessary to enable current users to readjust their files and to avoid widespread confusion of the older and newer meanings. This policy undoubtedly slows down revision, but probably creates least dissatisfaction, especially when applied with discretion and some degree of flexibility. UDC is not yet a perfect system that can be all things to all people, but it keeps pace with the new knowledge and its continuously evolving towards universality if it speed up their responsibility towards revision and uptodateness .At present it is trying to equip, to meet the challenges of new 47

millennium to organise and retrieves the pinpointed data/ information from chaotic store of knowledge (Internet). Many systematic changes are now being made in the UDC database to meet the challenge of organisation. Currently search engines are not efficient enough to provide adequate bibliographic control over an electronic extended resource, and there is a scope for librarians, classifier and libraries to augment their collection policies with an understanding of the problem of the digital materials (Lesk, 1997). We can say that analytico synthetic schemes have their own disadvantages in the Networked environment. It is suggested that if we transform UDC in a more faceted scheme, and base it more than now on the post coordination principle then it may be more suitable to attain the goal to UDC for web environment. In this case the vocabulary of UDC will be more analytical and the wording of UDC numbers will be considerably shorter and we shall avoid occurring of the same concepts in many places. The consistent application of the principles of faceted classification will also improve the hierarchical arrangement of UDC numbers (Scibor, 1978). In comparison to the MEDLINE, UDC has the same efficiency to classify the articles. During comparison, it is analysed that if UDC over comes the problem of uneven maintenance and it could perform as an efficient in all class and domain of knowledge as in Medicine. Lastly, from the analysis we could say that the compared to other bibliographic tools, UDC seems to have a better potential for Internet resource discovery. To improve resource discovery it is very necessary to see from the end users perspective and the user feedback. UDC prospects are good for developing effective UDC based browsing structures to large baffling web collection only after their uptodateness. The slowness of revision is directly connected with the degree of internationalization of the system and with the increasing popularity by its users. Finally we could say that the most important 48

problem for UDC on Internet is to update the UDC with real need for improvements in its structure (main and auxiliary tables) and notation (relator/facets). However, UDC cannot be recommended to new users who want to classify their uptodate knowledge in Philosophy, Religion and Social Sciences until and unless it is updated well in these domains. The long term the survival or success of the UDC will be highly dependent on its ability to respond realistically to the combined challenges of economy, standardization and technology (Williamson, 1990).

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Abbreviations AENOR

Asociacion Espanola de Normalizaciony Certificacion (Spanish standards body)

ASLIB

Association of Special Libraries & Information Bureau

BSI

British Standards Institute

BSIB

British Society for International Bibliography

CC

Colon Classification (CC7 seventh edition)

CCC

Central Classification Committee

CRG

Classification Research Group

DDC

Dewey decimal classification

FID

International Federation for Documentation

IFLA

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions

LC

Library of Congress Classification

MEDLINE

Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online

MEDLARS MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System MeSH

Medical Subject Headings

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MRF

Master Reference File

NLM

National Library of Medicine

OPAC

Online Public Access Catalogue

PMEST

Personality; Matter, Energy, Space, Time [fundamental categories postulated by S.R Ranganathan for subject analysis]

SCI

Science Citation Index

UDC

Universal Decimal Classification

UDCC

Universal Decimal Classification Consortium

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