A Relativistic-Quantum Theory: An Experimental Framework

In the later years of his life Einstein dedicated his research effort to the search for a unified, relativistic-quantum theory, to serve as a universal law of physics. Unfortunately, his death (1955) prevented him from achieving his goal. Furthermore, it deprived him of the opportunity to witness the discovery of the Mössbauer effect (1958), which was widely recognized as an experimental violation of Heisenberg’s quantum theory. Of particular interest would be the fact that this discovery lead to a vast volume of experimental research, which combined relativistic methodology with the worlds of nuclear physics on one end, and of solid-state physics on the other end.Yet, in another case (2013), visual inspection of the recorded propagation of ultrasonic oscillatory-stress pulses, in condensed-matter channels, suggested an empirical-mathematical representation described as the Harmonic-Gaussian Template (HGT). The one-dimensional and monochromatic model, was demonstrated to serve accurately as a signal-processing template for implementation of a nonlinear-regression process. It consists of an infinite ‘wave-like’ carrier frequency, localized by a travelling Gaussian modulating function, serving as a ‘particle-like’ component. In light of the accuracy of the AGT representation, these signals were identified as traveling-ultrasonic phonons. The regression process provides for the simultaneous measurement of five parameters, two of which with a combined accuracy in defiance of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.For Quantum mechanics to be considered a universal law of physics, it must be extended beyond the limits of Atomic physics. It should include on one end the field of Nuclear physics, and on the other end should consider the role of the ‘bonding electrons’ in the formation of Quantum chemistry. Nuclear physics is built on a foundation of the special theory of relativity, and it is characterized by Nuclear-resonance phenomena. While conventional Quantum mechanics ignores the role played by the bonding electrons, Quantum chemistry focuses on resonance phenomena associated with the formation of interatomic chemical bonds. The Quantum-Theory of Motion (QTM) was introduced, among other things, to describe and analyze the so called ‘time-of-flight’ experiments, which play a prominent role in various fields of physics. To this end this theory introduces, in addition to the conventional ‘wave packet’, a second waveform aimed at the description of a moving particle, namely the so called ‘Gaussian packet’. However, both waveforms fail to describe the motion of various propagating particles, as well as resonance phenomena, discovered by time-of-flight experiments. Uniquely defined sub-nuclear particles make up the particle aggregates which constitute the atomic nucleus. A partial list of uniquely defined particles, includes: de Broglie’s moving electrons (nuclear Beta-rays), nuclear Gamma-ray photons, propagating neutrons, propagating protons and ultrasonic phonons. This paper offers an experimental framework for the establishment of a relativistic-quantum theory. Starting with Nuclear physics it extends through Atomic physics to Quantum chemistry, followed by various fields of Solid-state physics and some domains of Condensed matter physics.    ---------PREFACE:The experimental research cited in the attached paper spans a period of nearly 60 years.  It focusses on the areas of experimental studies, which I was personally involved in. In 1958 it was well established that excited nuclear levels are characterized as resonance phenomena, and the associated field of research was defined as ‘Nuclear-resonance spectroscopy’. Yet the Neutron ‘time of flight’ facility at the Saclay Research Center was at its final stages of development, and I have participated in some ancillary studies as a Visiting Scientist, for the period 1958-1960. Upon completion (1961) this facility delivered a spectacular resolution, over the neutron-energy range between 4 eV and 10 keV. Applying it to the study of resonance absorption in a sample of Rh103 it was capable of resolving a cluster of 29 resonance levels, over the range between 317 and 1930 eV.  A key element in this experiment is the role played by the B10-based neutron detector, which forms a match to the task at hand, that is, it is entirely insensitive to any other type of nuclear radiation. This would define the neutron as a unique type of a propagating nuclear particle. Of similar importance are the two different Multi-channel analyzers (MCAs), of 1000 and 1024 channels, which were deployed for data collection and calibration. These represented at that time (1960-1961) prototypes of the state-of-the-art of Germanium-based digital electronics.Following this extended visit to the Saclay Research Center, I have joined the Soreq Research Center, Yavne, Israel (1961), taking part in the development of a Mössbauer research laboratory. Four years later (1965) I have joined the Nuclear Engineering program of the School of Engineering at Princeton University, continuing my work on Mössbauer-resonance spectroscopy for about 10 more years, focusing primarily on studies with the Fe57 isotope. In part, this work entailed upgrading the spectrometer to provide a resolution far improved over the natural-line width of the Fe57 resonance line. The experimental setup included a commercial cryostat, capable of covering the range between Liquid-Helium temperature and 400C, operated under an automatic stepwise temperature controller. The data collection was performed on a 400-channel analyzer, supported by a semi-automatic data interface to an early model of the emerging computer technology (7094-IBM-mainframe). This provided for an automatic sequential data analysis of the large number of spectra entailed in the study of the effect of the thermal shift of the Fe57 resonance line. The analysis of these data was performed using a nonlinear regression analysis program, provided by the USAEC to institutions with access to a Mainframe computer (1965).After spending about 15 years in total on Mössbauer studies the focus of my work shifted towards digital automation in engineering. Few years later, having spent more than 18 years at Princeton, I have joined the College of Engineering at Boston University, continuing my work in industrial automation (1984).  At about the year 2000, I have joined my brother, Professor Dov Hazony of the Case-Western Reserve University, in a joint study of the engineering characterization of condensed mater based on the dispersion phenomena of travelling-ultrasonic signals. In order to be able to take advantage of the development in digital electronics, and digital signal processing, the Ultrasound Laboratory was re-equipped with digital instrumentation. This included Contemporary Digital Oscilloscope, which may be viewed as the descendant of the Multi-Channel Analyzer, operating in conjunction with a matching ‘Pulser-Receiver’ box. This provided for the depiction of the travelling ultrasonic pulses with a screen resolution of 25000 time intervals.The data so collected was transferred to a Desk-top computer (PC), and from there via the internet to a second PC in my office at home in Boston, where the data analysis software was implemented and applied. This entailed a non-linear regression analysis which was based on the observation that the propagating ultrasonic pulses were very well described in terms of the ‘Harmonic-Gaussian Template’ (HGT). It provides for the simultaneous extraction of 5 physical parameters. Error analysis demonstrated that two of the five parameters demonstrated a violation of the Uncertainty Principle.  In 2015 my brother retired and his experimental facility dismantled, ending 15 years of collaborative experimental research, which started as an engineering project and evolved into research in the fundamentals of Quantum mechanics, and culminating in another experimental violation of the uncertainty principle. This event prompted the use of the facilities of academia.edu to create a public website aimed at drawing attention to our published work as well as some supporting but unpublished results. Finally, in the course of development of  such a website and the creation of a research profile spanning over nearly sixty years of research in physics and engineering, the scope of this project expanded into a new study of the “A Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: An Experimental Framework.” I hope that this new paper will serve as a stepping stone towards the fulfillment of Einstein’s goal, however, it may take more than one lifetime to get there. Boston, March, 2016 Yehonathan Hazony