A destruction et morte de tuto il Paganesmo. Punctul de vedere al cronisticii venețiene asupra Cruciadei de la Smyrna [The Viewpoint of the Venetian Chronicles around the Smyrniote Crusade]

A destruction et morte de tuto il Paganesmo.

Punctul de vedere al cronisticii venețiene asupra Cruciadei de la Smyrna

București, Centrul de Studii Turce, martie 2017

Andrea Dandolo, doge (13431354)

Francesco Dandolo, doge (1329-1339)

Mai-iunie 1332: flota lui Umur Beg, sultanul de Aydin (380 de vase) atacă Negroponte; Pietro Zeno, bailul venețian din Negroponte îi îndepărtează prin plata unei sume consistente Iulie 1332: încep demersurile pentru alianța creștină (Pietro Zeno și Pietro da Canale) 1333-1334: flota venețiană începe confruntările navale; flota combinată a turcilor (beyul Umur de Aydin și beyul Suleyman de Sarukhan este izgonită din apele Ahaiei 1334, vara: un escadron franco-papal se alătură venețienilor 1334: Pietro Zeno preia comanda unei flote creștine de 20 de galere 14 septembrie 1334: zdrobirea turcilor, conduși de Yakhshi, emirul de Karasi, în confruntarea navală de la Adramyttion 1342: se constituie o nouă ligă creștină, din inițiativa papei Clement VI Septembrie 1343: Pietro Zeno este numit comandant al unei flotile de 5 galere 28 octombrie 1344: cucerirea Smyrnei (portul și citadela) Ianuarie 1345: prinși în ambuscadă, comandanții creștini sunt masacrați 1351: încheierea oficială a cruciadei

-- Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venezia -- Museo Civico Correr, Venezia -- Archivio di Stato, Venezia -- Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana -- Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milano -- Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense, Milano -- Biblioteca Capitolare, Verona -- Biblioteca Oliveriana, Pesaro -- Biblioteca Universitaria, Padova -- Oesterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Wien -- Saecshische Landesbibliothek, Dresden -- Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris -- British Library, London -- Narodna Univerzitetna Knjizica, Ljubljana -- Szechenyi Library, Budapest -- Syracuse University, New York -- Newberry Library, Chicago -- Library of Harvard University

“Nessuno ha calcolato il numero dei codici, [...], ma non sarà arrischiato fissaro attorno a 1000 la consistenza dei codici di cronache, anonime o d’autore.” [Carile, Antonio – Note di cronachistica veneziana: Piero Giustinian e Nicolò Trevisan, “Studi Veneziani”, 9 (1967), p. 103-125 (104)]

“[...] almost no two copies of what purports to be the same chronicle are exactly alike.” (Cochrane, Eric – Historians and Historiography in the Italian Renaissance, Chicago-London, 1981, p. 62)

“Ma chi oserebbe mai ingolfarsi in cotanto sterminata lettura, quanta ce ne vorrebbe per verificare il tempo e gli autori di tutte le cronache?” (Foscarini, Marco – Della Letteratura Veneziana ed altri scritti intorno ad essa, Venezia, 1854 [1752], p. 162)

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Introducere in istoria turcilor (sub F. Dandolo) = 9.78%

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Introducere in istoria turcilor (sub A. Dandolo) = 7.32%

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Negocieri, tatonări, trimiteri de ambasade (Filippo Belegno, Biagio Zeno, Marino Morosini, sub F. Dandolo) = 13.04%

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Participanți la cruciada de sub F. Dandolo 1. Papalitatea = 98.91%

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Participanți la cruciada de sub F. Dandolo 2. Regele Franței = 89.13%

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Participanți la cruciada de sub F. Dandolo 3. Împăratul de Constantinopol = 85.87%

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Participanți la cruciada de sub F. Dandolo 4. Cavalerii de Rodos = 79.35%

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Participanți la cruciada de sub F. Dandolo 5. Regele Ciprului = 8.70%

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Participanți la cruciada de sub A. Dandolo 1. Papalitatea = 98.78%

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16-17th c. Series 3

Participanți la cruciada de sub A. Dandolo 2. Regele Franței = 24.39%

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Participanți la cruciada de sub A. Dandolo 3. Împăratul de Constantinopol = 68.29%

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Participanți la cruciada de sub A. Dandolo 4. Cavalerii de Rodos = 95.12%

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Participanți la cruciada de sub A. Dandolo 5. Regele Ciprului = 86.59%

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Participanți la cruciada de sub A. Dandolo 6. genovezii = 17.07%

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Marino Morosini, primul căpitan general al flotei (sub F. Dandolo) = 8.70%

Nr. galere sub Francesco Dandolo

Procent de reprezentare

6

7.61%

60

10.87%

100 (inclusiv celelalte vase de transport)

7.61%

Nr. galere sub Andrea Dandolo

Procent de reprezentare

5

17.07%

6

3.66%

15

25.61%

16

36.59%

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Pietro Zeno = 11.96% + 13.41%

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Ser /messer Pietro Zeno = 51.09% + 63.41%

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El nobel huomo Pietro Zeno = 26.09% + 12.20%

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Pietro Zeno as ualoroxo, animosissimus = 7.61% + 9.76%

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Pietro Zeno as chatolicho = 8.54%

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“per ben dela Santa Fede Chatolicha” (sub F. Dandolo) = 69.57%

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“per chonseruazion dela dita Fede Chatolicha” (sub A. Dandolo) = 58.54%

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Denumirea acțiunii

Francesco Dandolo

Andrea Dandolo

Impresa / espedition

3.26%

2.44%

Triegua / trattattione

1.09%

2.44%

accordo

13.04%

0.00%

confederation

6.52%

3.66%

lega

79.35%

86.59%

union

68.48%

43.90%

passaggio

20.65%

12.20%

crociata

2.17%

9.76%

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Fedeli dela Santa Gliexia / incroxadi = 5.43% + 17.07%

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Infideli = 23.91% +31.71%

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barbari = 7.61% + 7.32%

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- perfidi: M 1274 la F. Dandolo; M 2545; M 2546; M 2571; M 2581 la A. Dandolo - feroci, ferocità: Sabellico; Caroldo; Doglioni la F. Dandolo; Vianoli la A. Dandolo - infestare: Sabellico; M 61; M 1999; Diedo; M 1833 la F. Dandolo; Monaci; P. Morosini; Vianoli la A. Dandolo - el Can Turco: M 324 la F. Dandolo - corsari: Sanudo; M 324; M 51; Caroldo; Doglioni; P. Morosini; M 70; M 61; M 1999 (“con barbaro corseggiamento”); Diedo; M 1833 [dar cu sinonimul “le loro Piraterie”] la F. Dandolo; M 61 la A. Dandolo - gl’inimici della Fede Christiana: Caroldo la F. Dandolo - quella rabbia Turchesca: Barbaro la F. Dandolo - inundation de Barbari: Barbaro la F. Dandolo - bestial fede: M 324 la A. Dandolo la F. Dandolo - l’orgoglio loro troppo insolente [Vianoli] la F. Dandolo si l’orgoglio di quelle genti [Diedo] la A. Dandolo - i Turchi fra tanta gente di Scitia, meschiato con Mori, & Saraceni [P. Giustinian] la F. Dandolo - questa funesta, e torbida escrescenza in quelle parti della Natolia detta Asia Minore, che poi fù denominata Turchia [Vianoli] la F. Dandolo - questa mostruosa potenza [Vianoli] la A. Dandolo - questa fierissima natione” [P. Morosini] la A. Dandolo Dar si despre audacia lor: Caroldo; astutia (M 324); uigoria (M 324) la A. Dandolo sau arditi et insolenti [P. Morosini] la F. Dandolo Ca expresie: “Turchi destinati ad essere il flagello dell’Europa et il fatale nemico della Republica” (M 61) la F. Dandolo

M 550: contra Turchi e a morte e a destruttion de tutti li Infideli Gussoni: contra Turchi et Infideli a destruction et morte del Paganesmo M 68: contra Turchi & Infideli à destrution et morte de tutto il Paganes[i]mo M 2580: contra Turchi et Infideli à destruttion del Paganesco nome M 1568: a destrucione de Turchi et Infidelli [ceva mai restrans in ambitii] M 791: contra Turchi et Infideli, a destruttion et morte de tutto jl Paganesco M 69: à destruttione de Turchi et Infedeli [mai restrans] M 43: contro Turchi et Infedelli per la distrucion del Paganesimo M 10: contra Turchi a destrucion del Paganesmo M 54: a destrutione de Turchi et Infedeli [mai restrans] M 1565: contro Turchi e Infedeli, à destruzion de tutto el Paganesmo M 64: à destruttione de Turchi et Infedeli [mai restrans]

M 324: el Soldan Malabsi [?] Signor dela Turchia, Frigia, et Scilicia [sic!], la F. Dandolo Caroldo: doar: il Soldano, la F. Dandolo Monaci: Morbossanus, qui se scribebat Achajae dominum, la A. Dandolo Sanudo: Morbasciano Imperadore de’ Turchi, la A. Dandolo M 324: doar “el Soldam dela Turchia”, la A. Dandolo PD: Morbasan Imperador de Turci, la A. Dandolo Caroldo: il capitano Morbassà, la A. Dandolo

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Măcelul turcilor dupa capturarea vaselor în timpul lui F. Dandolo = 21.74%

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Măcelul turcilor dupa capturarea de legni / loghi în timpul lui A. Dandolo = 50.00%

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Măcelul turcilor după cucerirea Smyrnei = 71.95%

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Elementul fantastic: eclipsa (sub F. Dandolo) = 26.09% “Correua li anni del 1335 a di 2 Agosto oscurò il sole da mezzo giorno et stette cosi hore tre et apparse quello gran signal alli Xpiani.” [cf. M 550]

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Elementul mistic (sub A. Dandolo) = 10.98% «andaua lj Xpianj chantando vno chantto che dixeua: Croxe Santa et reuerente per ti vuol morire tuta zente.»

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Elementul mistic: slujba patriarhală de la Smyrna (sub A. Dandolo) = 35.37%

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Moartea lui P. Zeno la Smyrna = 41.46% “e meser lo capitanio che fu meser Piero Zen e meser lo Patriarcha et altri zentilhomeni erano aldir messa, e non si uolse partir de aldir la messa elli fono tagiadi a peci” [cf. M 2543]

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Trimiterea cadavrelor la Negroponte = 18.29% «Et dapossa furono portati a Negroponte et nelo episcopato furono sepulti.» [cf. M 47]

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Moartea papei Ioan XXII, ca motiv al încetării ligii creștine (sub F. Dandolo) = 48.91% «Et morto che fo lo Papa la Vnion prexe fine et convenesse relassar la dita jnprexa» [cf. M 51]

La battaia fo asprissima ma chomo plaxette a Dio li Tturchj aue vittoria conttra li dittj Fedelj dela Ssanta Gliexia [cf. M 2545; M 2546; M 2571; M 2581]

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Securizarea Arhipelagului (sub F. Dandolo) = 92.39% “el fono facti de grandissimj conquistj et fo grande segurtade a tuto lo Leuante” [cf. M 2566]

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Revenirea turcilor si persecutarea creștinilor (sub F. Dandolo) = 52.17% “i ditj Christiani da Turchi rezeue de grande persechuzion” [cf. M 2559]

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Un final neașteptat, după episodul de la Smyrna (sub A. Dandolo) = 8.70% “poi l’armada torno a Venetia con allegrezza” [cf. M 1568]

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Prezervarea stăpânirii creștine la Smyrna (sub A. Dandolo) = 29.27% “I Turchi romaxe vitorioxi e se messe asediar la terra e stete longamente et uisto che j non la poteua auerla se leuo dala jnprexa” [cf. M 46]

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… (sub A. Dandolo) = 14.63% “Ma da poij partida la dita armada Turchi reaue el castello in dredo” [cf. M 1274]

Thank you!!!