132KVA LINES solar project

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© 2012 GeoModel Solar s.r.o.page 1 of 4
© 2012 GeoModel Solar s.r.o.
page 1 of 4
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Green Energy Enterprises
An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company



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© 2012 GeoModel Solar s.r.o.Report number: PV-2037-1209-6Issued: 23 September 2012 01:12 CET (GMT +0100)page 5 of 4
© 2012 GeoModel Solar s.r.o.
Report number: PV-2037-1209-6
Issued: 23 September 2012 01:12 CET (GMT +0100)
page 5 of 4
230/132/33 kV Solar Subsolar Station Automation System
Acknowledgement

&

Project Overview


230/132/33 kV Solar Subsolar station includes two 230kV lines, two 230/132 kV power transformers, two 230/33 kV power transformers, Eight 132kV lines and 14no. 33kV outgoing feeders.

While designing a power grid the following aspects must be taken into consideration:

* Low capital cost.
* Reliability of the supply power.
* Low operating cost
* High efficiency
* Low cost of energy generation.
* Simplicity of design.
* Reserve capacity to meet future requirements

Starting from the generating solar stations to the end users, voltage is needed to be stepped up and down several times in various subsolar stations. This ensures efficient transmission of power, minimizing the power losses. Our project is to design a 132KV/33KV EHV sub-solar station where the incoming power is received at 132 KV from a generating solar station. The power factor is corrected here and the voltage is stepped down to 33KV and power is then transferred to distribution system of the grid to meet the requirements of the end consumers at their suitable voltage.
II. A DESIGN LAYOUT OF 132/33 KV, 200 MW SUB-SOLAR STATION The sub-solar station is connected with three subsolar stations or load viz. A (3.2 mw), B (3.2MW) and C (3.2MW) at 33KV and D (36MW) at 132 KV. The generated 16.2 KV is stepped up to 132 KV and is supplied to the 132KV sub-solar station through two double circuit transmission lines. After analyzing the requirements of the loads & SIL of transmission lines the whole arrangements are done in the following way:

2.1 Assumptions

* The value of surge impedance of transmission lines under consideration = 325
* Total load requirement = 3.2 MW + 3.2 MW + 3.2 MW + 36 MW
* The distance between the Solar Subsolar station & the neighboring generating solar station is 50km.
The SIL of 132 KV line = (132KV) 2/325 = 53.61 = 54 MW (approx)
The SIL of 33 KV line = (33KV) 2/325 = 3.35 = 3.5 MW (approx)

Observing the total load demand, the input to the Solar Subsolar station must be greater than the requirement. So one double circuit 132KV transmission lines (54 X 2 = 108 MW) only can satisfy this. The second double circuit tower is constructed keeping in mind the future load demand increase. The lines first supply the power to the 132KV bus A of the sub-solar station. As the distance between the Solar Subsolar station and the generating solar station is only 50km, the SIL can increase to 1.2 times of the theoretical value. Hence the input of the Solar Subsolar station can be as high as (108 X 1.2) MW i.e. almost 130 MW.

(The curve is closely applicable in determining transmission line loading based on transient stability & also steady state stability for operating voltages between 66 & 500KV) For load A, B and C it is suitable to step down the incoming 132KV voltage to 33KV. Hence power transformers of rating (132/33KV, 20 MVA are used). Another transfer of same rating is installed to meet future increase in demand. On the other hand, a double circuit line from 132 KV bus A is useful to serve the load D.33 KV is supplied to load A, B and C through one double circuit transmission lines (SIL capacity 3.5 X 2 = 7 MW) and to load D through one double circuit transmission lines( SIL capacity 54 X 2 = 108 MW) where actually one circuit will be left for emergency or maintenance reason.The stepped down 33KV is further stepped down to 11KV and then finally to 440V to meet the demand of local solar station loads.A transfer bus is installed in the system for providing provision for maintenance of the main bus.

III. DESIGN OF EARTH-MAT
3.1.Calculation
Fault current = 40KA
Fault duration = 1.0 sec
Soil resistivity = 10 ohm
Depth of burial = 0.6 M
Earth electrode = 40 mm dia. G.I. pipe, 3 M long
Earth mat conductor = M.S. Round
Riser = G.I. strip
Minimum cross-section of grounding conductor having required thermal stability can be calculated by using the formula,
Amin = required conductor section
If =fault current in Amps
t = time in sec for operation of protection relay
c = constant which is equal to 70 for M.S.round
Hence Amin = (4000x 1)/70=571 mm2
Next standard size M.S. round =32 mm (diameter)
Considering soil resistivity for conductor sizing as 10 ohm-M, correction factor is taken as 1.3
Hence cross-section area of each conductor with correction = 1.3x571 mm2 = 742 mm2
Or, ( /4)*(dia. Of conductor) = 742 mm2
Or, diameter of the conductor = 30.74 mm2
Nearest standard size is 32 mm diameter
For riser connection above ground, no tolerance is required.
Hence selected size of M.S flat = 75x8 mm
Calculation of Tolerable Touch & Step Potential
The reduction factor Cs can be approximately by the equation,
Cs = 1-[0.9(1-(P/Ps))/(2hs+0.09)]
Where, P = soil resistivity = 10 diameter
Ps = surface layer resistivity = 2500 ohm-m
hs = surface layer thickness = 0.1 meter
Hence, Cs = 1-[{0.9x(1-(10/2500))}/(2x0.1+0.09)]
= 1-(0.08964/0.2)
Design of 132/33KV Solar Subsolar station
=0.691
Following operation can be used to compute the tolerable touch and step voltages respectively:
Etouch = (1000+1.5xCs.Ps)x0.116/ ts
Where, ts =duration of shock for determining allowable body current
= 1 sec.
Hence, Etouch = (1000+1.5x0.691x2500)x0.116/ 1
= 416.59 volts
Estep = (1000+6.0xCsxPs)x0.116/ ts
= (1000+6.0x0.691x2500)x0.116/ 1
=1318.34 volts
3.2.Determination of grid resistance:
The equivalent length of earth-mat area (L) = 300M
The equivalent width of earth-mat area (W) = 250M
No. of conductors along length (NL) = 16
No. of conductors along width (NW) = 20
Minimum no of electrodes = fault current/500= 80
Keeping a margin of 50% extra, no. of electrodes (N) = 1.5x80= 120
Length of individual electrode (Lr) = 3
Hence, LT=Lc+LR=(LxNL+WxNW)+(NrxLr)
Or, LT = (3000x16+250x20) + (120x3)
= 10160 m
Total area of earth-mat (A) = 75,000 m2

.Earthing Earthing means that, making a connection to the general mass of the earth. The use earthing is so widespread in an electrical system that at particular every point in the system, from the generators to the consumer equipment, earth connections are made. The subject of earthing may be divided into 1.1 Neutral Earthing 1.2 General Earthing
IV. INSULATION COORDINATION Insulation co-ordination is the process of determining the proper insulation levels of various components in a power system as well as their arrangements. It is the selection of an insulation structure that will withstand voltage stresses to which the system or equipment will be subjected to, together with the proper surge arrester. The process is determined from the known characteristics of voltage surges and the characteristics of surge arrester. Its final objective is to ensure safe, optimized distribution of electric power. By optimized is meant finding the best possible economic balance between the various parameters depending on this co-ordination: n cost of insulation, n cost of protective devices, n cost of failures in view of their probality.

V. DESIGN OF BUS BARS Bus bars are Cu/Al rods of thin walled tubes and operate at constant voltage. The bus-bars are designed to carry normal current continuously. The cross section of conductors is designed on the basis of rated normal current and the following factors: System voltage, position of sub-station. Flexibility, reliability of supply and cost. Our design must ensure easy and uninterrupted maintenance, avoiding any danger to the operating of operating personnel. It must be simple in design and must possess provision for future extension. Any fluctuation of load must not hinder its mechanical characters. The sub-station bus bars are broadly classified in the following three categories:
1.3 Outdoor rigid tubular bus-bars. 1.4 Outdoor flexible ACSR or Al alloy bus-bars. 1.5 Indoor bus bars.
In our substation, we have chosen ONE MAIN BUS AND ONE TRANSFER BUS system. The buses are coupled using a bus-coupler which facilitates load transfer while maintenance and fault conditions.
Load catered = 200 MW
Voltage = 132 KV
Rated current is taken to be I ampere, we get
P = 3 VI cos φ
We take power factor as 0.9
= 971.97 ampere


Relays A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system. The relay constantly measures the electrical quantities which are different under normal and fault condition. Having detected the fault the relay operates to close the trip circuit of the breaker. The trip circuit is operated by a direct voltage. A relay must be highly selective to the normal and fault conditions to avoid unwanted tripping. It must operate with suitable speed so that fault is eliminated before it can cause any damage. A relay must also be sensitive to work with low values of currents.
Classification of Relay a. Electromagnetic attraction type- which operates on the principle where the relay armature is attracted by an electromagnet. b. Electromagnetic induction type- which operates due to mutual interaction of two different fluxes which are differing at a certain phase angles, having same or different amplitude and nearly equal frequencies. The net torque that operates to rotate the induction disc is proportional to the product of the amplitudes and sine of the phase diff
Functional Relay Types [1] Induction type over-current relay [2] Induction type reverse power relay [3] Distance or Impedance relay [4] Differential relay [5] Translay scheme

BUCHHOLZ RELAY It is a gas actuated relay installed in a oil immersed transformers for protection against all kinds of faults. This relay is used to give an alarm in case of incipient (slow developing) faults in transformer and to disconnect the transformer from the supply in the event of severe internal faults. It is usually connected in the pipe connecting the conservator to the Main Tank.

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER These transformers are extremely accurate ratio step down transformer s and are used in conjunction with standard low range voltmeter (100-120V) whose deflection when divided by transformation ratio, gives the true voltage on primary side. In general they are shell type. Their rating is extremely small for safety operation secondary is completely insulated from high voltage primary. Its primary current is determined by the load on secondary.
The total no. of solar panel required and the different parameters of the solar panel estimated.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER CT has a primary winding one or more turns of thick wire connected in series with the line carrying the current to be measure. The secondary consist of a large no of turns of fine wire and feeds a standard 5 amp. ammeter. It is used for the measuring and protection purpose. The secondary of current transformer should never be left open under any circumstances.

A site in Bihar is taken virtually to estimate the solar intensity of the site which is most important for calculation of such type of report.
A Single Line Diagram (SLD) has been introduced in this report. Also the brief details of the materials/equipments (solar panels, inverters, protective gears, transformer, SCADA etc.) used to set up a 108MW power plant have been highlighted.

A financial overview with a possible income datasheet included in the project report

Please give your feedback via email to this email address:


1. Aim of the project



Aim of this paper is to give an overview of a 108MW solar PV power plant (utility scale).
How the project will work?

1. Using solar pv modules, solar power generates in DC which is converted into AC power and then using a power transformer the generated and modified AC power will be fed to the grid.
2. No battery storage introduced here because the plant will only functions in the daylight and here the generated power will be sold to the grid.
3. For the minimal operation and maintenance of the plant, an off-grid/stand alone 5KW solar power can be introduced.




The benefits and the installation cost details are highlighted in the next para.
2. Financial Overview



Installation cost, total project cost, maintenance cost and also the total & net income from the plant over a year are highlighted in this article.


Installation cost

1. Solar panels

i. German tech. ii. China tech.


500.93 cr

400.1 cr
2. Central inverters(4)
78 cr
3. Combiner + junction boxes
1.5cr
4. Protective gears arrangment
80 lacs
5. SCADA & Data logger system
1CR
6. Land bank
5 CR (approx.)
7. Erection of project
1CR
8. Total project cost

i. For German Tech. ii. For China Tech


650.58 cr

450.75 cr


Maintenance cost

1. Human resource
2CR/ year
2. PV maintenance
1 CR/ year
3. Site maintenance
1 CR/ year
4. Total maintenance cost
4CR/ year

Income from the 108MW solar PV plant

The site chosen in Bihar where daily sun hours=10 hrs per day through out the year.
Maximum Solar intensity on the site= 10.18 KW-h/m2/day

Total sunny days available in Bihar = 255 days



Income from plant

1. Daily units generated
1000000 units
2. Yearly units generated
1Mx255=255M units
3. Govt. pays per unit
(i.e. state electricity board's power purchase rate)
12.5 / unit
(according to WBREDA 2011-12)
4. Total income over the year
200.28 cr
5. net income over the year
200.28-.22=200.06 cr



Govt. subsidiaries :

Central govt. or MNRE dept. will pay 30% of the total project cost or provide low bank loan interest (whichever is less)
For this project, by taking the 30% govt. subsidy over the installation cost, investment will be:
i. 500.30 cr for German PV technology ii. 400.02 cr for China PV technology
Variation of market price index solar PV modules: From august, 2011 to august, 2012


Price trends August 2012

Module type, origin
€ / Wp
Trend since 2012-
07
Trend since 2012-
01
Crystalline
Germany
0.88
- 3.3 %
- 17.8 %
Crystalline China
0.61
- 4.7 %
- 22.8 %
Crystalline Japan
0.91
- 2.2 %
- 13.3 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.59
- 1.7 %
- 13.2 %
Thin film a-Si
0.50
- 2.0 %
- 16.7 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0,57
- 3.4 %
- 25.0 %

Price trends July 2012
Module type, origin
€ / Wp
Trend since 2012-
06
Trend since 2012-
01
Crystalline
Germany
0.91
- 2.2 %
- 15.0 %
Crystalline China
0.64
- 3.0 %
- 19.0 %
Crystalline Japan
0.93
- 1.1 %
- 11.4 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.60
0.0 %
- 11.8 %
Thin film a-Si
0.51
- 3.8 %
- 15.0 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0,59
- 4.8 %
- 22.4 %

- 3.1 %- 4.3 %- 2.1 %- 1.6 %- 3.6 %- 4.6 %Trend since 2012-04- 3.0 %- 2.8 %- 2.0 %0.0 %- 1.8 %- 4.4 %2Trend since 2012-03- 2.9 %- 4.1 %- 2.0 %0.0 %- 1.8 %- 4.2 %Price trends June 2012
- 3.1 %


- 4.3 %

- 2.1 %

- 1.6 %

- 3.6 %

- 4.6 %




Trend since 2012-
04

- 3.0 %


- 2.8 %

- 2.0 %

0.0 %

- 1.8 %

- 4.4 %


2
Trend since 2012-
03

- 2.9 %


- 4.1 %

- 2.0 %

0.0 %

- 1.8 %

- 4.2 %

Module type, origin
€ / Wp
Trend since 2012-
05
Trend since 2012-
01
Crystalline
Germany
0.93

- 13.1 %
Crystalline China
0.66

- 16.5 %
Crystalline Japan
0.94

- 10.5 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.60

- 11.8 %
Thin film a-Si
0.53

- 11.7 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0,62

- 18.4 %

Price trends May 2012
Module type, origin
€ / Wp

Trend since 2012-
01
Crystalline
Germany
0.96

- 10.3 %
Crystalline China
0.69

- 12.7 %
Crystalline Japan
0.96

- 8.6 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.61

- 10.3 %
Thin film a-Si
0.55

- 8.3 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0,65

- 14.5 %

Price trends April 201
Module type, origin
€ / Wp

Trend since 2012-
01
Crystalline
Germany
0.99

- 7.5 %
Crystalline China
0.71

- 10.1 %
Crystalline Japan
0.98

- 6.7 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.61

- 10.3 %
Thin film a-Si
0.56

- 6.7 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0,68

- 10.5 %

- 1.0 %- 3.9 %- 2.0 %- 3.2 %0.0 %- 1.4 %2012Trend since 2012-01- 3.7 %- 2.5 %- 2.9 %- 7.4 %- 5.0 %- 5.3 %012Trend since 2011-12- 4.5 %- 2.5 %- 4.5 %- 6.8 %- 6.3 %- 7.3 %Price trends March 2012
- 1.0 %


- 3.9 %

- 2.0 %

- 3.2 %

0.0 %

- 1.4 %


2012
Trend since 2012-
01

- 3.7 %


- 2.5 %

- 2.9 %

- 7.4 %

- 5.0 %

- 5.3 %


012
Trend since 2011-
12

- 4.5 %


- 2.5 %

- 4.5 %

- 6.8 %

- 6.3 %

- 7.3 %

Module type, origin
€ / Wp
Trend since 2012-
02
Trend since 2012-
01
Crystalline
Germany
1.02

- 4.7 %
Crystalline China
0.74

- 6.3 %
Crystalline Japan
1.00

- 4.8 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.61

- 10.3 %
Thin film a-Si
0.57

- 5.0 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0,71

- 6.6 %

Price trends February
Module type, origin
€ / Wp

Trend since 2011-
01
Crystalline
Germany
1.03

- 39.7 %
Crystalline China
0.77

- 47.6 %
Crystalline Japan
1.02

- 37.4 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.63

- 49.5 %
Thin film a-Si
0.57

- 47.0 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0.72

- 43.0 %

Price trends January 2
Module type, origin
€ / Wp

Trend since 2011-
01
Crystalline
Germany
1.07

- 37.3 %
Crystalline China
0.79

- 46.3 %
Crystalline Japan
1.05

- 35.6 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.68

- 45.5 %
Thin film a-Si
0.60

- 44.2 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0.76

- 39.8 %


- 4.8 %- 4.3 %- 3.6 %- 6.6 %- 4.9 %- 3.5 %r 2011Trend since 2011-10- 8.7 %- 7.7 %- 6.3 %- 6.9 %- 8.5 %- 5.0 %011Trend since 2011-09- 3.0 %- 6.2 %- 3.7 %- 8.8 %- 4.5 %- 3.9 %Price trends December 2011
- 4.8 %


- 4.3 %

- 3.6 %

- 6.6 %

- 4.9 %

- 3.5 %


r 2011
Trend since 2011-
10

- 8.7 %


- 7.7 %

- 6.3 %

- 6.9 %

- 8.5 %

- 5.0 %


011
Trend since 2011-
09

- 3.0 %


- 6.2 %

- 3.7 %

- 8.8 %

- 4.5 %

- 3.9 %

Module type, origin
€ / Wp
Trend since 2011-
11
Trend since 2011-
01
Crystalline
Germany
1.12

- 34.4 %
Crystalline China
0.81

- 44.9 %
Crystalline Japan
1.10

- 32.5 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.73

- 41.5 %
Thin film a-Si
0.64

- 40.5 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0.82

- 35.1 %

Price trends Novembe
Module type, origin
€ / Wp

Trend since 2011-
01
Crystalline
Germany
1.18

- 31.1 %
Crystalline China
0.85

- 42.2 %
Crystalline Japan
1.14

- 30.0 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.78

- 37.4 %
Thin film a-Si
0.67

- 37.4 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0.85

- 32.8 %

Price trends October 2
Module type, origin
€ / Wp

Trend since 2011-
01
Crystalline
Germany
1.29

- 24.5 %
Crystalline China
0.92

- 37.6 %
Crystalline Japan
1.22

- 25.3 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.84

- 32.8 %
Thin film a-Si
0.74

- 31.6 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0.89

- 29.2 %

01Price trends September 2011















01

Module type, origin
€ / Wp
Trend since 2011-
08
Trend since 2011-
01
Crystalline
Germany
1.33
- 4.4 %
- 22.2 %
Crystalline China
0.98
- 6.0 %
- 33.5 %
Crystalline Japan
1.27
- 4.7 %
- 22.4 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.92
- 6.9 %
- 26.3 %
Thin film a-Si
0.77
- 9.6 %
- 28.4 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0,93
- 5.2 %
- 26.4 %

Price trends August 2 1
Module type, origin
€ / Wp
Trend since 2011-
07
Trend since 2011-
01
Crystalline
Germany
1.39
- 4.7 %
- 18.6 %
Crystalline China
1.04
- 7.1 %
- 29.3 %
Crystalline Japan
1.33
- 3.4 %
- 18.5 %
Thin film CdS/CdTe
0.99
- 3.7 %
- 20.9 %
Thin film a-Si
0.85
- 5.8 %
- 20.8 %
Thin film a-Si/µ-Si
0,98
- 1.8 %
- 22.3 %




1.00 EUR = 69.3608 INR

Euro

1 EUR = 69.3608 INR

Indian Rupee

1 INR = 0.0144174 EUR



1.6

1.4

1.2

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0


market scenario of solar PV modules





aug,2012 jul,2012 jun,2012 may,2012 apr,2012 mar,2012 feb,2012 jan,2012 dec,2011 nov,2011
Crystalline

Crystalline

Crystalline

Thin film

Thin film a- Thin film a-

oct,2011
EURO/WpGermany
EURO/Wp

China

japan

CdS/CdTe Si

Si/µ-Si
Calculation details of solar modules overall ratings and no. of solar panel used







Worksheet for determining required number of panels

Total capacity of the plant 108MWp
Avg. sun hrs per day 10
Total power/day 10MWp
Total watt-hrs per day 10x108x1000x1000 W-h/day
Maximum solar insolation at the site 8.18 KW-h/m2/day
Divide total watt-hrs/day by solar insolation
809061.4887
Multiply this figure by 1.2(to cover 809061.4887x1.2=970873.7864
system inefficiency)
No. of solar panel=Divide this figure by 3236.3 the Wp(here 300Wp) of the chosen solar ~3236** panel





**for better efficiency and to utilize the inverter and other components better we should consider the no. of solar panel=324000
Solar PV arrangement & overall system rating

Rating of solar panel

Wattp (W)
300Wp
DC Voltage (Vmp( V))
36.72V
DC Current (Imp (A))
8.17A
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc (V))
45.50
Short Circuit Current (Isc (A))
8.65


Setup of panels as per requirements

By calculation and the demand of the plant,

The total no. of solar pv panels to be used= 3,23,700

Total 3,23,700 panels are considered to generate the required energy-
108MW.

Configuration details:

* 324000 panels are divided into 4 groups- each group containing 81000 solar panels.
* In each group, 81000 panels are further divided into 54 strings
* Each string contains 1500 solar panels.




Electrical calculation:

Output voltage of each string
36.72x1500=55000.8 VDC
Output current of each string
8.17 ADC
Output voltage of each group
55000.8 VDC
Output current of each group
8.17x5400=44100.18 ADC


NOTE: in each string, the solar panels are connected in series to increase the voltage. And in each group, the 54 strings are connected in parallel to increase the current.




DC output power calculation:

Output power of each string
55000.8x8.17=400.5 KW
Output power of each group
24300KW
Output power of 4 groups
97200KW

* The above specifications are available with GREEN ENERGY .
Their module spec GREEN M6-72 Polycrystalline (high efficiency) has been used as a reference.
* A datasheet/spec. sheet of GREEN M6-72 Polycrystalline has been provided in
this report.
* Please go through it for more details
Green Energy Enterprises

An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company
















PV Module GREEN M6-72



Typical Electrical Characteristics
Type GREEN M6-72
Max Power Pmp ( W)

265

270

275 280 285

290

295

300

305
Power Tolerance (W) +0 to 4.9Wp or ±2.5%
Max Power Voltage Vmp( V) Max Power Current Imp (A) Open Circuit Voltage Voc (V)
Short Circuit Current Isc (A)

34.33
7.72

43.27
8.30

34.75
7.77

43.70
8.34

35.04 35.18
7.85 7.96
43.99 44.28
8.39 8.46

35.63
8.00
44.42
8.49

36.12
8.03
44.78
8.53

36.51
8.08
45.00
8.56

36.72
8.17
45.50
8.65

36.97
8.25
45.58
8.68









High Efficiency PV Modules

Strengths

Positive power tolerance
High Efficiency Multi Crystalline Modules

Electrical parameters tolerance ±5% Max System Voltage VDC 1000
Number, type and arrangement of cells 72, Multi-Crystalline, 12 x 6 Matrix
Cell Size 6" x 6" / 156 x 156 mm
No. of By-pass Diodes 3
Max Series Fuse (A) 15
Pm Temperature Co-efficient (γ) (%/°C) -0.41
Isc Temperature Co-efficient (α) (%/°C) +0.04
Voc Temperature Co-efficient (β) (%/°C) -0.32
NOCT at STC (°C) 45±1







TUV Certifications:Mechanical CharacteristicsEN IEC 61215 : 2005EN IEC 61730-1 : 2004 / 2007Junction BoxTyco / ZJRH / Huber + SuhnerEN IEC 61730-2 : 2004 / 2007Type of connectorTyco / MC4EN IEC 61701 : 2010-02Dimensions (L x W x Th)mm1975 x 988 x 50 Withstands heavy loading due to snow & ice;WeightKg27.0and gale winds Qualified for Highly corrosive Wet-No. of Drain Holes in FrameGlass Type and Thickness124 mm Thick, Low iron, TemperedHas higher safety margin for storm weather
TUV Certifications:
Mechanical Characteristics

EN IEC 61215 : 2005
EN IEC 61730-1 : 2004 / 2007
Junction Box

Tyco / ZJRH / Huber + Suhner
EN IEC 61730-2 : 2004 / 2007
Type of connector

Tyco / MC4
EN IEC 61701 : 2010-02
Dimensions (L x W x Th)
mm
1975 x 988 x 50
Withstands heavy loading due to snow & ice;
Weight
Kg
27.0
and gale winds
Qualified for Highly corrosive Wet-
No. of Drain Holes in Frame
Glass Type and Thickness

12
4 mm Thick, Low iron, Tempered



Atmospheres & Environments

Product Guarantee : 5 years
Limited Power Warranty : 90% @ 12 Years
80% @ 25 Years


Packing Configuration
Packing Configuration 20 Modules in each pallet
1 * 20 Ft 200 Modules
1 * 40 Ft STD/HQ 400 modules
Certifications



Absolute Ratings
Operating Temperature (°C) -40 ~ +85
Storage Temperature (°C) -40 ~ +85


NOTE: The data presented may change due to further improvements in the product.
Current (A)PV Module GREEN M6-72
Current (A)


Typical I-V Curves


1000 W/m2 at 25O C

800 W/m2 at 25O C

6.0 600 W/m2 at 25O C

400 W/m2 at 25O C

2.0

200 W/m2 at 25O C



1000 W/m2 at 50O C
0.0 10.0

20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
Voltage (V)
Current/voltage dependence on irradiance and module temperature.
These I-V curves indicate the effect of temperature and light intensity on module Performance.

Dimensions

Sl.No.Label


100+1mm



Terminal Box



237.5+1 mm


592+1mm

DATA Label

Warning Label



375+1 mm




Embossed
Earth Symbol

3.9 mm Ø EARTHING HOLES - 2 nos
(One on each long member)


1975 ± 1mm



591+1mm


8X12- MOUNTING SLOTS - 10 nos
(5 on each long member)


100+1mm
1975± 1 mm



4 Sq mm Cable, 1Mtr Length with Connectors

592+1mm


4.5mm Ø DRAIN HOLES -12 nos


375+1 mm

943.5+1 mm



988± 1 mm

FRONT VIEW

PV Module Products

100+1mm

50+0.5 mm

FRAME
SIDE RAIL


100+1 mm
988+1 mm

REAR VIEW
M6-72 Family Series (305Wp to 125Wp) : M6-72, M6-60, M6-54 & M6-36 - Certified for IEC Standards
M6-60: Certified for UL (USA & Canada) Standard; M6-72: Certification for UL (USA & Canada) is in Progress
S6-60 Family Series (250Wp to 120Wp) : S6-60, S6-54 & S6-36 - Certified for IEC Standards
S6-60 - Certified for UL (USA & Canada) Standard
S6-72 Family Series (300Wp to 285Wp) : Certification for IEC & UL (USA & Canada) Standards
S5-96 Family Series (250Wp to 75Wp) : S5-96, S5-72, S5-60, S5-54 & S5-36 - Certified for IEC Standards


Corporate Office (India) :
GREEN Energy Enterprises,



16

Sales Office


www.Green-energy.com
Inverter Details & Specification

Type of the inverter: central inverter considered

Recommended specification

Input (DC)

Max input power

DC voltage range, mpp (UDC)
45000 to 75000 V (- 82500 V)
Maximum DC voltage (Umax (DC))
900 V (1000 V)
Maximum DC current (Imax (DC))
600 A
Voltage ripple
< 3%
Number of protected DC inputs (parallel)
2 (+/-) / 8



Output (AC)

Nominal AC output power (PN (AC))

Nominal AC current (IN (AC))

Nominal output voltage (UN (AC))

Output frequency
50 / 60 Hz
Harmonic distortion, current
< 3%
Power factor compensation (cosϕ)
Yes
Distribution network type
TN and IT



* To meet the above stated criteria, central inverter manufactured by ABB is considered.
* PVS800-57-0250kW-A inverter manufactured by ABB considered.
* Total 4 inverters of PVS800-57-0250kW-A type required to generate the 108MW
power.



















17
Solar inverters

ABB central Transformer and Inverter system




































ABB central inverters raise reliability, efficiency and ease on installation to new levels. The inverters are aimed
at system integrators and end users who require high performance solar inverters for large photovoltaic power plants and industrial and commercial buildings. The inverters are available from 100 kW up to 500 kW, and are optimized for cost-efficient multi- megawatt power plants.

World's leading inverter platform The ABB solar inverters have been developed on the basis of decades of experience in the industry and
proven technology platform. Unrivalled expertise from the world's market and technology leader in variable speed AC and DC drives is the hallmark of the new solar inverter series.

Based on ABB's highly successful platform of industrial drives - the most widely used industrial drives on the market – the inverters are the most efficient and cost-effective way to convert the direct current generated
2by solar modules into high-quality and CO -free alternating current that can be fed into the power network.
2

Solar inverters from ABB
ABB central inverters are ideal for large photovoltaic power plants and medium sized power plants installed in commercial or industrial buildings. High efficiency, proven components, compact and modular design and a
host of life cycle services ensures ABB central inverters provide a rapid return on investment.

Highlights
High efficiency and long operating life
Modular and compact product design
Extensive DC and AC side protection
Power factor compensation as standard
Fast and easy installation
Complete range of industrial-type data communication options, including remote monitoring
Life cycle service and support through ABB's extensive global service network











ABB central inverters


Maximum energy and feed-in revenues ABB central inverters have a high efficiency level. Optimized and accurate system control and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm ensure that maximum energy is delivered to the power network from the solar modules. For end users this generates the highest possible revenues from the feed-in
tariffs now common in many countries.

Proven ABB components
The inverters comprise proven ABB components with a long track record of performance excellence in demanding applications and harsh environments. Equipped with extensive electrical and mechanical protection, the inverters
are engineered to provide a long and reliable service life of at least 20 years.

Compact and modular design
The inverters are designed for fast and easy installation. The industrial design and modular platform provides a wide range of options like remote monitoring,

Type designationPVS800-57-0100kW-APVS800-57-0250kW-APVS800-57-0500kW-A100 kW250 kW500 kWInput (DC)Recommended max input power (PPV) 1)120 kWp300 kWp600 kWpDC voltage range, mpp (UDC)450 to 750 V (- 825 V*)450 to 750 V (- 825 V*)450 to 750 V (- 825 V*)Maximum DC voltage (Umax (DC))900 V (1000 V*)900 V (1000 V*)900 V (1000 V*)Maximum DC current (Imax (DC))245 A600 A1145 AVoltage ripple< 3%< 3%< 3%Number of protected DC inputs (parallel)1 (+/-) / 4 2)2 (+/-) / 8 2)4 (+/-) / 16 2)Output (AC)Nominal AC output power (PN (AC))100 kW250 kW500 kWNominal AC current (IN (AC))195 A485 A965 ANominal output voltage (UN (AC)) 3)300 V300 V300 VOutput frequency 4)50 / 60 Hz50 / 60 Hz50 / 60 HzHarmonic distortion, current 5)< 3%< 3%< 3%Power factor compensation (cosϕ)YesYesYesDistribution network type 6)TN and ITTN and ITTN and ITEfficiencyMaximum 7)98.0%98.0%98.0%Euro-eta 7)97.5%97.6%97.6%Power consumptionOwn consumption in operation< 350 W< 300 W< 600 WStandby operation consumption< appr. 55 W< appr. 55 W< appr. 55 WExternal auxiliary voltage 8)230 V, 50 Hz230 V, 50 Hz230 V, 50 HzDimensions and weightWidth / Height / Depth, mm (W / H / D)1030 / 2130 / 6441830 / 2130 / 6443030 / 2130 / 644Weight appr.550 kg1100 kg1800 kg1)Inverter limits the power to a safe level5)At nominal power * Max 1000 VDC input voltage as an option2)Optional MCB inputs, 80 A each6)300 V output must be IT typewith mppt range 450 to 825 V. If DC is >3)Grid voltage (+/- 10%)7)Without auxiliary power consumption at 450 V UDC1000 VDC inverter is not damaged, but will4)Grid frequency (48 to 63 Hz)8)115 V, 60 Hz optionalnot start.Technical data and types
Type designation
PVS800-57-0100kW-A
PVS800-57-0250kW-A
PVS800-57-0500kW-A

100 kW
250 kW
500 kW
Input (DC)
Recommended max input power (PPV) 1)
120 kWp
300 kWp
600 kWp
DC voltage range, mpp (UDC)
450 to 750 V (- 825 V*)
450 to 750 V (- 825 V*)
450 to 750 V (- 825 V*)
Maximum DC voltage (Umax (DC))
900 V (1000 V*)
900 V (1000 V*)
900 V (1000 V*)
Maximum DC current (Imax (DC))
245 A
600 A
1145 A
Voltage ripple
< 3%
< 3%
< 3%
Number of protected DC inputs (parallel)
1 (+/-) / 4 2)
2 (+/-) / 8 2)
4 (+/-) / 16 2)
Output (AC)
Nominal AC output power (PN (AC))
100 kW
250 kW
500 kW
Nominal AC current (IN (AC))
195 A
485 A
965 A
Nominal output voltage (UN (AC)) 3)
300 V
300 V
300 V
Output frequency 4)
50 / 60 Hz
50 / 60 Hz
50 / 60 Hz
Harmonic distortion, current 5)
< 3%
< 3%
< 3%
Power factor compensation (cosϕ)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Distribution network type 6)
TN and IT
TN and IT
TN and IT
Efficiency
Maximum 7)
98.0%
98.0%
98.0%
Euro-eta 7)
97.5%
97.6%
97.6%
Power consumption
Own consumption in operation
< 350 W
< 300 W
< 600 W
Standby operation consumption
< appr. 55 W
< appr. 55 W
< appr. 55 W
External auxiliary voltage 8)
230 V, 50 Hz
230 V, 50 Hz
230 V, 50 Hz
Dimensions and weight
Width / Height / Depth, mm (W / H / D)
1030 / 2130 / 644
1830 / 2130 / 644
3030 / 2130 / 644
Weight appr.
550 kg
1100 kg
1800 kg

1)
Inverter limits the power to a safe level
5)
At nominal power * Max 1000 VDC input voltage as an option
2)
Optional MCB inputs, 80 A each
6)
300 V output must be IT type
with mppt range 450 to 825 V. If DC is >
3)
Grid voltage (+/- 10%)
7)
Without auxiliary power consumption at 450 V UDC
1000 VDC inverter is not damaged, but will
4)
Grid frequency (48 to 63 Hz)
8)
115 V, 60 Hz optional
not start.









































2 ABB solar inverters " Product flyer for PVS800

fieldbus connection and integrated DC cabinets. The inverters are customized and configured to meet end user needs and are available with short delivery times.

Effective connectivity
ABB's transformerless central inverter series enables system integrators to design the solar power plant using a combination of different power rating inverters, which are connected to the medium voltage grid centrally.

In certain conditions, the ABB central inverter's topology allows a parallel connection directly to the AC side, enabling electricity to be fed to the grid via a single transformer. This avoids the need for each central inverter to have
its own transformer, thereby saving cost and space. However, in systems where the DC side needs to be grounded,
an inverter dedicated winding within a transformer, or a separate transformer, must be used always.
ABB central inverter design and grid connection


PVS800 inverter





EMCfilterFilterEMCfilter3
EMC
filter
Filter
EMC
filter

Control and monitor




PVS800 inverter




EMCfilterFilterEMCfilter3
EMC
filter
Filter
EMC
filter

Control and monitor






Type designation
PVS800-57-0100kW-A
PVS800-57-0250kW-A
PVS800-57-0500kW-A

100 kW
250 kW
500 kW
Environmental limits
Degree of protection
IP22 / IP42 9)
IP22 / IP42 9)
IP22 / IP42 9)
Ambient temperature range (nominal ratings) 10)
-15 °C to +40 °C
-15 °C to +40 °C
-15 °C to +40 °C
Maximum ambient temperature 11)
+50 °C
+50 °C
+50 °C
Relative humidity, not condensing
15% to 95%
15% to 95%
15% to 95%
Maximum altitude (above sea level) 12)
2000 m
2000 m
2000 m
Maximum noise level
75 dBA
75 dBA 13)
75 dBA 13)
Cooling air flow
1300 m3/h
1880 m3/h
3760 m3/h

Protection
Ground fault monitoring 9)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Grid monitoring 9)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Anti-islanding 9)
Yes
Yes
Yes
DC reverse polarity
Yes
Yes
Yes
AC and DC short circuit and over current
Yes
Yes
Yes
AC and DC over voltage and temperature
Yes
Yes
Yes

User interface and communications
Local user interface
ABB local control panel
ABB local control panel
ABB local control panel
Analog inputs / outputs
1/2
1/2
1/2
Digital inputs / relay outputs
3/1
3/1
3/1
Fieldbus connectivity
Modbus, PROFIBUS, Ethernet
Product compliance
Safety and EMC
CE conformity according to LV and EMC directives
Certifications and approvals
VDE, CEI, UNE, RD, EDF
Grid support
Reactive power compensation, Power reduction, Low voltage ride through 9)

9) Optional
10) Frosting is not allowed. May need optional cabinet heating.
11) Power derating after 40 °C
12) Power derating above 1000 m. Above 2000 m special requirements.
13) At partial power typically < 70 dBA







Product flyer for PVS800 " ABB solar inverters 3
ABB central inverter data communication principle


Central inverter

Central inverter

250 kWp solar array 250 kWp solar array








Local PC



Modbus


Medium voltage transformers

Field bus

Adapter module

Internet

Remote PC










250 kWp solar array




Central inverter

3-phase 20 kV




Central inverter



250 kWp solar array





Accessories
Solar array junction boxes with string monitoring
Remote monitoring solutions
Warranty extensions possible
Solar inverter care contracts

Options
Increased IP ratings for cabinets
Integrated DC input extension cabinets
AC output grounding switch
Cabinet heating
I/O extensions
Extended voltage range, 1000 VDC
max.
DC grounding (negative and positive)
Fieldbus and Ethernet connections

Support and service
ABB supports its customers with a dedicated service network in more than 60 countries and provides a complete range of life cycle services
from installation and commissioning to preventative maintenance, spare parts, repairs and recycling.



For more information contact
your local ABB representative or visit:

www.abb.com/solar www.abb.com

© Copyright 2011 ABB. All rights reserved. Specifications subject to change without notice.











Integrated DC input extension cabinets

Junction box with monitoring
3AUA0000057380 REV F EN 21.4.2011 #15642
3AUA0000057380 REV F EN 21.4.2011 #15642



Protection and safety measurements

A schematic of the protection system
The main protections and protective gears are named here.

DC Side Protection

1. Fuses


A. for string protection
B. Fuses for array/inverter input protection


2. Fuse holders-


A. For string protection
B. Panel mount fuse holder
C. In-line fuse holders
D. Array/inverter input protection
E. Dead front fuse covers



3. Surge protection devices



4. DC switch


A. Load break disconnect switches
B. High power switches


5. Cooling devices


A. Air and liquid cooled solutions




6. Wire management solutions


A. Finger-safe power distribution blocks
B. Finger-safe comb wiring bar


7. Ground-fault protection


AC Side Protection

1. Circuit breaker
2. Bar contractor











3. Insulation monitoring device




* For safety purpose and protection of the modules
and plant equipments , protective gears from Schneider Electric have been considered for maximum benefits.
* Details of safety measurements and protective gears provided by Schneider Electric given in their official website.
Solar SCADA system

Data acquisition system for a solar plant is very important because it is important to monitor the over all system condition including input/output condition, temperature, solar insolation, weather condition, voltage/current fluctuation, output power condition, surge effect, load dispatch etc.

So, in this point of view a compact system with well service provider need to be pointed out.

ABB provides the monitoring facility/SCADA for solar (PV) power plants and the ABB
inverter itself has an in-built SCADA system.

So, for monitoring and controlling of the over all power system of the plant, ABB SOLAR SCADA system is recommended here.
Block diagram & SLD

Block diagram representation of the system with SCADA & Data Logger facility








YIELD ASSESSMENT OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT

Report number: PV-2037-1209-6
Issued: 23 September 2012 01:12 CET (GMT +0100)



1. Site info

Site name:


Durgapur
2. PV system info

Installed power: 1000.0 kWp

Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
Type of modules: crystalline silicon (c-Si)


Mounting system: fixed mounting, free standing 2 angles
Coordinates:
23° 32' 37.84" N, 87° 22' 44.67" E
Azimuth/inclinations: 180° (south) / 48° (winter), 17° (summer)
Elevation a.s.l.:
69 m
Inverter Euro eff.: 97.5%
Slope inclination:
1°
DC / AC losses: 5.5% / 1.5%
Slope azimuth:
61° northeast
Availability: 99.0%


Annual global in-plane irradiation: 1942 kWh/m2
Annual air temperature at 2 m: 26.3 °C


Annual average electricity production: 1470.7 MWh
Average performance ratio: 75.8%

Location on the map: http://solargis.info/imaps/#loc=23.543845,87.379074&tl=Google:Satellite&z=14



3. Geographic position


Google Maps © 2012 Google


4. Terrain horizon and day length





Left: Path of the Sun over a year. Terrain horizon (drawn by grey filling) and module horizon (blue filling) may have shading effect on solar radiation. Black dots show True Solar Time. Blue labels show Local Clock Time.
Right: Change of the day length and solar zenith angle during a year. The local day length (time when the Sun is above the horizon) is shorter compared to the astronomical day length, if obstructed by higher terrain horizon.


Site: Durgapur, India, lat/lon: 23.5438°/87.3791°
PV system: 1000.0 kWp, crystalline silicon, fixed 2 angles, azim. 180° (south), inclination W 48°, S 17°


5. Global horizontal irradiation and air temperature - climate reference


Month
Jan
Gh
m
126
Gh
d
4.05
Dh
d
2.10
T
24
18.1
Feb
139
4.96
2.23
22.1
Mar
184
5.93
2.56
27.1
Apr
192
6.42
2.93
31.8
May
190
6.12
3.28
33.7
Jun
152
5.08
3.17
32.0
Jul
140
4.51
2.98
29.3
Aug
140
4.51
2.92
28.4
Sep
132
4.40
2.66
27.4
Oct
141
4.56
2.34
25.2
Nov
127
4.25
2.13
21.8
Dec
119
3.83
2.04
18.7
Year
1782
4.88
2.61
26.3


Long-term monthly averages:
Gh Monthly sum of global irradiation [kWh/m2]
m
Gh Daily sum of global irradiation [kWh/m2]
d
Dh Daily sum of diffuse irradiation [kWh/m2]
d
T Daily (diurnal) air temperature [°C]
24


6. Global in-plane irradiation
Fixed surface, azimuth 180° (south), inclination. winter 48°, summer 17°


Month
Jan
Gi
m
166
Gi
d
5.35
Di
d
2.33
Ri
d
0.08
Sh
loss
0.0
Feb
168
5.99
2.39
0.10
0.0
Mar
189
6.09
2.51
0.12
0.0
Apr
196
6.54
2.98
0.02
0.0
May
185
5.96
3.23
0.02
0.0
Jun
146
4.87
3.08
0.01
0.0
Jul
135
4.35
2.90
0.01
0.0
Aug
139
4.48
2.89
0.01
0.0
Sep
137
4.57
2.71
0.01
0.0
Oct
157
5.06
2.35
0.09
0.0
Nov
163
5.44
2.32
0.09
0.0
Dec
161
5.18
2.28
0.08
0.0
Year
1942
5.32
2.67
0.05
0.0


Long-term monthly averages:
Gi Monthly sum of global irradiation [kWh/m2] Sh
m
Gi Daily sum of global irradiation [kWh/m2]
d


loss


Losses of global irradiation by terrain shading [%]
Di Daily sum of diffuse irradiation [kWh/m2]
d
Ri Daily sum of reflected irradiation [kWh/m2]
d

Average yearly sum of global irradiation for different types of surface:


kWh/m2

relative to optimally inclined
Horizontal
1782
93.5%
Optimally inclined (24°)
1905
100.0%
2-axis tracking
2256
118.4%
Your option
1941
101.9%



Site: Durgapur, India, lat/lon: 23.5438°/87.3791°
PV system: 1000.0 kWp, crystalline silicon, fixed 2 angles, azim. 180° (south), inclination W 48°, S 17°


7. PV electricity production in the start-up


Month
Jan
Es
m
131
Es
d
4.24
Et
m
131.3
E
share
8.9
PR
79.2
Feb
129
4.61
129.1
8.8
77.0
Mar
141
4.55
141.0
9.6
74.6
Apr
142
4.74
142.1
9.7
72.5
May
134
4.32
134.0
9.1
72.6
Jun
107
3.59
107.7
7.3
73.7
Jul
101
3.27
101.5
6.9
75.2
Aug
105
3.39
105.1
7.1
75.7
Sep
104
3.47
104.1
7.1
76.0
Oct
120
3.88
120.3
8.2
76.7
Nov
127
4.24
127.3
8.7
77.9
Dec
127
4.10
127.2
8.6
79.2
Year
1470
4.03
1470.7
100.0
75.8


Long-term monthly averages:

Es Monthly sum of specific electricity prod. [kWh/kWp] E
m


share


Percentual share of monthly electricity prod. [%]
Es Daily sum of specific electricity prod. [kWh/kWp] PR Performance ratio [%]
d
Et Monthly sum of total electricity prod. [MWh]
m


8. System losses and performance ratio


Energy conversion step Energy output Energy loss Energy loss Performance ratio

[kWh/kWp]
[kWh/kWp]
[%]
[partial %]
[cumul. %]
1. Global in-plane irradiation (input)
1941
-
-
100.0
100.0
2. Global irradiation reduced by terrain shading
1941
0
0.0
100.0
100.0
3. Global irradiation reduced by reflectivity
1886
-55
-2.8
97.2
97.2
4. Conversion to DC in the modules
1637
-249
-13.2
86.8
84.3
5. Other DC losses
1547
-90
-5.5
94.5
79.7
6. Inverters (DC/AC conversion)
1508
-39
-2.5
97.5
77.7
7. Transformer and AC cabling losses
1486
-22
-1.5
98.5
76.6
8. Reduced availability
1471
-15
-1.0
99.0
75.8
Total system performance
1471
-470
-24.2
-
75.8

Energy conversion steps and losses:





1. Initial production at Standard Test Conditions (STC) is assumed,
2. Reduction of global in-plane irradiation due to obstruction of terrain horizon and PV modules,
3. Proportion of global irradiation that is reflected by surface of PV modules (typically glass),
4. Losses in PV modules due to conversion of solar radiation to DC electricity; deviation of module efficiency from STC,
5. DC losses: this step assumes integrated effect of mismatch between PV modules, heat losses in interconnections and cables, losses due to dirt, snow, icing and soiling, and self-shading of PV modules,
6. This step considers euro efficiency to approximate average losses in the inverter,
7. Losses in AC section and transformer (where applicable) depend on the system architecture,
8. Availability parameter assumes losses due to downtime caused by maintenance or failures.

Losses at steps 2 to 4 are numerically modeled by pvPlanner. Losses at steps 5 to 8 are to be assessed by a user. The simulation models have inherent uncertainties that are not discussed in this report. Read more about simulation methods and related uncertainties to evaluate possible risks at http://solargis.info/doc/pvplanner/.


Site: Durgapur, India, lat/lon: 23.5438°/87.3791°
PV system: 1000.0 kWp, crystalline silicon, fixed 2 angles, azim. 180° (south), inclination W 48°, S 17°


9. SolarGIS v1.8 - description of the database

SolarGIS is high-resolution climate database operated by GeoModel Solar s.r.o. with geographical extent covering Europe, Africa and
Asia. Primary data layers include solar radiation, air temperature and terrain (elevation, horizon).

Air temperature at 2 m: developed from CFSR data (© NOAA NCEP); years: 1991 - 2009; recalculated to 15-minute values. The data are spatially enhanced to 1 km resolution to reflect variability induced by high resolution terrain.

Solar radiation: calculated from Meteosat satellite data; years: 1999 - 2011; 30-minute values - global horizontal and direct normal irradiance.

This estimation assumes year having 365 days. Occasional deviations in calculations may occur as a result of mathematical rounding and cannot be considered as a defect of algorithms. More information about the applied data and algorithms can be found at: http://solargis.info/doc/pvplanner/.



10. Service provider

; Registration ID:, VAT Number: Registration:


11. Mode of use

This report shows solar power estimation in the start-up phase of a PV system. The estimates are accurate enough for small and medium-size PV systems. For large projects planning and financing, more information may be needed:
1. Statistical distribution and uncertainty of solar radiation
2. Detailed specification of a PV system
3. Interannual variability and P90 uncertainty of PV production
4. Lifetime energy production considering performance degradation of PV components.

More information about full PV yield assessment can be found at: http://solargis.info/doc/pvreports/.


12. Disclaimer and legal information

Considering the nature of climate fluctuations, interannual and long-term changes, as well as the uncertainty of measurements and calculations, s.r.o. cannot take full guarantee of the accuracy of estimates. The maximum possible has been done for the assessment of climate conditions based on the best available data, software and knowledge. GeoModel Solar s.r.o. shall not be liable for any direct, incidental, consequential, indirect or punitive damages arising or alleged to have arisen out of use of the provided report.



13. Contact information

This report has been generated by Mr. Ashutosh Verma 7065140202