STREET VENDOR’S ECONOMIC CONDITION OF BANGLADESH AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON DINAJPUR.pdf

“STREET VENDOR’S ECONOMIC CONDITION OF BANGLADESH: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON DINAJPUR’’

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am ever grateful and indebted to the Almighty, the supreme authority of this universe, who enabled us to carry out the whole village study activity and to build up this report. As a part of field attachment program of the 63rd Foundation Training Course, I have to conduct a field survey and make a report on “STREET VENDOR’S ECONOMIC CONDITION OF BANGLADESH: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON DINAJPUR’’.

I am fortunate enough to get chance to visit various areas in Dinajpur district. I am extremely grateful to the street vendors of Dinajpur district for their active support, cooperation and their help by providing necessary information in order to enrich our report writing. I must give thanks to Module Director, Md. Zohurul Islam, Deputy Director, BPATC, Savar, Dhaka. I am also thankful to my group mates of field attachment for their support and cooperation.

Shamim Hosen Assistant Director Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre Savar, Dhaka-1343 Email: [email protected]

30 March, 2017

1

Abstract

A large informal sector street vending is a prevailing and distinctive part of the economy of Bangladesh. A research was conducted to obtain insight into entrepreneurship development, employment and poverty reduction by the vendors of Dinajpur district. Different parameters like Survey Area, Age of vendor, Householder Size (HHS), Religion and Gender Residential Status, Monthly Schooling, Cost for Children, Monthly Health Cost, Capital Investment, Monthly Income, Monthly Savings and Availing loan Status etc, were taken under and analyzed using Microsoft Office Exel software. During conducting the research it was found that most of the vendors could not complete their primary education. They had to come to this business due to meet up the demand of the family. In addition, they do not have to give any levy by the municipality or others. Women vendors enter this business due to the family pressure. But education does not impact on their business. If any financial support is provided they will change or expand their business. Their income decreases during weakened because of reducing the working people. This has been providing goods in cheaper price to urban poor. This paper examines the determinants of the street vender‟s income. Key Words: Street Vendors, Economy, Dinajpur, Bangladesh.

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CONTENTS

1.

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 4

2.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.1 Concept of street vendor .................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Street vendors in international studies .............................................................................................. 6 2.3 Street vendors in Bangladesh studies ................................................................................................. 8

3.

METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 9

4.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................. 10 4.1 Survey Area ....................................................................................................................................... 10 4.2 Age of vendor .................................................................................................................................... 10 4.3 Householder Size (HHS) .................................................................................................................... 11 4.4 Religion and Gender.......................................................................................................................... 11 4.5 Residential Status.............................................................................................................................. 11 4.6 Monthly Schooling Cost for Children ................................................................................................ 12 4.7 Monthly Health Cost ......................................................................................................................... 12 4.8 Capital Investment ............................................................................................................................ 13 4.9 Monthly Income ................................................................................................................................ 13 4.10 Monthly Savings .............................................................................................................................. 13 4.11 Availing loan Status ......................................................................................................................... 14

5.

RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................................................................... 14

6.

CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 15

7.

FRUIT STREET VENDING: A SUCCESSFUL HISTORY OF YUNUS MIA .................................................... 15

8.

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 17

9.

Appendices .......................................................................................................................................... 19

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1. INTRODUCTION Street vendors are an inevitable part of the economy around the world especially developing countries like Bangladesh, offering easy access to a wide range of goods and services in public spaces occupying the street. They sell everything from fresh vegetables to fishes, from fruits to prepared foods, from shoes to garments. They are the main sources of different food items, cloths, books, shoes, tea, biscuits, betel-nut even bread and fried eggs. Especially the rush people including the poor working people are the main target group of the street vendors. They offer the goods and services in terms of cheap prices. Sometimes, street trade also adds vibrancy to urban life and in many places is considered a cornerstone of historical and cultural heritage. Despite their contributions, street vendors face many challenges, are often overlooked as economic agents and unlike other businesses, are hindered rather than helped by municipal policies and practices in Bangladesh. Street food is significant for urban food security as mobile laborers and the poor rely on cheap, readily available and nutritious food. The authorities argue that encroachments of streets and footpaths are illegal and disorderly, and that street food is unhygienic. They therefore evict the vendors regularly. But the hawkers are somewhat protected through the informal rules of the street. While some of them are highly vulnerable to poverty and police raids, most navigate well through these contested governance regimes and can successfully sustain their livelihoods. With the advance of modern retailing fixed retail operations, department stores, and malls many expected that street vending would go away. Yet today, in most countries of the world, street vending persists and probably has expanded even where local regulations seek to ban or restrict it. The informal sector represents an important part of the economy and the labor market in many countries, especially in developing countries, plays a major role in employment creation, production, and income generation. In the urban context, the informal sector refers to small enterprise operators selling foods and goods or offering services and thereby involving the cash economy and market transactions. This so-called “urban informal sector” is more diverse than the rural one and includes a vast and heterogeneous variety of economic activities through which most urban families earn their livelihoods. It represents a feature except in societies where gender norms restrict women‟s mobility, women account for a major share of street vendors. 4

However, women traders are more likely than men traders to have the more risky work situations, by: operating from an open rather than a covered space; operating from the street rather than a cart or a stall; operating from an insecure or illegal space; trading in perishable goods; generating a lower volume of trade; working as commission agents or employees of other vendors; and not employing others to work for them. Consequently, women vendors also tend to earn less than men vendors. As a result informal sector enterprises escape official data collection systems, and their contribution to GDP is often understated in the official national accounts data despite their significant contribution (Joshi, 2009). Not only that, there are few research works regarding the street vendors and their livelihood especially in Bangladesh. Therefore, a research work has been conducted: I. II.

To know entrepreneurship development in street vending; and To know the employment opportunity and poverty reduction by street vending.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A review of literature based on street vendors is necessary to enable us to have findings of different researchers. The knowledge will be helpful to go through unexplored areas regarding street vending. The previous studies based on street vendors and related arenas are briefly reviewed here. Many authors have dealt extensively on the subject of street vendors. To my modest knowledge, this is almost the first research work concerning with Street vendors in Dinajpur District. Therefore the researcher has made an effort to review the various studies on this subject which are published in various journals, and books under following sub- headings:

2.1 Concept of street vendor According to Bhowmik, S.K. (2001), street vending is a natural market formed due to social needs. According to National Commission on Labor, street vendors are identified as self employed workers in the informal sector who offer their labour for selling goods and services on the street without having any permanent built-up structure (Bhowmik, S.K., 2001). Street Vendors may refer to vendors with fixed stalls, such as Kiosks, Vendors who operate from semi fixed stalls like folding tables, crates, collapsible stands, wheeled push carts that are removed 5

from the streets and stored overnight, vendors who sell from fixed locations without a tall structure, displaying merchandise on cloth or plastic sheets, or mobile vendors who walk or paddle their bicycles through the streets as they sell (ILO, 2002). The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014 defines street vendor as a “person engaged in vending of articles, goods, wares, food items or merchandise of everyday use or offering services to the general public, in a street lane, side walk, foot path, pavement, public park or any other public place or private area or by moving from place to place and includes hawker, peddler, squatter and all other synonymous terms which may be local or region specific”.

2.2 Street vendors in international studies Heinonen (2008) analyzed the hidden role of informal economy in Phnom Penh‟s development. The informal economy acts as a crucial part of the economy in Phnom Penh and it is extremely important for the city and its development, providing employment, income, and services for the majority of the citizens. Around 80 percent of the city‟s 400,000 slum dwellers earn their income from informal sources.

Olofin and Folawewo (2009) examined the structure and diversity of informal sector activities to evaluate the impact of „aid for trade‟ programmes on informal sector activities, to estimate the extent to which trade assistance programmes have enabled the LDCs in the region to grow to trade. Some major findings of the study deserving further evidence particularly from the context of developing countries were that there have been some positive effect of trade on manufacturing sector employment but the effect of trade on employment depended on the prevailing job search behavior and the nature of the labor market in an economy. Otoo et al. (2009) analyzed women Entrepreneurship in West Africa in the Cowpea Street Food Sector in Niger and Ghana. The main objectives of the study were: to determine the importance of the cowpea-based street food sector in Niger and Ghana, to evaluate internal and external factors that drive the success of cowpea- based street food enterprises, to conduct a cross-country comparison to determine the impact of religious, cultural, income and geographic differences on the success of women entrepreneurs selling cowpea-based street foods. Timalsina (2011) concentrated on the street vending activities of Kathmandu Metropolitan City in order to examine the livelihood opportunity to poor or challenges for urban governance in the 6

urban informal economy. The main objectives of the study were: to show the income and employment opportunities of street vendors in Kathmandu Metropolitan City, to analyse the livelihood opportunity of urban poor. This study was based on both primary and secondary data. The main findings of this study were: rural migrants, having low level of education and skills, are forced to involve in the informal economy for their scanty livelihood. Street vending activities has become an easy access to those migrants‟ vendors in Kathmandu. Saha, D. (2011) Studied the working condition, constraints and risks of street vendors in Mumbai. The study entitled “Working Life of Street Vendors in Mumbai” place of work lacked proper infrastructure such as running water, toilets and solid waste removal systems. In case of policy environment, most of the local government authorities forcibly removed them from the streets or confiscated their merchandise. And in case of social protection, only a small percentage got access to state sponsored social protection regimes. The International Labour Organisation (2013), in its paper on “The Regulatory Framework and the Informal Economy” studied the good practices that support street vendors in Thailand and Dar Es Salaam. It revealed that street vendors in Dar Es Salaam were issued licenses and were allowed to operate. Shelves and tables have been standardized and guidelines were been adopted for managing street vending. In Thailand, street vendor market was organized and managed by private company. A high rent was charged and high standards of hygiene, orderliness and security were maintained. Adhikari, D.B. (2011) studied on “Income generation in informal sector: A case study of the street vendors of Kathmondu metropoliton city” The study revealed that for 68% of street vendors, vending was their main source of income. They faced problems in the form of harassment by police, arbitrary confiscation of merchandise, demand for bribes and physical abuse. They lacked secure place to work. About 70% reported that their supplies had become more expensive. Njaya, T. (2014) studied the socioeconomic features of street vendors of Zimbabwe . The paper entitled, “Nature, Operations and Socio-Economic Features of Street Food Entrepreneurs of Harare, Zimbabwe.” was based on 30 street food operators. It was found that 66.67% of the vendors maintained separate accounting of personal expenses. Indira, K. (2014) in the paper on “A Study of Street Vending across the Globe” analysed the influencing factors and problems of street vendors across the globe. The various studies 7

enumerated above covered different dimensions. Based on the literature reviewed it was inferred by the researcher that the earlier studies had not concentrated much on the activities and performance of street vendors. This research gap made the investigator to thoroughly analyze the activities and performance of street vendors.

2.3 Street vendors in Bangladesh studies Bhowmik, S.K. (2005) found that street food effectively meets the requirements of a large section of the economically active urban population. At the same time the vendors are frequently victimized by the police, public health institutions, local government authorities etc. They are also denied institutional credit facilities that could help them increase their income. They have to rely exclusively on social networks for running their business. Benjamin et al. (2010) found that 52 percent of the respondents consume different kinds of street food on a daily basis, whereas 23 percent stated that they never eat any street foods. Shaiara (2015) mentioned the data regarding average working hour on daily basis that 72.5%, 54.17% and 88.89% of the tea & others, vegetable and fruit vendors respectively work 12 to 16 hours respectively on average daily.11.76%, 45% and 8.3% of the tea & others, vegetable and fruit vendors work from 17 to 21 hours respectively on average. Majority of tea, vegetable and fruit street vendors (around 80 per cent) are running these businesses on the basis of primary occupation. Everyday vendors claim the streets, consciously ignoring formal rules in order to sustain their livelihoods and serve the food needs of the megurban consumers (Etzold et al., 2009). Although the variety and tastes of Dhaka‟s street food is occasionally praised in the media (e.g. in the Daily Star), like in other third world countries there is a strong upper- and middleclass discourse in Bangladesh that revolves around the apparently unhygienic and unhealthy conditions of convenience food from the streets (CAB, 2007; Haque et al., 2010), which is then often mixed with parallel discursive strands about the vendors‟ illegal encroachment of public space, the traffic chaos that they seemingly create, and the public order that they ostensibly threaten. Suraiya, S. & Noor, F. (2012) found that socioeconomic condition of the street vendors is influenced by their vending after conducting “An Analysis of Socioeconomic Conditions of Street Vendors: A Study on Dhaka City”. Improving their own awareness and providing appropriate training to them, as it has been started by the Consumers Association of Bangladesh (Haque et al., 2010), will help to solve this problem.

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3. METHODOLOGY The present study aims to investigate the factors affecting the incomes of the street vendors in the Dinajpur district, Bangladesh. Researchers have used different methods to measure the informal sector activities. However no single method can capture all the informal sector activities simultaneously. In social science research, field work is the central and important method for collecting the primary information. Secondary information also plays an important role while analyzing and giving inference of some empirical knowledge. So, this study is based on both primary and secondary data. Data collection methods are primarily determined by the kinds of questions to be answered, as well as the type of research to be conducted, and also the nature of the research itself. As far the primary data is concerned, structured questionnaire was used to collect data of street vendors. Area of selection: The study area urban and rural areas of Dinajpur District, under Rangpur Division. Sample size: Total 24 street vendors were purposively selected from Dinajpur district for collecting data. Source and Reliability of Data: Both the primary and secondary data were collected from the selected study area. The survey, using the structured questionnaire, took place in 24 different locations of Dinajpur district. These places include bus, railway, parks, busy market places and other such public spaces. We received responses from 24 vendors of which only 7 were female entrepreneurs. The respondents were asked to provide their opinion on the 31 scale items. a) Primary data: primary data were collected through Survey using structured questionnaires and direct field observation.

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Photograph: Interviewing of Street Vendors b) Secondary data: The sources were different relevant books, reports, journals, internet and personal collection. With the collected data we primarily carried out two types of analysis using Microsoft office excel software.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Survey Area Survey area was urban and rural sites of Dinajpur district. Most of the data are collected from urban areas and it is about 87 percent. 13 percent data are collected from rural areas. 13%

Survey Area

Urban

Rural

87%

Fig 4.1: Showing the survey area of the research work

4.2 Age of vendor The study finding shows that 34% of the street vendors belong to the age group of 31-40. The next group belongs to 41-50 age that is 33%. Table 4.1: Showing age of the vendors of the research work Age Range (year) 0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60

Frequency 0 1 5 8 8 2

10

Percentage (%) 0 4.67 20.84 33.33 33.33 8.83

4.3 Householder Size (HHS) The result of the study shows that 62% of the street vendors have 5-7 family members. 21% vendors have 8 to above family members. The lowest number of the family member is about 17%. Householder Size 21%

17% 2 to 4

62%

5 to 7 8 or above

Fig 4.2: Showing the householder size of the vendors

4.4 Religion and Gender The study finding shows that 34% of the street vendors belong to the age group of 31-40. The next group belongs to 41-50 age that is 33%. 71% are male and 29% are Female Street vendors have been shown in Dinajpur. Religion

8% Muslims Hindus

92% Fig 4.3: Showing the religions of the vendors

4.5 Residential Status The residential statement of the street vendors is stated below. Out of 24 vendors 46% has their own house, 37% has live in rent house and 17% does not have any living places.

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Residential Status

46% 37%

15 10

17%

5 0 Own House

Rent House

Free House

Fig 4.4: Showing the residential status of the vendors

4.6 Monthly Schooling Cost for Children 55% vendors have not any schooling cost because their children do not go to school. Here, only 21% spent TK. 2001 to 3000 thousand for their children schooling purposes. Schooling Cost 20 10 0

55%

8% 12% 21% 4%

Fig 4.5: Showing the schooling cost of the issues of the vendors

4.7 Monthly Health Cost Among the 24 respondents 42% spent TK. 200-500 and 25% respondent spent TK. 1100-2000 only. Table 4.2: Showing the monthly health cost of the family members of the vendors Range(TK) 200-500 600-1000 1100-2000 2100-3000

Frequency 10 4 6 4 12

Percentage (%) 41.66 16.67 25 16.67

4.8 Capital Investment Total capital investment for their business is stated in the following diagram. It shows that 54% has invested 5-20 thousand taka only. 25% of the respondents invested below five thousand taka. Capital Investment 4%

8% 25%

9%

Below 5000 5000-20000 20001-30000 30001-50000 Above 50000

54% Fig 4.6: Showing the capital investment during their business

4.9 Monthly Income Among the 24 respondents 63% of the respondents earn up to 10 thousand taka monthly. 33% earn 10-20 thousand taka monthly and rest of the respondents earn above 20 thousand taka. Monthly Income

4% 33% 63%

0-10000

10001-20000

20001-30000

Fig 4.7: Showing the monthly income of the vendors

4.10 Monthly Savings Among the street vendors 50% respondents do not have any savings. 38% respondents have only taka 1000-2000/- savings monthly.

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Monthly Savings No Savings

1000- 2000

2001-4000

4001-6000

Above 6000

4% 4% 4% 50%

38%

Fig 4.8: Showing the monthly savings of the vendors

4.11 Availing loan Status 54% respondents have taken loan from NGOs and 46% respondents have taken loan from other financial organizations. But no one has taken loan from the commercial banks. Table 4.3: Showing the loan status of the vendors farm family Borrower Institution Bank NGO Others

Frequency 0 13 11

Percentage (%) 0 54.17 45.83

5. RECOMMENDATIONS The street food vendors play an important role in any cities of developing countries like Bangladesh. At root, it creates numerous jobs and absorbs a rising proportion of the unemployed workers. Recognition of this sector and proper assistance should significantly improve their performance in the business. But this sector is to face different problems. The following recommendation might be suggest for the betterment of the street vendors of Bangladesh. These are: a) Small loan facilities should be provided by the Government and non-government organizations. b) Household facilities with proper living standard should be provided to them. c) Medical and schooling facilities should be provided by the Government and NGOs. d) Proper training and awareness programs should be provided by the Government along with NGOs.

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6. CONCLUSION Informal sector came into use in the early 1970s when the International Labour Organization (ILO) first coined the term informal sector. Street vending sector is an important sector that is providing employment and income to the rural poor people in urban sector. Street vending is pervasive across the globe, especially in developing countries. It provides an important source of earnings for the unemployed in urban areas, as well as a source of relatively inexpensive goods and services for city residents. The objective of this article is to employ a systematic method to research the studies in this field, extract their findings, and integrate them in order to propose a model that incorporates factors affecting the success of street enterprises. Based on this model, major research issues are outlined to advance the knowledge in the field. The informal economy also attracted educated people when the formal sector has been unable to offer proper employment and income. Another side of the coin is the city‟s poor informal workers mostly living in slum settlements. These people do not have skills, capacities or capital to register their activities. And, as a matter of fact these people are disturbed by the formal arrangements such as regulations, fines and emotional stress that hinder their activities and possibilities to earn decent income. The study remarked that the informal economy is not regulated, which has created many obstacles for the city‟s development. To achieve sustainable development of the city‟s economy and services, the municipality need to co-operate with the informal sector, develop services to support, monitor and regulate informal activities, and lighten the registration procedure.

7. FRUIT STREET VENDING: A SUCCESSFUL HISTORY OF YUNUS MIA Basic information of Yunus Mia Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Name Resident Age Marital status Education Quality Number of issues Education quality of

Items Yunus Mia Balubari, Sadar, Dinajpur 32 years Married Eight pass 2 (1 daughters and 1 son) 1. Elder daughter SSC examinee this year from Girizanath 15

her children

8. 9. 10. 11.

Types of business Initial capital Daily income Present assets

High School. 2. Younger son is a student of class eight of Dinajpur Zila School. Fruits vending 2000 taka 2000 Own land at Dinajpur town, Own house, two agricultural land

Yunus mia is a 32 year old who sells different types of fruits at railway station of Dinajpur district. He started his business at early stage when he was 15 years old. He had to manage his family members after his father death at 15 years old. At that time, he could not support the family sufficiently. He had to start his father fruit business instead of going to school. However he married to khusi begum at 20 years age. Then he took loan from local NGOs and increased the size of the business. After few years he decided to give another fruit vending that would be managed by his wife. By dint of their business both husband and wife everyday they earn at least 2000 taka. By this time, they had bought a piece of land at Dinajpur district. Not only that, they have decided to give a large fruit shop (chemical free) at station road of the district. In addition they have they have two school going children. They are the happy couple being street vendors. [Source: own interviews, 21.12.2016]

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8. REFERENCES Acho Chi, C. 2002. A research discussion paper prepared for the joint WTO-ILO workshop on global trade. Adhikari, D.B. 2011. Income generation in informal sector: A case study of the street vendors of Kathmondu metropoliton city. Economic Journal of Development Issues. 13&14(1-2). Combined Issue of Association of Bangladesh (CAB) within the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP). Dhaka. Retrieved from http://www.nepjol.info/index.php /EJD /article /viewFile /7193 /5822. Etzold, B., Hossain, M.A. Rahman, S. 2010. Street Food Vending in Dhaka: Livelihoods of the Urban Poor and the Encroachment of Public Space City. Daffodil International University Journal of Business and Economics, 6(1 & 2). Consumers Association of Bangladesh (CAB), 2004. Socio-Economic, Demographic and Food Safety Profile of Street Food Vending in Dhaka City, A preliminary study on "Street food vending policies and programmes in Bangladesh. A report by the Consumers Association of Bangladesh (CAB) with technical assistance from Dhaka University. sponsored by Consumers International Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (CI-ROAP), Dhaka. Etzold, B., Keck, M., Bohle, H.G. and Zingel, W.P. 2009. „Informality as agency. Negotiating food security in Dhaka‟, Die Erde, 140(1): 3-24. Haque, Q.F. et al. 2010. Institutionalization of Healthy Street Food System In Bangladesh. A Pilot Study With Three Wards Of Dhaka City Corporation As A Model. Report of the Consumers. Heinonen, U. 2008. The hidden role of informal economy: is informal economy insignificant for Phnom Penh‟s development? In M. Kummu, M. Keskinen & O. Varis (Eds.), Modern myths of the Mekong, pp. 123-132. Indira, K. 2014. A Study of Street Vending Across the Globe. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 4(9). Retrieved from http://www.ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/ Volume_4/9_September2014/V4I9-0256. International Labour Organization and WIEGO. 2013. Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://wiego.org/publications/women-and-men-informal-economystatistical-picture-2ndedition.

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Njaya, T. 2014. Nature, Operations and Socio-Economic Features of Street Food Entrepreneurs of Harare, Zimbabwe. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 19(4):49-58. Olofin, S.O. & Folawewo, A.O. 2009. Trade reforms, informal sector activity and employment. Otoo, M., Fulton, J., Ibro, G., & Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. 2009. Women entrepreneurship in West Africa: the Cowpea street food sector in Niger and Ghana. A research project supported by the Borlaug LEAP Fellowship Program and the Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage (PICS) program. Saha, D. 2011. Working Life of Street Vendors in Mumbai. Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 54(2):301-325. Husain, S. Yasmin, S & Islam, M.S. 2015. Assessment of the Socioeconomic Aspects of Street Vendors in Dhaka City: Evidence from Bangladesh. Asian Social Science.11(26). Bhowmik, S.K. 2005. Economic and Political Weekly. Street Vendors in Asia: A Review. May 28-June 4, 2005. 2256-2264. Suraiya, S., & Noor, F. 2012. An Analysis of Socioeconomic Conditions of Street Vendors: A Study on Dhaka. Timalsina, K.P. 2011. An urban informal economy: Livelihood opportunity to poor or challenges for urban governance, study of street vending activities of Kathmandu metropolitan city. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 2(2.2):1-13.

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9. Appendices 1. Survey Area (SA) Area Urban Rural

Frequency 21 3

% 87 13

3. Age of vendor Age Range (year) 0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60

Frequency 0 1 5 8 8 2

% 0 4.67 20.84 33.33 33.33 8.83

4. Householder Size(HHS) Family Members 2-4 5-7 8 or above

Frequency 4 15 5

% 16.67 62.5 20.83

5. Religion of the Householder(RHH) Religion Muslims Hindus Buddhist Chiristen Others

Frequency 22 2 0 0 0

% 91.67 8.33 0 0 0

6. Gender Gender Male Female

Frequency 17 7

% 70.83 29.17

Frequency 4 19

% 16.67 79.67

7. Marital Status Status Single Married

19

Widowed Divorced Separated

1 0 0

4.16 0 0

8. Years of Schooling(YS) Schooling Primary(0-5) Lower Secondary(6-8) Secondary to Higher Secondary(9-12)

9. Residential Status(RS) Status Own House Rent House Free House

Frequency 11 9 4

Frequency 14 7 3

% 58.33 29.17 12.5

% 45.83 37.5 16.67

10. Rent TK Rent Tk. Range Own House+ Free house 0-1000 1001-2000 2001-3000

Frequency 15

% 62.5

2 5 2

8.33 20.84 8.33

11. Education Status Status Illiterate Not Completed Primary Primary School Junior High School High School SSC HSC Others

Frequency 9 4 4 7 0 0 0 0

% 37.5 16.67 16.67 29.16 0 0 0 0

12. School Going Children Range (School going children) 0 1

Frequency 10 3 20

% 41.67 12.5

2-3 4-6

8 3

33.33 12.5

13. Children Monthly cost: Children Schooling cost Tk. Range

Frequency

%

No schooling cost 0-1000 1001-2000 2001-3000 4001-5000

13 2 3 5 1

54.17 8.33 12.5 20.83 4.17

14. Monthly Health Cost Range(TK) 200-500 600-1000 1100-2000 2100-3000

Frequency 10 4 6 4

% 41.66 16.67 25 16.67

15. Type of Business involved(TOB) Business Type Vegetable Fruits Garments/Textiles Electronics Grocery Tea Others

Frequency 1 4 3 0 3 6 7

% 4.16 16.67 12.5 0 12.5 25 29.17

16. Types of ownership in Business(BO) Type Own Paid Staff Unpaid Staff(Family Member) Others

17. Capital Investment(CI) Range(TK) Below 5000 5000-20000 20001-30000 30001-50000 Above 50000

Frequency 11 6 7

Frequency 6 13 2 1 2

21

% 45.83 25 29.17

% 25 54.16 8.34 4.16 8.34

18. Monthly Income Income Range(TK) 0-10000 10001-20000 20001-30000

Frequency 15 8 1

% 62.5 33.33 4.17

19. Monthly Savings Savings Range(TK) No Savings 1000- 2000 2001-4000 4001-6000 Above 6000 20. Daily real Expenses: Daily real Expenses Tk. 0-200 201-400 401-600 Above 600

Frequency 12 9 1 1 1

% 50 37.5 4.17 4.17 4.17

Frequency 5 12 4 3

% 20.83 50 16.67 12.5

Frequency 9 6 9

% 37.5 25 37.5

21. Work Location Type Fixed Portable Moved Around

22. Business is Registered By(BR) Authority Union City Corporation Local Government None Registered

Frequency 1 0 0 23

% 4.17 0 0 95.83

23. Job/Business Duration: Range of Job Duration (year) 0-05 06-10 11-20 Above 20 years

Frequency 8 6 6 4

22

% 33.33 25 25 16.67

25.26 Availing loan Status: Borrower Institution Bank NGO Others

Frequency 0 13 11

% 0 54.17 45.83

27. Main Driving Force To Run Business Driving Force Poverty Employment Family Pressure Social Pressure Independence Business Others

Frequency 16 4 3 0 1 0

% 66.67 16.67 12.5 0 4.16 0

Frequency 6 18

% 25 75

28. Receive Training Receive Training Yes No

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