کانی ها و سنگ های صنعتی-زیرکن، ژیپس، سنگ آهک و دولومیت، سنگ آهن، سولفات سدیم (Industrial Minerals and Rocks-Commodities6)

Zircon

Dr. Nima Nezafati 2

• Zr resistant to corrosion by acids and other chemicals

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• Zircon ZrSiO4 • Baddeleyte ZrO2 • highly resistant to weathering

• alloyed with Nb it becomes superconductive

• high specific gravity 4.6-4.7

(conduct electricity with very little loss of energy to electric resistance)

• other potential minerals – Eudialyte

• does not absorb neutrons 4

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– gittinsite

•Hf (in zircon and baddeleyte)

Baddeleyte

ZrO2 or zirconia

http://www.jewelrystones.org/userfiles/image/yellow_zircon.jpg

http://www.gc.maricopa.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/Zircon650.jpg

Baddeleyete is often found as detrital grains in gravels.

6 http://www.mindat.org/photo-37769.html

Baddeleyite from Phalaborwa, South Africa

Its primary occurrence is in high temperature veins and in syenite, carbonatite, kimberlite and lamproite intrusions.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Zircon _microscope.jpg

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http://www.prettyrock.com/php/images/facet-rough/zircon/white-zircon-01172008-1-0.jpg

• Common accessory to trace mineral constituent of most granite and felsic igneous rocks • Trace mineral in ultrapotassic intrusive rocks such as kimberlite, carbonatites, and lamprophyre • Common constituent of most sands (economic concentrations within heavy mineral sands ore deposits)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zircon.GIF

• abrasives

• zircon ceramics

• chemicals

• opacifiers

• metal alloys

• refractories

• welding rod

• foundry applications

• coatings

• radiometric dating

• sandblasting • Beach sands in Florida, Virginia and South Carolina (with Ti) 8

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• addition in superalloys

Gypsum and anhydrite

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• earliest known use of gypsum as a building material was in Anatolia around 6000 BCE

CaSO4•2H2O

• great pyramids in Egypt, which were erected in about 3700 BCE

• •

• burning or calcining of gypsum was described by the early Greeks • gypsum mortar was used in medieval times in castles and fortresses in Germany 12

•

(CaSO4•½H2O),

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• Gypsum

• Gypsum, CaSO4·2H2O

– lime

• Anhydrite, CaSO4

– sulfur 46.5% (SO3)

• Bassanite, CaSO4·½H2O (phase) • Alabaster, fine-grained rock gypsum • Satin spar, deformed crystals 14

• Anhydrite – lime

32.6% (CaO)

41.2% (CaO)

– sulfur 58.8% (SO3)

– combined water 20.9% H2O – combined water 0% H2O – Hardness: 2

– Hardness:

3.5

– Density:

– Density:

3.0

2.3

When the water of hydration is taken into account, gypsum and anhydrite have the same solubility. (www.westernminingandminerals.com/ -vs-article.pdf) However, because of the hardness and density differences between gypsum and anhydrite, 13 the rate of solubility for gypsum is always faster than the rate of solubility for anhydrite.

• Selenite, crystalline

Gypsum

Selenite http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Gypsu m_Halite/GypsumSelenite.JPG

Alabaster, a variety of gypsum, from Pomaia, Italy.

•

•

•

•

•

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabaster

Burial artifact from the tomb of Tutankhamun circa 1323 B.C.

Rock Gypsum

• 2.3

• satin spar

•

• • 16

Satin Spar Gypsum

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• • https://www.uponor.com

http://webmineral.com/specimens/photos/Gypsum.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Desert-rose-big.jpg

• •

(National

Bladed rosettes of gypsum Desert Rose Rossete shaped gypsum with outer druse (a rock cavity lined with a crust of projecting crystals) of sand or with sand throughout - most often sand colored (in all the colors that sand can exhibit).

Gypsum Company, 2005)

• Anhydrite

• •

18 www.behance.net/gallery

17 17

• •

20 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Knocknacran_Gypsum_Mine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_147630.jpg

19 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5f/AmericanGypsumEagleMine.JPG

http://www.geology.ar.gov/images/gypsum.JPG

http://crystalhabits.com/images/specimens/Anhydrite_625ps.jpg

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• • • • 24

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Gypsum is mined at White Mesa, Sandoval County (Centex American Gypsum) and used to manufacture wallboard.

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• • • • • 28

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•

• (Freas et al, 2006)

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• Chemical and Physical attributes are independent properties

• CaCO3

• Pure calcite in the form of poorly cemented chalk is not only unique in its low strength but also high absorption

• • •

• Pure calcitic marble of the same chemical composition as chalk is relatively strong, unabsorptive, and unreactive • Chemical analysis is of upmost importance in stone used for chemical purpose, such as glass raw material, flux, or cement 32

• http://www.ursea.it/gite/agliana/giancarlo_mangoni_ankerite_passo_del_cipollaio.jpg http://webmineral.com/specimens/photos/Magnesite.jpg

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http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/mineral/siderite/6siderite-crystals1.jpg

Siderite (FeCO3)

Ankerite (Ca2MgFe(CO3)4)

Magnesite (MgCO3)

• Chemical properties are not so relevant for aggregates products High-calcium limestone:

greater than 95% CaCO3

High-magnesium dolomite:

greater than 42% MgCO3

High-purity carbonate:

greater than 95% combined CaCO3 and MgCO3

34 http://books.smenet.org/Surf_Min_2ndEd/sm-ch02-sc10-ss11-tbl001.cfm

• Chemical analysis are made to determine impurities • Impurities related with limestone includes clay minerals, resistance minerals such as quartz, and organic material • Most test are performed in accredited Laboratories • Many state surveys have files of chemical data obtained from quarry sampling and coring programs 33

Physical Properties of Calcite, Dolomite, and Aragonite. Mineral Calcite

Chemical Composition CaCO3

Physical Properties • • • •

Dolomite

CaMg(CO3)2

• • • • •

Aragonite

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CaCO3

• • • •

Hexagonal crystal system, commonly good rhombohedral cleavage. Mohs’ hardness: 3 Specific gravity: 2.72 Commonly colorless or white but may be other colors because of impurities. Hexagonal crystal system, commonly good rhombohedral crystals with curved faces. Mohs’ hardness: 3.5 to 4 Specific gravity: 2.87, but common impurities such as iron can raise it to 2.95 or higher. Commonly white or pink. Orthorhombic crystal system. Mohs’ hardness: 3.5 to 4 Specific gravity: 2.93 B2.95 Commonly colorless, white, or yellow but may be other colors because of impurities.

http://books.smenet.org/Surf_Min_2ndEd/sm-ch02-sc10-ss11-tbl001.cfm

• Carbonates are similar in physical properties making it difficult to distinguish • Specific gravity, color, crystal form, hardness, etc are some of the physical properties • This properties are tested using testing procedures in ASTM and AASHO 35

•

• the manufacture of quicklime (calcium oxide) and slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) • cement and mortar • pulverized limestone is used as a soil conditioner to neutralize acid soil conditions

•

•

• crushed for use as aggregate - the solid base for many roads • geological formations of limestone are among the best petroleum reservoirs • as a reagent in desulfurizations

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• glass making 37

• toothpaste

Limestone Limestone pot hole

Sandstone

http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone#Limestone_landscape 40

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Limestoneshale7342.jpg

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• Carbonate rocks are deposited from Precambrian to Holocene time (Parker, 1967) • Carbonate rock compose only about 0.25% of the volume of the earth crust (Parker, 1967)

• Exploration Coring Surface Sampling

• Carbonate comprise of 15% of the worlds sedimentary rocks • Each carbonate deposit differ in their geologic characteristics

• Mining Open Pit Underground

• Highly-purity carbonate rock deposits are not overly abundant • Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Hampshire and Rhode Island and all of Canadian Province are in abundance of pure 41 limestone

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• Marking is requirements

influenced

by

specification

• Specification differ from companies to companies even though they may produce the same product • Market price depends on the supplier ability to price the product on its value to customer but not the base on cost of production • Adding value involves strong commitment to research, development and corporate support from start of mining and followed by technical support 44

• Processing varies with the end use of the product and targeted consuming industries • Site for processing depends on Type of Mine Haulage Distance Surface Topography • Processing involves Sawing Crushing Screening 43

.

Iron ore .

(%

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Magnetite

.

Magnetite

• hematite, which is a red iron oxide http://209.51.193.54/scripts/item.exe?ENLARGE+Minerals+Oxides+Magnetite+MAG-24

Hematite

http://www.stonechest.com/productimg/spec-magnetite-1a.jpg

Hematite

Limonite

• limonites, which vary from yellow to brown • magnetite, which is black 47

48 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Hematite.jpg

http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/images/hematite.jpg

http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/go336/dreyer/limonite.jpg

• Steel • Pigment (ocher, umber, sienna, and metallic paints, brick coloring)

• Coatings

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• Heavy cement 49

• ferrous scrap • organic dyes • Synthetic iron oxide pigments

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• Thenardite (anhydrous sodium sulfate mineral) Na2SO4 • Mirabilite (hydrous sodium sulfate mineral also known as salt) Na2SO4·10H2O (Two thirds of the world's production)

Sodium sulfate

• Glauberite (sodium calcium sulfate mineral) Na2Ca(SO4) 2 Thenardite

Glauberite

Mirabilite

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54 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Thenardite_Sodium_sulfate_near_Sodaville_Mineral_County_Nevada.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mangxiao.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glauberite-172284.jpg

• brines or crystalline evaporite deposits

• soap and detergents, 46%

• 10 ft thick deposit 1400 ft below the surface near Green River, Wyoming

• textiles, 12% • pulp and paper, 13%

• Searles and Owens Lakes in California – 450 million tons of sodium sulfate resource

• glass, 11% • carpet fresheners, 7%

• Great Salt Lake, Utah – 400 million tons of resource 56

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• miscellaneous, 11%

Searles Lake playa

Botswana, China, Egypt, Italy, Mongolia, Romania, South Africa

19 km long and 13 km at its widest point, yielding 1.7 million tons annually of industrial minerals

http://www.bovagems.com/eclectic/HTML/19971001_1097BOVA2.html

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USGS Mineral Yearbooks

-www.ngdir.com - Dr. Virginia T. McLemore’s lecture notes, New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, A division of New Mexico Tech https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/staff/mclemore/home.html -USGS Mineral Commodities Summaries 2017 https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/ 60

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Searles Lake

byproduct from the production of -ascorbic acid, -boric acid, -cellulose, -chromium chemicals, -lithium carbonate, -rayon, -resorcinol, and -silica pigments

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