Tullaroan Enclosures in Old Kilkenny Review, no. 66 (2014), pp 9-24

Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

Introduction This archaeological survey examines a cluster of early medieval enclosures located in the County Kilkenny townlands of Remeen and Baunnaraha, respectively belonging to the ecclesiastical and civil parishes of Tullaroan and Ballycallan, in the Barony of Crannagh. The survey focuses on the morphology of two specific enclosures; namely a substantial bivallate enclosure (RMP-KK18:040), situated in the townland of Baunnaraha and a univallate enclosure (RMP-KK18:039), sited close-by, in the townland of Remeen. Furthermore, these two monuments are placed relative to their wider archaeological, geographical and historical contexts. This includes the spatial distribution of other early medieval monument clusters in nearby townlands and their potential interrelationships. Enclosure clusters in the townlands of Tullaroan, Brabstown, Lisballyfroot, Gaulstown Upper, Mountgale and Huntstown (an approximate twelve square kilometre area) are included in this latter discussion.

Figure 1: Baunnaraha and Remeen enclosures site location (Record of Monuments and Places map six-inch sheet 18)

Baunnaraha Enclosure - designated ‘Circular Rath’ (RMP-KK18:040) The largest of three enclosures in the townland of Baunnaraha is situated approximately 700m on the left-hand-side of the road that runs between Corstown and Brabstown crossroads (Figure 1), close to Tullaroan village in County Kilkenny. This monument is sited at an elevation of 217m above sea level (ASL) and consists of a bivallate ovoid raised platform earthwork with an internal diameter measuring approximately 36m north-south and 48m east-west (Figure 2 top). The central raised platform is enclosed by a substantial earth-cut fosse measuring approximately 9m wide and 3m deep outside of which runs an earthen bank approximately1.2m high and 6m wide (Figure 2, Profile 2). The external diameter of the monument is approximately 70m east-west by 57m north-south. Much of the enclosing fosse is overgrown though the raised interior platform is clear of overgrowth. Two possible entrances are located, to the north-east and to the south-east of the monument with the one to the south-east appearing as an undug access causeway, measuring circa 5.2m wide, traversing the fosse and outer bank (Plate1). The second possible entrance, to the north-east appears as a ramped causeway, 33m long, traversing the outer bank and fosse and tapering inward to an eventual width of 5.8m at the raised inner platform (Plate 3).

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Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

Plate 1: Possible undug causeway at south-east of the Baunnaraha (RMP KK 18: 040) monument

Plate 2: Arial photograph of the Baunnaraha monument from the north-west. Arrows indicating ground depression and possible circular structure. The north-western ramp is also visible in the foreground of this photograph. (ASIAP 34 SMR KK-18:040 courtesy of Dept of the Arts, Heritage and Gaeltacht)

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Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

Plate 3: Lateral ground depression in raised platform

A circular ground depression (6m diameter) is centrally located on the elevated platform and a linear ground depression (9m long) runs from this in a north-westerly direction across the centre of the raised inner bank. A second subcircular ground depression (4m diameter) is visible to the north of these and may suggest evidence for circular structures and perhaps a souterrain on the site (Plates 2 and 3). Two sources of water are located in close proximity to the Baunnaraha enclosure; one at the western corner of the enclosure site and a second, being a spring, some 40m due south of the monument.

Plate 4: View to the north from large enclosure at Baunnaraha (with fosse and outer bank visible in foreground to left)

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Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

Figure 2: Baunnaraha enclosure plan (top) and east-west profiles of the Remeen & Baunnaraha enclosures (bottom)

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Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

Spatial context immediate to the large Baunnaraha (RMP KK-18:040) enclosure:

Figure 3: Immediate context of the Baunnaraha large enclosure (RMP-KK 18: 040) showing other nearby monuments (Record of Monuments and Places map sheet 18) from archaeology.ie (2011)

When viewed within its immediate context, approximating one square Kilometre, (Figure 3), the large Baunnaraha enclosure (040) appears situated centrally relative to three other smaller enclosures (039, 041 and 042). Further, all four enclosures are sited in close proximity to the townland boundary between Remeen and Baunnaraha, which also forms the boundary between the civil parishes of Tullaroan and Ballycallan. It is also apparent from Figure 1 that these four enclosures are sited within an elevation range of 198m to 217m ASL. Finally, there are two additional, and possibly contemporaneous, monuments located within 1Km of the large Baunnaraha enclosure. These are designated respectively as ‘a ritual site’ (RMP-KK18:038-001), known locally as ‘St. Margaret’s Well’ and a ‘horizontal wheeled watermill’ (RMP-KK18:037). Both are recorded as being sited along the bank of a stream at elevations benchmarked between 180m and 171m respectively. Commanding views of the surrounding countryside (Plate 4) are afforded from the large Baunnaraha enclosure (040), potentially over a range of other monuments within an approximate twelve square kilometre area (Plate 8). Remeen enclosure (RMP-KK18:039) The enclosure (RM- KK18:039) is situated in the townland of Remeen approximately 219m to the north-west of the large Baunnaraha enclosure (Plate 5; Figure 3). Survey of this monument revealed a subcircular univallate enclosure of internal diameter 33.5m north-south by 31.5m east-west yielding an index of circularity of 0.94. The enclosed space consists of a raised interior platform 0.9m above the surrounding land which is enclosed by a 1.3m high earthen embankment of average width 5m. The enclosing bank is quite overgrown. The total exterior diametric dimensions are 43.5m north-south by 41.5m east-west. The enclosure interior is reasonably level being on average 0.4m below the surrounding bank and no fosse is visible at the monument (Figure 2 site 1, Plate 6), though one possibly existed and was perhaps subsequently filled in (Stout 1997, p. 17). Dips visible in the south-east quadrant of the enclosing bank may suggest an undug entrance measuring 5.2m wide. The enclosure is situated at an elevation of approximately 200m above sea-level and is overlooked by the large 5

Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

Baunnaraha enclosure (Plate7). A possible water source in the form of a spring is located half-way up the hill on the western approach to the enclosure and there is a small stream at the foot of the hill to the north-west of the site. The possible entrance to the monument appears aligned towards the Baunnaraha enclosure.

Plate 5: Remeen and Baunnaraha enclosures – (Record of Monuments and Places map sheet 18) from archaeology.ie (2011)

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Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

Plate 6: View of exterior bank of Remeen Enclosure (RMP-KK18:039) from the west

Plate 7: View of the Baunnaraha large enclosure from the possible entrance of Remeen enclosure looking towards the south-east

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Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

Wider spatial context of large Baunnaraha (RMP KK-18:040) enclosure: When viewed in the wider spatial context (an area approximating 12 Km2), the enclosure distribution pattern observed in the immediate Baunnaraha area seems to repeat (Plate 8, circled in white). The plate 8 and Figure 4 data, presented herein, suggests that enclosures in the Tullaroan area appear to be sited on, or in close proximity to, townland boundaries and in monument-clusters consisting of four sets of three, one set of four (as at the junction of the Baunnaraha and Remeen townlands) and one set of 2 enclosures (Tullaroan townland; KK-18:09 and 10). All eighteen enclosures in this wider area are sited at elevations of between 175m and 245m ASL, with the average elevation being 205m (Figure 4). Generally speaking, the local topography, may have afforded inter-visibility between many of the enclosure groupings either directly or indirectly. Finally, a mean density of approximately 1.5 enclosures per Km2 (18/12) emerges from this data-set for this area.

Plate 8: Wider distribution of enclosures in the Tullaroan area approx 12 Km2 with RMP numbers shown as KK 18: XX Record of Monuments and Places map sheet 18 from www.archaeology.ie (2011)

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Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

Figure 4: Tullaroan area enclosure elevations (metres ASL), grouped by townlands and RMP numbers. The source data is derived from Record of Monuments and Places six inch map sheet 18

Discussion; interpreting the data derived from surveying the Tullaroan enclosures. The great artefacts of early medieval Irish culture speak little of how ordinary people lived during this period as most were farmers or labourers rather than artists, nobles or clergy. In that pre-urban society farmers created the wealth that sustained the monasteries and the social elites owed much of their wealth to the land and cattle they possessed. The vast majority of people from king to small farmers dwelt in simple earthen or stone enclosures, collectively known as ‘ringforts’ (Stout 1997, p11). Ringforts are the most numerous and characteristic archaeological monuments in Ireland from the early medieval period with over 45,000 having been identified to date (Stout 1997, pp 53, 131; Edwards 1990, p. 11). Most, though not all, of these dispersed farmsteads were occupied over a period of three hundred years from circa 600AD to 900AD (Stout 1997, pp 23-24; O' Croinin 1995, p. 73; O'Sullivan 2010, p. 65). Ringforts were locations containing dwellings, workshops and stores, where people transacted life, gathered for social occasions and extended hospitality; places where social identities, mores, traditions and knowledge were enacted and transmitted and where kinship ties and social status were affirmed. Ultimately ringforts were the theatres where social and economic interactions between people, places, animals and things were played out (O’Sullivan 2010, pp 59-60).Thus accumulating and analysing the physical data associated with this form of secular settlement, their interrelationships one to another and combining it with the evidence from contemporaneous written sources, offers perhaps the best avenue into understanding the workings of early medieval Irish life and society (Stout 1997, pp 11-13, 131). They were not forts in the usual military sense and were not built to withstand prolonged sieges but rather to repel lightening cattle-raids which were endemic at the time (Edwards 1990, p. 12; O’Sullivan 2010, p. 65; Stout 1997, p. 20; O' Croinin 1995, p. 96). Early Irish law-tracts refer to the enclosed space as the lios and the earthen rampart as the rath (O’Sullivan 2010, p. 66; Edwards 1990, p. 12).

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Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

Morphology. A ringfort can be described as a space, most frequently circular, surrounded by one or more banks or fosses made of earth or stone. The bank was generally derived by piling up inside the fosse, the material excavated from the latter, thus creating a bounded social space (Edwards 1990, p. 14; Barry 1987, p. 16; O’Sullivan 2010, p. 63). This description broadly applies to the two monuments surveyed at Remeen (KK-18:039) and Baunnaraha (KK18:040). Circular embankments allowed a maximum area to be enclosed utilising a minimum length of bank and perhaps also had some spiritual significance for the builders linked, perhaps, to the burial mounds of their ancestors (Stout 1997, p15). The typical interior diameter of Irish ringforts varies between 15m -35m with a pronounced cluster in or about the 30m range (Edwards 1990, p14; O’Sullivan 2010, p63; Barry 1987, p17; Stout 1997, p14). The internal diameter of the Remeen enclosure is in the upper ranges of the norm and the large enclosure at Baunnaraha measuring 48m x 36m exceeds this. Early medieval lawtracts describe the enclosure of a ri tuath as having an internal diameter of approximately 42.6m, a bank height of 1.8m and being univallate (Stout 1997, pp 14-18). These criteria suggest that the large enclosure at Baunnaraha may be a high status ringfort given its overall bivallate morphology and dimensions. The law-tracts also provide for bank widths of 2.13m and thus it is reasonable to assume that the bank dimensions recorded at the Remeen and Baunnaraha monuments are likely the result of prolonged weathering (Stout 1997, p. 17; Edwards 1990, p. 21). Nineteen percent of early medieval Irish enclosures are multivallated; eighty percent are univallate while trivallate enclosures are extremely rare (Stout 1997, pp 17-18). The increased defensive capability of multivallated sites may demonstrate either a greater need for security or may represent a declaration of occupant status (Stout 1997, pp 1819). As well as providing material for building up the bank, the fosse added to an enclosure’s defensive value. Most bivallate Irish enclosures have one fosse (Stout 1997, pp 17-18). Ditches vary greatly in size and shape from flat bottomed to ‘U’ and ‘V’ shaped and typically did not exceed 3m in depth and widths of 5m to 8m are known (Edwards 1990, pp 20-21). While there is no extant fosse at the Remeen site, the fosse enclosing the Baunnaraha site is approximately 9m wide and 1.8m deep measured from the top of the outer bank. It is possible that there was originally a fosse encircling the Remeen enclosure and there may have been a second fosse outside of the outer bank at Baunnaraha. Irish ringfort entrances were usually located on the east or south-east and typically consisted of an undug causeway across the fosse leading to a gap in the bank protected by a gate (Stout 1997, p. 18). The importance of these entrances is emphasised by the restriction of access into these settlements and by the strict conventions that governed that access (O’Sullivan 2010, p. 67). Sixty-six percent of enclosure entrances display preference for east-orientation (Edwards, p. 21) while south-east positioning may have provided protection from prevailing winds and optimised available sunlight. Orientation of entrances may also have accentuated a hierarchy in status between neighbouring ringforts with lower-status ringforts entrances orientated towards higher-status neighbours (Stout, p. 19). The entrance to the Remeen enclosure appears to be both orientated towards the south-east and toward to the larger Baunnaraha enclosure. The dimensions and complexity of entrances to ringforts varied greatly from simple gates to passages constructed through the embankment walls and the width of the entrances varied from 0.76m up to 3.3m (O’Sullivan 2010, pp 67-68). Both the Remeen and Baunnaraha enclosures have possible south-eastern entrances apparently exceeding the upper end of this range. Crith Gablach (a seventh Century AD Irish law-tract) describes the enclosure of a ri tuath thus; The measure of his stockade on every side is 42.56m, 2.13m is the thickness of his earthwork, 3.65m is its depth, 3.65m is the breath of its opening and 9.12m is its measure 10

Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

outwardly (Stout 1997, p113). Generally speaking the Baunnaraha enclosure meets or exceeds these criteria while the Remeen enclosure measurements suggest a somewhat lesser status. Raised or platform rath. A second possibility for the classification of the Baunnaraha enclosure is that the site may be either a raised or platform rath. These are enclosure types that have interiors raised above the level of the surrounding ground. Nineteen percent of ringforts in the south-west midlands have interiors that average 1.43m above surrounding ground (Stout, p. 16). Excavation has revealed that raised raths were built up over a prolonged period of habitation with each habitation layer successively covered over with a fresh layer of earth. Platform raths on the other hand may have been constructed in a single operation, with an artificial mound sometimes being built with the aid of an access ramp (Edwards, p. 14). Both the large Baunnaraha and the Remeen enclosures have raised interiors that are, respectively, 3m and 0.94m above the surrounding land. Thus both are potential candidates however excavation of the sites (to examine stratigraphy) is required for conclusive classification. Enclosure elevation comparisons. The builders of Irish ringforts did not favour valley floors, at-sea-level locations, poor quality soils or peaty areas as sites for their ringforts and survey data from Ikerrin, County Tipperary reveals that forty-nine percent of its ringforts are sited between 91.5m and 152m above sea-level, thirty-seven percent between152m and 214.5m and very few over 215m (Edwards 1990, p. 19). Across Ireland the preference seems to be for land between 76m and 152m (Stout 1997, p. 63). Enclosure elevation data for the Tullaroan area surveyed in this paper (Figure 4) tentatively reveals a minimum of 175m and a maximum is 244m with a mean elevation of 205m across eighteen enclosures. Since only two of these eighteen enclosures have been surveyed in detail, the precise classification of the other enclosures cannot be presumed with any certainty. However, both the Remeen and the Baunnaraha enclosures do seem to broadly fit the Ikerrin elevation range profile as does the average elevation data for the wider Tullaroan area. Possible souterrain at Baunnaraha. A distinct linear ground depression runs north-west to south-east across the centre of the Baunnaraha interior elevated platform and may suggest the presence of a souterrain. Irish souterrains date from the latter half of the first millennium AD and are underground manmade structures. They most likely served as storage areas and as possible retreats in times of danger. They could vary from simple to complex in design, from short-length undifferentiated passages and chambers to labyrinthine structures. Entrances were designed so as to avoid detection by hostile forces and rare examples have hidden exits serving perhaps as escape routes. Souterrains could be tunnelled, drystone-built in prepared trenches or hybrids of the two techniques. Tunnelled souterrains could be either excavated out of natural till or bedrock. Earth-cut souterrains are found mainly south of the river Lee in County Cork (Clinton 2001, pp 1-2). A souterrain at Baunnaraha would date the enclosure, possibly towards the end of the early medieval period (Stout 1997, pp 32-33; Barry 1987, pp 25 -26). A quarter of the excavated souterrains found in Ireland between 1930 and 2004 have been in the context of ringforts (O’Sullivan et al 2009, p. 47). However additional investigation such as geophysical survey or excavation is required for accurate classification of any underground structures on this site. Early medieval economy, enclosure functions and activities. 11

Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

Irish ringforts likely represented dispersed individual farmsteads enclosing single farming families, their farmyards and some domestic animals (Stout 1997, p. 33; O’Sullivan 2010, p. 65). Enclosure-dwellers typically dwelt in circular houses (diameters from 3.5m to 7m), usually sited centrally within the enclosures with doorways east-facing (Stout 1997, p. 33). Though ringfort-occupants practiced a mixed economy, archaeological evidence (Figure 5) and contemporary sources agree that cattle-rearing was the main pursuit. The proportions of female to male animal material (71% to 29%) found in the archaeological record at three important early medieval excavations in Meath at Moynagh Lough and Lagore crannogs and at Knowth emphasise the importance of dairying in this period (Stout 1997, p. 35). Finds of quern stones (indicating low-capacity grinding to meet family needs), ploughs and corndrying kilns point to the existence of some tillage around ringfort sites and it is likely that cattle were fenced out rather than fenced in. Nowhere does tillage appear to be the dominant economy of ringfort-dwellers (Stout 1997, pp 37-38).

Analysis of faunal remains from 9 early medieval Irish ringfort sites 23% 47% 30%

Cattle Pigs Sheep

Figure 5: Source data from Stout 1997, p. 35 – analysis of faunal remains of 1132 animals from ringfort sites

Some early medieval Irish enclosures show little evidence of human habitation and may have served as bodun (cow-fortresses) protecting penned-up animals from potential threats posed by wild animals or raiders. Other enclosures reveal evidence of limited craft activities such as weaving, the manufacture of bone and antler objects (combs etc.) and some turned wooden objects, typically on a scale to meet immediate family needs. Other enclosures operated as craft-centres where finds include crucibles, stone-moulds, glass rods, tongs and anvils. However, cattle-farming with dairying were the chief economic pursuits through which wealth and status were measured (Stout 1997, p. 38). Detailed spatial-analysis studies on the distribution of ringforts carried out at Carrick Hill near Roscrea, County Tipperary provides a model whereby high-status (bivallate) ringforts are found in close proximity to groups of lower-status ringforts, a spatial arrangement perhaps allowing higher-status ringforts to afford protection to the lesser-status enclosures. Conclusions based on the study of two baronies in this area may have wider applicability (Stout 1997, pp 89, 90). The distribution and interrelationship of different classes of ringfort strongly suggests a hierarchical, farmstead-based society mirroring a social class-structure that variously consisted of small, poor, independent and high status families (Stout 1997, p91). Stout’s distribution characterisation above may also help explain the wider Tullaroan enclosure distribution patterns. Conclusion: 12

Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

The evidence presented in this article is the result of survey work carried out on two specific monuments located in the bordering the townlands of Baunnaraha and Remeen in County Kilkenny. Prior to this survey these monuments were respectively described as a ‘large circular rath’ and an enclosure. This survey data tentatively suggests that the monuments are early medieval bivallate (KK-18:040) and univallate (KK-18:039) ringforts. The large Baunnaraha monument may have been a high-status dwelling for a local ruler based on its morphology and dimensions and its meeting or exceeding the specifications documented in early Irish law-tracts for such residences. It is situated centrally relative to three other enclosures perhaps belonging to a wider early medieval Irish family grouping. Such family groupings could either be a derbfine (sharing an agnatic great-grandfather), which was the primary social, legal and economic unit up to the eight century AD (O' Croinin 1995, p. 143) or a gelfine, consisting of kinsmen sharing a common agnatic grandfather (Edwards 1990, p8). Early medieval Irish family units were governed by conventions of kinship, debtorcreditor relationships and contract. The family land (fintiu) may have consisted of all or portions of the existing two townlands, land divisions which may pre-date the twelfth Century and which may have been farmed in common (Barry 1987, p. 22). Shillelogher, the more ancient land-division in the area was co-extensive with the civil parishes of Tullaroan, Ballycallan and Kilmanagh amongst others (Empey 1971, P.129) and was perhaps named after the descendants of Faelchar (Sil-Fhaelchair), an early medieval king of Ossory reportedly killed, in battle, in 688 AD (Carrigan i, 1905, pp 25,36). Perhaps those who lived in this area during the early medieval period had some affinity with that sept, however evidence apart from the place-name is extremely sparse. The tentative classification of these monuments as early medieval ringforts is based on them meeting the following criteria;  Enclosure dimensions and morphologies compared to the findings of existing academic studies of Irish ringforts and early Irish law-tract specifications including; inner and outer diametric dimensions, Dimensions of enclosing banks and ditches and indices of circularity  Siting locations and elevations  Siting and orientation of possible entrances  Possible presence of a souterrain and circular structures  Grouping pattern (possibly hierarchical) compared to other spatial studies of early medieval Irish enclosures  Possible complimentary siting of secular and ecclesiastical settlements in the area including; St. Margaret’s well ritual site, Old churchyard / ecclesiastical complex and the possible presence of horizontal water mill fragments in the immediate area The survey data presented is new work and contributes to the corpus of local archaeological knowledge. It includes documented surveys of these two Tullaroan historical monuments for the first time and places the monuments in their wider spatial and archaeological contexts providing a preliminary study of local enclosure distribution patterns which may serve as a basis for further investigations. Finally the essay presents tentative evidence for a possible souterrain and other structures at the Baunnaraha site. It is suggested that the following additional research could considerably advance the understanding of the early medieval socio-economic history of the Tullaroan area:  Perform a full archaeological survey of these local monuments to more accurately determine their precise nature and chronology. 13

Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs





Employ additional investigative techniques, including archaeobotanical, environmental and palynological surveys to further elucidate the nature of the area’s early medieval economy. The adjacent boggy and riverine locations may be particularly suitable for such a study. The remaining enclosures at Baunnaraha and the fourteen enclosures in the wider area should be surveyed and dated to validate the local early medieval settlement density patterns.

Bibliography: Aston, M., 1985. Interpreting the landscape: landscape archaeology and local history. London: Routledge Barry, T.B., 1987. The Archaeology of medieval Ireland. London: Routledge Carrigan, W., 1905. The History and Antiquities of the Diocese of Ossory, 4 vols, Dublin: Sealy, Bryers & Walker Clinton, M., 2001. The Souterrains of Ireland. Wicklow: Wordwell Edwards, N., 1990. The Archaeology of EM Ireland.London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. Empey, C. A., 1971. The Cantreds of the Medieval County of Kilkenny. The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland , ci, ii , pp 128-134. Empy, C. A.,1990. Kilkenny in the Anglo-Norman Period. In: W. Nolan and K. Whelan, eds. Kilkenny: History and Society. Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County. Dublin: Geography Publications, 1990, pp 75-95 Geological Survey of Ireland [online]. Available at: http://spatial.dcenr.gov.ie/imf/imf.jsp?site=GSI_Simple [Accessed 25th November 2011] Gibbons, M.,1990. The Archaeology of Early Settlement in County Kilkenny. In: W. Nolan and K. Whelan, eds. Kilkenny: History and Society. Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County. Dublin: Geography Publications, 1990, pp 1-32 Hogan, J., 1884. Kilkenny: The Ancient City of Ossory, The Seat of Its Kings, The See of Its Bishops and The Site of Its Cathedral. Kilkenny: P.M. Egan O’Connor, K., 1998. The Archaeology of medieval Rural Settlement in Ireland. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy O’ Croinin, D., 1995. EM Ireland 400-1200. London: Longman O’Drisceoil, C., and Nicholls, J., 2010. ‘Geophysical Surveys at Freestone Hill, Danesfort, St. Kilmolig’s Church (Purcellsinch) and Castlefield’, Old Kilkenny Review 62,68-84. Kilkenny: Kilkenny Archaeological Society O’Kelly, O., 1969. The Place-Names of County Kilkenny. Kilkenny: Kilkenny Archaeological Society O’Sullivan, A., and Nicoll, T., 2010. Early medieval settlement enclosures in Ireland: dwellings, daily life and social identity. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 101C, pp 59-90. O’Sullivan, A., McCormick, F., Kerr, T., Harney, L., 2009. Early medieval Ireland: Archaeological excavations, 1930-2004. Early medieval archaeology project (EMAP ) Report 3.4 [online]. Available from: http://www.heritagecouncil.ie/fileadmin/user_upload/ INSTAR_Database /EMAP_Progress_Reports_2009_4.pdf [Accessed 30th December 2011] Stout, M., 1997. Irish Settlement Studies No. 5: The Irish Ringfort. Dublin: Fourcourts Press Waddle, J., 2010. The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland. Dublin: Wordwell Ltd. 14

Archaeological Survey of Selected Enclosures in the Townlands of Remeen, Baunnaraha and their Environs

Acknowledgements I wish to thank Tom Moore of Tom Moore & Company, Chartered Surveyors for his invaluable and expert assistance in performing the survey of the two monuments in Remeen and Baunnaraha. I am also very grateful to Tom and Ann Grace of Remeen Evans for allowing access to their lands and for their willing and cheerful assistance in surveying and photographing these two monuments. I am also very grateful to Mr. Joe Kerwick of Corstown for allowing me access to his lands at Baunnaraha. Finally, my sincere thanks to Philip Kenny of Kilkenny and Insight Archaeology for his expert help with reworking the diagrammatic representation of the Reimeen and Baunnaraha enclosures shown in this article.

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