A S I A M I N O R S T U D I E N B A N D 66
Forschungsstelle Asia Minor im Seminar für Alte Geschichte der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster
ASIA MINOR STUDIEN
Band 66
Studien zum antiken Kleinasien VII
2011 DR. RUDOLF HABELT GMBH ∙ BONN
Forschungsstelle Asia Minor im Seminar für Alte Geschichte der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster
Studien zum antiken Kleinasien VII
herausgegeben von Elmar Schwertheim
2011 DR. RUDOLF HABELT GMBH ∙ BONN
Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Historisch-Archäologischen Freundeskreises e.V.
Abbildung Umschlag: Alexandria Troas, Westfassade der Stoa ‒ Grabungssituation 2009
Beiträge und Anfragen sind zu richten an: Forschungsstelle ASIA MINOR im Seminar für Alte Geschichte der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster Georgskommende 25 D– 48143 Münster Redaktion: Eva Strothenke, Jan-Hendrik Römhild, Tobias Runkel
ISBN 978-3-7749-3714-7 Ein Titeldatensatz ist bei der Deutschen Bibliothek erhältlich. (http://www.ddb.de) Copyright 2011 by Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Kleinasien F. Işık –M. Atıcı – R. Tekoğlu Die nachhethitische Königsstele von Karakuyu beim Karabel-Pass. Zur kulturellen Kontinuität vom bronzezeitlichen Mira zum eisenzeitlichen Ionia T. Esch
1
Zur kommunalen Neuordnung Kleinasiens durch Pompeius: Kilikia Pedias und Pontos – Ein Vergleich
35
D. Pastutmaz Die Ikonographie des Dionysos auf knidischen Oinophoroi
97
E. Schwertheim – K. Ruffing Thermai Granikaiai. Ein Thermalbad und Emporion am Aisepos
107
M. Vitale Die insulae im Stadtterritorium der ʽBergpolis’ Termessos: Eine neue Münzprägung mit der Abbildung eines Aphlaston
133
Alexandria Troas M. Haake L. Flavius Stlaccius aus Sardis, der ʽbeste Sophistʼ. Eine neue Ehreninschrift aus Alexandria Troas für einen bislang unbekannten Sophisten
147
J.-H. Römhild Römische Bürger in der Troas
159
R. Mechikoff – B. Rieger – A. Trakadas Alexandria Troas Stadium Survey: Report on the first Campaign
181
A. Boßmann In Stein geritzt. Vorbericht zu Ritzlinien auf einem ProfilleistenFragment aus Alexandria Troas
193
P. Kiernan Preliminary Report on the Excavations of a Cryptoporticus and Market Building at Alexandria Troas
199
S. Japp – J.-H. Römhild – H. Schwarzer Die Grabungen im Bereich der sog. Zentralthermen in Alexandreia Troas. Ein Vorbericht über die Kampagne 2009
217
VI
Inhaltsverzeichnis
A. Tanrıöver Ein Werkstück aus Breccia Pavonazza di Ezine und die Tonnengewölbe am Forum von Alexandria Troas
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J.-P. Laporte Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac (april 1726)
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F. Biller ‒ M. Müller – A. Tanrıöver Die Straßen in Alexandria Troas. Ein Vorbericht
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Tafelverzeichnis
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Tafeln 1‒ 52 Farbtafeln 1‒9 Plan 1‒2
Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac (april 1726) (Coloured pl. 3–9; Plan 1) A portfolio of drawings preserved in Antibes’s town archives allows to reconstruct the trip to Turkey of Louis-André de Lamamie, chevalier de Clairac, who stayed in Istanbul with the retinue of the Marquis of Andrezel, the French Ambassador to the ʽSublime Porte’ from September 1724 to January 1727.1 As a learned man, he could not fail to visit ancient Troy, then confused with Alexandria Troas.2 Originally, his intentions were far from historical – he also took advantage of the trip to study Dardanelles from a military point of view – but he devoted himself to visit Alexandria with great enthusiasm. He was accompanied by an unknown officer, who was a good landscape designer3, also by a Mr. Rossini4, and by an interpreter who translated to him the Turkish names of places and monuments, a few servants, and probably a small armed escort. Leaving Çanakkale on April 8th, 1726, the travelers reached Fıranlı on April 12th in the evening for accommodation.5 They stayed in ʽTroy’ from 13th to 17th April 1726, a little less than four days which were employed in an orderly manner. In this limited time, Clairac and his companions drew up no less than 47 plans or views, of which more than forty have been preserved. Their comparison with remaining ruins shows a remarkable accuracy, both overall and details.6 Of course, European travelers had already given other sketches, drawings and descriptions of the ancient city, but those were often sketchy, for same quotes and same buildings (sometimes at very close angles). As such, the record compiled by Clairac is exceptional for the amount and the accuracy of its plans and drawings. Several indicate dimensions in inches (2.7 cm), feet (12 inches or 32.5 cm) and yards (6 feet, or 1.949 m), but also in paces (about 40 cm). Some drawings show handwritten dates and numbers, which can allow us to classify and reconstruct the work day by day. Numbers refer to the ʽInventaire des desseins faits pendant le voyage de Troye’ (Inventory of drawings during our travel to Troy)7, with titles sometimes slightly different from the drawings.8 Many drawings and even inscriptions were first penciled and then drawn with ink. We can distinguish up to three states: a draft minute (in pencil and Municipal Archives of Antibes (06600 Alpes Maritimes, France), file 1.S. Le voyage à Constantinople du chevalier de Clairac. Archéologie et architecture en Méditerranée occidentale (1724–1727), Snoeck, Musée d’Archéologie d’Antibes, 2009, 112 p. This work is indicated below by the abbreviation Voyage 2009. I am particularly grateful to Professor Schwertheim for accommodating this article in the Asia Minor Studies, Eric Delaval (curator of the Archaeological Museum), Michelle Froissart (Director of the Municipal Archives of Antibes), F. Laugier (sculpture) and T. Drew-Bear (epigraphy) for various information here used. I thank too Mr. and Mrs. Peter Lawlor and Mrs Emmanuelle Blazy for help in English text. A bibliography and a list of abbreviations used can be found below. 2 We will study the journey from Alexandria to Ҫanakkale in a forthcoming article on the journey and epigraphic material copied during the travel. 3 Perhaps Daudet de Fondames. 4 We have not identified this Mr. Rossini, who is named on a sheet inserted in the Inventory of inscriptions discovered during the trip (1.S.69). 5 Although we don’t have any specific indication, it is likely that the little group traveled on horseback. 6 We verified this accuracy on the site in August 2003, along with Nurettin Arslan, professor at the University of Ҫanakkale, who was so kind to show us the remains of Alexandria Troas. 7 1.S.36, list printed in Voyage 2009, 104–105, indicating which documents are still kept in the 1.S file. 8 These slight differences sometimes provide crucial information to locate accurately a peculiar ʽview’. 1
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ink), a fair copy (sometimes in pencil and ink) and finally a composed and colored plate, ready for engraving. In those times, engravers represented colours by etching according to heraldic rules, known to every man of quality. Thus, contemporaries could read ʽcolours’ in prints where we now see only black and white at first sight. But no plate seems to have ever been engraved. Although without the manuscript which was probably attached,9 all these drawings provide a copious material that will complete and greatly facilitate today’s research. The testimony is particularly valuable, since the ancient city continued to be used as a quarry long after Clairac’s visit, and that many remains have since disappeared, or are badly damaged, either stripped off by stone scavengers, or simply buried under a later embankment – as for the ʽgreat underground gallery’(n. 8).
fig. 1 »Trip from Fıranlı to Troy made on Saturday April 13th [1726] and on the following days« (1.S.52). North is on the right and sea (not shown) at the top. The river was called Agi dere (ʽBitter Creek’) A. »Fıranlı village« B. »Mill near the village« C. »Amam Téchiné: fountain near the baths« D. »Mineral water baths« E. »Ancient tombs« F. »Aqueduct« G. »Columns and masonry ruins« (Mausoleums) H. »Walls of Troy« I. »Priam’s palace, said in Turkish Seray Ballic, palace of honey« (= Gymnasium) K. »Old building, square outside and an curved inside« (= Nymphaeum) L. »Circus« (= Odeon) M. »Tower with statues« N. »Temple« (= Maldelik)
9
These drawings were saved from destruction in 1935, but not the manuscript that likely came with the drawings.
Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac
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Arrival and stay in ʽTroy’ (Alexandria Troas) On 13th April 1726 in the morning, Clairac and his companions went to the deserted site of Alexandria Troas, and they returned to the site every day until 17th. They had to go back every evening to the small village of Fıranlı10 for food and shelter. A sketch plan (fig. 1) with main directions indicates the landmarks of their journey. Hot Springs in Ilica Two very hot springs are still spurting out in a small valley southeast of the ancient city, at the place known today as Kestambul Kaplıçası (formerly Ilica or Lidja); one spring is loaded with sulfur and the other one is iron-rich, highly recommended for skin diseases, nervous disorders, rheumatism. This small bath had hardly been mentioned by other travelers. On April 13th, 1726, Clairac paid special attention to this spot with comprehensive maps (1.S.44) (coloured pl. 3; fig. 2–3).11
fig. 2 Layout of Ilica hot springs (1.S.44) A: »Remains of probably a female statue« B: »The nicest and hottest spring« C: »Source of boiling water«
A coloured view, composed and prepared for engraving,12 gives a bird’s-eye view of the women’s baths, a small construction surmounted by a cupola (fig 3). It is still kept with the preparatory ink drawing. 10 Today Körüktaşı. On the Annex diagram 1.S.62, not reproduced here, Clairac states: »On the16th, it took us 45 minutes to get from Fıranlı to the walls of Troy«. 11 Voyage 2009, 86 fig. 70. 12 Voyage 2009, 88 fig. 72. 73 (current view of the place).
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fig. 3
Section and view of the women’s baths (1.S.45)
Not far away, Clairac drew a level plan of an unidentified ancient building, consisting of three parallel walls with two vaults supported by cross-springers suggested by dots (fig. 4).
fig. 4
Unidentified ancient building (1.S.46)
Alexandria Troas Arriving in Alexandria Troas itself, Clairac drew the elevation of the four sides of the gymnasion and a precise level plan of this huge building, as well as the plan of a ʽlittle palace’ (nymphaeum). He also drew ʽpieces of ornaments’ in the nymphaeum and in the ʽtower with statues’. On April 14th, he worked on the ʽtemple of Troy’ (Maldelik); he also examined various statues near the ʽtower with statues’, a pedestal with a low relief trophy, and he drew the ʽlittle theater’ (odeon). On 15th April, he looked at an ʽamphitheater’ (the theater) and the statue of a sitting man found near the harbour.13 On 16th, Clairac drafted the map of the harbour, measured huge columns and the mouth of a sewer. On April 17th, in the Eastern Necropolis, he drew large ʽpillars’ of masonry (in fact the masonry core of two mausoleums deprived of their stone cladding) and the remains of a small mausoleum in opus reticulatum, the statue of a man and he worked on the ʽgreat underground chamber’. In his leisurely moments, he finally gathered all collected data, and drew the general map that we will consider first. 13
The poet statue, cf. below fig. 38.
Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac
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fig. 5 City map (1.S.66). Numbers have been added, as well as ʽP’ for the main east gate. The numbers refer to the following chapters
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General map (plan 1) The ancient city is situated on a large plateau gently sloping towards the sea. While daily examining each monument,14 Clairac measured lengths and angles, noted down directions between high points, carefully wrote them down in a notebook (1.S.66), checking that sum of the angles reached correctly 360 degrees.15 He drew up a summary in a general map16 indicating benchmarks and angles. This general map, a real exploit, is much better than Cassas’s map drawn during the Choiseul-Gouffier expedition in 178217, and is quite comparable to the recently established by the Forschungsstelle Asia Minor team of Münster University which is exploring the site today.18 It contains a summary map of the harbour, and a very precise layout of the urban wall. Clairac situated and designed accurately the most important monuments inside the urban enclosure.19 Details of the landscape, including oak woodlands, are also mentioned. 1. Harbour A sketch (1.S.62) entitled »Harbour of Troy drawn up with a graphometer«20 shows a summary map of the harbour (unfortunately, no final map was ever drawn, except as part of the general map 1.S.66; map 1; coloured pl. 4). fig..6 The harbour (extract from general map 1.S. 66). North on left side. a: »very high point« b: »blocks of white marble« c: »swampy site« d: »unbroken column« e: »column broken into pieces« f: »third piece of the broken column« g: »ruins of foundations« h: »heaps of stones on the shore« i: »two large columns« j: »parts of ... « A: »wall of eight paces (about 3,20 m) thick and 60 (about 24 m) long which separates the harbor from the water pond« B: »Ruin in the same alignment« For better orientation, Clairac drew a summary map of the city. Approximate locations of what is to be seen in ‘Troye’ (1.S.62) which does not give additional information, except this one: »On Sunday, April 14th. There is only a fifteen minute walk from the ‘Tour aux statues’ to the shore nearest to the sea and ½ hour to the shore opposite to Tenedos«. 15 1.S.66. 16 1.S.66 = Voyage 2009, 77 fig. 50. Here plan 1. 17 The plan drawn by Cassas in 1782 was published in Choiseul Gouffier, Voyage pittoresque dans l’Empire ottoman et en Grèce, dans la Troade, les îles de l’Archipel, t. II (Paris 1809) Atlas, pl. 39. This map gives sufficiently accurate isolated details but seems crushed along an east-west axis, so that the city, which actually spreads out inland far to the east, appears stretched to the north, all along the sea. 18 Folded map attached to E. Schwertheim (Hrsg.), Die Troas. Neue Forschungen III, AMS 33 (Bonn 1999). 19 Various sketches showing the location of monuments on the site are scattered throughout the record, including 1.S.62: »Locations of what is to be seen in Troy«. 20 1.S.63 = 31a Clairac. On this point cf. Voyage 2009, 76 fig. 53. 14
Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac
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A sheet (1.S.62, see fig. 7) bears the following inscriptions: »From April 16th, shaft of an unbroken column, knocked down and half buried near the harbour, 15 paces from the shore. The column was 35 feet 6 inches (11.37 m) tall. Three pieces of another column with one piece half in the sea lays 35 paces from the spot. Total length of the broken column 34 feet 9 inches (11. 30 m)«.21
fig. 7
Columns near the harbor (extract of 1.S.62)
2. The great urban wall Oddly, the most important monument in Alexandria – namely its great urban wall – is also the most poorly known. Clairac has carefully followed its entire length. It was then much better preserved than nowadays. Many towers were still visible. On the general map, a door must be identified to the huge circular front door recently excavated east of the city.22 The apparently exact location of rectangular towers will allow to find them on the ground. Clairac even gives on an information sheet (1.S.70) a tiny marked plan of one of them, including a sketch of the door giving entrance to the tower from inside the city (fig 8). The room was 15:15 (5.28 m) wide and 13:10 (4.50 m) deep inside. The opening of the door was still 5:8 (1.83 m) high above the ground.
fig. 8
21 22
Map and inside door of a tower
These large granite columns were a current production of Alexandria Troas. Letter P on figure 5 (general map of the city) and figure 33 (detail of the east side of the enclosure).
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3. North-western city angle and stadium In the north-western corner of the city, Clairac drew precisely a plateau inside the general urban wall, but isolated from the rest of the town by an eastern and southern rampart, dominating the harbour to the west (coloured pl. 4; fig. 9).23 On Cassas’s plan (1786) reproduced by Leaf, this area is called Kàledjik.24 We can wonder whether it could have been an acropolis, even a preHellenistic and Roman city, or an enclosure protecting a later reduced town.
fig. 9 The north western corner of the city (extract from map 1.S.66) 23 24
Voyage 2009, 76–77 fig. 54. Leaf 1923, 237.
Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac
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Clairac did note down in the middle of this hill a long depression, the nature of which he did not recognize he wrote in its axis: »small valley« and »meadows«. In fact, it is the stadium, mostly dug into natural substratum. Its flanks are covered with vegetation that conceals the few preserved steps to the eyes of the traveller in a hurry.25 And indeed Clairac was not idle. 4. The ʽtour aux statues’ (tower with statues) Clairac located on the city map a ʽtower with statues’ (fig. 10) which, given the overall accuracy of the document, could be very close to a half columned building (Halbsäulengebäude) noted down on the Münster University map.26 fig.10 The ʽtour aux statues’ (extract from general map 1.S. 66) North on left side. Letters have been added. At the bottom, ruins of baths still standing today, about which Clairac gave no other detail a: (circular tower) b: »Statue of an angel« c: »Lying statue of a woman« about 10 meters from the tower d: »Pedestal with the coat of arms« e: »Pedestals with inscriptions«, about 50m away
a) The ʽtower’ itself Clairac didn’t draw any detailed plan or drawing of the ʽtower’ itself. However, he indicated its circular shape on the general map, and he also gave a few indications scattered here and there around the record, including a profile of one of the five molded blocks still embedded in the wall (fig. 11), with the following comment: »E: This block of cornice is one of the five white marble blocks remaining in the walls inside the ʽtower with statues’. It is the longest one, about 2 feet 6 inches (0.81 m) long by about 10 inches tall (0.27 m). The smallest block is about 1 foot long (0.33 m)«. He copied in his diary of inscriptions found in Alexandria (1.S.69) a Latin inscription embedded in the tower (fig. 12). On a horizontal band: ...] ONIS PA [... Unfortunately, it was too mutilated to allow any solid reconstruction. We do not even know whether it was in situ or reused. The name given to this monument in 1726 was taken from several sculptured fragments lying nearby: b: ʽa statue of an angel’; c: ʽstatue of a reclining woman’: d: ʽpedestal with coat of arms’; e: ʽpedestals with inscriptions’(fig 10). See inside this volume the contribution of R. Mechikoff – B. Rieger – A. Trakadas, Alexandria Troas Stadium Survey: Report on the first Campaign, p. 181–191. 26 This building could be represented on Cassasʼ map (1786) by a small rectangle, although we may not be sure of it, given the already noted strong deformation of this document. On this tower, cf. Voyage 2009, 77. 25
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fig. 11 A cornice of the ʽtower with statues’ (extract from 1.S.50)
fig. 12 Inscription embedded in the ʽtower with statues’ (extract from 1.S.69)
b) ʽstatue of an angel’ (fig. 13, 1) The angle of a pillar (?) showed a draped and winged body.27 It is described by a short passage from handwritten sheet 1.S.70: »On the angel or genie n. 24: profile of the figure one foot (32.5 cm) wide, the rest of the stone is one foot wide. Total length 6 feet (1.95 m), this figure is 10 steps to the right of the lying female statue. It lays flat on ground and is of grey marble«. c) ʽstatue of a lying woman’, Pillar of Hygeia (?) (fig. 13, 2) A sketch shows a pilaster28 origin and dimensions of which are detailed in 1.S.70: »About statue 23. It is south-west 8 paces away from the ʽtower with statues’. The total height of this marble is 5 feet 8 inches from which it must be deducted 7 inches for the height of the edge where its head is put«. This pilaster was specifically commented upon by F. Laugier.29 It represents a singular female figure, standing out in high relief on a pillar with molded cornice. Clairac’s annotations precise it was 5 feet, 8 inches (1.86 m) tall, including 1.67 m, for the life size character. The young woman is dressed in a tunic and a cloak draped over her left shoulder and hips. Under her right forearm, there can be made out a winding snake, to which she probably hold out a cup with her left hand. This is the goddess Hygeia, the god of medicine Asklepios’s daughter. Apart from some reliefs and small votive statuettes, most of the statues of Hygieia were Roman copies or creations discovered in Italy. Furthermore, this type of support decorated with a high relief deity is reminiscent on a much smaller scale of the so-called pillars of the Incantadas, found in Thessaloniki and nowadays in Louvre. Therefore, this ʽpillar of Hygeia’ very likely suggests the presence in this sector of a monumental portico with carved pillars of Roman period. 1.S.57 here fig. 13.1. 1.S.56. Here fig. 13.2. 29 Laugier in Voyage 2009, 93 and fig. 80. 27 28
Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac
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fig. 13 Figured reliefs discovered near the ʽTower with statues’: 1. Statue of an angel (1.S.57); 2. Pillar of Hygeia (1.S.56)
d) Honorific bases dedicated by vici VII and VIII of Alexandria Troas In file 1.S.6930 there lay figured copies of two well known inscriptions (fig. 14, 1–2), the dedications from vici (districts) VII31 and VIII to a senior official of equestrian rank, C. Antonius Rufus32, with the inscription: »near the Tower with statues«. On figure 10, they are referred by the words ʽPedestals with the inscriptions’. There were at least four almost identical bases with the same text, dedicated to the same high character by vici VI, VII, VIII and IX.33 Clairac saw only the dedications of the vici VII and VIII. e) Base decorated with a bas-relief armor (1.S.58) (fig. 14, 3) At about 50 meters from the tower, Clairac saw another base with left side adorned with a low relief armor. The dedication was perhaps on the front side, and Clairac did not see it because it was buried or had been erased by bad weather. Without being absolutely identical (no spears), the decor is very close to the decor of one of the faces of the dedication to C. Antonius Rufus by vicus VII: »on the left side there is a trophy made up of a cuirass (with Medusa’s head and a knot on it), two or three spears, a helmet with a crest, a sword and a pick; on the right side is a flaminician mitre with a high apex altar«.34 Presumably it either belongs to the same set dedicated to C. Antonius Rufus, or to a character of the same high rank. Another similar base was 1.S.69: »Inscriptions found during our trip« n. 40– 41. A loose sheet included in file 1.S.69 (draft copy to the dedication of vicus VII) is accompanied by the following text: »This April 14th, at Troy, on a somewhat similar base where I copied the other inscription (that of vicus VIII)«. Clairac was surprised on line 6 at the word PRINCIPIEM: »This word is taken exactly as we filled in (on base of vicus VIII). In fact Clairac’s copy was wrong, it was PRINCIPI ITEM, perhaps with a ligature IT. 32 Ricl 1997, 68–70 n. 36. 33 The base dedicated by vicus II is now in the British Museum, the one of VIIth in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Both bases of vici VII and VIII are still on the site at a place known as Mehmet Aslan Tarlan (Ricl 1997, 68). 34 Ricl 1997, 68 n. 36. 30 31
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found some distance away.35 However, we can’t know whether it belonged to the same set. We must therefore content with the four or five bases definitely found near the ʽtower with statues’ (depending whether the base with armour designed by Clairac was or not part of the dedications from vici VI, VII, VIII and IX). They were probably all aligned in a significant public space we can imagine to be the forum, which would thus be located accurately.
fig. 14
Bases dedicated by vici VII and VIII (CIL, III, 386). Fair copy in diary 1.S.69 (»Inscriptions found during our trip«), n. 40 and 41. Base decorated with an armor (1.S.58)
5. The gymnasium (ʽGrand Palais’ or ʽPalais de Priam’) (coloured pl. 5; fig. 15–19) Clairac naturally lingered on the most spectacular monument, the gymnasium, that he sometimes called ʽGrand Palais’ or ʽPalace of Priam’.36 It is probably a monument offered by Herod Atticus, like the neighbouring nymphaeum. Doubtless both are luxurious additions to initial aquaduct project that caused one of the most famous budget overspendings in Roman Antiquity. Clairac’s drawings are most valuable because they show the whole building and not only its central part. Views of elevation of four faces show the state before the strong earthquake which brought down part of the central superstructures between Clarke’s visit (1808) and that of Hobhouse and Byron (1810). A detail of one of these perspective views brings questions about the facade of the caldarium which collapsed in 1809.
Mention on the loose sheet mentioned above in the Inventory of inscriptions 1.S.69: »We have found only two other (than the dedication from vicus VII) and the shield base. Mr Rossini found a fourth one 200 steps away from the great vault«. 36 Documents 1.S.47–1.S.50. The designation ʽPalais de Priam’ (Priam’s palace) is also known from other travellers. 35
Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac
fig. 15.1: View of the east-southeast side (1.S.47)
fig. 15.2: View of the south-southwest side (1.S.48)
fig. 15.3: View of the west-northwest side (1.S.49)
fig. 16: Central part of west-northwest side of the gymnasium (1.S.49)
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Clairac first drafted out all major arrangements and dimensions of the monument. Then he made a fair copy of this map (coloured pl. 5; fig. 18). It is much more precise that all available documentation before the level plan published by Koldewey in 1884.37 It confirms and completes several points of the 1979 reconstruction elaborated by A. C. G. Smith from a systematic analysis of narratives and views by former travelers.38 A short note by Clairac (in 1.S.70) adds a few interesting details: »In the palace, (on) every stone of the west-northwest facade outside there are holes about 1 inch (2.7 cm) in diameter. There are remains of a few spikes, which seem to indicate that there were marble inlays39, like pillars of their [...]. Inside the palace, there are 2 or 3 square holes in each stone, 2 or 3 inches (5.4 to 8.1 cm) large, but outside, there are stones that are almost 10, 12, 16 and 20 (27, 32, 43 and 54 cm).« Document 1.S.50 shows three marble cornices and a sketch of the square base of a column measuring about 5 feet 6 inches in diameter (1.78 m) (fig. 19).
fig. 17 Minute plan of the palace of Troy (= gymnasium) (1.S.50) The original draft gives some indications: A: »This is level with the wall below … terraced« B: »The three arches were 14 feet (4.55 m) taken at the beginning of the vault« »Holes in the stone to remove them with a crane« »Measured a stone that was found: length 5:5: (1.76 cm), width. 3:8 (1.19 m) thickness 2:10: (0.92 m); stone is very hard« »There are six white marble capitals, one at each corner of the doors on this side« »The front on this side which is the facade is lower than the leftover and there are …«
R. Koldewey, Das Bad von Alexandria Troas mit einem Anhange, AM 9, 1884, 36–64 Taf. 2–3. For instance, Clairac indicates the beginning of an oriental apse unknown on the 1884 map. 38 A. C. G. Smith, The Gymnasium at Alexandria Troas. Evidence for an outline reconstruction, AnatSt 29, 1979, 23–50. 39 Clairac means marble veneers. 37
Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac
fig. 18
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Fair copy of gymnasium map (1.S. 50)
fig. 19 Detail of marble ornaments in the gymnasium (1.S.50) A: »One of the 12 white marble stones remaining in westnorthwest palace cornice« B: »Kind of chapiteau used as large transom arch in the facade« C: »Parts of entablature. We find several similar in the ruins of the palace« D: »Base found among these same ruins. Nearby the large round stones drums that formed the columns«
6. The nymphaeum (ʽSmall Temple’) (coloured pl. 6; fig. 20–21) On April 13th, Clairac also carefully drew the remains of a ʽshrine’40, in fact the nymphaeum located near the gymnasium, first in a minute, then on an unfinished plate (1.S. 51). On an unfinished plate (1.S.51), Clairac overlaid top-down an isometric view, a plan and a vertical section along the axis, with curiously three different scales (fig. 21). It allows us to reconstruct exactly the monument and its technical layout. Water, conveyed to the rear of the building by a diverticulum of the aqueduct, traveled along a semicircular gallery cut into masonry, flowed through small pipes into the hemicycle, then flowed out griffins into a semicircular canal and flowed away in the lower basins, nowadays buried. This information provides a solid basis for the reconstruction recently proposed by H. Öztaner.41 On this nymphaeum, cf. Voyage 2009, 82–83. H. Öztaner, The Nymphaeum at Alexandria Troas, in: E. Schwertheim (Hrsg.), Die Troas. Neue Forschungen III, AMS 33, 1999, 27–36 pl. 9–11. 40 41
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fig. 20 Nymphaeum (»Little temple« or »circus« 1.S.51) The sketch comes with key and comments: A: »high arched niches at half heigth« B: »passage in the thickness of masonry« C: »kind of loopholes opening onto the passage« »This building is built with large stones outside and is not covered« »It is 20 yards [39 m] away from alignment marked AB« (southern side of the baths)
fig. 21 Nymphaeum (ʽLittle temple’ 1.S.50 or 51). Plan and section are given here approximately in the same scale
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7. The Odeon (ʽSmall Theatre’) The city had an Odeon, but remains are today reduced to a berm and masonry above a vaulted gallery. Clairac who also referred to it as ʽa circus’ examined it on April 14th, 1726.42 The minute as well as the map allows to give its exact dimensions and layouts (fig. 22). There remained then only two concentric semi-circular walls, about 125.6 feet (41.5 m) for outside diameter and 94 feet (31 m) for inside diameter.
fig. 22 Odeon (ʽlittle theater’) 1.S.59. Numbers have been added The document, dated in bottom right-hand corner »Circus in Troy on April 14«, bears the following handwritten mentions: 1: »Profile of vaults« 2: »Profile of long vault. The long vault is narrower outside 7: 2: (7 feet, 3 inches or 2.32 m) than the vaults, that is the small wall« 3: »Half door and maybe ... « 4: »Covered and without opening« (vault) 5: »Vaults« (three vaulted compartments, first one completely destroyed) 6: »Archway« 7: »Vault, the keystone almost to the ground floor« 8: »open space with two walls that close up the entire length« 9: »This piece appears complete. It shows a fragment of vault, here punctuated« 10: »Stone in place below the vaults of 7 to 8 feet (2.27 to 2.60 m) «
1.S.30. On the Odeon, cf. Voyage 2009, 84 fig. 6.
��
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Then Clairac drew a fair copy on a coloured plate (coloured pl. 7; fig. 23).
fig. 23
Fair copy of a plan of Odeon (‘little theater’) 1.S.59
8. A buried building, the ʽgreat underground gallery’ The portfolio also includes the plan of a building, already partly buried in 1726, and until recently sought vainly on the site. Part of it was found in August 2009 by the Forschungsstelle Asia Minor team. The look of the excavated door confirms the general accuracy of Clairac who called it ʽthe great underground gallery’. It was a vaulted gallery over 40 meters long; two plans give many details that would even allow us to build up a model (fig. 24–25).43
fig.24
43
1.S.65–66. Voyage 2009, 84 fig. 64–65.
Drawing of a door of the large underground gallery (1.S.65)
Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac
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fig.: 25 Great underground gallery (1.S.65) The detailed plan (1.S. 65) bears various indications: »All stones are almost square«: 1: »arch« (which the sketch of a section) 2, 3: »arch« 4: »arch, width taken from the vault« 5: »arch, width taken from the jambs« 6: »drawn door« (= fig. 24) 7, 8: »door« 9: »arch of beautiful masonry« (with a section in 11). 10: »door« 11: arch 12: »Here, the door is filled almost to its beginning« 13: »Entrance hole. The Turks have dug and found quarried stones in this alignment« Clairac then goes on and describes the interior of underground gallery« 14: »stone arch« (in fact a cross-springer arch) 15: »ditto« 16 to 17: »Sections of fluted columns of two feet (65 cm) in diameter« - »stone arch«, in fact a cross springer arch - »columns made up of drums 1:10 foot (60 cm) tall and two feet (0.65 m) in diameter« -»ditto« (=column, twice) 17: »small basement window below the beginning of the vault« 18: »columns with drums as above« - »ditto« (thrice) 19: »brick arch«
The same sheet shows a layout with various handwritten mentions: »The room above the doorframe (lintel) of the door is of a single piece. Stones of the wall are about 3 feet (0.975 m) long by 1 foot (0.325 m) in height«. »The walls that hide the doors and columns are of small rubble stones. The vault which lies on the walls is also made of small rubble stones. These walls do not appear to have any link with those of stone«.44 On another zone: »remains of a wall with closed niches«. In the northern extension: »The underground gallery continues some 100 paces without vaults after a raising ground which appears to cover an arch on the same alignment as other arches, but it is filled; no opening can be seen«. Clairac and his companions entered through a hole opened in the roof. He describes the interior: »The wall is high at the place where ground is at its lowest, up to the beginning of the vaults: under 10 feet (3.25 m)«. »The here drawn door rises above the ground 7 feet 6 inches (2.43 m). Other doors are buried«. 44
Clairac probably means that the masonry was not related to the facade in stone.
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»The left arch of small theater lies east of the hole in the vault through which we entered and on the left, the circus lies at N 65 E of said hole«. The building was then exploited by quarries: »Trench made to pull stones that are the bases in this alignment«. 9. An enigmatic building, the Maldelik (ʽTemple’) Several drawings (1.S.53–54) show details of Maldelik (Turkish: ʽhive’) in 1726 (coloured pl. 8; fig. 26–29).45 The building consists of a set of vaulted rooms, on three levels at least. As shown on an outside overall view (1.S.53), it looks hardly changed, with the beginning of a collapsed vaulted gallery at the front. An interesting detail can no longer clearly be seen today: the top of the monument showed a series of horizontal slabs which obviously corresponds to the edge of a paved terrace, probably the base of a disappeared elevation (fig. 26).
fig. 26
Maldelik. View from the south-southwest side (1.S.53)
Central opening leads to a large square cross vaulted room. The drawing (1.S.54) of this room which gives access to two levels in the rear, is of extraordinary fidelity, down to the details of foundations and cracks of some blocks (fig. 27).
fig. 27 45
Voyage 2009, 85 fig. 66–69.
Maldelik. Inside view (1.S. 54)
Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac
267
This room gives access to vaulted rooms on two levels; Clairac cared so much for details that he drew separately the upper level (fig. 28) and pasted this drawing on the map of the lower level (fig. 29). The upper rooms were then more complete and in a better state than today. The analysis of this new documentation will perhaps make sense of this enormous enigmatic massive structure, probably the base of a now disappeared large monument.
fig. 28: Maldelik. Upper level map (1.S.55)
fig. 29: Maldelik. Lower level map and cross section (1.S.55)
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10. Theater (ʽAmphitheatre’) Alexandria had a theater partly built above ground. Its location is marked by a conch partly dug into the ground and partly built on a circular vaulted hall. Whereas some of the steps were still visible at the time of Clarke’s visit in 1808, they have completely disappeared today.
fig. 30 Theater on general map (1.S.66)
This theater is properly located on the general map to the right of ʽthe temple’ (Maldelik) (fig. 30). To the left of the theater, the Maldelik (ʽtemple’). Top right of the theater, a small rectangle represents the Doric temple, with the words ʽhaute masure’ (high shack). The accurate plan that Clairac had probably established does not appear in the file, but a sketch scribbled on the site (1.S.59) gives specifications on a part of the diameter (217 feet = 71 meters) and a few details about the construction (fig. 31).
fig. 31 Sketch of the theatre (ʽamphitheater’ 1.S. 59) »From this amphitheater the whole of Tenedos can be seen«
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0: Amphitheater, Troye, 15 th april + »From this amphitheater the whole of Tenedos can be seen« 1. »Profile of great vaults« 2. »Profile of small vaults« / »Freestone in front of the low wall« / »Door or groove« 3. »Height of the vault under the keystone at the entrance: 9 ½ feet« (2.94 m) 4. »Ground is quite at the same level as neighbouring fields« 5. »The top starting from a small arch to the other arch: 260 of my steps« / »The rise begins only after 4 or 5 steps after small arches« 6. »Height of vault to the bottom at the location of the deepest field: 15 feet« (4.87 m) 7. »Quarried stones are seen behind this low wall« / »Steps one foot high« / »The vault ... from A to A: 14 feet« (4.55 m) / »The surrounding ground here is almost as high as the wall« 8. »A : There is as much from the other side to the proposed« 9. »The arena appears small and very low and (there was) therefore (a) large number of tiers« / »There are a lot of ... «
11. The Doric Temple (ʽhigh shack’) Immediately above (east) of the theater, recent excavations have found under a thick bush the masonry core of the podium of a doubly-peripteral temple of Doric order, around 300 B.C.46 In 1726, it was already badly damaged and Clairac didn’t identify it as a temple. However, he did mark it on general map (1.S.66) by a small rectangle with the words ʽhigh shack’ (ʽhaute masure’) and on an attached sketch (1.S.62, not reproduced here) »masure très élevée placée sur une terrasse« (very high shack located on a terrace). Therefore a significant part of the rise (now completely disappeared) was still standing in 1726. 12. Sewer Walking back to the port, a kind of tunnel opened east and below the possible acropolis (our n. 3 on general map; fig. 5) in a valley blocked by rampart along the sea. Opening was 5 feet 6 inches (1.78 m) high and 2 feet 6 inches (0.81 m) wide. The sketch (fig. 32)47 comes with a commentary: »It is said to go to [vacat], but it appears blocked by soil about 30 paces from its mouth, and it is about 7 to 8 feet (2.25 to 2.76 m) far from the sea«. This information will undoubtedly allow to find that today unnoticed construction. In 1726 this arrangement let a stream collect all the run-off waters from the conch cut into the plateau. Quite naturally, Clairac identified it as the mouth of a sewer, which is plausible given its form and its narrowness.
fig. 32 Mouth of the main sewer (extract from 1.S.62) D. Pohl, Der dorische Tempel von Alexandria Troas. Überlegungen zur Rekonstruktion und Datierung, in: E. Schwertheim (Hrsg.), Die Troas. Neue Forschungen III, AMS 33 (Bonn 1999) 85–94. 47 Detail of sheet 1.S.62. Voyage 2009, 87. 46
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13. Ending of the aqueduct Clairac also examined various arrangements nearby located, but outside the urban enclosure. In upper left part (northeast) of general map (1.S.66; fig. 5), he marked piers of the Herodes Atticus aqueduct, stone foundations of which have largely disappeared today.
fig. 33
Portion of the city wall facing east (north on right side). A: piers of the aqueduct just before it reaches the city and the great eastern gate P: (extract from general map 1.S.66)
14. Eastern necropolis Naturally, the city was surrounded by its necropolis. A minute drawn on the spot and a plate prepared for engraving48 show two still existing masonry buildings: first, at the bottom, a vaulted room (part of a dismantled mausoleum), then, a solid cube surmounted by a short cylinder similar to a wheel which would have been laid flat (hence the traditional name-Deirmen yapu, ʽmill’) (coloured pl. 9; fig. 34). It was actually the core of a large mausoleum from which all the quarried stone cladding had disappeared. The drawing specifies: »the diameter of the shaft may be 12 feet (3.90 m) and at the bottom of the width of the base (16 feet, 6 inches, or 5.36 m)«.
fig. 34 Details of Deirmen Yapu sketches (1.S.63) 48
1.S.63. Voyage 2009, p. 86, fig. 70.
Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac
fig. 35
271
Deirmen Yapu. Unfinished sketch drawn on site (1.S.63)
A mausoleum in opus reticulatum was visible in the same area.
fig. 36
Ruin of a vaulted mausoleum (?), with opus reticulatum, along the ‘highway to Fıranlı Köyü’ (extract of 1.S.63)
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Jean-Pierre Laporte
A Christian inscription Clairac saw few inscriptions on site. Many of them had been buried, broken or taken away before his visit. Apart from the mentioned above two honorary bases and a fragment embedded in the ʽtower with statues’, he drew the unknown Christian epitaph of a virgin, Euphemia.49 The document does not specify the place of discovery, but the inventory of drawings (1.S.36), written in chronological order, places it between two documents dating from 15th and 16th April, when Clairac was on the site.
fig. 37 Epitaph of the virgin Euphemia (1.S.61) »Here lies the very pious servant of Christ, virgin Euphemia. Through its actions, may God takes pity on her brothers. Lord, by thy holy foresight, protect her nephew, your slave«
It was a sarcophagus lid; the text was engraved on a large axial cross (fig. 37). As shown by T. Drew-Bear,50 the epitaph is arranged on the horizontal band at the top of the cross. It is surrounded by extra prayers for two brothers of the deceased and her nephew, all alive when they erected this tomb. Brothers’ names and nephew’s one (one of the brothers’ namesake), although less important characters than Euphemia herself, are indicated by monograms still to be deciphered. Three statues Clairac also drew three mutilated statues, studied by F. Laugier (Louvre Museum). 1. Statue of a poet? Drawing 1.S.60, finely shaded to convey the whole volume of the model, shows a man sitting on a cubic seat, with folded arms on thighs: left shoulder and arm, lower torso and legs are draped in a cloak.51 49 1.S.61, Voyage 2009, 96 fig. 84: »Sketch of an ancient tomb given in my book«. This entry does not appear in the diary of ʽInscriptions found during our trip to Troy’ (1.S.69). Clairac must refer to another lost document, probably a notebook written on the spot. 50 Drew-Bear, Voyage 2009, 96. 51 1 S 60. Voyage 2009, 92 fig. 77.
Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac
fig. 38
273
Statue of a sitting man, perhaps a poet (1.S.60)
The character was old: his clavicles sticked out while the flesh of chest tended to sag. The head was missing, which prevents accurate identification, but this design is reminiscent of statues of philosophers and poets of Hellenistic or Roman times, especially the ʽpoet of Claros’.52 This statue must be identified to the statue of a sitting man, number 30 in the Inventaire des dessins 1.S.36,53 found near the port. We do not know if it was in its original location or if it had been abandoned there by stone salvagers during transportation. 2.3. Two female statues Two drawings represent female statues. The first one (that Clairac thought to be the statue of a man), seen on April 17th 1726,54 showed a standing woman, lying on the ground and drawn from the back. The other one, larger than life size, discovered on April 14th 1726,55 either near the Maldelik, or the ʽtower of statues’ – two buildings visited on the same day – could have represented a sitting matronly goddess.56 Handwritten page 1.S.70 gives some interesting details: »About the statue listed 22: It is out of the ground by 6 feet four inches (2.06 m). Statue now preserved at the Museum of Art and History of Izmir. See R. Robert, The poet of Claros, CRAI, 1999, 173–188. 53 Voyage 2009, 105 n. 30. 54 1.S.64. That day, Clairac made drawings in the eastern cemetery and visited the great underground gallery, two locations too remote to attribute the statue to one or the other. 55 1.S.56. 56 Front view. The lower part was not broken, but buried in the ground as clearly shown in the text, in front of a badly identified background (probably a stone wall). It is difficult to know whether it was sitting or standing. 52
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fig. 39
Two female statues (drawings 1.S.64 and 1.S.33)
Ten years ago, some Franks57 took the head and carried it away. This statue lies 660 common paces (about 250 meters) away from the temple (Maldelik) and east of the ʽtower of statues’. It lies south-east of this tower«. This unfortunately too vague information does not allow to locate it in the open space (forum?) near the ʽTower with statues’, although it is very tempting. Both statues were common types in Asia Minor in Hellenistic and Roman periods; so that their mutilation leaves little hope of recognizing them nowadays in any museum. Following this review, the ʽClairac record’ has already delivered a substantial new documentation, and it is likely that it still contains many details yet to be discovered.
57 We have not identified these ʽFranks’. The word is unusual in the mouth of a Frenchman to designate other Frenchmen; it seems to have been taken directly from the mouth of the interpreter who accompanied certainly Clairac. Therefore, the true nationality of the European foreigners is not certain.
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List of abbreviations In addition to the abbreviations of the guidelines of the German Archaeological Institute 2006 (AA 2005/2, 314–399) the following abbreviations are used: Leaf 1923
W. Leaf, Strabo on the Troad (Cambridge 1923)
Ricl 1997
M. Ricl, The Inscriptions of Alexandria Troas, IK 53 (Bonn1997)
Voyage 2009
J.-P. Laporte, Troye (Alexandrie de Troade), in: Le voyage à Constantinople du chevalier de Clairac. Archéologie et architecture en Méditerranée orientale (1724–1727), Catalogue d’exposition au Musée d’Antibes (Antibes 2009) 67–97
List of figures and coloured plates Fig. 1 »Trip from Fıranlı to Troy made on saturday April 13th [1729] and on the following days« (1.S.52) Fig. 2 Layout of Ilica hot springs (1.S.44) Fig. 3 Section and view of the womenʼs baths (1.S.45) Fig. 4 Unidentified ancient building (1.S.46) Fig. 5 City map (1.S.66) Fig. 6 The harbour (extract from general map 1.S.66) Fig. 7 Columns near the harbour (extract of 1.S.62) Fig. 8 Map and inside door of a tower Fig. 9 The north western corner of the city (extract from map 1.S.66) Fig. 10 The ʽtour aux statuesʼ (extract from general map 1.S.66) Fig. 11 A cornice of the ʽtour aux statuesʼ (extract from 1.S.50) Fig. 12 Inscription embedded in the ʽtour aux statuesʼ Fig. 13 Figured reliefs discovered near the ʽtour aux statuesʼ. Left side statue of an angel (1.S.57); right pillar of Hygeia (1.S.56) Fig. 14 Left and middle: Bases dedicated by vici VII and VIII; fair copy in diary 1.S.69; right: Base decorated with an armor (1.S.58) Fig. 15 Gymnasium (1.) View of the east-southeast side (1.S.47); (2.) View of the southsouthwest side (1.S.48); (3.) View of the west-northwest side (1.S.49) Fig. 16 Central part of west-northwest side of the gymnasium (1.S.49) Fig. 17 Minute plan of the palace of Troy (=gymnasium) (1.S.50) Fig. 18 Fair copy of gymnasium map (1.S.50) Fig. 19 Detail of marble ornaments in the gymnasium (1.S.50) Fig. 20 Nymphaeum (1.S.51) Fig. 21 Nymphaeum (1.S.50) Fig. 22 Odeon (1.S.59) Fig. 23 Fair copy of a plan of Odeon (1.S.59) Fig. 24 Drawing of a door of the large underground gallery (1.S.65) Fig. 25 Great underground gallery (1.S.65) Fig. 26 Maldelik. View from the south-southwest side (1.S.53)
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Fig. 27 Fig. 28 Fig. 29 Fig. 30 Fig. 31 Fig. 32 Fig. 33 Fig. 34 Fig. 35 Fig. 36 Fig. 37 Fig. 38 Fig. 39
Maldelik. Inside view (1.S.54) Maldelik. Upper level map (1.S.55) Maldelik. Lower level map and cross section (1.S.55) Theater on general map (1.S.66) Sketch of the theatre (1.S.59) Mouth of the main sewer (extract from 1.S.62) Portion of the city wall facing east (extract from 1.S.66) Details of DeirmanYapu sketches (1.S.63) Deirmen Yapu. Unfinished sketch drawn on site (1.S.63) Ruin of a vaulted mausoleum (?) (extract of 1.S.63) Epitaph of the virgin Euphemia (1.S.61) Statue of a sitting man, perhaps a poet (1.S.60) Two female statues (drawings 1S.64 and 1.S.33)
Coloured pl. 3 Coloured pl. 4 Coloured pl. 5 Coloured pl. 6 Coloured pl. 7, 1 Coloured pl. 7, 2 Coloured pl. 8, 1 Coloured pl. 8, 2 Coloured pl. 8, 3 Coloured pl. 8, 4 Coloured pl. 9
Layout of Ilica hot springs (1.S.44) The north western corner of the city (extract from map 1.S.66) Fair copy of gymnasium map (1.S.50) Nymphaeum (1.S.50) Fair copy of a plan of Odeon (1.S.59) Great underground gallery (1.S.65) Maldelik. View from the south-southwest side (1.S.53) Maldelik. Grundriss und Aufriss (1.S.55) Maldelik. Inside view (1.S.54) Maldelik. Modern photograph (Forschungsstelle Asia Minor) Deirmen Yapu (1.S.63)
Plan 1
Map 1. S.66
Jean-Pierre Laporte, 54 rue de Picpus, 75012 Paris; e-mail:
[email protected]
FARBTAFEL 3
FARBTAFEL 4
FARBTAFEL 5
FARBTAFEL 6
FARBTAFEL 7
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2
FARBTAFEL 8
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2
3
4
FARBTAFEL 9
Tafelverzeichnis Taf. 1‒11
Taf. 1
F. Işık –M. Atıcı – R. Tekoğlu, Die nachhethitische Königsstele von Karakuyu beim Karabel-Pass. Zur kulturellen Kontinuität vom bronzezeitlichen Mira zum eisenzeitlichen Ionia Karte des mittleren Westanatoliens (nach Meriç 2003, fig. 1)
Taf. 2, 1
Aussicht von Puranda zum Karabel-Pass im Hintergrund (Archiv LAM)
Taf. 2, 2
Antike Straße am Nordfuss von Puranda (Archiv LAM)
Taf. 3, 1
Karakuyu-Höyük vom Nordwesten (Archiv LAM)
Taf. 3, 2
Das Alte-Friedhof von Karakuyu mit antiken Spolien (Archiv LAM)
Taf. 4, 1
Beschriftete rechte Wandseite von Taf. 4, 3 (Archiv LAM)
Taf. 4, 2
Rückseite von Taf. 4, 3 (Archiv LAM)
Taf. 4, 3
Die ʽhethitischeʼ Stele von Karakuyu, Museum Izmir (Archiv LAM)
Taf. 5, 1
Ausschnitt von Taf. 5, 2
Taf. 5, 2
Karabel-Pass, Felsrelief des ʽTarkasnawa, König von Miraʼ (Akurgal 1961, Taf. 102)
Taf. 5, 3
Kammer 2 von Hattuşa, Relief des Großkönigs Şuppiluliuma II (Neve 1996, Abb. 214)
Taf. 5, 4
Gezbel-Pass, Felsrelief eines Prinzen des Landes (Ausschnitt v. Bittel 1976, Abb. 201)
Taf. 6, 1
Hatip, Felsrelief des ʽKurunta, Großkönigʼ (Ausschnitt v. Ehringhaus 1997/98, Abb. 22)
Taf. 6, 2
Hattuşa, Tonbulle mit Siegelabdruck von König Murşili III (Neve 1996, Umschlag)
Taf. 6, 3
Aleppo, Zitadelle, ʽSchutzgottʼ (Ausschnitt v. Orthmann, in: Kolloq. Mainz 2002, Abb. 1)
Taf. 6, 4
Malatya, Orthostatenrelief mit Gottheiten (Ausschnitt v. Akurgal 1995, Taf. 87b)
Taf. 6, 5
Stempelsiegel aus Metropolis (R. Meriç, Grabungsarchiv)
Taf. 7, 1
Kopf von der Bronzestatuette aus Ephesos (Ausschnitt v. Hanfmann 1962, Fig. 5)
Taf. 7, 2
Ionischer Terrakottakopf aus Samos in Berlin (Jarosch 1994, Abb. 4b)
Taf. 7, 3
Hethitischer Terrakottakopf aus Alişar (Alischar II, fig. 234, e 1442)
Taf. 7, 4
Ionischer Terrakottakopf aus Samos (Jarosch 1994, Taf. 34, 952)
Taf. 7, 5
Hethitischer Terrakottakopf aus Alişar (Alischar II, fig. 234, e 583)
Taf. 7, 6
Kopf von der Bronzestatuette aus Troia (R. Becks, Grabungsarchiv)
Taf. 7, 7
Ionischer Terrakottakopf aus Samos (Jarosch 1994, Taf. 34, 951)
Taf. 8, 1
sog. Grauminysche Keramik bzw. Anatolische Grauware aus Troia (Troia 2001, Abb. 453)
Taf. 8, 2
sog. Aiolisch-Grauer Keramik bzw. Anatolische Grauware aus Altsmyrna (E. Akurgal, Alt-Smyrna I, Taf. 6)
Taf. 8, 3
Phrygisches Großgefäß aus Hattuşa (Boğazköy-Hattuşa XVIII, Farbtaf. A)
Taf. 9, 1
Ionische Kraterfragmente aus Altsmyrna (C. Özgünel, Grabungsarchiv)
Taf. 9, 2
Phrygisches Bruchstück aus Alişar (E. Akurgal, Phrygische Kunst (Ankara 1955) Taf. 4a)
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Tafelverzeichnis
Taf. 9, 3
Ionische Bruchstücke aus Samos (E. Akurgal, Phrygische Kunst (Ankara 1955) Taf. H 1)
Taf. 10, 1
Theben, Sockel vom Totentempel des Amenophis III mit der Darstellung von GroßIonien (AW 2005/6, 82, Abb. 6)
Taf. 10, 2
Rechte Wandseite von Abb. 6–8 mit der Hieroglyphengruppe (Archiv LAM).
Taf. 10, 3
Umzeichnung der Schrift von Abb. 32 (R. Tekoğlu)
Taf. 11
Geographische Karte von Abb. 1 (R. Tekoğlu)
Taf. 12 Taf. 12 oben
T. Esch, Zur kommunalen Neuordnung Kleinasiens durch Pompeius: Kilikia Pedias und Pontos – Ein Vergleich Karte von Pontus und Paphlagonien (T. Esch)
Taf. 12 unten
Karte der Kilikia Pedias (T. Esch)
Taf. 13‒15 Taf. 13, 1
D. Pastutmaz, Die Ikonographie des Dionysos auf knidischen Oinophoroi Fragment einer Ampulle in der Gestalt eines Dionysoskopfes (Seitenansicht)
Taf. 13, 2
Fragment einer Ampulle in der Gestalt eines Dionysoskopfes (Oberseite)
Taf. 13, 3
Fragment einer Ampulle in der Gestalt eines Dionysoskopfes (Unterseite)
Taf. 13, 4
Dionysos auf einem Oinophoros
Taf. 14, 1
Dionysos auf einem Patera-Tondo
Taf. 14, 2
Dionysos auf einem Patera-Tondo
Taf. 15, 1
Dionysos auf einem Patera-Tondo
Taf. 15, 2
Dionysos auf einem Patera-Tondo (Detail des Panthers)
Taf. 15, 3
Maskenfragment des älteren Dionysos
Taf. 15, 4
Ein Relieffragment mit Dionysoskopf
Taf. 16‒18 Taf. 16
E. Schwertheim ‒ K. Ruffing, Thermai Granikaiai. Ein Thermalbad und Emporion am Aisepos Ehrenbeschluss für Amerimnos aus Thermai Granikaiai
Taf. 17, 1
Marmorbasis des Amerimnos (Oberseite)
Taf. 17, 2
Marmorbasis des Amerimnos
Taf. 18, 1
Inschrift des Aulus Claudius Quadratus Eteoneus aus Thermai Granikaiai
Taf. 18, 2
Grabrelief des Heros Amerimnos in Izmir
Taf. 19 Taf. 19, 1
M. Haake, L. Flavius Stlaccius aus Sardis, der ʽbeste Sophistʼ. Eine neue Ehreninschrift aus Alexandria Troas für einen bislang unbekannten Sophisten Basis mit der Ehreninschrift für L. Flavius Stlaccius, den ʽbesten Sophistenʼ
Taf. 19, 2
Ehrenischrift für L. Flavius Stlaccius, den ʽbesten Sophistenʼ
Tafelverzeichnis
Taf. 20 Taf. 20, 1
J.-H. Römhild, Römische Bürger in der Troas AT 08 S26 Streufund, Inschriftfragment Latein
Taf. 20, 2
AT 08 S26 Streufund, Inschriftfragment Griechisch
293
Taf. 21‒26 Taf. 21
R. Mechikoff – B. Rieger – A. Trakadas, Alexandria Troas Stadium Survey: Report on the first Campaign Site Plan of Alexandria Troas, showing the location of the stadium in the western part of the site (Forschungsstelle Asia Minor)
Taf. 22, 1
Topographic contour Plan of the stadium
Taf. 22, 2
Topographic contour Plan with identified architectural features: A) support walls identified on the northern embankment (?), B) curved wall fragment indicating a possible sphendone feature, C) marble block, D) short stretch of a wall in opus caementitium behind the southern embankment, E) area of exposed stepped bedrock. The proposed outlines of the original stadium, with sphendone, are shown in grey.
Taf. 23, 1
The DEM produced of the stadium in Fledermaus, looking towards the east
Taf. 23, 2
The race-track (dromos) and spectator embankments of the stadium of Alexandria Troas; looking east (October 2006)
Taf. 24, 1
Modern pathway used by local shepherds cutting through the southeastern part of the eastern embankment, looking east (authors, August 2009)
Taf. 24, 2
Opus caementitium wall fragments behind the southern embankment (from south) (August 2009)
Taf. 24, 3
Fragments of wall (at metre stick) and barrel vaulting (arrow) behind the southern embankment, from south (August 2009)
Taf. 24, 4
Curving wall fragment in opus caementitium in eastern embankment area, from east (August 2009)
Taf. 24, 5
Remnants of barrel vaulting in eastern embankment of the stadium (August 2009)
Taf. 24, 6
Carved bedrock in the northern embankment towards the eastern end of stadium, from south (August 2009)
Taf. 25, 1
Traces of mortar on the surface of the northern embankment (August 2009)
Taf. 25, 2
Wall foundations on ridge of northern spectator embankment (August 2009)
Taf. 25, 3
Marble block in situ, along the northern edge of the track, looking west (August 2009)
Taf. 25, 4
Marble block at the northern edge of the race-track (August 2009)
Taf. 26, 1
Eastern group of cuttings on the top surface of the marble block (August 2009)
Taf. 26, 2
Marble block at modern Dalyan Köyu, front face (August 2009)
Taf. 26, 3
Marble block at modern Dalyan Köyu, rear face (August 2009)
Taf. 26, 4
Anathyrosis is visible on the short end (arrow) of the marble block in Dalyan Köyu (August 2009)
Taf. 27‒30
A. Boßmann, In Stein geritzt. Vorbericht zu Ritzlinien auf einem Profilleisten-Fragment aus Alexandria Troas Profilleistenrückseite mit Ritzlinien
Taf. 27, 1
294
Tafelverzeichnis
Taf. 27, 2
Befundaufnahme NO2, S2a (hier zu sehen die profilierte Seite der Leiste mit Ritzlinien [auf dem Foto links unten])
Taf. 27, 3
Zeichnung der Ritzlinien auf der Profilleistenrückseite
Taf. 28, 1
Rückseite der Profilleiste mit Sägekante
Taf. 28, 2
Profilleistenrückseite: Großaufnahme Dreieck
Taf. 28, 3
Profilleistenrückseite: Großaufnahme Raute
Taf. 28, 4
Profilleistenrückseite: Großaufnahme gebogene Linie
Taf. 29, 1
Zeichnung der 25 opus sectile-Formen, die 1:1 übertragen werden können
Taf. 29, 2
Zeichnung des Musters: Raute mit vier rahmenden Dreiecken
Taf. 29, 3
opus sectile-Form AT-Süd 3,4 S1 und S2
Taf, 29, 4
opus sectile-Form AT-Ost 8a,3 S1
Taf. 30, 1
opus sectile-Form AT-Ost 9,3 S1–5 (mit * diejenigen markiert, die in den Ritzlinien zu fassen sind)
Taf. 30, 2
Zeichnung Quader mit Ritzungen vom Amphitheater in Capua (aus: J. P. Heisel, Architekturdarstellungen als Mittel zum Erfassen von Form und Größe [Stuttgart1989] 109)
Taf. 30, 3
Mosaikboden aus der Villa Arianna in Stabiae (aus: K. M. D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World [Cambridge 1999] 284 Abb. 292)
Taf. 31‒35
P. Kiernan, Preliminary Report on the Excavations of a Cryptoporticus and Market Building at Alexandria Troas Arial View of Alexandria Troas, looking south. Photo taken in 2005. A) temple forum; B) southern end of cryptoporticus and area of the 2008/9 excavations. The lines indicate the continuation of the collapsed cryptoporticus/market building; C) the lower agora; D) central city road, leading down from level of the Temple Forum to the lower agora; E) vaulted openings, probably tabernae; F) opus caementitium block.
Taf. 31, 1
Taf. 31, 2
The standing secion of the cryptoportiucs; exterior view looking to the S‒W
Taf. 31, 3
The standing secion of the cryptoporticus; interior view showing southern ter-minal wall after the first 20 cm of soil have been cleared out and the circular hole in the south wall has been opened. The level of the dark stain on walls likely corresponds to the levelof the fill at the time of Clairac’s visit in 1729.
Taf. 31, 4
Rectangular impressions on interior of the west wall of the cryptoporticus, in and near the standing section. These indentations likely correspond to the first two transverse arches observed by Clairac.
Taf. 32, 1
View of the exedra situated to the S‒W of the cryptoporticus, looking south.
Taf. 32, 2
UA KP2 at the end of the 2008 campaign. A) spolia door composed in part of architrave fragments from the market building; B) south side of the arched opening in the eastern wall; C) drain cut into bedrock.
Taf. 32, 3
The archway in the eastern side of the cryptoporticus in UA KP2 in the course of excavation. Note how the opening corresponds to a door in the ashlar masonry wall against which the cryptoporticus was built.
Taf. 33, 1
Detail of the drain in UA KP2 with pipe.
Tafelverzeichnis
295
Taf. 33, 2
UA KP4 just after the topsoil level had been removed in the 2009 campaign. The darker streak traversing the centre of the trench is the continuation of the robber trench found in UA KP3.
Taf. 33, 3
View of UA KP4, looking to the north-west, at the end of the 2009 campaign. The balk between UA KP3 and UA KP4 has been removed, and an extension added along the ashlar wall to the south. In the extension (bottom left) the base of the mortar floor can be seen coating the top of the ashlar wall.
Taf. 33, 4
View of the southern profile of UA KP4, showing filling.
Taf. 33, 5
View (looking south-east) of the mortar floor covering the filling in the east side of UA KP4, and the north-west corner of the spolia building in UA KP6.
Taf. 34, 1
The line of water pipes in the south end of UA KP4. A) architrave on top of capital; B) opus caementitium retaining wall; C) Muschelkalk filling behind the retaining wall; D) drop in elevation of pipeline and Muschelkalk packing of the pipes; E) access hole cut into the pipes.
Taf. 34, 2
View of the western face of the market building looking east. The southern terminal wall of the cryptoporticus and its round opening is visible to the left (north).
Taf. 34, 3
Detail of the mason’s marks, a rotating alpha, on the west face of the ashlar wall.
Taf. 35, 1
Views of the stylobate and foundation of the semi-circular building (exedra) in the W end of UA KP4. A) opus caementitium foundation of the exedra; B) stylobate C) southern column; D) exedra wall; E) supporting buttress of the exedra, connected to F) the northern column; G) the southern terminal wall of the cryptoporticus. H) thin layer of protective mortar.
Taf. 35, 2
Detail of the east side of the southernmost column exposed in the west end of UA KP4. The detail shows the unifinished nature of the drums, the andesite capital and architrave, as well as the back of a later opus caementitium wall built on top of it (see also fig. 2).
Taf. 35, 3
Detail of the south side of the northernmost column exposed in the west end of UA KP4. The unfinished column drums were incorporated in the buttress of the exedra (to the left). At the bottom, they are imbedded in the curved exedra wall’s opus caementitium foundation, and to their right form the south-west corner of the cryptoporticus.
Taf. 35, 4
Exposed section of a post antique spolia structure and the mortar floor in UA KP6, as seen looking to the north-west. The flat stones and tiles in front of the trough form an interior floor on top of the mortar floor.
Taf. 35, 5
View of the test trench UA KP5 looking to the east. The main feature visible in the trench is an east-west running dry stone foundation made of spolia. The top of a dry stone rubble wall is visible in the bottom of the picture. It extends northwards from the mouth of the standing section of the cryptoporticus, and relates to its final function as a goat stall.
Taf. 36‒41
S. Japp – J.-H. Römhild – H. Schwarzer, Die Grabungen im Bereich der sog. Zentralthermen in Alexandria Troas. Ein Vorbericht über die Kampagne 2009 Luftbild des Forums und der ‛Zentralthermen’ von Norden (Lage des Grabungsareals umrandet) (V. Tutmaz)
Taf. 36, 1 Taf. 36, 2
Süd 3 (Vordergrund)/Süd 1 (Hintergrund): Spätbyzantinischer Raum von Süden
Taf. 36, 3
Süd 1: In spätbyzantinischer Zeit wiederverwendete antike Steinblöcke auf frühkaiserzeitlicher opus caementicium-Packung und Marmorquaderlage (untere Stufenreihe der Freitreppe) von Süden
296
Tafelverzeichnis
Taf. 36, 4
Süd 4: Oberseite der westlichen Kryptoportikus von Süden
Taf. 36, 5
Süd 6: Fallrohr mit Umlenkstein neben der westlichen Kryptoportikus von Osten
Taf. 37, 1
Grabungsareal im Bereich der südlichen Frontseite der ‛Zentralthermen’ von Nordosten
Taf. 37, 2
Grabungsareal im Bereich der südlichen Frontseite der ‛Zentralthermen’ von Westen
Taf. 38, 1
Süd 7: Nördliche Schnitthälfte. Südliche Frontmauer des Gebäudes und nachantiker Einbau (metallverarbeitende Werkstatt) von Norden
Taf. 38, 2
Süd 7: Südwestliches Schnittquadrat. Nordende des westlichen Kopfbaus von Westen
Taf. 38, 3
Süd 7: Südöstliches Schnittquadrat. Nordwestecke des Vorplatzes mit Statuenbasis und Marmorverkleidung an Boden und Wänden von Südosten
Taf. 38, 4
Süd 10: Südende der westlichen Kryptoportikus mit Eingang zum westlichen Kopfbau von Süden
Taf. 39, 1
Süd 12: Westlicher Rand des Vorplatzes mit Marmorplattenboden von Nordwesten
Taf. 39, 2
Süd 12: Westlicher Rand des Vorplatzes mit Marmorplattenboden und spätbyzantinischen Einbauten von Nordwesten
Taf. 39, 3
Süd 1 (Hintergrund)/Süd 8 (Vordergrund): Estrich, untere Stufenreihe der Freitreppe und Keilsteine des hellenistischen Bogens von Osten
Taf. 40, 1
Süd 8/9: Frühkaiserzeitlicher Schacht innerhalb des hellenistischen Bogens
Taf. 40, 2
Süd 9/8: Keilsteine des hellenistischen Bogens mit frühkaiserzeitlichem Schacht von Norden
Taf. 405, 3
Süd 14: Frühkaiserzeitliche opus caementicium-Mauer und Estrich mit Abdrücken der unteren Stufenreihe der Freitreppe von Westen
Taf. 40, 4
Süd 11: Mauer und Türschwelle aus spätbyzantinischer Zeit sowie frühkaiserzeitliche opus caementicium-Mauer von Norden
Taf. 40, 5
Süd 15: Spätbyzantinische Mauerecke mit darunter befindlicher antiker Vorgängerbebauung von Osten: Spiegelquaderpfeiler, Marmorschwelle und Kanal
Taf. 40, 6
Süd 7: Nördliche Schnitthälfte: Spätbyzantinische/frühosmanische metallverarbeitende Werkstatt von Süden
Taf. 41, 1
Süd 7: Nördliche Schnitthälfte: Hellenistisches Tonnengewölbe mit Spiegelquaderpfeilern von Westen
Taf. 41, 2
Süd 7: Nördliche Schnitthälfte: Hellenistisches Tonnengewölbe, Innenansicht von Westen
Taf. 41, 3
Süd 13: Abgestuftes Schnittprofil von Süden
Taf. 41, 4
Das Grabungsteam der ‛Zentralthermen’: Arbeiter, Studenten und Schnittleiter
Taf. 42‒45 Taf. 42, 1
A. Tanrıöver, Ein Werkstück aus Breccia Pavonazza di Ezine und die Tonnengewölbe am Forum von Alexandria Troas Tonnengewölbe 5, Ostprofil
Taf. 42, 2
Tonnengewölbe 5, Planum
Taf. 43
Plan des Forums von Alexandria Troas
Taf. 44, 1
Luftbild des Forums von Norden
Taf. 44, 2
Vorderansicht des Werkstücks
Taf. 44, 3
Sägespuren am Werkstück von oben
Tafelverzeichnis
297
Taf. 45, 1
Schmalseite des Werkstücks
Taf. 45, 2
Rückseite des Werkstücks
Taf. 45, 3
Zerbrochener Block aus Breccia Pavonazza di Ezine im 6. Tonnengewölbe
Taf. 46‒52 Taf. 46, 1
F. Biller ‒ M. Müller – A. Tanrıöver, Die Straßen in Alexandria Troas. Ein Vorbericht Luftbild des Straßenbereichs im Zentrum von Westen
Taf. 46, 2
Straßenpflaster im Bereich der ʽUntere Agoraʼ 2002 von Nord
Taf. 47, 1
Die beiden Postamente im Bereich der ʽUntere Agoraʼ von Süden
Taf. 47, 2
Nördliches Postament von Süden
Taf. 47, 3
Südliches Postament von Nord-Ost
Taf. 48, 1
Südliches Postament von Süd-West
Taf. 48, 2
Freigelegter Straßenabschnitt nördlich des Forums von Süden
Taf. 49, 1
Freigelegter Straßenabschnitt nördlich des Forums von Osten
Taf. 49, 2
Freigelegter Straßenabschnitt nördlich des Forums mit Fundamentierung von Süden
Taf. 50, 1
Tonnengewölbe 5 und 6 von Norden
Taf. 50, 2
Straßenpflaster nördlich der Tonnengewölbe 5 und 6 von Süd-Osten
Taf. 51, 1
Tonrohr südlich des Straßenpflasters im Bereich der Tonnengewölbe von Westen
Taf. 51, 2
Straßenpflaster östlich der Postamente 2007 von Westen
Taf. 52, 1
Eingestürzte Bogenfragmente am Übergang zur ʽUntere Agoraʼ von Norden
Taf. 52, 2
Osttor – Geleisespuren auf Straße extra muros
Farbtaf. 1
E. Schwertheim ‒ K. Ruffing, Thermai Granikaiai. Ein Thermalbad und Emporion am Aisepos Ehrenbeschluss für Amerimnos aus Thermai Granikaiai
Farbtaf. 1 Farbtaf. 2 Farbtaf. 2, 1 Farbtaf. 2, 2
Farbtaf. 3‒9 Farbtaf. 3 Farbtaf. 4 Farbtaf. 5 Farbtaf. 6 Farbtaf. 7, 1 Farbtaf. 7, 2 Farbtaf. 8, 1
A. Boßmann, In Stein geritzt. Vorbericht zu Ritzlinien auf einem Profilleisten-Fragment aus Alexandria Troas Zeichnung der Ritzlinien auf der Profilleistenrückseite mit eingezeichneten opus sectileFormen, Version 1 Zeichnung der Ritzlinien auf der Profilleistenrückseite mit eingezeichneten opus sectileFormen, Version 2 Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac (april 1726) Layout of Ilica hot springs (1.S.44) The north western corner of the city (extract from map 1.S.66) Fair copy of gymnasium map (1.S.50) Nymphaeum (1.S.50) Fair copy of a plan of Odeon (1.S.59) Great underground gallery (1.S.65) Maldelik. View from the south-southwest side (1.S.53)
298
Tafelverzeichnis
Farbtaf. 8, 2 Farbtaf. 8, 3 Farbtaf. 8, 4 Farbtaf. 9
Maldelik. Grundriss und Aufriss (1.S.55) Maldelik. Inside view (1.S.54) Maldelik. Modern photograph (Forschungsstelle Asia Minor) Deirmen Yapu (1.S.63)
Plan 1
J.-P. Laporte, Alexandria Troas according to Louis-André de Lamamie, Chevalier de Clairac (april 1726) Chevalier de Clairac, Map 1. S.66
Plan 2
F. Biller ‒ M. Müller – A. Tanrıöver, Die Straßen in Alexandria Troas. Ein Vorbericht
Stadtplan mit Insula-System (M. Müller)
