Proceedings / INTERNATIONAL conference on spatial data Infrastructures 2010

PROCEEDINGS

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “International Conference on Spatial Data Infrastructures 2010” 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia

All papers have been reviewed by the international review commission

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES 2010” 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com; [email protected]

EDITORS: Ass.Prof.Dr. Bashkim IDRIZI, President of Geo-SEE Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics State University of Tetova Str. Dzon Kenedi, 25/4-20, 1000 Skopje MACEDONIA Tel: + 389 75 712-998 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] web: www.unite.edu.mk

Dimo TODOROVSKI, MSc Researcher in Land Administration Domain e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

South-East European Research Association on Geo Sciences “Geo-SEE” www.geo-see.org [email protected] str. Dzon Kenedi, 25/1-d3; 1000 Skopje; MACEDONIA.

2 / 10

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES 2010” 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com; [email protected]

GENERAL INTRODUCTION The main theme of the Conference was the development and use of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI’s) and all their aspects - technology, criteria and standards for organizing and sharing spatial data. The realization of the European INSPIRE directive in the countries of South East Europe was expected to be an important part of the conference. A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) provides access to any kind of spatial data to users. It comprises the technology, policies, standards and human resources necessary to acquire, process, store, distribute and improve utilization of spatial data. The conference has the ambition to become the major SDI conference in the region and be influential for SDI development. It follows an earlier conference entitled “Importance of developing National Spatial Data Infrastructure of the Republic of Macedonia based on INSPIRE directive” that took place in Skopje on 27 March 2009 at the FON University. The conference showed the importance of SDIs and their use, on local, national or regional level in the region of South East Europe and its relation to global initiatives. It targets the process of spatial data sharing through the Internet, as a tool for faster, easier and simpler access to spatial data by all stakeholders, customers and clients; the implementation of International/Global and European criteria for organizing digital spatial data; the impact of SDIs on all application fields; cooperation between stakeholders such as state institutions responsible for collecting, structuring, archiving, updating and analyzing spatial data according to their legal mission and obligation. The conference brought together stakeholders interested in the development and use of SDIs, with a focus on the region of South-East Europe. Participants from other countries-continents would contribute with their research and experience. Scientist, researchers, industry and data owners from public or private sector are expected to contribute to increased understanding and awareness of SDIs in the region and to the identification of new ways of their implementation and use. Participation of professionals from all over the world, especially from European countries in the conference allowed sharing their experiences in developing and using SDI’s in their countries. Through scientific and practical solutions presented by the participants (scientific institutions-researchers, governmental and private sector organizations), and fruitful discussions and papers, methodologies and ways would be put forward, which will help finding out the probably best-appropriatecommon ways for developing SDI’s in the region and in general and for special purposes and applications. Bashkim IDRIZI Dimo TODOROVSKI 3 / 10

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES 2010” 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com; [email protected]

ORGANIZER: South-East European Research Association on Geo Sciences “Geo-SEE”

Co-organizers: International Federation of Surveyors “FIG” European Umbrella Organization for Geographic Information “EUROGI” Chamber of Authorized Surveyors of the Republic of Macedonia Geography department – State University of Tetova, Tetova, Macedonia FON University, Skopje, Macedonia Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation – University of Twente, Enschede, Netherland

International organizing committee: Alessandro ANNONI, Head of Spatial Data Infrastructures Unit, Joint Research Centre - European Commission, Italy András OSSKO, President of FIG Commission 7, Hungary Clarke KC, University of California SB, USA D.R. Fraser TAYLOR, Carleton University, Canada Georg GARTNER, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Ian MASSER, Past President of GSDI, University of Sheffield, Great Britain Laszlo ZENTAI, Etvosh University, Hungary Lazo ROLJIC, Pan-European University, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Mark REICHARDT, President of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Mauro SALVEMINI, President of EUROGI Milan KONECNY, Past President of ICA, Check Republic Murat MEHA, University of Prishtina, Kosovo Necla ULUGTEKIN, Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey Oztug BILDIRICI, Selcuk University, Turkey Pal NIKOLLI, University of Tirana, Albania Puthiyavalappil RAJASEKHAR, Survey of India, India Raina PAVLOVA, Technical University of Sofia, Bulgaria Stig ENEMARK, President of FIG, Denmark Temenoujka BANDROVA, University of architecture, civil engineering and geodesy, Bulgaria Tuan VO ANH, General department of Land Administration, Vietnam Ulrich BOES, President of AGISEE, Bulgaria Yoshikazu FUKUSHIMA, Secretary General of ISCGM, Japan Željko BAČIĆ, Director General, State Geodetic Administration, Croatia 4 / 10

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES 2010” 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com; [email protected]

Local organizing committee: Bashkim IDRIZI, State University of Tetova, President of Geo-SEE, Skopje Boris NIKODINOVSKI, Scientific Institution “IR Dr BN”, Skopje Boris PAUNOVSKI, Geoplan, Skopje Jove TALEVSKI, “St. Kliment Ohridski” University, Bitola Lazo PETRUSEVSKI, City of Skopje, Skopje Naumce LAZAREVSKI, Geoinformatika, Skopje Risto RIBAROVSKI, Chamber of Authorized Surveyors of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje Temelko RISTEVSKI, FON University, Skopje Zlatko SRBINOSKI, “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” University, Skopje

International review commission: Bashkim IDRIZI, State University of Tetova, President of Geo-SEE, Macedonia Clarke KC, University of California SB, USA D.R. Fraser TAYLOR, Carleton University, Canada Dimo TODOROVSKI, Researcher in Land Administration Domain, Macedonia Ian MASSER, Past President of GSDI, University of Sheffield, Great Britain Laszlo ZENTAI, Etvosh University, Hungary Lazo ROLJIC, Pan-European University, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Mauro SALVEMINI, Sapienza University of Rome, President of EUROGI, Italy Milan KONECNY, Past President of ICA, Check Republic Miljenko LAPAINE, University of Zagreb, Croatia Murat MEHA, University of Prishtina, Kosovo Necla ULUGTEKIN, Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey Oztug BILDIRICI, Selcuk University, Turkey Pal NIKOLLI, University of Tirana, Albania Puthiyavalappil RAJASEKHAR, Survey of India, India Raina PAVLOVA, Technical University of Sofia, Bulgaria Tuan VO ANH, General department of Land Administration, Vietnam Ulrich BOES, President of AGISEE, Bulgaria

Venue: FON University – Skopje, Macedonia; www.fon.edu.mk

5 / 10

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES 2010” 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com; [email protected]

GREETING FROM PROF. STIG ENEMARK, PRESIDENT OF FIG to the International Conference on SDI 2010 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, 15-17 September 2010. Dear Colleague, It is my great pleasure as President of the International Federation of Surveyors, FIG, to co-sponsor the International Conference on Spatial Data Infrastructures, to be held in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, 15-17 September 2010. The conference themes cover all aspects of SDI’s and will have a special focus on the realization of the European INSPIRE directive in the countries of South East Europe. The conference has the potential to become the major SDI conference in the region and be influential for SDI development in general. The conference will show the importance of SDIs and their use, on local, national or regional level in the region of South East Europe and its relation to global initiatives. Such global initiatives are also addressed through the work of FIG Commission 3 (Spatial Information Management) with a special focus on the challenges of the mega cities. I am therefore happy to know that the current Chair of FIG Commission 3 Mrs Chryssy Potsiou from Greece will attend the conference on behalf of FIG and ensure that the best possible synergies can be established. FIG is “Building the Capacity” based on our current work plan in the sense that capacity is needed in developing countries to meet the challenges of fighting poverty and developing a basis for a sustainable future. At the same time capacity is needed in developed countries to meet the challenges of the future in terms of institutional and organisational development in the areas of surveying and land administration. Therefore I am looking forward with great expectations to the outcome of the conference in Skopje and further cooperation to enhance professional development in the region. On behalf of FIG and the global surveying community I wish all the best for the SDI Conference in Skopje.

Prof. Stig Enemark President of FIG

6 / 10

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES 2010” 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com; [email protected]

GREETING FROM PROF. MAURO SALVEMINI, PRESIDENT OF EUROGI to the International Conference on SDI 2010 - Skopje We are definitely living in an ICT era where the geographic information is playing more and more a relevant role in the everyday life. Governments and private companies are basing and offering to citizens services placed on geographic components of the information and , on the other hand, the final user demand of micro-knowledge about territory and environment is steadily increasing. This process is affecting all nations in different ways spanning from the essential cadastral information to advanced location based services. Generally speaking the euphoria for the GI might drive the consideration that everything is easy to get in the field and that the achievement of final good results regarding GI is obvious. Unfortunately the reality demonstrates that relevant efforts are clearly needed nowadays and that every one involved in GI should be involved for a better and deeper useful exploitation of GI in modern society. Awareness needs to be fostered, capacity building has to be performed in order to create reactive users especially in public administrations and the research, as a pillar component of societal development, needs to be sustained. In the present scene so well depicted by the INSPIRE Krakow Declaration , just recently approved, the role of non governmental organizations such as associations as EUROGI and his members absolutely fits the scene interpreting the final user needs for collaborating with the governments and public administrations for the benefit of the citizens. In this sense EUROGI is proud to support the SKOPJE 2010 Conference also as a starting event representing the academic and societal interest of this European region for the themes of SDI and GI. The European Umbrella Organization for Geographic Information (EUROGI) is a non-aligned, non-profit pan European organization which aims at promoting the widespread and effective usage of Geographical Information. Its direct membership involves representation from 17 countries, and includes private sector companies and other pan-European organizations involved in GI matters. Through its national members EUROGI has representation of over 6500 organisations across Europe. It was established in 1994 arising from an initiative of the European Commission which at the time saw the need for a combined European voice on Geographical Information matters. Mauro Salvemini President of EUROGI August 2010

7 / 10

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES 2010” 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com; [email protected]

CONTENTS: 1.

Detailed survey concerning INSPIRE - coordination, funding and sharing measures in South-East Europe Joep Comprovets, Belgium, Danny Vandenbroucke, Belgium, Zorica Nedović-Budić, Ireland and Dimo Todorovski, Macedonia

1

2.

Build-up of a business model for sustainable NSDI Vlado Cetl, Ivan Landek and Ante Roncevic, Croatia

17

3.

NSDI in the context of INSPIRE – Slovenia’s state of the art and private sector challenges Bozena Lipej, and Darija Modrijan, Slovenia

30

4.

The role of the Agency for Real Estate Cadastre in the establishment of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Sonja Dimova, Macedonia

49

5.

How a national GI association supports the SDI developments – the case of Hungary Gabor Remetey-Fulopp, Hungary

63

6.

Hellenic mapping and cadastral organization GIS portal – towards Greek SDI Thodoros Vakkas, Angelos Tzotsos and John Petrogonas Greece

76

7.

Slovenia Web-based GIS system: a case study from Slovenia Daniela Stojanova and Tom Levanic, Slovenia

88

8.

Kosovo Expansion of the population in Kosovo by grid and construction of WEBGIS in Statistical Office of Kosovo Rahman Tara and Idriz Shala, Kosovo

96

9.

Mapping air pollution in urban Tirana area using GIS Manjola Banja, Elvin Como, Bledar Murtaj and Albana Zotaj, Albania

105

10.

An approach to mapping evapotranspiration by meteorological element with application to the territory of Albania Aferdita Laska Merkoci, Gezim Gjata, Miriam Ndini Bogdani, Mirela Dvorani and Edlira Shkurti.Albania

115

11.

Spatial data for better government of large cities – Bulgarian case Maria NIikolova, Bulgaria

133

12.

Spatial Information in Megacity Management Paul Kelly, Australia, Robin Mclaren, Scotland and Hartmut Mueller, Germany

144

8 / 10

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES 2010” 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com; [email protected]

13.

Spatial Information Management and the current rapid processes of urbanization Yerach Doytsher, Israel, Paul Kelly Australia, Rafic Khouri, France, Robin Mclaren, Scotland, Hartmut Mueller Germany and Chryssy Potsiou, Greece

158

14.

Urban Management: Availability of technical tools development Chryssy POTSIOU, Greece and Yerach DOYTSHER, Israel

175

15.

The infrastructure for spatial information in the European community vs. regional SDI: the shortest way for reaching economic and social development Mauro Salvemini, Italy

198

16.

Regional GI cluster in support to the SDI development Anders Ostman and Jan Bjerkman, Sweden

209

17.

Some issues to be taken into consideration while developing a NSDI in the Republic of Macedonia Dimo Todorovski, Macedonia

218

18.

Deploying SMEs Engagement in SDI implementation Luka Jovicic, Serbia

226

19.

Increasing accessibility and interoperability of soil data by building up an INSPIRE compliant European spatial data infrastructure Katharina Feiden, Fred Kruse, Germany, Zhenya Valcheva, and Georgi Georgiev, Bulgaria

238

20.

Kosovo forest inventory project 2002-2003 Ferim Gashi, Kosovo

249

21.

Overview on global map as contributor of GSDI Bashkim Idrizi, Macedoina, Murat Meha, Kosovo, Pal Nikolli, Albania and Ismail Kabashi Kosovo

259

22.

Some Alternative Solutions For Open Source SDI Arnaud Deleurme, Greece

277

23.

Geoportal Solutions Based On Esri Gis Platform In Southeast Europe Dejan Krstevski, Macedonia

288

24.

Homogeneous Coordinate Frames Vs. Existing Inhomogeneous Data Gerhard Navratil, Austria, Ismail Kabashi, Kosovo and Michaela Ragobnic, Austria

306

25.

The Coordinate Reference Systems Of Spatial Data Infrastructures In Albania Pal Nikolli, Albania, and Bashkim Idrizi, Macedonia

319

9 / 10

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES 2010” 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com; [email protected]

26.

Development And Implementation Of New It System For Real Estate Cadastre Of The Republic Of Macedonia Dusan Fajfar, Vasja Kavcic, and Damijan Ravnik, Slovenia

336

27.

Spatial Data Infrastructure For Real Estate Administration Based On Satellite Data Subija Izeirovski, Igor Nedelkovski, Macedonia Pece Gorsevski USA and Kujtim Xhila, Macedonia

347

28.

Multipurpose Land Information Systems - An Albanian Perspective Pal Nikolli, Albania, Bashkim Idrizi, Macedonia, Ismail Kabashi, Kosovo and Sonila Papathimiu, Albania

365

29.

The Creation Of Information System For The Unfinished Land Consolidation Of 1983/89 In Kosovo Murat Meha, Kosovo and Bashkim Idrizi, Macedonia

380

30.

Administrative Protection Of The Confidentiality Of Spatial Information In The Republic Of Macedonia Temelko Risteski, Macedonia

390

31.

Spatial Classification Of Land Parcels In Land Administration Systems Halil Ibrahim Inan, Arif Cagdas Aydinoglu, Tahsin Yomralioglu,Turkey

405

32.

Sponsors of the conference

414

10 / 10

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

DETAILED SURVEY CONCERNING INSPIRE COORDINATION, FUNDING AND SHARING MEASURES IN SOUTH-EAST EUROPE Joep CROMPVOETS 1, Danny VANDENBROUCKE 2, Zorica NEDOVIĆ-BUDIĆ 3, Dimo TODOROVSKI 4 ABSTRACT In order to have better information concerning the current status of INSPIRE-implementation and implementation process, a survey was distributed to the National Contact Points in November 2009. The survey aimed to collect information on the transposition of the INSPIRE-directive, the set-up of coordination structures and specific INSPIRE bodies, the way they work and the way tasks are distributed amongst the stakeholders. The survey also collected information on the strategy developed for a smooth implementation of INSPIRE, the measures taken to fund specific aspects related to the set-up of INSPIRE components (e.g. budget for coordination body, for Implementing Rules on Metadata, for harmonising and transforming existing data sets) and the measures taken to improve data and service sharing, including the encountered or expected problems. The survey was based on a questionnaire with open and closed questions. Because some of the questions were open, it is likely that the responses are not compatible as a result. The answers to the questions were received in the months of January – March 2010. This paper focuses on the survey results concerning the EU-member states Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia, and EU-candidates Croatia, Macedonia, Turkey of SouthEast Europe. The survey results are presented in the following way: Transposition status of INSPIRE, Implementation strategy, Coordination and Cooperation, Measures to improve data and service sharing, and Other questions. At the end, the main results are summarised. Key words: INSPIRE, NSDI, Transposition, Coordination, Data and service sharing

1

Dr. Joep CROMPVOETS, [email protected] Public Management Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, www.publicmanagement.be Tel.: +32 16 323134, Fax: +32 15 323611. Parkstraat 45, bus 3609, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium 2 Danny VANDENBROUCKE, [email protected] Spatial Application Division Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, http://sadl.kuleuven.be/ Tel.: +32 16 329731, Fax: +32 16 329724. Celestijnenlaan 200e, bus 02411, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium 3 Prof. Zorica NEDOVIĆ-BUDIĆ, [email protected] University College Dublin, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy, http://www.ucd.ie/gpep/index.html Tel.: +353 (0)17162753, Fax: +353 (0)17162788. Richview Campus - Planning Building, Clonskeagh Road, Dublin 14, Ireland 4 Dimo TODOROVSKI, MSc, [email protected], [email protected] Researcher in Land Administration Domain Mob.: +389 70 461 450, Pavle Ilik 2/3-12, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

1

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

1. INTRODUCTION The European Commission launched the INSPIRE initiative in 2001. With this initiative the European Union wants to contribute to the development of a European Spatial Data Infrastructure. The aim of this infrastructure is to allow the public sector users at the European, national and sub-national level to share easily spatial data from a wide range of sources in an interoperable way for the execution of a variety of public tasks. In order to have a common legal basis throughout Europe, the European Commission drafted a proposal for a Directive in 2004: “Establishing an infrastructure for spatial information in the Community (INSPIRE)”. After intensive discussions between the Commission, the Parliament and the Council, the final Directive was adopted on 25 April 2007 (European Commission, 2007). From the very beginning, it was recognised that INSPIRE should build upon the existing components of the emerging SDIs at national and sub-national level. In order to have a better view on the status and development of these SDIs, the Commission launched a study in 2002 which is known as INSPIRE State of Play (Vandenbroucke et al. 2008). The study collects information on NSDIs in EU, EU Candidate en EFTA countries according to the components as described in the GSDI cookbook (Nebert, 2004). In order to have better information concerning the current status of INSPIREimplementation and implementation process, a survey was distributed to the National Contact Points in November 2009. The survey aimed to collect information on the transposition of the INSPIRE-directive, the set-up of coordination structures and specific INSPIRE bodies, the way they work and the way tasks are distributed amongst the stakeholders. The survey also collected information on the strategy developed for a smooth implementation of INSPIRE, the measures taken to fund specific aspects related to the set-up of INSPIRE components (e.g. budget for coordination body, for Implementing Rules on Metadata, for harmonising and transforming existing data sets) and the measures taken to improve data and service sharing, including the encountered or expected problems. The survey was based on a questionnaire with open and closed questions. Because some of the questions were open, it is likely that the responses are not compatible as a result. The answers to the questions were received in the months of January – March 2010. This paper focuses on the survey results concerning the EU-member states Bulgaria (BG), Cyprus (CY), Greece (GR), Hungary (HU), Romania (RO), Slovenia (SI), and EU-candidates Croatia (HR), Macedonia (MK), Turkey (TR) of South-East Europe. The survey results are presented in the following way: Chapter 2. Transposition status of INSPIRE, Chapter 3. Implementation strategy, Chapter 4. Coordination and Cooperation, Chapter 5. Measures to improve data and service sharing, and Chapter 6. Other questions. At the end, the main results are summarised. Finally, it is important to mention that the presented figures are directly copied from the answers given by the National Contact Points and no revisions have made.

2

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

2. TRANSPOSITION STATUS The INSPIRE Directive came into operation on 15 May 2007, and member states were given two years from this date to complete the tasks of transposing its provision into national legislation. Related to this issue, the following questions were asked: - What is the status of the transposition of the INSPIRE Directive? (Table 1) - What were the main problems to overcome during the transposition phase? (Table 2) - Which were the articles of the Directive that caused the biggest headaches? (Table 3) Below the main results of these three questions are presented (Tables 1, 2 and 3). Table 1a: Status INSPIRE Transposition by country Country Status BG Final text voted CY Final text GR Draft text HR Partly transposed HU Final text voted MK Nothing RO Final text published SI Final text voted TR Draft text Table 1b: Summary of Status INSPIRE Transposition (8) Nothing 1 Partly transposed 1 Draft text 2 Final text 1 Final text voted 3 Final text published 1 From the figures (in Table 1), it appears that only in one country (RO) a Final text is published regarding the INSPIRE Transposition, a high variety in status of INSPIREtransposition across South-East Europe exists, and INSPIRE-transposition also a SouthEast European activity is. Table 2a: Main problems to overcome during transposition phase by country. Country Problems BG Coordination + No clear Implementing Rules CY Coordination GR Coordination + Data sharing policies + Legislation (no legal framework) HR HU No clear Implementing Rules MK RO Coordination + Institutionalisation + Transposition law 3

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 SI TR

Coordination + No clear Implementing Rules Coordination

Table 2b: Summary of Main problems to overcome during transposition phase (7) Coordination 6 Transposition law 1 No clear Implementing Rules 3 Institutionalisation 1 Data sharing policies 1 Legislation (privacy + data protection; security + confidentiality; No Legal framework) 1 From these figures (in Table 2), it appears that the setting up of coordinate structures and related arrangements have caused the main problems. Moreover, it appears that the Implementing Rules have also caused some problems. Table 3a: Articles of the Directive causing headaches by country Country Articles that caused headaches BG CY Article 7 GR Article 19 (organisational structure) + Article 17 on data pricing and licencing HR HU Article 13, 14 and 17 MK RO Unclear definition of public authorities SI Article 17 TR Table 3b: Summary of Articles of the Directive causing headaches (5) No response 4 Article 17 3 Article 14 1 Article 19 1 Article 13 1 Article 7 1 From the figures (in Table 3), it appears that Article 17 referring to Data Sharing has caused the biggest headaches. The high No response is remarkable. Additional comments from the countries related to this Article issues are: - GR. Article 19: it is very difficult to set up a new organisational structure serving the needs of implementing INSPIRE, because of the high fragmentation of responsibilities and activities throughout the public sector and the non-existence of an operational framework for NSDI.

4

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 -

-

HU. Article 13: it was difficult to decide the limiting rules which could be set up in the public access to spatial data sets and services related to paragraph 1, because of collisions with the Hungarian data protection regulation. Article 14: it caused many problems whether the spatial data services referred to in points (b), (c), (d) and (e) of Article 11 may be ensured free of charges or not, since the Hungarian data protection rules are more permissive. Article 17: it was the same problem mentioned referring to Article 14 whether the data-sharing between the public authorities may be ensured free of charges or not. RO. Article 3, number 3 (“public authority”): this definition has a different meaning in RO. SI. Article 17: a common pricing policy was not regulated.

3. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY The next questions deal with the strategies developed for a smooth implementation of INSPIRE: - Is there a strategy document regarding the INSPIRE implementation? On organizational issues? On technological aspects? Is there an implementation plan (different from the strategic document(s)) that describes the implementation steps? (Table 4) - Who has been involved in developing this strategy? (Table 5) - Is the funding policy defined for INSPIRE-implementation? (Table 6) - Is the funding for the coordinating body.structure, metadata creation, data harmonisation/transformation, service development, setting-up registers? (Table 7) - What are the sources of the funding? (Table 8) Below the main results of these five questions are presented (Tables 4 – 8). Table 4a: Strategy documents & Implementation plan by country Strategy document Organisational Technological Implementation plan BG Yes Yes Yes CY No Partly No GR No No Yes HR Partly Partly Partly HU No No No MK No No No RO No No No SI No No No TR Yes Yes Yes Table 4b: Summary of Strategy documents & Implementation plan (9) Strategy document (Organisational) Yes 2 No 6 Partly 1 5

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Strategy document (Technological) Yes 2 No 5 Partly 2 Implementation plan Yes 3 No 5 Partly 1 From the figures (in Table 4), it appears that most countries have any Strategy documents or Implementation plans regarding INSPIRE (except BG, HR, TR). In GR, only an Implementation plan has been written. Additional comments from the countries related to these strategy documents and implementation plans are: - CY. A new strategy is promoted. A new project covers the strategic upgrade of the currently applied Integrated Land Information System into a National Land Information System providing the Cyprian NSDI. A pilot project using “real live” data will be implemented, and a total of 5 land related agencies will be linked together for sharing and exchanging spatial data. Special provisions will ensure that the whole project will be implemented according to INSPIRE. - RO. The Contact Point for INSPIRE is setting up a project financed by EU Structure Funds in order to develop a RO INSPIRE strategy. Table 5a: Involved in developing strategy by country Commercial & National EU government State Local Utility Universities Institutes professional users BG X X X X CY X X GR HR X X X X X X X HU MK RO X SI X X X TR X Table 5b: Summary of Involved in developing strategy (6) EU 2 National government 6 State 1 Local 1 Utilities 1 Universities 2 Institutes (public & private) 3 6

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Commercial & professional users

2

From the figures (in Table 5), it appears that the National governments are the main organisations in the region that are involved in developing strategies. (Public & private) institutes, Universities, and commercial & Professional users are also involved. In two countries, the EU is involved (BG, HR). Table 6a: Funding policy for INSPIRE Implementation by country Funding policy BG No CY No GR No HR Partly HU Yes MK No RO No SI No TR Yes

Table 6b: Summary of Funding policy for INSPIRE Implementation (9) Yes 2 Partly 1 No 6 From the figures (in the Table 6), it appears that most countries have no Funding policy (except HU, HR and TR). Additional comments from HU related to these funding policies are: - Since there are a number of INSPIRE data themes that do not have data specifications and the directive does not clarify the scale of the data that has to be included in the services, this makes it almost impossible to determine who are the stakeholders and which datasets are involved. Thus cost calculation is very uncertain. It is difficult to start implementing such a work without a proper cost-benefit analysis, so the HUNAGI (Hungarian Association for Geo Information) was asked to perform this analysis. The result of this analysis is that the full implementation of the INSPIRE directive will cost around HUF 9,140,329,000 (± €34,000,000). Table 7a: Funding for … (by country) Coordinating Metadata body/structure Creation BG CY X GR HR X

7

Data harmonisation

Service development

Setting-up registers

X

X

X

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 HU MK RO SI TR

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Table 7b: Summary Funding for … (5) Coordinating body/structure Metadata creation Data harmonisation Service development Setting up registers

X

4 2 3 3 2

From the figures (in the Table 7), it appeared that funding is mainly needed for Coordinating body/structure. Funding is sometimes also needed for Metadata creation, Data harmonisation, Service development and Setting up registers. In addition, finding multiple activities is common practice. Table 8a: Funding sources by country International governments BG CY GR HR HU MK RO SI TR

National State Funds/Grant Private sector governm. governm. Provincial Agencies (Inter)national donations X X X

X X

X X

X X X

X X

Table 8b: Summary Funding sources (9) International governments National governments State governments Provincial Agencies Fund/grant (inter)national Private sector donations

0 6 1 0 2 3 0

From the figures (in the Table 8), it appears that National government is the main source of funding, National funds/grants are sometimes used for funding the INSPIREimplementation funding, and many countries have multiple sources to fund the

8

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 INSPIRE-implementation. In TR, a publicly owned / privately operated company (Turksat Corp. Inc.) is the main source of funding.

4. COORDINATION AND COOPERATION The next questions deal with the coordination and cooperation issues related to the implementation of the INSPIRE-directive: - What is the name of the specific coordinating structure/body established to implement INSPIRE? (Table 9) - Is an existing organisation appointed to take the lead or act as coordinating body? (Table 10) - How many stakeholders are involved in the coordination? (Table 11) - Which levels of authority are involved in the coordination? (Table 12) - Which organisations are the most active in complying with INSPIRE? (Table 13) - Are there organisations (both public and private) that changed their internal structures in order to cope with INSPIRE? (Table 14) Below the main results related to six questions are presented (Tables 9 – 14). Table 9: Name INSPIRE coordination body by country Name BG CY GR HR HU MK RO SI TR

INSPIRE Management Board National SDI Council, NSDI Board, NSDI Workgroups National Coordinating Committee for environmental spatial information Council for National Infrastructure for Spatial Information National Contact Point

From the figures (in the Table 9), it appears that a high diversiy of names exist referring to same type of body. It is unknown what the names of the coordination bodies (if they exist) are in BG, GR, MK and TR). Table 10a: Existing organisation appointed to take the lead by country BG Ministry of Transport, Information Technology and Communications CY Ministry of Interior GR HR State Geodetic Administration H U Ministry of Environment and Water M K RO National Agency for Cadastre and Land Registration 9

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 SI

Ministry of Environment and spatial planning General Directorate for Land Registry & Cadastre within Ministry of TR Development & Housing Table 10b: Summary of Existing organisation appointed to take the lead (7) Mapping agencies 2 Ministries 5 From the figures (in the Table 10), it appears that ministries and mapping agencies are the organisations appointed to take the lead in the implementation of INSPIRE. In two countries (GR, MK), the organisations appointed to take the lead are unknown. In two other countries, the Ministries of Environment are appointed to take the lead (HU, SI). Table 11: Number of stakeholders involved by country # Stakeholders BG CY 7 GR 14 HR 16 HU MK RO 20 SI TR 32 Table 11b: Summary of Number of stakeholders involved (5) Minimum 7 Maximum 32 Median 16 From the figures (in the Table 11), it appears that the number of stakeholders involved ranges from 7 to 32 organisations, and that several countries are not able to provide the number. Table 12a: Involved levels in coordination by country National Regional Local BG X CY X GR HR X X X HU X MK X RO X X SI X TR X X 10

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Table 12b: Summary of Involved levels in coordination (8) National 8 Regional 1 Local 3 From the figures (in the Table 12), it appears that the National level is the dominant level in coordination. GR is the only EU member state where the national government is (still) not involved. In 5 countries, only the national level is involved (BG, CY, HU, MK, SI). Table 13a: Most active organisations by country BG Environment CY Mapping agencies, Ministries, Environment, Statistics, Geology, Post, Utilities GR Mapping agencies HR Mapping agencies, Ministries, Private sector companies HU Mapping agencies, Ministries, Regions MK RO Mapping agencies, Ministries SI Mapping agencies, Ministries, Environment, Statistics TR Ministries, publicly owned/privately operating company Table 13b: Summary of Most active organisations (8) Mapping agencies 7 Ministries 5 Regions 1 Environment 3 Statistics 2 Geology 1 Post 1 Utilities 1 Private sector companies 1 Publicly owned / privately operating companies 1 From the figures (in the Table 13), it appears that the Mapping agencies are the most active organisations in the region, but Ministries and Environmental protection agencies are also active. In addition, the long list of active organisation types is remarkable. Table 14a: Internal structure change within organisations in order to cope with INSPIRE by country BG No, too early CY No GR No 11

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 HR HU MK RO SI TR

Yes Yes Yes No Yes

Table 14b: Summary of Internal structure change within organisations in order to cope with INSPIRE (8) No, too early 1 No 3 Yes 4 From the figures (in the Table 13), it appears that several countries have experienced internal structure change within organisations in order to cope with INSPIRE. The most internal structure changes happen at the mapping agencies (HR, HU, RO, TR). For example, the HR mapping agency State Geodetic Administration has changed its organizational structure, and a NSDI-section is introduced. In addition, the TR General Directorate for Land Registry & Cadastre within Ministry of Development & Housing has also experienced some changes

5. MEASURES TO IMPROVE DATA AND SERVICE SHARING In order to improve the data and service sharing, specific measures have been taken. The following two questions deal with these measures:\ - How is access to spatial data sets falling under one of the 34 INSPIRE theme regulated? (Table 15) - Are any of the reasons that can be invoked - according to the Directive – to limit public access to certain data sets currently applied? (Table 16) It is important to remark that the results are not dataset specific, but cover all the relevant data sets together. In this way, the results have to be only interpreted as an indication regarding the application of the access regulations across Europe, and the existing reasons for limited public data access across Europe. Below the main results related to the two questions are presented (Tables 15 – 16). Table 15a: Access regulation by country Unrestricted Unavailable for public access external use BG CY GR HR X HU X X MK 12

Selective/limited Ad hoc/ by individual by policy request X X X

X X

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 RO SI TR

X

X X

X

Table 15b: Summary Access regulation (6) Unrestricted public access Unavailable for external use Selective /limited by policy Ad hoc / by individual request

3 2 4 3

From the figures (in the Table 15), it appears that the “Selective/limited by policy” is the most frequently used access regulation, and that “Unavailable for external use” is the least frequently used access regulation. Moreover, it appears that in many countries multiple access regulation types are applied. Additional comment from HR related to Access regulation is: - Several datasets (alphanumerical cadastral and land registry data, agricultural land subsidy system data) are available via web-browsers free of charge to any user (www.katastar.hr , www.pravosudjel.hr, www.arkod.hr). In accordance to the respective laws and by-laws for some datasets a fee is charged (like topographical maps etc.). These datasets are all available without restrictions, but a fee has to be paid. Table 16a: Reasons for limited public data access by country Confidentia lity of the proceeding s of public authorities BG CY GR HR HU MK RO SI TR

International relations, Cou Confidentiali Intelle Confid Protection of Protect ctual entialit information ion of ty of rse public the provided on y of commercial proper of security or persona a voluntary enviro ty just or industrial national nment basis ice information rights l data defence X

X

X X X

X

X X X

X X

X

Table 16b: Summary of Reasons for limited public data access (5) Confidentiality of the proceedings of public authorities 1 International relations, public security or national defence 3 Course of justice 0 Confidentiality of commercial or industrial information 2 Intellectual property rights 2 13

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Confidentiality of personal data Protection of information provided on a voluntary basis Protection of the environment

3 0 1

From the figures (in the Table 16), it appears that many reasons are applicable for limited public data access, and the key reasons for limited public data access are International relations, public security or national defence, and Confidentiality of personal data (privacy). Other important reasons for limited public data access are Confidentiality of commercial or industrial information, and Intellectual property rights. Finally, it is remarkable that three countries ticked none of the presented reasons (BG, MK, TR).

6. OTHER QUESTIONS The last remaining questions deal with the establishment of the National Geo-portal and the INSPIRE. The corresponding questions are: - Is a National Geo-portal established, in the sense of a single entry point to data and services, for INSPIRE? (Table 17) - What is the main success that INSPIRE has achieved so far? (Table 18) Below the main results related to these two questions are presented (Tables 17 – 18). Table 17a: Establishment of National Geo-portal by country BG No CY No GR No HR No HU No MK No RO No SI Yes TR No Table 17b: Summary of Establishment of National Geo-portal (9) Yes 1 No 8 From the figures (in the Table 17), it appears clearly that not many countries have established a National Geo-portal. Only SI established a National Geoportal. The Number of datasets discovered, Number of datasets viewed, and Number of datasets downloaded are respectively, 30, 30 and 15. Table 18a: Main INSPIRE Success by country BG Spatial data awareness, Capacity building CY New law for data sharing/access GR 14

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 HR HU Spatial data awareness, NSDI-awareness MK RO SI Harmonisation, Process coordination between data providers and users TR Spatial data awareness, Feasibility study Table 18b: Summary of Main INSPIRE Success(5) Spatial data awareness (N)SDI-awareness Harmonisation data providers/users SDI-Capacity building Legislation for data sharing Spatial data harmonisation Feasibility study

3 1 1 1 1 1 1

From the figures (in the Table 18), it appears that the list of INSPIRE successes is (still) rather short, and that the increase of the awareness of the strengths of spatial data use is the main success of INSPIRE in the region. It also appears that most successes are nontechnological. Finally, it is remarkable that four countries were not able to mention any INSPIRE success (GR, HR, MK, RO).

7. SUMMARY Having a look to the results, the current status of the INSPIRE-implementation in South-East Europe, in particular concerning the INSPIRE-coordination, funding and sharing measures, can be characterised as follows: - Transposition of INSPIRE is not completed in most countries - Coordination structures and related arrangements appear to be problematic - Most countries have any Strategy document or Implementation plans regarding INSPIRE-implementation - National governments are the organisations involved in developing strategies - Most countries have no Funding policy for INSPIRE-implementation - Funding is mainly used for financing the Coordination bodies/structures - The Funding source is the National government - Ministries and mapping agencies are the organisations appointed to take the lead in the INSPRE implementation process - A significant number of Stakeholders are involved in the coordination - The National level is the level involved in the coordination - Most active organisations are the Mapping agencies - ‘Selective/Limited by policy’ is the most commonly applied measure for Access Regulation - Security and Privacy issues are the main reasons for limited public access - Not many National Geo-portals have been established in the region - The main INSPIRE success so far is the increase of the awareness of the strengths of spatial data use

15

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 In order to interpret the meaning of the survey results for the future INSPIREimplementation in the region of South-East Europe, it is necessary to analyse the results in more detail. Therefore, more research to analyse the results is strongly needed.

8. REFERENCES European Commission. (2007). Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an infrastructure for spatial information in the Community (INSPIRE). Official Journal of the European Union 326:12-30. Nebert, D.D., ed. (2004). Developing spatial data infrastructures: The SDI cookbook. Version 2.0. Reston, Va: FGDC. www.gsdi.org. Vandenbroucke, D., Janssen, K., J. Van Orshoven. (2008). INSPIRE State of Play: Generic approach to assess the status of NSDIs. In A Multi-View Framework to Assess Spatial Data Infrastructures, eds. J. Crompvoets, A. Rajabifard, B. van Loenen, T. Delgado Fernández. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press

16

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

BUILD-UP OF A BUSINESS MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE NSDI Vlado CETL 1, Ivan LANDEK 2, Ante RONČEVIĆ 3 ABSTRACT Experiences from most countries worldwide show that initial funds for setting up the first generation NSDI come from the state budget. However, the NSDI development process has several phases, including implementation, maintenance and further development, which requires a long-term stable finance mechanism. Therefore, a short-term finance mechanism can rely on the state budget, but for sustainable development it is necessary to define a long-term one. Development stage of the existing NSDI is closely related to this. In the early phase of the NSDI set-up, it is not possible to gain benefits alongside reasonable costs, and financial support is necessary. In this phase it is unlikely to expect bigger engagement from the private sector, and the financing relies on the state budget. Further development and the move from the 1st-generation to 2nd-generation NSDI marks its ability to stimulate productivity and the spatial data and service market, to achieve benefits and contribute to the overall society welfare. Support for this process is achieved through building a business model for sustainable partnership and a business network, and for functioning joint services. This paper gives theoretical views of the build-up of an NSDI business model, as well as practical experiences of the work group for building the NSDI business model in Croatia. Key words: NSDI, business model, Croatia.

1. INTRODUCTION Over 80 % of all available information includes a spatial component (Ryttersgard 2001), which calls for more efficient management of spatial data at all society levels. From local to global level, there is a need for simpler access to spatial data, their integration and use. Organization of spatial records and their distribution leads to development of a spatial data infrastructure (SDI) at national, regional and global levels. Each higher level consists of one or more elements of a lower level and besides the vertical connection between specific levels, there are some firm, complex horizontal connections based on the legal and political framework. It is difficult to define the 1

Ph.D. Vlado CETL, [email protected] Institution, Faculty of Geodesy, www.geof.hr Tel.: +385 1 4639-191, Gsm.: +385 91 5021-888, Fax: +385 1 4828-081. Kaciceva, 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. 2 Ivan LANDEK, dipl. ing., [email protected] State Geodetic Administration, www.dgu.hr Tel.: +385 1 6165-422, Gsm.: +385 98 382-620, Fax: +385 1 6165-430. Horvatova, 82, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. 3 MSc Ante RONČEVIĆ, dipl. oecc., [email protected] Croatian Radiotelevision, www.hrt.hr Tel.: +385 1 6343-186, Gsm.: +385 98 354-643, Fax: +385 1 6343-850. Prisavlje, 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. 17

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 extent of thoroughness of data that will satisfy users’ needs at specific levels. Considering the hierarchy and needs, the given data are mostly an agreement between all available data at different levels. Results of the research done in Rajabifard et al. (2000) show that a national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI) plays a key role in the development and implementation of other levels. The initiatives taken are aimed at an unlimited, quick, single and simple access to spatial data and services for all interested users. Also, what is common to all initiatives is the economic aspect of NSDI, ie. importance and effect on the economic development of countries taking part in its implementation (Cetl, 2007). The initiators are mostly governments or competent ministries, which means that establishment of an SDI is not only in the interest of spatial data users, but is a priority for the whole society (Cetl et al., 2002). From today's perspective, the SDI development can be divided into two generations (Masser, 2005). The first generation was primarily oriented towards technical issues and data as final products (product-oriented). In this phase it was unlikely to expect bigger engagement from the private sector, and the financing relied mainly on the state budget. The second generation has been oriented towards users and services (service-oriented). Today spatial data users not only want to access data, but also use various services and analyses, which includes combining different heterogeneous spatial databases and other sources. A prerequisite for this new, user- and service-oriented SDI generation is interoperability. From the financial point of view 2nd-generation NSDI marks its ability to stimulate productivity and the spatial data and service market, to achieve benefits and contribute to the overall society welfare. The market for spatial data, information and services has undergone major changes, with the Internet and E-commerce as business drivers. Today we can often see every day some new products and services specified by spatial data users for a specific use. Just few years ago only producers were able to specify the content and quality of an available product. The shift from a situation where the national mapping agencies almost had a monopoly to a market with a widely distributed supply chain demands new business models, new prizing algorithms, clarified rules for copyright, standardized product specifications and access to metadata and it demands partnership and strategic partnerships between the possible players in the spatial information arena (Ryttersgaard and Ives, 2001). The emergence of Google Earth and Google Maps has created a geo-awareness and has catalyzed a thirst for custom spatial data and services (Donker, 2009). The greatest producers but also the greatest users of spatial data and services are governments. They often possess high-quality large-scale spatial data, primarily collected, developed and maintained to support public tasks. This rich source of spatial data asks to be used and reused both within the public sector and by the whole society. There is no doubt that simple access to geospatial data is the key prerequisite for an efficient and economically prosperous society. According to this, Croatia started an NSDI improvement to achieve benefits from usage of spatial data and services. One of the tasks in the process of improvement is creating of a sustainable business model. In this paper it will be presented some theoretical aspects of NSDI business model, as well as practical experiences of the work group for building the NSDI business model in Croatia. 18

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

2. NSDI FINANCIAL ASPECTS The NSDI development is complex. It is a joint effort involving stakeholders from different levels of government, the private sector, academia and the professions. Individuals or groups may each play a single but different role or take on multiple roles. This is very much determined by one’s positioning and business model in the spatial information industry (Chan et al, 2005). An SDI at the national level is very important to a nation’s development and requires a strong political will and contributions from all sectors of the society for its successful implementation (Giff and Coleman, 2002). An SDI may be viewed as a Classic Infrastructure providing public goods since spatial information displays a majority of the characteristics associated with public goods. 2.1. Business case The NSDI must not be developed hastily, but a clear vision is needed, which is to be based on organizational, human and financial resources (Cetl et al., 2009a). How much NSDI cost and is it possible to realistically estimate all the costs necessary for its building, improvement and maintenance, plus the costs of all connected activities? The answer to this question requires an accurate definition of the SDI parts and all included subjects, as well as drawing up a business case the crucial component of which should be financing models. A business case structure has 7 steps (Centre for International Economics, 2000) (Figure 1).

Figure 1. A business case structure for NSDI

The role of a business case is defining the source, size and all other factors influencing the development and demand of a product. In the NSDI context a business model has to identify all economic and social benefits. Also, effective methods should be developed 19

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 which will demonstrate usefulness to different types of investors. Finding the most efficient financing mechanism is achieved through analyzing and testing different models in different conditions. Such analyses should give answers to and guidelines for key financial questions: 1. Where and when to look for sources of financing? 2. What are the connections between different sources? 3. How to present the financing concept in the best way to the Government and other financial subjects (banks and private sector)? 4. How to organize financing for efficient implementation (financing of different phases)? 5. What is the time period for financing? 6. What is the effect of financing on the pricing and fee policies? Defining everything included in the NSDI includes the costs of its improvement and other connected activities. The sources and amount of costs can be seen through several factors: 1. Costs of collecting spatial data and/or their maintenance; 2. Costs of physical infrastructure (net resources); 3. Costs of adjusting data to appropriate norms, creation of metadata and catalogue; 4. Costs of people: 5. Other costs. Unlike the costs that can be estimated and approximated to a high degree of accuracy, a benefit estimate is more complex. The reason for this is a possible big number of different applications and users who, by using spatial data and information, create further improvement and revenue in their organizations, which indirectly affects the whole society (Cetl, 2007). Rightly or wrongly it is often claimed that the "real" benefits of SDI are better decision- making, improved policy outcomes, more flexible access to data or some other so-called soft benefit (Wishart, 2009). Doing cost-benefit analyses for the needs of NSDI is not simple and around the world there are very few extensive cost/benefit and RoI (Return on Investment) studies (Cetl et al, 2008a). It is certain that we cannot tell who and what all is included in the creation of NSDI, what costs these activities make, and what all sources of financing are necessary. Some existing cost-benefit analyses result in the ratio from 1:3 to 1:4. According to Roger Longhorn (2009) the RoI ratio for an SDI or SDI like activity was never less than 1:1! So it is unquestionable that the NSDI improvement results in financial benefits for all subjects included in the process and the society as a whole. 2.2. Business model After defining a business case, a business model should be defined. Business model is a method of doing business by which a company can sustain itself – ie. generate revenue. Revenue is an income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. A business model describes the strategies implemented to achieve this goal. A business case or a financial model is an essential part of the business model.

20

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Setting up an efficient NSDI requires creating a business model in close correlation to an implementation model (Wagner 2005) (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Correlation between an implementation and a business model

A business model defines business goals of the infrastructure. It also has to clearly define roles of all NSDI subjects for business processes within the NSDI, and enable a short-term and long-term sustainable financing and development. One of the important issues in NSDI business model is also a question of appropriate pricing policy. The question whether public bodies can charge for making their spatial data available has been a constantly returning item on the NSDI agenda for years. Spatial data can be used by public bodies for performing their public tasks, by the private sector for creating commercial products, or by citizens for participating in their national democracy or holding their government accountable. The arguments that are used to defend either cost recovery or open access policies will have a higher or lower value depending on this purpose of use (Janssen et al., 2009). The ratio between prices of public information and charges for their usage is very complex. Influences on that ratio are at least from market but much more from social, political and very often subjective criteria (Cetl et al., 2008b). Generally, there are three basic models for charging spatial data dissemination: 1. Full cost recovery – costs of collecting and distributing data are fully defined and covered 2. Partial return on investment – costs of distribution and part of investment costs are defined and covered. This differs depending on whether it is a private, commercial or noncommercial user. Private and commercial users pay more, and noncommercial less or only marginal costs. 3. Model of partial return on the investments in distribution – only distribution costs are defined. There is usually no difference between private, commercial and noncommercial users. Security of data privacy and copyrights should be guaranteed. 4. Free-of-charge access to data. 21

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 There have been debates in Europe in the last years about whether fees should be introduced or free access granted, as for example in the USA. A majority advocates free access and unlimited use of all data which the public administration possesses, which is supported in academic research as well. However, the other option claims that users generally make bigger pressure if they pay for the given data, which eventually results in a better quality of spatial data. A good example is the model used in the Kingdom of Norway. To be able to consider data which are free for a wider group of users - citizens (it is assumed that use of data will not generate a new product with a new value), it is necessary to close the financing circle so that total costs are divided between the state administration, units of local self-government and big public companies (eg. INA, JANAF, PLINACRO).

3. NSDI IN CROATIA In the last few years there have been different initiatives and activities concerned with the NSDI and most of these were initiated by the State Geodetic Administration (SGA), which is the national mapping and cartographic agency (NMCA). The first legislation concerning the NSDI in Croatia came into force in February 2007 with a new Law on State Survey and Real Estate Cadastre (OG, 2007). A separate chapter defines NSDI as a set of measurements, standards, specifications and services which, within the framework of establishing e-government, aim at enabling effective gathering, managing, exchange and usage of georeferenced spatial data. The Law gives definitions of NSDI and metadata, content of metadata information, services, NSDI data and subjects that are required to participate in its establishment and maintenance, and what is very important, gives an institutional framework and defines NSDI bodies and their responsibilities. It is to be stressed that at the time the Law was being prepared, the INSPIRE directive was in its final phase. Croatia is still a non-EU country and is not required to apply the INSPIRE directive at the moment, but it was decided to use the advantage of INSPIRE being prepared in order to make the information society ready for implementing it at the moment Croatia joins the EU. As a result there is a high compatibility between the Law and the INSPIRE directive (Cetl et al., 2009b). Furthermore, the Law defines an institutional framework, i.e. NSDI bodies at three management levels: NSDI Council, Committee and working groups as well as their obligations (Figure 3).

22

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 3. NSDI institutional framework

The NSDI establishment and coordination of the activities of the NSDI subjects are governed by the NSDI body composed of a chairman and 15 members appointed and relieved of duty by the Croatian Government. The members come from different ministries, state bodies, IT, geodetic and geo-informatics economic community. The NSDI Council promotes the establishment of the spatial data sets and services as well as the establishment and monitoring of the spatial metadata system functioning of the NSDI subjects (Bačić and Rašić, 2009). At the managerial level, there is the SDI Committee appointed by the Council and consisting of three representatives from the Council, two from the SGA and the heads of working groups. The NSDI Committee implements the NSDI establishment policy determined by the NSDI Council, performs the works and tasks delegated by the NSDI Council, coordinates and monitors the work of the working groups and coordinates the implementation activities of the NSDI subjects related to their establishment in accordance with the NSDI Council guidelines. Working groups are temporary or permanent work bodies responsible for the concept and implementation aspects. Their members are representatives of the state authorities at all levels, of users and producers of spatial data, research and educational institutions, etc. These bodies are appointed or dismissed by the NSDI Committee, with approval of the NSDI Council. A prerequisite for forming a body is a clearly defined mission and a detailed execution plan. During 2008 two working groups (WGs) were created: a WG for NSDI technical standards and a WG for spatial data sharing policies. At the end of 2009 three new working groups were created: WG for building the NSDI establishment capacities, WG for linking the NSDI program and e-Government and WG for establishing a business model for the NSDI.

23

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The State Geodetic Administration in the organizational structure is a coordination body, a kind of secretariat, providing continuous support in the NSDI development process, coordinating work of all NSDI bodies, and providing technical support. Its main tasks are: set-up and maintenance of the central NSDI web portal, securing communication support, public relations, services of leading projects, services of quality control, etc. This organizational structure is similar to that in countries like Germany or the Netherlands. 3.1. WG for establishing a business model for the NSDI The Croatian vision of NSDI concluded that spatial data and services should be treated as economic goods, produced and integrated in the value chains and as such an object of trade. Market mechanisms will be used to coordinate the supply and demand of products based on spatial data. Due to complexity of tasks which are to be realized to set conditions for a market treatment of public spatial data, it is necessary to network three types of partners: • infrastructure management, • content management, • sales management. Precisely with this aim the NSDI Council decided on 8 July 2009 to form a WG for establishing an NSDI business model. The first meeting of the WG was held on 20 October 2009. The working group has a director and 28 members. A response to participate in the group outdid all expectations and this WG has the most members in comparison to others which have 10 members on average. The WG members come from the state administration, ministries, academia and private sector. The WG is organized as one operational WG and three subgroups. The operational WG has a director and three representatives from each subgroup, who meet regularly once a month. The WG will develop a model for establishing sustainable partnership and a business network, and for works of joint services such as a catalogue, etc. It should be emphasized that this WG is doing a pioneering work because similar WGs in other countries are also in the early phases of work. The activities which the WG is doing at the moment are: • enabling exchange of experiences, good examples and other information for efficient implementation of an NSDI business model, • monitoring the activities of implementing INSPIRE, • collaboration with other working groups within the NSDI establishment, • creating a strategy for building an NSDI business model, • reporting on its work to the NSDI Board and NSDI Council. One of the first goals to be achieved is creating a strategy for NSDI business model, which will be put forward to the NSDI Council, and which should be accepted by the Croatian Government as a national strategy or a white paper.

24

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 3.2. Existing business model for spatial data producing The whole production of official spatial data in Croatia that are under responsibility of SGA has been outsourced and performed by private sector. The Law on State Survey and Real Estate Cadastre confirmed the co-financing model, defining that counties, cities, municipalities and other interested legal and natural persons can participate in the provision of funds for carrying out the state survey and real estate cadastre works. The described process was a prototype of NSDI (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Cooperation model as an NSDI forerunner (Bačić et al, 2008)

The previous model was primarily oriented towards certain ministries, units of local self-government and larger state and public companies. This co-financing model will be continued also with new participants in the upcoming period, given that there is readiness and interest of all stakeholders that have been participating in the co-financing so far. Subjects which sign this agreement with the SGA are given the right to use of official spatial data under the SGA’s authority for the period in which the agreement is in force. Although the described model is functional and efficient, its primary purpose is financing the creation of new spatial data and updating the existing data. Also, the agreement is signed for a fixed time period, and the NSDI requires a long-term stable financing model. For this reason the evolution from the 1st to 2nd generation NSDI requires a bigger engagement of the private sector. Financing mechanisms for the NSDI improvement have to cover a short-term (initial) as well as a long-term (permanent) period. Spatial data and information within the public sector bodies represent public goods, and the aim of NSDI improvement is a support to efficient management and e-government. Besides, it has already been mentioned that 25

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 the Government is generally the biggest user of spatial data. So it can be concluded that initial funds for the improvement should be provided from the state budget. Further financing requires additional sources, and according to research results, the optimal mechanism seems to be public-private partnership (Figure 5).

Figure 5. NSDI financing model (Cetl, 2007)

One of ever more common financing sources for infrastructural projects is publicprivate partnership, which involves cooperation between the public administration bodies and the private sector with the aim of satisfying a public need. In this way, through different methods the private sector can employ its own resources and skills to offer goods and services traditionally provided by the public administration bodies. A bigger engagement of the private sector in the NSDI improvement can be expected only after the initial phase. The reason for this is the achievement of added value, which is the main factor in this sector. The end of the initial period should result in setting up services which will be recognized by the private sector for further investment, which will finance the maintenance and development or the 2nd generation NSDI.

4. CONCLUSIONS Considering the effects and significance of wider interest to the public and society, the NSDI improvement should be regarded as an essential prerequisite and basis for building an overall societal information infrastructure, and as such a public project. This is supported by the fact that most spatial data which make the NSDI frame are public spatial data. Here the important task is to define a business model that will ensure a long-term financing and a sustainable NSDI. Most of the existing 1st generation NSDIs worldwide rely largely on a combination of financing from the state budget. In most cases these financing models were planned for one-time use with no future vision. The first generation NSDI in Croatia also relied exclusively on the state budget. Since the NSDI is currently in a transition phase from the 1st to 2nd generation, this requires the right structuring of financing mechanisms and a much bigger participation of the private sector. This is not possible without an efficient business model, which is the main task of the working group for its building. The existing model which served as the basis for NSDI has to be expanded through bigger engagement of the private sector. The future business model will have to describe an information and communication 26

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 platform, products, business processes, legal aspects, pricing, marketing, support of new businesses and business networks. It will also define concepts and rules for business processes within the NSDI and the participating companies. Creating a pricing policy as part of the business model is also a very important factor in the NSDI improvement. The issue of data price and fees for usage is debatable, but the main NSDI principle should be "as cheap as possible". In line with that there should be a combination of: open access and cost recovery, use of spatial data and services for non-commercial purposes free of charge or with minimum costs of dissemination and maintenance, and charging for commercial purposes.

5. REFERENCES Bačić, Ž., Rašić, Lj., Landek, I., Malnar, N., 2008. Building Croatian Spatial Data Infrastructure in Line with the European Standards. Proceedings of ISPRS Commission IV Congress, Beijing, China. Bačić, Ž., Rašić, Lj., 2009. Croatian SDI: A Tool for Accelerated Development of the Geoconscious Society, Proceedings of FIG Working week, May 3-8, Eliat, Israel. Centre for International Economics, 2000. Scoping the business case for SDI development. The Study prepared for GSDI Steering Committe. Canberra & Sydney, Australia. Cetl, V., Roić, M., Matijević, H., 2002. Internet and Spatial Data Infrastructure - Towards a Spatial Society. Proceedings of 4th CARNet Users Conference - CUC2002, CARNet, Zagreb, Croatia. Cetl, V., 2007. Analysis of improvement of Spatial Data Infrastructure. PhD thesis, Faculty of geodesy, University of Zagreb, Croatia. Cetl, V., Roić, M, Mastelić Ivić, S. 2008a. Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Improvement of Spatial Data Infrastructure – Case Study Croatia, Geodetski vestnik, br. 3. Cetl, V., Roić, M., Rončević, A., 2008b. Društveni i ekonomski aspekti nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka, Društvena istraživanja, br. 3, str. 483.-504. Cetl, V., Roić, M. Mastelić Ivić, S., 2009a. Creation of an NSDI strategy – Case Study Croatia, International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research, Vol 4, pp. 96-110. Cetl, V., Bačić, Ž., Rašić, Lj., 2009b. NSDI Framework in Croatia. GIM International, Vol. 23, Number 12, pp. 18-21. Chan, T., O., Feeney, M., Rajabifard, A., Williamson, I., P., 2001. The dynamic nature of spatial data infrastructures: a method of descriptive classification. Geomatica, vol 1, pp. 65-72. Donker, F., W., 2009. Public Sector Geo Web Services: Which Business Model Will Pay for a Free Lunch. Spatial Data Infrastructure Convergence: Building SDI Bridges to address Global Changes, Proceedings of 11th Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Conference, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Giff, G., Coleman, D., 2002. Funding Models for SDI implementation: from Local to Global. Proceedings of GSDI 6 Conference. Budapest, Hungary. Janssen, K., Dumortier, J., Crompovets, J., 2009. Charging for public sector spatial data: a balancing act on a rope of purpose? Spatial Data Infrastructure Convergence: Building SDI Bridges to address Global Changes, Proceedings of 11th Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Conference, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Longhorn, R., Blakemore, M., 2009. Geographic Information: Value, Pricing, Production and Consumption. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group. Masser, I., 2005. GIS Worlds: Creating spatial data infrastructures. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press. Official Gazette 2007. Law on State Survey and the Real Estate Cadastre, 16. Rajabifard, A., Williamson, I., P., Holland, P., Johnstone, G., 2000. From Local to Global SDI Initiatives: a pyramid to building blocks. Proceedings of 4th Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Conference, Cape Town, South Africa 27

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Ryttersgard, J., 2001. Spatial Data Infrastructure – Developing trends and Challenges. International Conference on Spatial Information for Sustainable Development, Nairobi, Kenya. Ryttersgard, J., Ives, J., C., 2001. FIG Views of GIS and NSDI. Sustainable Development. GSDI for Improved Decision-Making. Proceedings of 5th Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Conference, Cartagena, Colombia. Wagner, R., M., 2005. Need for a Framework SDI Business Model. Joint EuroSDR/EuroGeographics Workshop, BKG Frankfurt, Germany, 23-25 February. Wishart, K. 2009. Building a business case for an SDI. Spatial Data Infrastructure Convergence: Building SDI Bridges to address Global Changes, Proceedings of 11th Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Conference, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Vlado Cetl is an assistant professor on Spatial Information Management/Cadastre at the Faculty of Geodesy in Zagreb. The main fields of his research work are geoinformation, spatial data infrastructures, real estate cadastre and land management. He completed a PhD in 2007 with the thesis “Analysis of improvement of the spatial data infrastructure” at the University of Zagreb. He leads and participates actively in numerous GIS and SDI projects at international and national level and has published several professional and scientific papers. Currently he is a leader of working group for business model in Croatia NSDI, and a member of working group for NSDI technical standards. He is also president of technical committee TO211 in Croatian Standards Institute. Ivan Landek was born on April 6, 1958 in Slavonski Brod where he completed his primary and secondary school education. At the Faculty of Geodesy of the University of Zagreb he graduated in 1984 and after that he worked in the companies of Hidroelektra and Geozavod in Zagreb. In the 1986 – 1989 period he worked as an assistant at the University of Zagreb Faculty of Geodesy. Since 1996 he has been employed at the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia where he first worked as a Deputy Head of the Department for Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Topography, then as a Head of the same Department, and since 2000 he has been Assistant Director-General at the Sector for Topographic Survey and State Maps. Furthermore, between 1997 and 1999 he performed works of the Head of the Commission for Environmental Protection and Physical Planning at the Scientific Council for Remote Sensing and Photointerpretation at the Croatian Academy of Arts and Sciences, and now he is member of Editorial Board. In 2001, he was elected member of Administrative Council of the Croatian Geodetic Institute (CGI) and since 2005 he has been President of this Administrative Council. Since 2007 he has been a representative of the Republic of Croatia at the European Spatial Data Research (Euro SDR), and since 2008 he has been vice-president of the Croatian Cartographic Society (CCS) for the official cartography. He is a member of Croatian Geodetic Society. He is author or co-author of a large number of scientific and professional papers.

28

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Ante Rončević is employed by HRT (Croatian Radiotelevision) in Zagreb as Adviser of General Director. He is a PhD candidate at the Faculty of Economics and Business at The University of Zagreb. He is a external associate at the Faculty of Economics and Business and the Faculty of Geodesy. Main field of his research work are corporation economics, financial market and coordination of macro economical policy. He participates actively in several projects at international and national level and has published more than 40 professional and scientific papers.

29

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

NSDI IN THE CONTEXT OF INSPIRE – SLOVENIA’S STATE OF THE ART AND PRIVATE SECTOR CHALLENGES Božena LIPEJ 1, Darija MODRIJAN 2 ABSTRACT In Slovenia, just recently, Act on Spatial Data Infrastructure was adopted. It defines general rules for establishing infrastructure for spatial information in the Republic of Slovenia, according to the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council, INSPIRE. Infrastructure for spatial information consist of metadata, spatial data sets and spatial data services, network services and technologies, agreements on sharing access and use, and coordination and monitoring mechanisms, processes and procedures, established, operated or made available for the purpose of the law eg. Directive. The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia was nominated as a national contact point for INSPIRE. The Government will nominate an inter-sectoral commission for infrastructure for spatial information that will coordinate all work in the respective field. The formal process has started. In practice, many data users and data providers operate in line with the main INSPIRE principles. But, it is always a question of coordination, management, data quality, data actuality, responsibilities, financial issues and a general aim to move the issues forward. Member States reports that will be prepared for the Commission by 15 May 2010 will show state of the art of activities in the implementation of the directive. In the framework of the NSDI and INSPIRE directive the role of the private sector is not explicitly defined. It is the fact that private sector companies are data providers on one side and data users on the other side. As such, companies are aware of data value and are an indispensable partner in the establishment, maintenance, development and innovation of spatial data infrastructure. It is their challenge and an external, society expectation. The private sector needs to enter into public-private partnership arrangements and to explore the models of partnership cooperation. There need to be more interactions between EuroGeographics, national mapping and cadastral authorities, private sector and NGO’s and other relevant associations, not only in the South East Europe, but at a larger, European scale. Best practices from different countries should be used for supporting better development of NSDIs. Key word: INSPPIRE, NSDI, Public Private Partnership, Slovenia, spatial data infrastructure

1

Ass.Prof.Dr. Božena LIPEJ, [email protected] Geodetski zavod Slovenije d.d., www.gzs-dd.si Tel.: +386 1 6002-800, Fax: +386 1 6002-891. Brodišče 30, 1236 Trzin, Slovenia. 2 Darija MODRIJAN, [email protected] Geodetski zavod Slovenije d.d., www.gzs-dd.si Tel.: +386 1 6002-886, Gsm.: +386 40 842-027, Fax: +386 1 6002-891. Brodišče 30, 1236 Trzin, Slovenia. 30

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

1. INTRODUCTION Europe and its members are increasingly facing challenges which demand radical changes in the economic and environmental fields. A small contribution to harmonization of efforts in the environmental field is also the adoption of the INSPIRE Directive, one of the results of which should be the establishment of NSDIs in the Member States. Public administration, academia, NGOs and personal initiative are facing challenges to respond to the changing and challenging market needs. Private sector has potentials that have to be materialized. Public private partnerships (PPP) have to be strengthened and PPP arrangements need to go beyond traditional contracts. There needs to be some sharing of risks, benefits and rewards, designed to create a collaborate effort to drive forward real advances in public services. Directive-oriented implementation has not yet begun in Slovenia; however the development in this direction has been planned, developed and monitored for several years.

2. IMPLEMENTATION OF INSPIRE DIRECTIVE INSPIRE directive provides general rules needed for the establishment of the infrastructure for spatial information in the European Community, for the purposes of Community environmental policies and policies or activities which may have an impact on environment (EUR-LEX,2010). In Slovenia the transposition phase is in process with adoption of a new law in February 2010, where The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia (SMCA) have a leading role. SMCA has been active during the time that INSPIRE directive has been developed, coordinated and finally adopted. Therefore SMCA already manages majority of data types listed in annexes to the Directive INSPIRE. Metadata services and data viewers are already available to users through web portal ‘prostor’. For the users good access to data and services related to spatial data and their use are assured. Search services for most of the spatial data are available to users without unnecessary administrative obstacles (Petek, T., 2008). Slovenia is now facing a responsibility for establishing Slovenian spatial data infrastructure (SDI) and mechanisms for coordination of all stakeholders. It is necessary to define legal and technical details of spatial data interoperability, review data access rules for spatial data, which are managed by public authorities in Slovenia and harmonize pricing policy rules.

2.1. LEGAL ASPECTS Act on Spatial Data Infrastructure was adopted in February 2010 (Zakon o infrastrukturi za prostorske informacije - Ur. L. RS 8/2010). It provides the legal framework for the establishment and operation of spatial data infrastructure in the Republic of Slovenia as part of the European infrastructure. Under that law, the Slovenian law transmit INSPIRE directive establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Union.

31

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The new act includes all the measures needed to ensure consistent spatial data and the completeness of the database entries for interoperability of spatial data from different databases and connectivity infrastructure for search, access and use of spatial data. It defines all the involved parties, their tasks and obligations to establish the needed components of SDI that will be in line with INSPIRE directive and also with Slovenian needs and tradition. Consistent with the INSPIRE directive new act defines a list of spatial data and classification of data, establishment and management of geo-portal, content of metadata, interoperability of spatial data and services associated with them, network services, limiting of public access (according with the law on public information - access to information on emissions into the environment is not restricted), charging for network services (free access - viewing of data, data transformation services can be charged by price published in the Catalogue of public information) and sharing data and services. Act establishes a so-called national point of contact, which is responsible for contacts with the European Commission regarding the INSPIRE directive and for the effective implementation of an infrastructure for spatial information. This task is the responsibility of the SMCA as a body within the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning. In the new act main tasks of national point of contact are defined. These tasks are the following: – Keep and maintain a list of spatial data – Keep detailed descriptions of the spatial data – Manage the geo-portal for spatial information – Keep and maintain an information system for the metadata – Take care to ensure interoperability of spatial data and services in connection therewith – Prepare proposals for the operational programs of the Government – Ensure implementation of the implementing rules of the INSPIRE Directive in the Republic of Slovenia – Developing and to complementing strategy for SDI – Developing a program of actions and measures necessary to meet the requirements for establishing of SDI – Preparing a report on the provision of infrastructure for spatial information for the European Commission In addition to Act on Spatial Data Infrastructure many other regulations are governing the implementation of ISPIRE directive. Most important are the following: – – – – – – –

Access to public sector information Act (PSI directive) Act of electronic commerce and electronic signature Electronically commerce in public sector sub law Copy right Act Spatial planning Act Geodetically Legislation Environmental protection law

32

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

2.2. ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS With the main tasks of national point of contact or SMCA, the organizational aspect of implementation INSPIRE directive is well defined. The SMCA is responsible for the basic data on physical space and real estate in the finalized databases and provides services pertaining to the registration of changes in physical space and on real estate properties, performs the role of a coordinator in the field of the real estate system and the spatial data infrastructure. The SMCA should assure efficient maintaining of the data at each relevant authority, to avoid duplication of spatial data, to establish guidelines, national standards, integration, logistic and user support. To achieve these objectives cooperation and working together with public organizations and also private sectors dealing with geodata is necessary. In cooperation with the Ministry of Finance, SMCA introduces mass real estate valuation with the objective of creating foundations for successful and efficient real estate administration and provision of data for objective and comprehensive real estate taxation as well as increased efficiency of the real estate market.

2.3. FINANCIAL ASPECTS The SMCA made an estimation of financial costs for implementing and improving existing SDI. The costs for Slovenia are approaching 15 mio Eur until the year 2019. These costs include spatial data and services accommodation, creating new services, communication infrastructure, metadata preparation and some human resources costs.

2.4 REPORT ON PROVISION OF INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SPATIAL INFORMATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA In compliance with the Law on Infrastructure for Spatial Information, the Government of the Republic of Slovenia will send the Report on Provision of Infrastructure for Spatial Information to the European Commission by 15 May 2010. The first Report prepared by SMCA as the implementer of tasks of the national contact points is at the moment, in compliance with the law, in the interministerial proceeding and will soon be discussed by the Government and submitted to the European Commission. The Report presents current conditions in this field and the activities planned for the coming years. The Government of the Republic of Slovenia has not yet appointed an interministerial coordination group that would strategically coordinate work in this field. The Report presents a further organizational structure which, on the operational level, envisages the establishment of: Working group for legal regulations, Working group for standardization and harmonization of data, Working group for metadata and data integration and Working group for prototype solutions. It is not clear from the Report who the members of the individual working bodies are going to be but the structure of the interministerial coordination group that will be composed of 10 ministries is clearly specified. It is not clear from the Report whether the structures will include the representatives of the non-public sector but this would be more than useful in order to provide wider level of use for this infrastructure (SMCA, 2010).

33

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

3. PRESENT STATE OF NSDI IN SLOVENIA INSPIRE directive is based on a number of common principles: – Data should be collected only once and kept where it can be maintained most effectively. – It should be possible to combine seamless spatial information from different sources across Europe and share it with many users and applications. – It should be possible for information collected at one level/scale to be shared with all levels/scales; detailed for thorough investigations, general for strategic purposes. – Geographic information needed for good governance at all levels should be readily and transparently available. – Easy to find what geographic information is available, how it can be used to meet a particular need, and under which conditions it can be acquired and used In order to be able to follow main principles of INSPRE directive the structure of NSDI is defined as: ‘infrastructure for spatial information means metadata, spatial data sets and spatial data services; network services and technologies; agreements on sharing, access and use; and coordination and monitoring mechanisms, processes and procedures, established, operated or made available in accordance with this Directive.’ (GSDI, 2010) Each of these components serves as a cornerstone in establishing consistency and structure when it comes to documenting spatial data for everyday applications, as well as in building a distributed network of producers and users that facilitate data sharing.

3.1. EXISTING SPATIAL DATA The main public organizations dealing with geodata in Slovenia are defined in a Report on provision of infrastructure for spatial information in the republic of Slovenia: – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

MOP - Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning (www.mop.gov.si) SMCA - The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia (www.gu.gov.si) EAS - Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (www.arso.gov.si) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food (www.mkgp.gov.si) Ministry of Transport (www.mzp.gov.si) Slovenian Roads Agency (www.dc.gov.si) Ministry of Health (www.mz.gov.si) Ministry of Interior (www.mnz.gov.si) Ministry of the Economy (www.mg.gov.si), Ministry of Public Administrations (www.mju.gov.si) Administration for civil protection and disaster relief (www.sos112.si) Ministry of Culture (www.mk.gov.si) Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (http://www.surs.si/) SFS – Slovenia Forest Service (www.zgs.gov.si) Geological Survey of Slovenia (www.geo-zs.si) Geodetic Institute of Slovenia (www.geod-is.si) 34

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 – –

Biotechnical Faculty (www.bf.uni-lj.si) Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia (www.zzrs.si)

Private sector – Commercial data service providers The article describes the data that are accessible through the Internet and maintained for the entire territory of Slovenia. 3.1.1. Data maintained by SMCA The SMCA is responsible for most of data from Annex I and Annex II of the INSPIRE directive and also for some data from Annex III. The changes that will be needed to harmonize spatial data with INSPIRE interoperability framework depend on implementing rules – Data Specifications, which are in preparation. Land Cadastre links real property rights on properties administered by the Land Register with the location in physical space. The graphic representation of parcel boundaries is provided in digital form represented by the digital cadastral maps. They show parcel and parcel parts boundaries, and parcel numbers. The data are referenced in the national coordinate system. They have been created for the entire territory of Slovenia. The Building Cadastre is a basic record of data on buildings and parts of buildings, which links real property rights on buildings, administered by the Land Register, with the location in physical space. The basic units of the Building Cadastre are a building and a part of a building. Each building has one or more parts. In the Building Cadastre a building is recorded with its location and shape, and designated by the building number. The building’s floor plan, the building height and the number of floors represent the location and shape of the building. Building cadastre is created for the entire territory of Slovenia. Real Estate Register contains real estate data (title holder, building equipment, different actual uses, data about building characteristics, areas etc.) This register was established in year 2008 with purposes to amend existing data and ensure complete data on all real estate properties in Slovenia, ensure simple recording of the actual real estate situation and to create an open, multipurpose technical record of data on real estate. In Slovenia Supreme Court is responsible for Land Register. The Land Registry contains information about legal rights to real property objects, such as information about ownership, servitudes and mortgages. Register of Spatial Units is based on integrated database that comprises location and attributes data on spatial units and on addresses for the whole country. Consolidated Cadastre of Public Infrastructure administers the data on the objects of the public infrastructure owned by the state (state roads, water infrastructure, etc.), municipalities (water supply network, sewage system, waste dumps, etc.) and private companies (cable networks, telecommunication devices and networks, etc.)

35

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Real Estate Market Register administers and updates the data on purchase and rental transactions with land parcels, buildings and parts of buildings. The data on legal transactions are submitted into the register by municipalities, administrative units, the Tax Administration of the Republic of Slovenia, real estate agencies and notaries public. Vector database of topographic data of homogeneous accuracy and details appropriate for the 1:5000 scale is divided by objects into four areas (buildings, traffic, land cover, hydrography). The whole territory is also covered with topographic maps: basic (scale 1:5.000), national (scales 1:25.000 and 1:50.000), they are in analogue and digital form. National general maps (scales from 1:250.000 to 1: 1.000.000) are available in printed form, digital vector form and raster form. The Generalized cartographic database was established in the period between 1994 and 1996 with data acquisition from scans of the national topographic maps at 1:25,000 and has been regularly updated since then. It comprises four groups of objects: roads, waters, contour lines and railways. Digital elevation models with grid size of 5 m, 12,5 m, 25 m and 100 m are created for the whole country. Orthophotos are created in black-white, color and near-infrared (NIR) technique and are covering the whole Slovenia. Resolution (ground sample distance) is 0,5m for black-white and color orthophotos and 1 m for NIR orthophotos. Register of geographical names is created to meet three precision levels: for 1:5,000, 1:25,000 and 1:250,000 scales and is regularly updated. Also the names from maps at 1:25,000 and 1:250,000 scales have undergone toponomastic review. In the field of Reference system the SMCA has started implementing the “Establishment of a GPS stations network and implementation of the European coordinate system in Slovenia” project that is subsided by a Norwegian financial mechanism. Metadata. The SMCA administers and updates metadata for all geodetic databases. Metadata enables searching by data, providers thereof, areas of preparation; metadata contains descriptions of data characteristics, data accuracy, the method and frequency of database updating, etc. Metadata system is available at http://prostor.gov.si/CEPP/index.jsp or at http://prostor.gov.si/cepp_eng/index.jsp when needed in English. 3.1.2. Data maintained by the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia The Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (EAS) (http://www.arso.gov.si/) is a body of the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning. Its mission is to monitor, analyze and forecast natural phenomena and processes in the environment, and to reduce natural threats to people and property. One of its tasks is to ensure high-quality environmental data for all target groups.

36

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 ATLAS OF SLOVENIA. Free access to the data maintained by EAS is available through the portal Environmental Atlas of Slovenia (http://gis.arso.gov.si/atlasokolja). Available data are covering the whole territory of Slovenia and are the following: Monitoring points – national network of seismic stations, data on water quality, air quality stations, meteorological stations. Environment – landfill of municipal waste, sensitive areas for eutrification, sensitive areas of bathing water with catchment areas, agglomerations. Air quality – air quality evaluation zones, PM10 air quality areas, air pollution with SO2 and air quality zones for SO2. Climate - air temperature, precipitation, snow cover, bright sunshine duration, wind speed. Water - water permit, fish water segment, surface water bodies (lines and areas), categorization of watercourses regulation, water protection areas (divided into a national, municipal and commercial level), bathing water with catchment areas, groundwater bodies, hydrographic areas, river basins and flood waters. Nature – valuable natural features, valuable natural features (Caves), ecologically important areas (Caves), national protected areas (points and areas), local protected areas (points and areas), areas appropriate for shellfish, living territory of a bear, Natura 2000, SPA extras, valuable natural features, ecologically important areas, zonation (protected areas), regional ZRSVN units. Land and soil – research of soil pollution in Slovenia, Land slide probability (source: Geological Survey of Slovenia). Earthquakes – earthquake catalogue, map of seismological risk. For the background and for easier orientation some SMCA’s layers are added: – – –

Infrastructure – state roads, EMF sources Spatial Units – national border, administrative units General maps

Metadata by standard ISO 19115 are available for all data maintained by EAS. Beside the Atlas of Slovenia EAS maintains also EIONET-SI, an information and communication network. It supports collection and dissemination of environmental data. It is a part of EIONET network established by European Environment Agency (EEA). EIONET (Environmental Information and Observation Network) consists of the EEA itself, a number of European Topic Centers and a network of around 900 experts from 37 countries in over 300 national environment agencies and other bodies dealing with environmental information. 3.1.3. Data maintained by Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia 37

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia is the main producer and coordinator of carrying out programs of statistical surveys. In addition to linking and coordinating the statistical system, it’s most important tasks include international co-operation, determining methodological and classification standards, anticipating users' needs, collection, processing and dissemination of data, and taking care of data confidentiality. In the scheme of organization of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia, the Statistical Office – which participates in budget discussions as an independent governmental institution – is directly responsible to the Prime Minister. INTERACTIVE STATISTICAL ATLAS OF SLOVENIA (http://www.stat.si/) shows data for selected statistical indicators on interactive maps of Slovenian statistical regions and municipalities, mostly in longer time series. In the tool a user can select indicators, territorial levels (statistical regions or municipalities) and available years. Atlas is based on data from SI-STAT data portal (http://www.stat.si/). Data are divided by fields of statistics. Within individual fields of statistics, links to all published statistical data are available by subject areas. Data in SI-STAT portal are: – Tables in PC-Axis format to allow direct inspection through a Web interface, a selection of categories to see, save in different formats and subscribe to notifications about new publications (information only for registered users). Links to other information published on the website of the Statistical Office (available publications data (XLS format). – Links to the data available at the Bank of statistics. – Links to websites of accredited program of statistical surveys, which are published statistics for the areas covered by approved contractors. – Links to European statistics collected by Eurostat from national statistical offices of the Member States of the European Union and candidate countries Fields of statistical data are: Demography and social statistics – population, labor market, level of living, education, culture and sport, health, social protection, crime. Economy – national accounts, prices, business entities, mining and manufacturing, distributive trade and other service activities, tourism, transport, information society, research and development, science and technology, external trade, business tendency. Environmental and natural resources – territory and climate, agriculture and fishing, forestry and hunting, energy, environment. General – general, administrative and territorial structure, elections, indicators. 3.1.4. Data maintained by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food

38

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Spatial data maintained by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food are available through four different geo-portals: eREGISTER KMETIJSKIH GOSPODARSTEV (eRKG, e-Register of Farms) (http://rkg.gov.si/GERK/eRKG/) - allows viewing of the farmer written and graphic information about their holding. Entering the application is possible only through digital certificates on-line. ERKG is a web application that allows Farmers to be reviewed their data from the register of agricultural holdings applications. The information contained in the application registry holdings are held in administrative units and containing the following databases in the field of agriculture: – Register of agricultural holdings - farms – Graphic records of land parcels of the farms – Register of common pasture – Records of hops – Register of olive plantations – Records of the orchards – Record of extensive orchards and meadows – Register of grape and wine producers. Users of eRKG application are allowed to print information and extract data from the application. Web portal KataKoma (kataster/komasacije: Cadastre/Land consolidation) (http://rkg.gov.si/GERK/) - application of spatial information provides an overview of land consolidation areas, and some bases. Bases are the data maintained by SMCA: - Orthophotos - Land Cadastre - data from the Register of Spatial Units Spatial data maintained in the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food are: - GERK - graphical unit of farm parcel - Land consolidation areas Web portal KatMeSiNa (http://rkg.gov.si/GERK/) - the application provides an overview of spatial information systems and cadastre, land reclamation facilities (systems and devices) and some bases Bases are the data maintained by SMCA and EAS: - Orthophotos (SMCA) - Land Cadastre (SMCA) - Topographic maps in a scale 1:50 000 (SMCA) - data from the Register of Spatial Units (SMCA) - Protected Areas (regional park, regional park, national parks, Natura 2000, water protected areas) (EAS) Spatial data maintained in the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food are: - GERK - graphical unit of farm parcel - Land use

39

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 -

Land reclamation system (divided to all systems and partially functioning systems) Irrigation systems (divided to all systems and partially functioning systems) Drainage systems (divided to all systems and partially functioning systems)

WEB PORTAL GERK/RABA (graphical unit of farm parcel/use) (http://rkg.gov.si/GERK/) - provides an overview of spatial data GERK and USE, and some bases. Bases are: – data maintained by SMCA (orthophotos, cadastral maps, cadastral municipalities, digital elevation models, topographic maps, data from the Register of Spatial Units) – data maintained by Slovenia Forest Service-SFS (forestry data) – data maintained by Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (land and soil, water protection areas)

–

–

– –

Spatial data maintained in the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food are: Land Use - the actual use of agricultural land is in digital graphic format, maintained on the basis of orthophoto, satellite imagery or other sources, by type of use (arable land, hop fields, vineyards, orchards, intensive, extensive orchards and olive plantations, permanent grassland, etc.). GERK - graphical unit of farm parcel means compact area of land with the same type of actual use that is in use of one agriculture holding and only one type of crops is growing on it. Renewal of vineyards (all renewal should be announced in advance) Areas of limited opportunities for Agricultural activity - hill and mountain areas, specific natural limits, etc.

3.2. ACCESS TO THE DATA Access to the data is enabled through the information systems of authorities that are maintaining data. They comprise the production systems, which primarily obtain and process data, and the distribution systems, which distribute spatial data either directly into other information systems or to end users through e-services. Distribution systems were established on the user demands for up-to-date, high quality, standardized and quickly accessible geodata. The distribution systems enable a quick and secure access to interoperable data from various spatial databases. As the SMCA is responsible for most of data of the INSPIRE directive access to its data is described in more detail. All data described in the article are accessible in a manner and under conditions similar to those described. Access to geodetic data is enabled to numerous groups of users, both in terms of certificates, maps, plottings, extracts, online browsers, online data distribution, as well as providing certificates and information at customer service windows in all SMA locations. The infrastructure or web services was developed in line with the OGC recommendations and ISO standards and this enabled the development of new services for users and provides the standardized access to data (Ažman, I., Petek, T., 2009).

40

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Electronic access to the data is available through a computer-supported distribution system that is based at the Ministry of Public Administration (MPA) as part of the national information system. Practically all the databases are included in the distribution environment: the Land Cadastre, the Building Cadastre, the Register of Spatial Units with Addresses, the Register of Geographical Names, geodetic points, the Real Estate Market Record, the Consolidated Cadastre of Public Infrastructure as well as the vector and raster topographic data. Their regular daily updating is provided. The distribution system is separated from the production data, and as such it is as independent as possible of the systems and changes in the production, which is of the organization of data suppliers and changes in the manner of administration to data updating. Through the creation and use of special interfaces, online services and user applications, it enables a simple, secure, and correct use of geodetic data. Electronically access to the geodetic data is enabled for its users in two ways: access to data and distribution of data (data transfer to the user’s system). Free access to cartographic data is available via portal PROSTOR (means space) to all users, allowing them to search for a location and to display this location on the selected cartographic basis (orthophoto, a basic topographic map, national topographic maps, etc.) free of charge. Another public access is access to the latest registered data in the Land Cadastre, the Building Cadastre, the Register of Spatial Units, the Consolidated Cadastre of Public Infrastructure and real estate transactions on the basis of a real estate identifier (land parcel number, a building or part of a building number or an address). The service is free of charge and available for registered users at http://prostor.gov.si. In accordance with the legislation it is also possible to obtain data on the owner of real estate (land parcel or a building) on the basis of providing a real estate identifier. This service of access for registered users is intended primarily for users in public administration (national and local level), commercial users (real estate agents, lawyers, insurance agencies, banks, etc.) and land survey service providers. The distribution of geodetic data is intended for the so-called registered users. Special online services, which enable a secure and controlled access, enable data transfer from the distribution system to the user’s system. Online services enable access to digital data in line with standards and recommendations pertaining to the field of geographical information systems and online services, whereat taking into consideration the standards of SIST (the Slovenian Institute for Standardization), CEN (the European Committee for Standardization), and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) as well as the recommendations made by OGC and W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) (Ažman, I., Petek, T., 2009). The basic web services are developed for the Land Cadastre, the Building Cadastre, and the Register of Spatial Units with House Numbers, the Consolidated Cadastre of Public Infrastructure, and the Real Estate Market Register. Simultaneously with the development of web services also the basic interoperability framework based on the XML and GML data exchange format are defined.

41

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

3.3. PURPOSES AND RIGHTS TO ACCESS AND USE THE DATA Purposes and rights to access to the data are described in more details for the SMCA’s data, since they are defined in strict compliance with the INSPIRE directive and the Slovenian Act on Spatial Data Infrastructure. Access to other data described in this article is free, or allowed to a certificated users. The purposes of using geodetic data are: - viewing geodetic data, - use of geodetic data for public or private purpose, - re-use of geodetic data. Viewing geodetic data The public access link on the http://prostor.gov.si portal allows the users to use the free browser of the Land Cadastre, the Building Cadastre and the Register of Spatial Units data. The real property identifier allows browsing attribute and graphic data registered in the Land Cadastre, the Building Cadastre and the Register of Spatial Units. This kind of use is free for all users with Internet access. Use of geodetic data for public or private purpose The use of geodetic data constitutes the use of data for their initial purpose for which the data were produced. The use of geodetic data for public or private purpose is access to data by public bodies (data sharing) and access to data by the owners of real properties. The data are free, only material costs can be charged. Re-use of geodetic data is every use of data by natural or legal person for all purposes except viewing data and using data for the original purpose for which the data were produced. The re-use of geodetic data can be in three different ways: - Ungainful re-use of geodetic data where the clients requesting data are natural persons - individuals, societies, nongovernmental organizations and other legal persons not involved in a gainful activity and which state that they are obtaining data which they will use for own purposes and not for re-selling data or selling products or services in which the data were used. The data are free, only material costs can be charged. - Unchangeable gainful re-use of geodetic data. The re-use of data for a gainful purpose with the purpose of spreading information, ensuring freedom of expression, culture and art as well as the use of information by media. Only material costs are charged. - Chargeable re-use of geodetic data for a gainful purpose is the use of data by natural or legal persons for a chargeable gainful purpose except for the purpose of spreading information, ensuring the freedom of expression, culture and art as well as the use of information by the media. The clients requesting data are natural and legal persons who state that they are obtaining data for re-use for a gainful purpose. Users must pay for the data and for the material costs too (Ažman, I., Petek, T., 2009).

42

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

4. ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR NSDI implementation cannot be completed in a single phase. A so called layered approach needs to be adopted as ongoing work. Three layers - provision, content and governance - argue for local participation and the bottom-up approach, which are indeed important ingredients of SDI. The carriage and devices layers are fundamental for data exchange and communication, or as SDI Africa argues: "Partnerships and communication are the heart of SDI." (SDI Africa, 2010) The fact is that NSDI can just not be implemented by government alone because a lot of enterprise/development activities are also done outside government domain. Private enterprise has to play a vital and complementary role - be it in solutions, be it in jointventure initiatives with data-owners or in working the way ahead to deliver. Academic also have to provide advanced research of powerful spatial search engines, spatial data mining tools, modeling tools and many other research inputs (Rukund, M., 2007). There is no common understanding of precisely what the term public private partnership (PPP) means. The concept of PPP cannot be standardized internationally since PPP initiatives must meet the policy objectives of individual governments, complement other public procurement approaches and service delivery methods and must be implemented in light of the available resources. However PPP is, as defined by the UNECE (UNECE PPP, 2005), 'A partnership between a public organization and a private company which takes the form of a medium to long term relationship in which the partners have agreed to work closely together to deliver improvements to services in the interest of the public. There will be agreed arrangements for the sharing of risks, benefits and rewards and the utilization of multisector skills, expertise and finance. Such partnerships are usually encouraged and supported by government policy’. PPP is not privatization; main difference is in a level of public control and oversight. It is not revolutionary, this approach is known mainly in the fields, like: transportation, water/wastewater, urban development, energy, financial management, schools (Asmat, A., 2008).

4.1. MAIN FACTS ON PPP It is a general trend in Europe and worldwide that the private sector has increasingly been invited to take part in different activities in the field of geodesy, mapping, cadastre, land registry, land consolidation and land management. The aim has been to bring together the experience and skills of different partners in a way that guarantees the maximum benefit with the best practical and financial outcomes. Governments progressively turn to the private sector for additional resources as well as to capitalize on the private sector’s efficiency, capacity and innovation. The extent of private-sector involvement needs to be carefully considered against each country's individual circumstances in order to find a reasonable and harmonized balance (Lipej, B., 2008) It is argued that a PPP is a social partnership, as it includes not only the public sector but also organizations that are outside official boundaries, such as private sector, 43

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 academia and research institutes as well as non governmental organizations. These groups are all key stakeholders of NSDI. Therefore, this approach brings more stakeholders of NSDI on a unified platform as compared with other approaches. 4.1.1. Main strengths of partners Private Sector Strengths are based mainly on the results of Market Competition and are the following: -

Management Efficiency Newer Technologies Workplace Efficiencies Cash Flow Management Personnel Development Shared Resources (Money)

Public sector strengths are based mainly on the results of serving the Public Trust and are: -

Legal Authority Protection of Procurement Policies Broad prospective/balance the competing goals to meet public needs Personnel – dedicated but constrained Capital resources

4.1.2. Main conditions for success of PPP Statutory and Political Environment. A successful partnership can result only if there is commitment from the top. Public officials must be willing to be actively involved in supporting the concept of PPPs and taking a leadership role in the development of each given partnership. A well-informed political leader can play a critical role in minimizing misperceptions about the value to the public of an effectively developed partnership. Equally important, there should be a statutory foundation for the implementation of each partnership. Public Sector’s Organized Structure. Once a partnership has been established, the public-sector must remain actively involved in the project or program. On-going monitoring of the performance of the partnership is important in assuring its success. This monitoring should be done on a daily, weekly, monthly or quarterly basis for different aspects of each partnership Detailed Business Plan (Contract). Involved parties must know what to expect of the partnership beforehand. A carefully developed plan will substantially increase the probability of success of the partnership. This plan most often will take the form of an extensive, detailed contract, clearly describing the responsibilities of both the public and private partners. In addition to attempting to foresee areas of respective responsibilities, a good plan or contract will include a clearly defined method of dispute resolution.

44

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Guaranteed Revenue Stream. While the private partner may provide the initial funding for capital improvements, there must be a means of repayment of this investment over the long term of the partnership. The income stream can be generated by a variety and combination of sources (fees, tolls, shadow tolls, tax increment financing, or a wide range of additional options), but must be assured for the length of the partnership. Stakeholder Support. More people will be affected by a partnership than just the public officials and the private-sector partner. Affected employees, the portions of the public receiving the service, the press, appropriate labor unions and relevant interest groups will all have opinions, and frequently significant misconceptions about a partnership and its value to all the public. It is important to communicate openly and candidly with these stakeholders to minimize potential resistance to establishing a partnership. Careful selection of Partner. The lowest bid is not always the best choice for selecting a partner. The best value in a partner is critical in a long-term relationship that is central to a successful partnership. A candidate's experience in the specific area of partnerships being considered is an important factor in identifying the right partner (NCPPP, 2010). 4.1.3. Main advantages of PPP Main advantages of PPP are political support, financial effects and data democratization. Political Support PPP brings political support as the public sector is part of this type of partnership and the need for sustained political support is required for NSDI implementation, because government leadership is essential to the SDI development process. Finance As in any developmental process, it is important to understand who the stakeholders are what roles each can play and how much finance, time and level of expertise is available. SDI implementation standard is that funding mechanisms must be in place if an SDI is to be implemented in a timely and efficient manner. Therefore, PPP will bring finance for NSDI implementation. Financial successful must be evaluated through many facts of public-private partnership: - Maximizing the use of each sector’s strength - Reducing of development risk - Reducing of public capital investment - Mobilization of excess or underutilized assets - Improvements on efficiencies/quicker completion - Better environmental compliance - Improvements of service to the community - Improvements of cost effectiveness - Sharing of resources - Sharing / allocating of risks - Mutual rewards

45

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Data Democratization Data democratization can be seen and envisioned as one of the ultimate goals of NSDI. Data sharing/exchange does not guarantee that every citizen will be able to access data/information with or without a fee. Because PPP includes federal, state, and local governments, NGOs, academia, research institutes and citizens as stakeholders, data democratization would enable a democratic environment for the data user community rather than a bureaucratic environment, which creates hurdles for data sharing, exchange and use. Simply said, NSDI development through the PPP approach has this added advantage. Therefore, PPP becomes the rationale not only for funding, sharing benefits and risks but also it would further development. Democratization of access to geospatial data thus enables value-added suppliers to create new data products and service (Nebert, D., 2004).

4.2. SITUATION IN THE FIELD OF PPP IN SLOVENIA IN RELATION TO NSDI There is a perceptible trend in Slovenia to reduce public consumption. This is shown in reducing the number of public administration employees, in public procurements and in reducing the funds intended for maintenance and development of public infrastructure. However, the economic crisis has affected the private sector as well. A necessity of increased investments in development and of thoughtful investments into the future on one side, and a fight for survival on the other, strongly paralyse the companies. PPP may be a partial solution for both sides, as division of costs and benefits is a strong argument to decide for a partnership. Thus it will be easier for the public administration to comply with the requirements set by the European Union, while work and existence will be secured for the private sector – with a preliminary financial input, of course. The managers of various databases kept in Slovenia have established some of these databases by themselves and they hired the private sector to implement others. It is important to have confidence in the efficiency and quality level of implementation in such activities, as this is a pre-condition for further works. In Slovenia, public sector on state, regional and local level often involves private sector in the set-up and maintenance of data and in the establishment and maintenance of services. The trend and legislative changes are going in that direction as well. All arrangements are made in accordance with the public procurement legislation. In that respect, many of INSPIRE data themes were set-up with the involvement of the private sector, like: geodetic and geographic reference systems, geographical names, administrative units, addresses, cadastral parcels, transport network, buildings, hydrography, elevation, orthophoto etc. Private sector is involved in setting-up and maintenance of metadata systems, data view, search and transfer services, web based services, web feature services, different portals. Public sector on his own has developed a few solutions for viewing data for the general public and for local authorities (Geopedia, Bioportal, PISO, iObčina). In all these interactions, or at least in most described activities, there is no agreement on sharing of risks, benefits and rewards what is a value added component in the partnership (UNECE, 2005). There is a great desire to find a key for a real PPP in the 46

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 field of spatial and real estate data management, but a model is very hard to define and implement. The size of a country and it’s population is one of the barriers that makes finding a workable solution even more difficult. The most reliable approach is under preparation in the municipality of Ljubljana for the arrangement of real estate records where it is interesting to mention that all payments for services provided will be executed after the real estate assets of municipality are going to be sold. A lot of contents, leading solutions and strategies in the field of NSDI in Slovenia still need to be discussed and implemented, which means that a more organized approach to PPP is necessary in order to satisfy the needs of the European and Slovenian users within an appropriate time period and with the limited financial and staff capacities.

5. CONCLUSIONS For the effective NSDI implementation there is a need to work more efficiently, effectively and economically and in doing so offer customer-oriented services. More cooperation is necessary, private private, public public and public private. The directive requirements are based on the interdisciplinary and integrating approach. Public and private sectors should operate according to the complementing and synergy principles which would result in high-quality foundation for PPP provision. There are respected European organizations, like EuroGeographics (European Association of National Mapping, Cadastral and land Registry Agencies) that has to take the lead role in facilitating the process and in supporting the countries for transferring best INSPIRE practices among them. Under development there are regional initiatives, like the one for the Western Balkan, Inspiration, which deals with the SDI implementation. In Slovenia a lot has already been done, but the activities should continue in more organized way. It would be advisable to include in the coordination INSPIRE structures appointed by the Government of the Republic of Slovenia the representatives of the users and stakeholders’ societies. This is the way to balance the theoretical and practical forms of implementation of the directive in Slovenia and any other country.

5. REFERENCES Asmat, A., 2008. NSDI Implementation Strategies. Directions Magazine Web site, http://www.directionsmag.com Ažman, I., Petek, T., 2009. Spatial Data Infrastructure at the Surveying and Mapping Authority in Slovenia. 3rd INSPIRE conference. Netherlands EAS, 2010. Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia Web site, http://www.arso.gov.si/ EUR-LEX, 2010. Access to European Union law Web site, http://www.eur-lex.europa.eu GSDI, 2010. Global Spatial Data Infrastructure, Web site, http://www.gsdi.org Lipej, B., 2008, Future challenges for surveyors in developing European and national societies – national mapping and cadastral agencies’ point of view, Congress of the European surveyors, Strasbourg MKGP, 2010. Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry and Food Web site, http://rkg.gov.si NCPPP, 2010. National council for public-private partnerships Web site, http://www.ncppp.org Nebert, D., 2004, The SDI Cookbook, GSDI Newsletter, Number 1, Vol. 2 Petek, T., 2008. Geodesy and INSPIRE directive. Geodetski vestnik. Number 4, Vol. 52 Rukund, M., 2007. NSDI – Then, now and whenever. Coordinates Magazine. Vol. 3, Issue VIII. SDI Africa, 2010. Implementation guide, Web site, http://geoinfo.uneca.org/sdiafrica

47

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 SMCA, 2010. Report on Provision of Infrastructure for Spatial Information. Surveying and Mapping Authority in Slovenia Web site, http://www.gov.si/gu SMCA, 2010. Surveying and Mapping Authority in Slovenia Web site, http://www.gov.si/gu SORS, 2010. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia Web site, http://www.surs.si/ UNECE, 2005. Working Party on Land Administration, Guiding principles for Public private partnership (PPP) in land administration, http://www.unece.org/hlm/documents/2005/hbp/wp.7/HBP-WP.7-2005-8-e.pdf UNECE, 2005. Working Party on Land Administration, Principles for the use of Public private partnership within land administration in the ECE member countries, http://www.unece.org/hlm/wpla/

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Bozena Lipej, Ph.D., Ass.Prof., has been the General Manager of Geodetski zavod Slovenije d.d. from 2008. Before that she was the Deputy Director General at the Surveying and mapping authority of the Republic of Slovenia for several years. She has managed several activities and projects in the field of cartography, real estate and geodesy. In the period 2000-2005 she was an Executive director and project manager of the Real estate registration modernization project in Slovenia that was the biggest interdisciplinary real estate project nationwide, with partners from four ministries, the Supreme Court, the World Bank and the European Union. She chaired the UNECE Working party on land administration and was the working party bureau member in the period 2001-2005. From 2005 to 2008 she was chairing the EuroGeographics' Cadastre and land registry group. She gives lectures on real estate recording and management at one of the Slovenian private faculties for three years and she was nominated as Ass. prof in May 2010. She is the co-author of the actual European real estate statements and documents and the author of more than 150 professional articles. Her key qualification is in management and project management. Her technical skills and competences are in real estate management, cartography, GIS, data management – for more information see: COBISS (Cooperative Online Bibliographic System & Services): http://splet02.izum.si/cobiss/BibPersonal.jsp?lang=eng&init=t. Darija Modrijan graduated at the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy with the thesis: Use of Agricultural land - capture of spatial data and monitoring information on changes. Since 2002 has been employed at Geodetski zavod Slovenije d.d., currently she is the head of the Department of Photogrammetry. She is a member of Slovenian Chamber of Engineers and of the Slovenian Association of Surveyors. She participated in several international projects and in the World Bank projects in the fields of geodesy in which Geodetski zavod Slovenije d.d. was performing works. As a co-worker of the Urban Planning Institute of the republic of Slovenia she was strongly involved in a project ONIX (ONline Information Exchange) – World Bank project. For a fix term she worked also for a Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

48

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

THE ROLE OF THE AGENCY FOR REAL ESTATE CADASTRE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE Sonja DIMOVA1 ABSTRACT The geo-spatial data are an important element in making significant decisions on global and local level. The dynamic progress of the computer technology in the past several decades has enabled for the data to be easily accessed all over the world. The improved software solutions, the performances of the data storage media, geo-portals as well as the lower hardware costs contribute immensely to the improved data accessibility. However, the number of geo-spatial data which in Agency for real estate cadastreAREC exist in written/drawn paper form is not small and this data form is a huge limitation. Having this in mind, there is a great need of their migration into digital form, which as an integral part of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure-NSDI will enable management of the geo-spatial data, performance of analysis and making the right decisions in a manner previously impossible. The creation of the NSDI is directly dependable from the digital geo-spatial data from AREC. These data are called basic data and they are mainly used as base or template on to which other thematic spatial data sets are added, creating new cartographic forms and contents, used to process all further activities in the community. Key word: geo-spatial data, NSDI, geo-portals, thematic spatial data.

1. INTRODUCTION The collection of geospatial data in each country requires a great deal of financial resources. These resources are significantly multiplied considering the fact that many organizations, institutions and individuals collect the same geospatial data. For example, the state bodies, the telecommunication companies, electricity distribution companies, heating companies and the local self government units are just part of the institutions which invest big amounts of resources for the purpose of collecting and processing spatial data, each of them in their own way and manner and in a different application. This manner of collecting the data produces additional problems during the use of the data due to the fact that most often the conversion of the data from one into another application is not simple at all, especially while saving the attributes of the data. The difficult technical conversion of the data is additionally burdened by the fact that

1

Eng. Sonja DIMOVA, [email protected]; [email protected] Agency for Real Estate Cadastre, www.katastar.gov.mk Tel.: +389 2 3175-987 ext.109, Gsm.: +389 75 364-723, Fax: +389 2 3171-945 ext.103. Str. Trifun Hadzijanev, 4, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia. 49

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 certain institutions, due to legal or personal reasons, are not very fond of sharing or distributing the data they own with other institutions. The way out from such situation is possible via establishment of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) as a summary of measures, norms, specifications and services which have the objective to enable quality collection, share and use of the georeference spatial data within the e-government. The up-to-date and accurate geospatial data as part of the NSDI will be easily accessible and will provide local, national and global economic development, better environment, stability and social progress through:








Decrease of the double expenditures of the institutions while collecting the geospatial data i.e. financial savings; Increase of the efficiency and effectiveness in the use of geospatial data through streamlining the access to the data; Improvement of the quality of the geo-spatial information through implementation of standards; Building partnership relations on national and local level, including the private sector; Increase of the benefit from the data use; Upgrade of the data for multipurpose use; Raising the awareness for understanding the vision, the concepts and the benefit from the NSDI through education.

Recognizing the importance of the NSDI as well as the positive development trend of the standardized infrastructures of spatial data, the Agency for REC undertook activities with the objective of qualitative collection, administration, share and use of geo-referenced spatial data. Namely, if it take that the geospatial data are the foundations of the NSDI as well as the fact that the Agency for REC (AREC) is authorized for the geo-spatial data from the basic geodetic works, the survey and the real estate cadastre, the topographic maps and the spatial data registry, it is only logical that AREC is to be the leader in the development and the implementation of the NSDI as well as in the promotion of the joint access for all interested parties.

2. THE ROLE OF AREC IN CREATING THE NSDI IN COMPLIANCE TO THE LAW ON REC The generally accepted concept of creating NSDI points out to its interconnectivity with the geo-spatial data, especially with the ones under the authority of the Agency for REC. Namely, the cartographic and cadastre data are the representative of the biggest part of the spatial data within the NSDI and are considered to be one of the most important components in the process of: management, production of development studies, planning projects, economic and social development, and analysis of the dissemination of the spatial events, their inter-relations and other. Having in mind the stated, AREC has undertaken the first steps towards regulating the establishment of the NSDI in 2008, through definition of the provisions in the Law on real estate cadastre. 50

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 In compliance to the Law on REC, the AREC is the institution established to perform works related to the establishment and maintenance of the real estate cadastre, the management of the geodetic-cadastre information system – GCIS and the establishment and maintenance of the public access to the NSDI. In compliance to the stated legal regulative, the NSDI includes the establishment of: -

Content of metadata Summary of spatial data Maintenance of the spatial data Networking technology Contracts for share, access and use of spatial data Coordination and supervision mechanisms Procedures

The content of some articles (Law on Real estate cadastre 2008, Official gazette 40/2008) in the chapter for the NSDI includes the types of data out of which the NSDI will be created and in light of the previously stated, the NSDI is comprised of spatial data administered in electronic form and they refer for the entire territory of Republic of Macedonia, while being under the authority of: -

The state administration bodies The local self-government units Public authorities Natural persons and legal entities responsible for the management of the spatial data Natural persons and legal entities which use the data and the services from the NSDI and provide services based on spatial data

Part of the NSDI will also be the spatial geo-referenced data referring to: -

Real estate cadastre Hydrography Roads Protected areas, national parks and cultural historic monuments Spatial planning Environmental protection Geo-referenced statistical data Other

The finding, the review and the use of the spatial data is enabled by the metadata. The metadata comprise information for: -

Spatial data (content description); Synchronization of data with the prescribed standards and normative; Rules for use of data and services resulting from them; Data quality;

51

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 -

-

State administration bodies, local self-government units, public enterprises, public authorities, persons responsible for establishment, maintenance, distribution and management of the spatial data; Data for which the access is limited and limitation reasons.

Besides the above mentioned provisions from the Law on REC which regulate the content of the NSDI and the metadata, the Law also stipulates the obligation of AREC for establishment and maintenance of the public access to metadata on the internet via a geo-portal, in a way which will enable the NSDI subjects to interactively maintain the information. The vision is to make the NSDI an interactive service or a one stop shop source for spatial information, while its data/layers to be the main source for all GIS activities towards support of the sustainable development and economic growth. Having in mind the previously said, with the objective to improve the legal regulative in the NSDI part, it is needed to supplement the regulative with new articles which will define and precisely elaborate the working bodies of the NSDI (the committee and members), their authorizations, services, networking and similar.

3. ORGANIZATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPATIAL DATA IN AREC In order to collect, process, maintain, manage, use and distribute the spatial data, a Geodetic – Cadastre Information System (GCIS) is established in AREC. The system comprises the spatial and descriptive data from the real estate cadastre, the basic geodetic works, the real estate survey, the topographic maps, the data for the illegally built objects and temporary objects. The data from the GCIS, which by their nature have a leading role during the NSDI establishment, refer to: • • • •

The basic geodetic works The real estate cadastre The topographic maps The spatial units registry

Each of the stated items has specific qualitative and quantitative characteristics. In compliance to our legislative, GCIS is administered in paper/analogue and electronic form. Spatial data in electronic form are kept in special computer systems, while the data in written form are kept in special rooms and conditions due to their permanent protection. Having in mind the conceptual structure of the GCIS and its correlation with the NSDI, one can conclude that at this moment only the data that is part of the electronic form of GCIS will be the basis on which the NSDI will be built on. During the establishment of the NSDI, the characteristics of the GCIS data need to be taken into account in order to identify their specifics and to be harmonized. Besides the stated, one should consider also the quantity of the spatial data which still exists in paper form, due to the fact that these data need to digitized first and then implemented in the NSDI.

52

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 3.1. Characteristics of the data from the basic geodetic works The scope of the basic geodetic works has the objective to define the state geodetic datum, cartographic projection and reference networks, with the goal to execute the basic geodetic reference system of permanent, homogenic geodetic points in relation to which the definition of spatial data is performed. The current state reference system and the cartographic projection as a summary of numeric constants necessary for definition of the position of the geodetic points is used on a national and local level and has the characteristics stated in table 1. Table 1: State geodetic datum and cartographic projection Element Characteristics Horizontal datum Hermannskogel Ellipsoid Bessel 1841 Cartographic projection Gauss-Krüger projection Coordinate system Y- axis, projection of the equator, X-axis, projection of the meridian λ = 21o Vertical datum Ortometric heights in relation to the mareograph in Trst Realization Trigonometric network and leveling network

The geodetic points serve as a basis for positioning of spatial data and they can belong to the classical reference networks and GNSS networks. 3.1.1. Classic reference networks The classic reference networks are comprised of geodetic points placed according specific rules and criteria. The networks i.e. the points are categorized as: trigonometric, polygonometric, polygon, linear and leveling. The shape and the placement of the trigonometric points from first order are illustrated in picture 1.

53

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Picture 1: Shape of the trigonometric network from first order The users of the geodetic point’s data, most often private geodetic companies, besides the standard manner of obtaining the coordinates, can use the web-page of the AREC to directly access the coordinates of the trigonometric points. The quantity of the geodetic point accessible through internet (www.katastar.gov.mk). The data for the other types of geodetic points (polygon, polygonometric and leveling) are still issued only in paper form. The intention of AREC is conversion of the records and the description of the geodetic points in electronic form, which will allow faster and simplified method of access to the geodetic points. 3.1.2 GNSS reference networks The network comprised of 59 passive GNSS points is established during 2004 in service of orientation of the aero-photogrammetric images which serve as basis for production of digital topographic maps in scale of 25.000 (picture 2). These points on the field are stabilized with specific marks and are placed on distance of approximately 30 kilometers.

54

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Picture 2: Schedule of passive GNSS network Besides the passive GNSS network, AREC intensively works on creating an active GNSS network comprising 14 active GNSS stations (picture 3). During 2010, AREC plans production of a Strategy for transformation of the state coordinate system into the European Terrestrial coordinate system.

Picture 3: Schedule of active GNSS stations

55

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The functions of the GNSS reference system will be focused towards: on-line support of the field works during different types of survey, cadastre maintenance, as well as towards easier management of digital spatial data, reaching compatibility with the European countries and similar. 3.2. Characteristics of the real estate cadastre The real estate cadastre is a public book in which are registered the real property rights and other real rights, the real property data as well as other real rights whose registration is stipulated by law. The real estate cadastre data are comprised in the electronic database i.e. cadastre registry book and on the cadastre plans. The real estate cadastre data represent one connected unit, and in compliance to the legislative for the real estate cadastre, they can be structured as:



spatial data i.e. coordinates of detail points which define the real property (parcels, buildings and separate parts of buildings) within the state reference system; and descriptive data i.e. data used to describe the attributes and characteristics of the real properties (name of the real property right holder, address, the right over the property, number of the property, the property’s address, manner of use, area and similar). Every descriptive data is connected with its adequate spatial data.

The spatial data are presented only in the cadastre plans, while the descriptive data (alpha numeric) can be contained also on the cadastre plans and in the cadastre registry book. In the cadastre registry book are inserted data registered in a form of numbers or textual records and these data are already in electronic form. Opposite of the cadastre registry book, the condition with the cadastre plans as big scale plans produced in scale of 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2500 and 1:5000 in service of establishment of the real estate cadastre is completely different. The quantity of the cadastre plans per number of detail lists specified according the scale of their production is presented in table 2. Table 2: Quantity of the cadastre plans Scale of cadastre plans Quantity of detail lists 500 257 1000 2332 2500 9643 5000 830

In summary, the quantity of the cadastre plans/lists in AREC is 13.053 lists, which covers an area of circa 25.000 km2. Only for around 30% of the stated area, the data from the cadastre plans exist in digital form. Having in mind the fact that the digital form is a condition for participation of the data in the NSDI, the cadastre plans need to be digitized. In line with the previously said, AREC is undertaking steps for digitalization of the cadastre plans with a performance tempo that will enable their completion in digital vector form by 2012. These steps will enable integration of the data from the real estate cadastre in the NSDI and they will be in correlation with the European directive for Spatial Data Infrastructure (INSPIRE) – Annex 1 (spatial data subjects). 56

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The data from the alphanumeric database as well as the data from the digital cadastre plans in form of information are available on AREC’s web-page (www.katastar.gov.mk). 3.3 Characteristics of the topographic maps In reference to their integration in the NSDI, the topographic maps can be viewed through the methodology of their production, the update of the topographic data and other. Initially accepted in the NSDI will be those maps which are produced with the application of a methodology which will enable digital production of the cartographic data. On the other hand, the topographic maps which are produced manually i.e. with the use of methodology that allows a product in analogue form, digitalization must be performed. The methodology for production of digital topographic plans in AREC is applied since 2004 as a result of the joint project “production of basic state GIS map” executed between the Agency for REC and the Japanese International Cooperation Agency. In the past period, with the application of the new methodology, AREC has produced new 160 lists from a digital topographic map in scale of 25.000. What remains is to produce 45 lists from the same, covering the whole territory of R. Macedonia. The data comprised in the new topographic maps are organized in a topographic data model as an organized summary of data which provides efficient use, processing, presentation and safekeeping of cartographic information. The data model for the digital topographic maps in scale of 1:25000 describes the structure and the content of the fundamental data comprising the map. The creation of the conceptual model is performed with application of object modeling due to its adaptability towards complex structures as well as due to its compatibility with the world standards (Dimova.S, 2007, Methodology and standards for production of digital topographic maps). The conceptual model of the topographic data for scale of 1:25000 includes organization of the data and manner of their presentation, and is produced in compliance to the theory for object based modeling and the standard for object orientation modeling ISO 19100 (picture 4).

57

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Railways

Waters

Roads

Small objects

Topographic Characteristics

Land Classification

MACEDONIA

25000 TDM Administrative Areas

Text - Textual Records

Reference raster Coordinate network and frame

Spatial Scheme

Picture 4: Conceptual scheme for the topographic data model in scale of 1:25000, produced with application of UML The classification of the data occurs as a result to the logical grouping of the objects comprised in the map depending on the geometry, the category, the type and the feature of each object. As we can see from the conceptual scheme, the topographic data model (picture 4) is comprised of eleven packages such as: • Administrative areas • Land classification • Roads • Railways • Hydrography • Small objects • Topographic characteristics 58

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 • • • •

Text (textual records) Reference raster Coordinate network and frame Spatial scheme

The main characteristic of each class is its name i.e. title while the attributes of each class can be: History (date of creating the class), type of element (geometric point, geometric line and geometric polygon), item (name of the class), name (text in Macedonian and English), code (code in a form of a full-number record which is unique for each type of object from the model) and comments which additionally elaborate the class (Dimova.S, 2007, Spatial Data Infrastructure for topographic maps). The topographic data model for scale of 1:25000 includes a total of 221 objects with the following quantitative schedule: administrative areas – 2; land classification – 41; roads – 42; railways – 22; hydrography – 28; small objects – 48; topographic characteristics – 21 and text (textual records) – 17 objects. The Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is one of the basic products in the process of production of the new maps on the basis of which the grid surface model GSM is produced, with size of the basis - 20 meters. This surface model is applied during the production of the digital ortophoto maps in scale of 1:25000. The map of Republic of Macedonia is also produced in digital form in scale of 1:1.000.000, as an integral part of the “world global map”. Besides the new digital topographic maps, AREC has old topographic maps produced by the Military Geographic Institute from Belgrade which are in analogue form (table 3). Table 3: Topographic maps in analogue form Scale of topographic maps Quantity of lists Year of production 25000 205 1968-1981 50000 61 1958-1972 100000 22 1968-1973 200000 8 1972-1975 500000 1 1977-1982

Mark TK25 TK50 TK100 TK200 TK500

The basis for production of the stated maps is the performed topographicphotogrammetric survey of the land in the period of 1947 - 1967. The originals for all types of analogue maps are not available to AREC due to the fact that they are kept in the Military – Geodetic Institute in Belgrade. In order to provide an insight in the content of the maps via the internet, the maps are converted in digital form through scanning and geo-referencing. Insight in all scales of the topographic maps is available over the web-page of AREC. 3.4. Characteristics of the spatial unit’s registry The spatial unit’s registry includes the following spatial units: static areas, cadastre municipalities, populated area, local self-government units and census areas. For each spatial unit, in the registry are recorded data for: the name, the sole identification number (code), the graphic layout of the borders, other data related to the spatial unit as 59

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 well as the changes that occurred and relate to the spatial unit. The most important use of this registry is the support to the census of the population and the agricultural land.

4. NEXT STEPS Acknowledging the meaning, the benefits and the role of the NSDI in every modern system, our country needs to establish the NSDI as soon as possible. Besides the time required for implementation of the NSDI, demonstrated by the personal experiences of the countries already working on this subject, financial resources and good coordination of all involved parties is also essential. In our case, the time required for overcoming the low level of digitalization of the spatial data in AREC needs to be added to the length of the time required to establish the NSDI. In service of the effective management of the time and the processes of the NSDI, the planned activities in AREC are aimed towards simultaneous completion of the digitalization and the drafting of the NSDI strategy. The activities in service of creating the NSDI are incorporated in the extension of the Real Estate Cadastre and Registration Project 2010-2012, financed by a World Bank loan. The analyzed types of spatial data in AREC will be part of the NSDI strategy and will have to include the spatial data from the ministry of agriculture, environment, transport and communications, local self-government, state office for statistics and other identified institutions in the NSDI strategy. The strategy will also have to answer the needs of the legal changes in service of establishing a coordinative body for NSDI, the application of the electronic signature, the manner and model for conveying administrative, the organizational and technological measures.

5. CONCLUSION The data from the survey, the cadastre and the topographic maps are the essential basis of each NSDI. Having in mind the Law on REC and the authority over the establishment of the NSDI, AREC has undertaken the initiative to start the activities related to the NSDI. In that sense, the following activities are planned:      

Production of NSDI strategy; Development of NSDI data model and standards; Conversion of analogue cadastre plans in vector digital form; Implementation of the sole European reference system ETRS89 and creating conditions for its use during the acquisition of new data; Establishment of web-GIS portal in AREC; Establishment of governmental NSDI Geo-Portal.

The initial activities in reference to the establishment of the NSDI are planned to be undertaken by the Agency for Real Estate Cadastre – AREC during 2010. The implementation of the activities is planned to be executed in two stages. The first stage will be focused towards production of two documents, the Strategy for development of NSDI and Data Model and standards for AREC. The 60

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 implementation of these documents will be executed during the second stage, during which the AREC Geo-Portal will be established first and then the process will continue with the establishment of the inter-coordination on national level with institutions which will be identified in the NSDI strategy. As a summary of all activities, in 2012 AREC plans to establish the governmental Geo-Portal on a national level. The development of the data model and the standards of the analyzed types of spatial data in AREC will enable their inclusion in the NSDI. This is very important especially if one has in mind the content of the three annexes of the European directive INSPIRE 2007/2/FC, the data from the basic geodetic works, the real estate cadastre, the topographic maps and the spatial units registry need to be integrated in the NSDI. With the objective to achieve common success, AREC will have to pay special attention to the cooperation and the level of participation of the key institutions in the NSDI.

7. REFERENCES Dimova, S. (2007): Spatial Data Infrastructure for topographic maps (1108), FIG Working Week, Hong Kong 13-17 May 2007 Dimova, S. (2007): Methodology and standards for production of digital topographic maps, PhD thesis, Faculty of civil engineering Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Dimova, S., Srbinoski Z. (2008): Aspect of positional accuracy of digital cartographic data, 2nd International Conference on Cartography & GIS, Borovec, Republic of Bulgaria. Dukadinovska, E. (2009): Topographic Data Base for digital map in scale 1:25000 – component of NSDI, International scientific conference, Importance of developing National Spatial Data Infrastructure of Republic of Macedonia based on INSPIRE directions, Skopje Guptill, S.C., Morrison, J.L., editors, (2001): Elements of spatial data quality, Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Klidington, England 1995. ISO19113, (2002): Geographic information - Quality principles, TC 211; ISO Standards. INSPIRE Directive (2007), Official journal of the European Union, Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) Japan International Cooperation Agency (2004): The study for establishment of state base maps in the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje. State authority for geodetic works & JICA (2005): Macedonia 1:25000 Spatial database data specification, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Law on Real estate cadastre (2008), Official gazette 40/2008, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Salge F. (1997): Standardization in the Filed of Geographic Information: The European Efforts. Spatial Database transfer standards2: Characteristic for assessing standards and full descriptions of the national and international standards in the world, editor H., Moellering, Elsevier science publishers itd, UK.

8. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Dimova I. Sonja (maiden name Bandzova) is born on 21 of January 1968 in Ohrid. Mrs. Dimova has completed the primary school in Ohrid. In 1982, Mrs. Dimova enrolls at the Civil Works High school “Niko Nestor” in Struga (department of geodesy). After completing the High school in 1986, Mrs. Dimova continues the education at the Civil Works Faculty in Belgrade - department of geodesy. Mrs. Dimova graduated in 1991 with the thesis “Interactive computer 61

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 support during digitalization of contours line in the photogrammetric instruments”. In 1999, Mrs. Dimova starts the post graduate studies at the Faculty of Mathematical Sciences in Skopje, Institute for Geography – thematic cartography. Mrs. Dimova completes the post graduate studies with the thesis “Computer support during of cartographic shaping of the relief”. Mrs. Dimova starts the doctoral studies at the Civil Works Faculty in Skopje in 2005. In 2008, Mrs. Dimova completes the doctoral studies with the thesis “Methodology and standards for production of digital topographic maps” and is awarded Doctor of Technical Sciences. Continually from 1991, Mrs. Dimova is employed at the Agency for Real Estate Cadastre.

62

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

HOW A NATIONAL GI ASSOCIATION SUPPORTS THE SDI DEVELOPMENT - THE CASE OF HUNGARY Gabor REMETEY-FÜLÖPP 1 ABSTRACT In this paper the activities of the non-profit, interdisciplinary national GI umbrella organisation HUNAGI are highlighted demonstrating the influence of its member institutions and organistions in the evolution of the National Spatial Data Infrastruture in Hungary. The paper will focus on networking, channeled communication, and HUNAGI’s involvement in SDI-related actions on domestic and international level. The facilitator role of the organisation is introduced based on the multisector networking with governmental agencies, academic institutions, universities, the private sector, NGOs and local governments. Most of the prime data providers, stakeholders, value added service operators and users became member or partner of the national GI association. Having about 100 member institutions and organisations, HUNAGI is in direct contact with about 500 domestic experts in GI on regular basis including postgraduate students and alumni as individuals. Membership architecture and impact of the economic recession will be highlighted. In order to support the availability, reliability, accessibility and useability of spatial data in line with INSPIRE and PSI directives, HUNAGI as SDIC is heavily involved in awareness raising, information share and channeling, arranging joint actions involving the target user communities and sharing knowledge and know-how on best practices and lessons to be learned. Partnership with the e-content industry, the logistics community, the space-related cluster and the ITS sector will be mentioned. Tools used for the community interface will be highlighted. The field of operation is not restricted on the domestic links. One of the feature of HUNAGI is the commited involvement in the SDI-related international relations such as EUROGI, GSDI and Digital Earth. There is a link to UNSDI too. These activities will be introduced and the benefits will be illustrated. HUNAGI and its members are contributing to several EU projects in order to enable better implementation of the relevant legislation framework directives. Here the Humboldt (supporting GMES and INSPIRE), eSDI-Net+ (SDI best practice identification, evaluation and dissemination), EURADIN (harmonizing address infrastructure) and LAPSI (legal aspects of public sector information and re-use) will be mentioned. Conclusion will be made by calling the attention on the opportunities for sharing experiences with the balkan countries via the anticipated joint actions of EUROGI and Eurogeographics. Key words: NSDI, Networking, Information share, Communication, INSPIRE, PSI.

1. INTRODUCTION Inagurated in 1994 and registered in January 1996, the Hungarian Association for Geoinformation shortly HUNAGI was established as a non-profit, national, interdisciplinary umbrella organisation

1

Dr. Gábor REMETEY-FÜLÖPP , [email protected] Hungarian Association for Geo-information (HUNAGI) www.hunagi.hu Tel.: +36 1 3556322, Gsm.: +36 30 4158276 Pethényi út 11/b, 1122 Budapest, Hungary

63

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 - to promote, stimulate, encourage and support the development and use of GI and its associated technologies, - to strengthen the institutional links between the multidisciplinary GI communities in Hungary and in abroad, - to provide representation and visibility of the GI community's interests in the European Umbrella Organisation for Geographic Information (EUROGI), and to build up contacts with similar national GI associations. Being involved also in the activities of the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Initiatives (which became Association at the time of the GSDI6 held in Budapest), HUNAGI was invited to the INSPIRE Expert Groups of the European Commission between 2002 till 2006. After Hungary joined the European Union in 2004, the country was represented in the INSPIRE-related Council Meetings and later commitology actions by the Ministry of Environment and Water backed with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in some GI related issues. MoARD’s involvement was heavily supported since the beginning by its Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing (FÖMI), member of HUNAGI. FÖMI, the Hungarian Met Service OMSZ and the Hungarian Geological Institute (MÁFI) became Legally Mandated Organisations (LMO) , while HUNAGI a Spatial Data Interest Community (SDIC) registered by the DG JRC Spatial Data Infrastructure Unit in Ispra. Between 2004-2006 HUNAGI lead the SDI Strategy Working Group of the multiageny framework of the Information Society Strategy under the auspice Ministry of Communication and Informatics. Meantime the first National Status Reports on INSPIRE were prepared by HUNAGI in conjuction with FÖMI for the subcontractor KU.Leuven. In 2007 MoEW – responsible for the task - asked HUNAGI to be involved in the completion of the INSPIRE questionnaire and the document was prepared by HUNAGI and FÖMI again. In 2009 as contractor, HUNAGI provided an Impact analysis on the INSPIRE implementation for MoEW. The document was prepared by HUNAGI member COWI Ltd, a professional consultant company involving experts from FÖMI, the Regional Development Public Benefit Company, HUNAGI and the National Statistical Office (KSH). The document was intended to support the decisions related to the adoption of the INSPIRE legislation. The Environment Act amended by MoEW step in force on May 15 1009, while a Governmental degree (241/2009.x.29) was announced on the establishment of the National Environment GI System and a decision was made on governmental level (1176/2009x.26) to set up of a Committee with defined tasks in order to support the Hungarian Representative in the European INSPIRE Committee. The first Committee meeting was held on 31 March 2010 hosted by MoEW and the frequency of the meetings will be 4 times per year. Altough HUNAGI was not invited so far, it is anticipated, the announced Expert subgroups will provide opportunity for HUNAGI experts to be invited.

2. SETTING HUNAGI ON THE SCENE 2.1. Network HUNAGI became today a spatial data interest community network of organisations and institutions interested in the acquisition, service or use of Geographic Information and related technology developments. So far over 220 decisions have been made by the 64

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 (today one hundred) members at the 19 General Assemblies during the past 15 years. Between the Assemblies, a Presidential Board supervises the activities and recommends changes. In 2008 the Presidential Board was strengthened by an upgrade to 7 members. The multidisciplinary nature of the organisation is well reflected by the afiliations of the Board members, who are representing the following areas: Informatics in Town Planning and Regional Development (HUNAGI President, VÁTI), National Cadastral Mapping and Remote Sensing (FÖMI), Topographic Mapping (HM Topograph), Local Government Informatics (Szombathely), Landscape Planning and Rural Development (Budapest Corvinus University), as well as the Departments of Physical Geography (Szeged) as well as Cartography and Geoinformatics (ELTE, Budapest). The Secretarygeneral came from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, while the Secretary - a post established in 2009 - is filled by the Deputy Delegate for the European INSPIRE Committee on behalf of the Ministry of Environment and Water. (Mention should be made some of the ministries including MoEW will be affected by the structural changes announced by new government on 3rd May 2010). The Controlling Committe is lead by representative of a the private sector (e-Government Ltd) having members from the prime spatial data provider FÖMI and a vocational training institution in Nagykanizsa. 2.1.1. Membership Starting by 7 founding organisation in 1994, so far 145 institutions and organisations applied for membership in HUNAGI and about 40 left the Association due to different (mainly financial) reasons. Especially 2008-2009 became difficult years for HUNAGI by loosing nearly 25 % of its members – mainly as a consequence of the economic recession and the uplift of the membership fee in the public institution category. However, the facilitator role of the organisation steadily attracts newcomers such as the Hungarian Post Office, the Nav N Go Ltd, Research Institute of Agricultural Economics only a few to mention who applied in 2010. The network clusters are around governmental agencies, academic research institutions, universities, the private sector, NGOs and local governments. Most of the prime data providers in geosciences from Meteorology to Geology and Geodetic/Geophysical Research Establishment to Earth Observation, stakeholders, developers, value added service operators and users became member or partner of the national GI association. The recent member academic institutions with their enrollment year are shown on Fig. 1 Fig. 1 Academic institution members of HUNAGI 1994 Faculty of Geoinformatics, University of West-Hungary 1996 ATC Agroinformatics and Applied Mathematics Department, University of Debrecen 1997 Dept of Physical Geography, József Attila University of Sciences 1999 Institute for Environmental and Landscape Management, Szent István University, Gödöllő 2000 Chair of Landscape Planning and Regional Development, Budapest University of Economics and Public Administration Research Institute of Soil Sciences and Agrochemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA TAKI) 2001 Chair of Surveying and Remote Sensing, Institute of Geomatics and Engineering Faculty of Forestry, University of West-Hungary

65

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Chair of Water- and Environment Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Debrecen University Department of Cartographic Science and Geoinformatics, L.Eötvös University Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Kaposvár 2002 Institute for Ecology and Botany of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 2003 Department of Surveying and Geodesy Budapest Univ of Technology and Economics Pollack Mihály College of Engineering, Department of Public Utilities, Geodesy and Environmental Protection, University of Pécs Regional Research Centre Alföld of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA RKK) 2004 Zsigmondy Vilmos és Széchenyi István School for Vocational Training, Nagykanizsa Chair of Automation, Veszprém University Research Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics (MTA GGKI) 2005 Corvinus University of Budapest, Faculty of Public Administration Department for Public Management and Urban Studies 2008 BCE Department of Mathematics & Informatics 2010 University of Debrecen, Dept of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics

Recent governmental institution members with their enrollment year are shown on Fig. 2 Fig. 2 Governmental institution members of HUNAGI 1995 Hungarian Space Office 1996 Mapping Service of the Hungarian Defence Forces 1997 Geological Institute of Hungary (MÁFI) GRID Budapest at MoEW Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing (FÖMI) incl. 8 subscribed projects (INSPIRE, LandCover, LPIS/PIR, GNSS, Int‘lRelations, MADOP, DigitalLandOffices, VINGIS) 1998 Regional Development and Town Planning Nonprofit Ltd (VÁTI) 2001 Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ) 2002 Baranya County Land Office Capital Land Office Mapping Nonprofit Ltd., MoDefence Somogy County Land Office State Forestry Service 2003 Tolna County Land Office Pest County Land Office Csongrád County Land Office Békés County Land Office Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Land Office Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 2005. Environmental Protection & Water Directorate of the Region Central Tisza Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County Land Office Heves County Land Office Bács-Kiskun County Land Office

66

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Hajdú-Bihar County Land Office Szombathely Municipality 2006 FVMMI, Gödöllő MoARD Institte of Vocational Training 2007 Zalaegerszeg Municipality 2008 Directorate Water & Environment 2009 Aggtelek National Park Balaton-felvidék National Park Bükk National Park Duna-Dráva National Park Duna-Ipoly National Park Fertő-Hanság National Park Hortobágyi National Park Kiskunsági National Park Körös-Maros National Park Őrség National Park 2010 Research Institute of Agricultural Economics

HUNAGI general Assembly opened the door for the private sector in 2000. Despite the frequent fluctuation, the number of SMEs increased steadily. Recent private sector members with their enrollment year are shown on Fig. 3 Fig. 3 Private organisation members of HUNAGI 2001 Bonaventura GIS Market Analysis and Publishing Ltd. www.terinformatika-online.hu DigiTerra GEOinformatics System House Ltd www.digiterra.hu GeoX Ltd www.geox.hu Térkép (HISZI-MAP) Ltd. www.hiszi-map.hu National Cadastral Programme Non-profit Co. www.nkp-kht.hu WEBhu Ltd. www.webhu.hu 2002 Autodesk Hungary Ltd. www.autodesk.hu Congress Ltd www.congress.hu ESRI Hungary Ltd www.esrihu.hu Geodézia Ltd www.geodeziakft.hu HungaroCAD Ltd www.hungarocad.hu VARINEX Informatics Ltd www.varinex.hu 2003 InterMap Ltd. www.intermap.hu Compet-Terra Ltd. http://competterra.com/ GeoData Ltd. www.geoadat.hu GT Rt (Geodetic and Cartographic Shareholding Co.) www.geodezia.hu T-Systems Ltd/IQSYS Ltd www.iqsys.hu 2004 EUROSENSE Ltd. www.eurosense.hu HungaroGEO Ltd www.hungarogeo.hu Rudas & Karig Ltd http://www.rudaskarig.hu/ 2008 Daten-Kontor Ltd www.dk.hu TEKIRÉ Ltd www.tekire.hu GEOlevel Ltd www.geolevel.hu

67

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 2009 GotMap Ltd(Ohio, USA) www.gotmap.com COWI Kft www.cowi.hu 2010 Magyar Posta Zrt. www.posta.hu Nav N Go Ltd www.navngo.com

The recent NGO members with their enrollment year are shown on Fig. 4 Fig. 4 Non-governmental organisation members of HUNAGI 1994 gita Hungary Geospatial Information & Technology Association Hungarian Society of Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing John v. Neumann Society for Computing Sciences 1998 Hungarian Federation of Agroinformatics (MAGISZ) 2003 UN FAO SEUR, Budapest

The members are well distributed in the country: all the counties have at least one institutions or organisations represented in HUNAGI. Moreover, nearly 50 students and alumni are individual members of the HUNAGI Student Division. Their mentor is the former Dean of the College Geoinformatics of the West Hungary University Prof. Béla Márkus. 2.1.2. Agreement-based cooperation with other interest groups, and informal partnerships In order to enhance the information dissemination towards neighbour areas generating cross fertilization enabling innovative solutions, agreement based links and cooperations have been emerged with the following target areas: Agroinformatics (MAGISZ), eGovernment, Public Service Information and its re-use (MATISZ), Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS Hungary), Purchase, Inventory and Logistics (MLBKT) organising joint workshops and seminars (two times so far). The most important collaboration in 2009 was the completion of an INSPIRE-related economic impact analysis. Contracted by MoEW the document was achieved in teamwork lead by the subcontractor COWI Ltd. It is anticipated, promising links will gain synergy with the ITS Hungary where HUNAGI is funding member and the just founded opensource oriented Hungarian CASCADOSS Society. Ideas and considerations regarding future developments associated beyond INSPIRE were inspired by the recession, to strengthen the transparency and competitiveness. In line with these ideas consultancy was provided for the State Audit Office (ÁSZ) in 2009. The results led to a formal two-year collaboration agreement between ÁSZ and HUNAGI introducing GIS to support the fight against corruption. Additional formal MoU was signed with the Hungarian Space Cluster HUNSPACE in 2010 to promote the use of novel technologies and tools and sharing know-hows for the benefit of the SMEs of the two communities. Recently, informal communications are paving the way for other future thematic cooperations towards e.g. landscape planners, nature protection community and the Monitoring Unit of the Hungarian Ornitological Society (MME) to

68

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 share information on innovative solutions where the users are heavily involved in the data acqusition (TÉKA, Fecskefigyelo, Turistautak). HUNAGI as registred public benefit society keeps contacts with practically any entities and individuals (experts, decision makers) regardless with their membership status. 2.2. Communication and awareness raising In order to support the availability, reliability, accessibility and useability of spatial data in line with INSPIRE and PSI directives, HUNAGI as SDIC is heavily involved in awareness raising, information share and channeling. The arrangement of joint actions with thematic target communities, sharing knowledge and know-how on best practices and lessons to be learned are acknowledged by the members, especially the private sector representatives. The extended mailing list of HUNAGI used for eNewsletter and Circulars contains 500+ experts. HUNAGI newsbogs and thematic blogs attracted so far 150,000+ visitors from 100+ countries. A two-page HUNAGI flyer in English updated monthly is devoted to participants of meetings of closed shop events. 2.2.1. Internet HUNAGI has internet presence since 1995 supported by the ELTE Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics till 1998. Since that year the HUNAGI website is hosted by FÖMI (www.hunagi.hu). In 2006 onward HUNAGI introduced its newsbog services in Hungarian and in English (unsdihu.blogspot.com) launching some additional thematic blogs entitled according to the main chapters of the NSDI Strategy. The contents of the blogs incliding the extensive photo archive (HUNAGI Visuals Resource) are available for reuse according to the Creative Commons 2.5 Licence. The 1668 blogposts of the flagship blog HUNAGI Napló hunagi8.blogspot.com was read by 89,244+ visitors so far, with 80-120 hits/day today. HUNAGI keeps direct contact with its members and domestic partners using t 200 strong Member Mailing List and 500+ strong Extended Mailing List respectively. The International Mailing List is not used for mass mailing. HUNAGI e-Newsletter is circulated twice a month highlighting the latest news might be interesing for the members and partners. As an example, HUNAGI websblog posted the following news addressing INSPIRErelated issues in the past three months: - EUROGI presentations at the INSPIRE Conference in Krakow (on April 4) - Minutes of the EUROGI Annual General Meeting (with downloadable INSPIRErelated presentations of the Members Day) (Apr 2) - Call for Opportunity: Web-based Consultation on the Annex II and III (March 30, March 1) - EUROGI Members Day in Brussels (March 25) - Call for Contribution on Beyond INSPIRE, Next Steps and Hot Topics (March 17) - INSPIRE Forum: Opensource software expert Group Call for Join (Feb 24) - Last reminder: Deadline of the INSPIRE Conference (January 28) Additional HUNAGI blogs are devoted to Legislation, Data Policy, Standards and Data Specifications, Data Acquisition and Updating, Metadata Service and Data Access, SDIC Comments, Vocabulary, Science and Education, New products and Publications, Flashback (HUNAGI-related archived annual reports back to 1994), HUNAGI Blog of Events (a comprehensive and continuously updated log based on the incoming mails and reminders), GI/GIS and the Future, Tripshots (Photographic Portfolio since 2006. Actually, the HUNAGI Digital Archive goes back to January 1999). 69

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Three additional website is maintained with the content of three thematic areas, where HUNAGI is directly or indirectly involved in domestic and international actions namely: EURADIN http://euradinhu.blogspot.com , LAPSI http://lapsihu.blogspot.com , and PLAN4all http://plan4allhu.blogspot.com . 2.2.2. Journals There are two Hungarian journal devoted to GI, both are published by HUNAGI members. Geodézia és Kartográfia is the printed one which belongs to the Hung. Society of Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (MFTTT). The other is a portal entitled Térinformatika-online (www.terinformatika-online.hu) published by Bonaventura Ltd editor of the once Térinformatika Journal stopped in 2008 by the HUNGIS Foundation (which was stopped after 18 years too). As further e-journals are concerned, HUNAGI officers and liaisons are active in the Editorial Board of the Journal of Agricultural Informatics, Budapest, International Journal of the Spatial Data Infrastructure Research (Ispra) and the International Journal of Digital Earth (Beijing) and provide contributions to the PSI Platform (London) as correspondent. 2.2.3.Conferences, workshops, seminars In the past 10 months HUNAGI organised two international workshops in conjuction with FÖMI and Geox Ltd. The subject was devoted to the European Address Harmonisation project called EURADIN. The first was held on 2nd September 2009 involving the major stakeholders, the second targeting the address service providers and users on 23 March 2010. On 25 February 2010 the first Thematic HUNAGI Conference entiled „Do we have to pay for everything?“ was hosted by MoARD. The topic was OSS and free spatial data for Local Governments. Invited internatinal speakers were represented among others EUROGI, OGC, DG Informatics, AGEO, Humboldt and CASCADOSS projects. 2.3. HUNAGI membership in other societies HUNAGI is member of ITS Hungary (Intelligent Trasportation Systems), MAGISZ (Hungarian Federation of Agricultural Informatics). On European level HUNAGI is member of the European Umbrella Organisation of Geographic Information (EUROGI) and the Genoa based Geographic Information System International Group (GISIG). On the global scene HUNAGI has three strong links: membership in the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association (Reston, GSDI), the International Society of Digital Earth (Beijing, ISDE) and as invited observer in UNGIWG the UN GI Working Group chaired by UNOOSA/UN-SPIDER and UNACE. Nearly 3 year long HUNAGI was active member of the UNESCO and International Geoscsience driven International Year of the Planet Earth (2007-2009). On behalf GSDI Association HUNAGI member had the opportunity to be delegated at the IVth GEO Plenary and Ministerial Summit as well as the Vth GEO Plenary held in Cape Town and Bucarest respectively. HUNAGI officer is acting as liason to the CEOS Working Group on Information Systems and Services on behalf of GSDI Association. The links with neighbour countries‘ NGIAs such as AGEO and CAGI are also important to mention. Many HUNAGI member institution liaisons are active in international learned societies such as FIG, ICA. 2.3.1. International institutional links

70

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The field of operation is not restricted on the domestic links. One of the feature of HUNAGI is the commited involvement in the SDI-related international relations such as EUROGI, GSDI and Digital Earth. There is a link to UNSDI too. These activities will be introduced and the benefits will be illustrated. The following listings reflect the turbolent activities related to the institutional links on Domestic, Cross-border, European and Global level in 2009-2010 so far: Domestic level links Participation of the Hungarian Space Research Council Meeting Setting up Hungarian SDI Group in INSPIRE Forum by the Hungarian Academy of Science, Subcommittee on Geodesy and Geoinformatics Cross-border activities CAGI Cross-border: Participation of the CEE-SDI in Prague AGEO Cross border: National EURADIN Conference, Vienna ITD-HUNSPACE-HSO talks with Bavarian Space sector representatives and EADS Astrium European-level activities Participation of the EUROGI ExCom hosted by IGN, Madrid Participation of the EUROGI ExCom Meeting, Members Day and Annual General Meeting in Brussels EUROGI ExCom Meeting hosted by HUNAGI in Budapest EUROGI ExCom and General Board Meetings in Turin Attending DG JRC brainstorming on Europe in Digital Earth in Ispra HUNAGI attends the EUROGI ExCom Meeting in Rome Compilation of GI/EO Calendar of Conferences in the CEE & SEE Countries in 20102011 for EUROGI ExCom Attend EUROGI Annual General Board Meeting in Brussels Global-level activities Taking part of the CEOS WGISS27 Meeting in Toulouse Participation GSDI-11 Conference in Rotterdam Co-chairmanhip, GSDI WG on Legal & SocioEconomics Impacts Participation of the ISDE-6 in Beijing Participation of the ISDE ExCom Meeting in Beijing with contribution to the Beijing Declaration 2009 Participation of the Editorial Board Meeting of the Int’l Journal of Digital Earth in Beijing HUNAGI invited to the 10th UNGIWG Plenary and Poster Exhibition hosted by UNOOSA/UN-SPIDER in Bonn IGS: Two Hungarians among the founding members of the International Geospatial Society HUNAGI officer was asked to serve as advisor to the Past President of GSDI Association Joining the LinkedIn‘s GOV-OSS-Resource Center Forum Special liaison with the UN (with a short flashback) On 28th September 2006 at the 1st UNSDI HUCO Stakeholder’s Meeting held in Budapest HUNAGI got the mandate from the leading Hungarian stakeholders to run the 71

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 UN Spatial Data Infrastructure Hungarian Coordination Office (UNSDI-HUCO). These stakeholders include: Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Hungarian Geological Institute Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ) Hungarian Space Office, Ministry of Environment and Water Mapping Service of the Hungarian Defence Forces Ministry of Defence Mapping Company Ministry of Economy and Transport National Directorate General for Disaster Management Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry University West Hungary Faculty of Geoinformatics VÁTI Hungarian Public Nonprofit Company for Regional Development and Town Planning FÖMI/HUNAGI Proposal for setting up UNSDI HUCO Hungarian Association for Geo-information Introductory presentations of the Stakeholders marked with blue are available at www.unsdi.hu. UNSDI HUCO was invited to the INSPIRE-UNSDI consultation to DG JRC, Ispra, 15th December, 2006 HUCO presentation is available at www.unsdi.hu . The 2nd UNSDI HUCO Stakeholders’ Meeting was hosted by the Hung. Met Service on January 26, 2007, while the 3rd UNSDI HUCO Stakeholders’ Meeting with the Delegation of the Chinese NSDI Strategy Committee was hosted by FÖMI on May 22, 2007. HUCO was invited to the 1st UN Global Partner Meeting organised by UNGIWG and hosted by European Space Agency ESRIN in Frascati. The Town Planning and Regional Development Public Benefit Co. and FÖMI were also invited. In 2007 HUCO’s proposal to refer UNSDI in IYPE’ Paris Declaration was accepted. HUCO position paper was submitted to the UNGIWG Secretariat in Geneva in June. HUCO contributed to the UNGIWG -9 Plenary and participation of the 9th UNGIWG Meeting as invited partner in Vienna. GSDI/HUNAGI proposal to CEOS WGISS at the WGISS27 hosted by CNES was well received to formulatte user requirements on SDIs and related services in the GSDI SDI Cookbook Wiki in case of applications which need quick response time under the guidance of UN-SPIDER. Invited partner at the 10th UNGIWG Plenary & Meeting in Bonn, taking part at the Poster Exhibition with a poster on VINGIS of FÖMI was arranged by HUCO in October 2009.

3. ACTIVITIES IN SDI CONTEXT HUNAGI and its members are contributing to several EU projects in order to enable better implementation of the relevant legislation framework directives. Here the Humboldt (supporting GMES and INSPIRE), eSDI-Net+ (SDI best practice identification, evaluation and dissemination), EURADIN (harmonizing address infrastructure) as well as Plan4all (INSPIRE compliance in the spatial planning) and LAPSI (legal aspects of public sector information and re-use) will be mentioned. 3.1. Domestic activities: HUNAGI in the facilitator role Participation of the EUMETSAT-OMSZ-MÜI Information Day hosted by the Hung. Meteo Service in Budapest 72

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Preparing the LAPSI Project-related Task Force Team Participation of the gita Hungary Conference in Balatonalmádi HUNAGI presentation on SDI evaluation at ESRI HU Users‘ Conference in Budapest Participation of the Society and GIS Conference organised by ELTE TTK TFT in Budapest Participation of the GIS Day event organised jointly by ELTE TGT SASFA and HUNAGI in Budapest SME4SPACE Workshop organised by HUNSPACE Budapest NatureSDI+ Workshop hosted by MoEW in Budapest Participation of the Light-Space-Imagery Conference organised by GeoIQ and MFTTT in Dobogókő HUNAGI visited the Faculty of Natural Resources Management of the Károly Róbert College in Gyöngyös. Application of the evaluation methodology of ePublicServices for spatial data services using synergy with eSDI-Net+ achievements (MATISZ) Some hot topics which arise in HUNAGI’s field of work includes: HUNAGI in the Hungarian Space Council, MoU with the Hungarian Space Cluster in Earth observation and SDI, Forging Geoscience links (IYPE), FOSS4GI for the Local Governments CASCADOSS, Novel applications by involving the users: TÉKA Landscape assets cadaster, Bird Monitoring activities of MME, Túristautak. 3.2. EU projects Participation with the goal to maximize the potentials and benefits offered by the international collaborations and networks on European and Global level and providing feedbacks to facilitate the implementation of the INSPIRE Directive. Some of the actions in 2009 and in 2010 so far: ePSIplus European Public Sector Information and Re-use Participation of the ePSIplus Closing Thematic Workshop on GIS/Meteo hosted by the Documentation France in Paris Humboldt Participation of the HUMBOLDT Rewiever and Advisory Board Meeting hosted by Fraunhofer Institute in Darmstadt CASCADOSS: Opensource tools for INSPIRE and GMES Participation of the CASCADOSS Regional Meeting hosted by Compet-Terra in Szeged Participation of the CASCADOSS Workshop hosted by FÖMI in Budapest eSDI-NET+ European SDI Network Participation of the eSDI-Net+ Inter-WP Meeting hosted by SEERC in Thessaloniki Participation of the eSDI-Net+ Consortium Meeting in Leuven Participation of the eSDI-Net+ Consortium Meeting in Krakow eSDI-NET+ Consortium Meeting, and the European SDI Best Practice Award Conference, Turin Six subnational SDI have been nominated by HUNAGI for eSDI-Net+. 73

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Evaluation methodology will be enhanced with HUNAGI participation ensuring applicability for self assessments. Investigate the use for web-based services in ePublic services, a recent proposed joint action with MATISZ, the Hungarian Federation of eContent Industry. eSDI-Net+ Consortium meeting hosted by Fraunhofer Institute, Darmstadt Hungarian version of www.esdinetplus.eu completed EURADIN European Address Infrastructure To build dialogue between address service providers, users and governmental stakeholders to fill the legislation gap and to identify responsible agency Preparation of the European Address Infrastructure National Workshop (EURADIN) hosted by FÖMI in Budapest Organising the EURADIN National Workshop in Budapest EURADIN project report completed for EUROGI LAPSI Involvement in Network on Legal Aspects of PSI and re-use - HUNAGI LAPSI team established involving the Prime Ministers‘ Office e-Government Centre, the Hungarian Federation of e-Content Industry, FÖMI, Neumann-House Nonprofit public company, Dr. Tamás A.Kovács Lawyer‘ Office and HUNAGI EU LAPSI project preparation meeting hosted by MoARD Attend LAPSI project kick-off meeting in Turin and reporting on the highlights at the 3rd LAPSIHU Team. Plan4all – Spatial Planning and INSPIRE Expert contribution to PLAN4ALL invited by WP leader Manfred Schenk in Rome Proposal to host a National Plan4all Workshop in Budapest submitted for EUROGI 3.3. Consultancy and advisor role 3.3.1.Policy issues Land Management as driving force (planned int’l conference on Cadastre-SDIeGovernment scheduled for the EU Hungarian Presidency with suggested organisers EUROGI and EuroGeographics) Brainstorming on the possible events under the Hungarian EU Presidentship in first Semester of 2011 Talks with the Chair of the National Council of Communication and Informatics Talks with the eGovernance Center of the Prime Minister’s Office on the PSI and re-use related project LAPSI Meeting with the President and Secretary of the Geosciences Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in the subject Digital Earth 3.3.2 Consultancy and advise Attend and promote Digital Earth at the Closing Meeting of the Hungarian National Committee on IYPE (2007-2009) hosted by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Attend and promote the application of GI/EO-related novel technologies at the Joint Board Meeting of the Hungarian Space Council and the Space Research Board arranged by the Hungarian Space Office.

74

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

4. CONCLUSIONS Considerations regarding future developments needed in the INSPIRE context are as follow: Need for jointly agreed goals and approved strategy Need for interagency cooperation, framework and collaboration Need for INSPIRE compliant services, monitoring, reporting Need for dissemination of best practices and lessons learned (mostly via EU projects) There is an opportunity to share experiences with the Balkan Countries via the anticipated joint actions of EUROGI and Eurogeographics to organise an International Conference in the subject Cadastre – SDI – e-Government under the Hungarian EU Presidentship in the 2nd Quartars 2011. Note: recession opens often space for innovative thinking and motivating driver for cooperation The horizontal networking and international links strengthen cohesion, increasing competitiveness and - consequently - are equally beneficial for decision makers, INSPIRE compliance service providers and for the USERS.

5. REFERENCES Lévai P., 2009. Spatial Data. 1st National EURADIN Workshop in Budapest, 2 September 2009 Mikus D., 2010. INSPIRE. HUNAGI Conference, Budapest, 25 February 2010 (In Hungarian) Remetey G., 2010 Beyond INSPIRE: the Next Steps. EUROGI Members‘ Day, Brussels, 26 March, 2010 Spatial Data Interest Community Networking – HUNAGI in nutshell 7 April 2010 http://www.fomi.hu/hunagi/pdf/2004/FlyerApril7Aoldal.pdf and http://www.fomi.hu/hunagi/pdf/2004/Flyer7AprilBoldal.pdf

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Graduated and postgraduated in Surveying and Automation in Geodesy, Budapest Technical University; Chief Counsellor, Department of Land Administration and Geoinformation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Budapest 1986-2006; Head, Image Processing Lab, Remote Sensing Center, Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Budapest 1980-1986; Secretary General, HUNAGI, 1994-; Life membership in Hungarian Society of Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, 1971-; Member in National Geographic Society (Washington DC), 1971-; Hungarian Astronautical Society; Bureau, UNECE WPLA, 2005-2006; Editorial Advisory Board, GIM (Lemmen) 1992-; Editorial Advisory Board, Int'l Journal SDI Research (Ispra), 2006-; Editorial Advisory Board, Int'l Journal Digital Earth (Beijing), 2006-; Member, National GEO Board, 2005-; Advisory Comm, Board of Directors and Secretary, GSDI Assoc., 1998-2009; INSPIRE Expert Group of the European Commission, 2002-2006; Permanent Committee on Cadastre in the EU, 2005-2006; Liaision, GSDI Assoc. in CEOS WGISS, 2006-; President, ISPRS Commission VII Resources & Environmental Monitoring, 1996-2000; Co-Chair, ISPRS WG VII/4 Human Settlements and Impact Analysis, 2000-2004; Co-Chair, ISPRS WG IV/1 SDI, 2004-2006; Head, UNSDI HUCO Budapest 2006-; Reviewer, EU Humboldt Project 2007-, Delegate in GEO on behalf GSDI Association (2007-2009) ; Member, ExCom Int'l Society of Digital Earth (2008); Correspondent, PSI Platform (2009). 75

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

HELLENIC MAPPING AND CADASTRAL ORGANIZATION GIS PORTAL – TOWARDS GREEK SDI Theodoros VAKKAS1, Angelos TZOTSOS2, John PETROGONAS3 ABSTRACT In this paper the development of the Hellenic Mapping and Cadastral Organization’s (HEMCO’s) GIS portal in conjunction with the creation of the Greek Spatial Data Infrastructure is discussed. HEMCO is a state organization under the auspices of the Ministry for the Environment, Energy and Climate Change, owning a massive amount of geospatial data. Moreover, HEMCO is now officially responsible for monitoring and implementing Inspire Directive in Greece. Although Greek SDI’s development is at an initial state at the moment, HEMCO took some initial actions in order to conform to the INSPIRE Directive and published its available spatial data through this new portal. In the context of a large scale project regarding the implementation of an Integrated Information System for managing and publishing geospatial data, Organization succeeded in creating a scalable infrastructure, introducing innovative functionality features, fulfilling at the same time INSPIRE requirements as regards the availability of metadata for spatial data and the availability of some basic network services. The implementation of the portal included digitization of more than 100,000 datasets, creation of approximately 500,000 metadata files and publishing through a geoportal with viewing and ordering capabilities. Also, customized software was implemented for metadata creation and manipulation within the portal's database. Future developments will include a full scale INSPIRE portal implementation which will be the center node of the Greek SDI. Key word: INSPIRE Directive, Metadata, Spatial Database, Intergraph, OGC Services.

1. INTRODUCTION Hellenic Mapping and Cadastral Organization is a state organization, under the auspices of the former Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works, now Ministry for the Environment, Energy and Climate Change. Main purpose of HEMCO is the drawing up and maintenance of a positive cadastre for Greece, the geodetic coverage and the mapping of the country, the enrollment and mapping of the natural

1

MSc. Theodoros VAKKAS, [email protected] Geospatial Enabling Technologies Ltd., www.getmap.gr Tel.: +30 210 66 64 192, Gsm.: +30 6936 950 603, Fax: +30 210 66 63 979. 7Α-Β Posidonos Av. & Lokridos Str., 18344, Moschato - Athens, Greece. 2 Eng. Angelos TZOTSOS, [email protected] Geospatial Enabling Technologies Ltd., www.getmap.gr Tel.: +30 210 66 64 192, Gsm.: +30 6932 149 344, Fax: +30 210 66 63 979. 7Α-Β Posidonos Av. & Lokridos Str., 18344, Moschato - Athens, Greece. 3 Eng. John PETROGONAS, [email protected] Geospatial Enabling Technologies Ltd., www.getmap.gr Tel.: +30 210 66 64 192, Gsm.: +30 6949 614 854, Fax: +30 210 66 63 979. 7Α-Β Posidonos Av. & Lokridos Str., 18344, Moschato - Athens, Greece.

76

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 resources and the creation of a land and environment data base. Its jurisdiction constitutes of: o The responsibility to create basic and derivative maps, diagrams as well as to update, revise and maintain them. o The creation and maintenance of the Greek Cadastre, as well as the approval, the coordination and the supervision of all the cartographic and cadastral programs of the public sector. o Executing of aerial photography and photogrammetric programs for public services. o The creation and maintenance of a Land and Environment Information System. o The drawing up of specifications, regulations and prices for related works. o The development of research and informatics regarding all the above fields. o The execution on any additional project, necessary for the accomplishment of its mission. Moreover, HEMCO is responsible for monitoring and implementing INSPIRE Directive in Greece. During the last decades HEMCO became the owner of massive spatial datasets. For instance, the archive of analog aerial photos contains more than 500,000 items, dating from late 1930’s. Consequently, it was necessary for the Organization to obtain an Information System which would provide it with the necessary means to manage, maintain, protect and publish its geospatial data. In this context, a project was designed, and the tender was awarded in the year 2009 to ANCO S.A. and Geospatial Enabling Technologies Ltd. Due to the asynchronous issuing of project specifications (late 2006) and INSPIRE Directive’s entrance into force (May 2007), there were no predictions for an implementation conforming with the Directive’s demands. During project’s implementation (2009-2010) though, it had already become obvious on behalf of HEMCO’s administration that there were delays in creating the Greek Spatial Data Infrastructure and that the project should be implemented in a way that could be further utilized by the Greek SDI. The implementation changes should be done with respect to the initial specifications and the time schedule. That way, it was decided for a Metadata System to be developed and at minimum, software supporting INSPIRE Network Services to be provided. In this paper, the technical details of the portal are discussed and the technologies behind this effort are presented. The structure of the paper includes the system description in Chapter 2, the metadata system in Chapter 3, while conclusions are discussed in Chapter 4.

2. GIS PORTAL - SYSTEM DESCRIPTION In the tender at its initial form, HEMCO specified that the Information System’s design and implementation should take into consideration the special needs of the Organization for specific kind of geospatial data. A major consideration was the availability of more than 500,000 aerial photographs, which are more than 95% of the overall Organization’s data. Also, it should be taken under consideration that the system should include vector data available from HEMCO to the public (free or through fees), and develop various 77

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 automated procedures for ordering and easily obtaining data through the portal. At the same time, the tender described an Information System that would include a database system, a file management system and a web application. The web application would integrate the file management capabilities within the database storage and publish at the same time a web-GIS interface for viewing and ordering data and several SDI services on top of this software infrastructure. 2.1. Spatial Datasets The spatial data owned by HEMCO that should be included in the system were: o Approximatelly 100,000 aerial photographs in films. o Flight plans of 400,000 aerial photos in printed maps. o Hand written journals of the flight missions including the majority of the metadata for the aerial photos. o Analog base maps covering the entire Greek territory. o Data from Corine Land Cover 2000 program in digital and analog form. o Analog diagrams from the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention). o Digital Cadastral Maps. o Geodetic network of Greece in digital form. o Administrative units and boundaries of Greece. o Various Topographic maps. o Digital Elevation Models. o Orthoimagery Also, the project described that all digitized aerial photos would be processed and included in photogrammetric projects in order to be oriented and included in the system. So a new dataset that should be produced was the orientation project files. All the data mentioned in the above list, are HEMCO's ownership and are distributed exclusively by HEMCO to the public or to various government organizations. 2.2. Hardware Infrastructure For the implementation of the Information System a medium setup of servers and hardware was deployed. This included: o A database server o A file system server o An application server o A web proxy server o Two Firewalls o A 8 TB Storage System This setup was suggested by the initial tender and could not be upgraded. 2.3. Software requirements The software component of the Information System was initially described in the tender in means of system functionality. The system should be able to include raster and vector spatial data. Vector data should be maintained in the form of a spatial database and 78

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 raster data should be maintained from a file system server in order to avoid multiple copies within the Organization. Metadata should be maintained within a database after implementing an ISO 19115 compliant schema for storing and discovery purposes. At the same time, a data schema should be implemented in the database to be linked to the file system management for raster files and tables including vector data. 2.3.1. Database system The database system of the Information System included 4 schemas and was implemented using Microsoft SQL Server 2005 technology. Upon this technology, various steps of logical and physical design of the database were performed in order to include the appropriate representations and data structures needed for the portal functionality. The first schema implemented included the tables, stored procedures, triggers etc, for all the vector data information. This schema was build around a central table holding the link between all databases of the Information System. This table holds information about the identification of files in the system, as well as identification for metadata elements and even identification for a single record of data, such as a line, a point, a polygon or a raster file. This way, any reference to each of these elements could lead to discovery of all other connected components of the system. For example, the link between metadata and data is based on the common record in this central data table. The second database schema supported the Metadata System. This was implemented using the technical guidelines of INSPIRE and was compliant with the ISO 19115 and 19139 standards. This database schema was implemented by Intergraph Coorporation and especially Intergraph Poland as part of their SDI Pro software. After an extended period of testing and implementing linkage to the main schema of the database, the schema for metadata was finalized. Details on the metadata system developed for this portal, are presented in Chapter 3. The third database schema included the file management system. This schema incorporated a model that links all physical files and folders to virtual files and folders within a virtual space in the Organization's network . This was to ensure that all members of the Organization would have appropriate and secure access to the data files and that the administration of those data would be centralized. Also, another goal of this system was to avoid data replication to many client workstations. Every file in the system receives a special physical file ID (TSID) and this is linked in the main table of the first database along with metadata identification and database identification. This way, not only a member of the Organization can find the data of a specific dataset, but also in a single step query, can discover the metadata as well as the originating physical files of the dataset. Finally, the fourth database schema included the portal functionality, all the tables needed to implement ordering of data, automated processing of orders, pricing policy and automation of procedures (workflow) for the Organization. This functionality was modeled and implemented to a database representation to facilitate the portal's functionality.

79

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 2.3.2. GIS and File Management System As stated previously, all data were organized in several database schemas, in order to provide the required functionality. This led to a disadvantage of the system architecture, which was the complexity of the database. This complexity was not only in the data themselves, but also in the procedure required in order to insert the data into the database. To overcome this problem, a number of custom applications was developed to automate the insertion of the data into the database. For every kind of dataset/dataset series, a custom application (Figure 1) ensured that all the related tables in the data, metadata and file management system schemas would be updated correctly during data insertion. These applications were developed with the .NET framework upon the Intergraph's APIs (GeoMedia and TerraShare). Figure 1. Custom Applications for data insertion

The main GIS platform for the Information System was GeoMedia Professional. This platform was used for vector data manipulation, preprocessing and translation. Then the custom applications were used for data insertion into the database for further use by the portal's Web GIS application, as well as the INSPIRE web services. All processing of raster data was performed in Intergraph's Image Station Software family. Moreover, all physical files (raster and vector) were inserted to the file management system, implemented upon Intergraph's TerraShare technology. This technology provided the infrastructure to organize the spatial data files within the HEMCO's network and, as mentioned before, provide secure access to the data, while avoiding data duplication. At the same time, this system provided the capability to spatially enable generic digital file storage (such as word files or pdf files) within the Organization. Through the file management system, all ordering transactions on the data were performed faster, all data files could be recovered through queries in the database and the virtual network space was available to the end user (Figure 2) as well as to the portal through a common software interface.

80

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Figure 2.File Management System -Terrashare

2.3.3. Web Applications The third main part of the Information System was the Web portal itself. This included the main Web GIS application for viewing and ordering data (Figure 3) as well as a content management system and INSPIRE compliant web services (Viewing and Discovery Services based on Web Map Service [WMS] and Catalog Service [CSW] of Open Geospatial Consortium [OGC]). It should be noted that viewing aerial photos is performed by an on the fly interpretation of photogrammetric data, resulting in a correctly oriented in geographical space aerial photo. Figure 3. Web GIS Portal

The main Web application, since the initial project specifications required specific functionality for searching and ordering data, was implemented using the Intergraph's 81

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 WebMap technology accompanied with the TerraShare Web module for fast raster rendering through the Web and SVG for rich vector representation over the browser. The main functionality includes selection of data type for searching, location selection (through text or through spatial queries), and selection based on attribute queries (such as scale, temporal extend etc). It should be noted that the main application was not implemented using the INSPIRE technical guidelines for data discovery, since this document was not available when the tender was formed, several years ago. This resulted into different functionality specification (lack of search criteria like keywords in data search capabilities) which was not permitted to modify for legal reasons. To compensate this, a full Discovery Service (CSW 2.0.2 ISO Profile) was implemented using the SDI Pro software, so that a third party application (or other catalog service) to be able to consume (or harvest) all the available metadata infrastructure (more details in Chapter 3). Using this catalogue service, all INSPIRE compliant queries can be executed. As far as the viewing services are concerned, a WMS service was also implemented using SDI Pro software, so that HEMCO’s data can be accessed by third party appications.

3. INSPIRE METADATA SYSTEM The implementation of INSPIRE Directive’s specifications as regards metadata are recorded in the corresponding regulation, that is Commission Regulation (EC) No 1205/2008 of 3 December 2008. This document in conjunction with ISO Standards (ISO 19115, 19119, 19139) and the INSPIRE Implementing rules were the basic guideline during the development of the metadata system. HEMCO’s Metadata System was designed in order to be able to support: o creation of metadata files o editing of metadata files o validation of metadata files o central management of metadata o metadata discovery Special attention was given to provide the system with the ability to perform in a massive way. HEMCO’s Metadata System is based on custom applications developed by GET Ltd and software provided by Intergraph. 3.1. Applications for Metadata Creation Metadata Editor (Figure 4) and Batch Metadata Creator (Figure 5) are desktop applications that were implemented in order to create metadata files in XML format, conformant with the INSPIRE implementing rules.

82

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Figure 4.Metadata Editor

These applications were designed to provide users with an interface similar to the prototype web application of the Inspire Geoportal, grouping relevant metadata elements in separate tabs. Both of the applications encapsulate the same functionality with Batch Metadata Creator providing users with the extra feature of creating metadata files in a massive way. That is a very useful feature, especially when some or most of the metadata elements values to be provided are the same (e.g. organization responsible party, role, scale). In such a case, users have to fill only once the metadata elements that share the same values (for all the spatial datasets opened) saving time in an operational environment. Through the applications all the mandatory metadata elements according to the Inspire Metadata Implementing Rules must be filled prior to saving a metadata file. At the same time, a validation mechanism facilitates the error Figure 5.Batch Metadata Creator

83

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 control and handling. All drop down lists included in the applications contain elements that populate the corresponding xml elements with valid values, through a translation executing at saving the file time. An extra feature of the applications is that they can be used to open files containing geospatial data in various formats (Geotiff, JPEG2000, JPG, ERDAS IMG, ESRI SHP, ER-MAPPER ERS, DTM) and automatically extract their bounding box in the WGS84 LAT/LON system (EPSG code 4326). 3.2. Applications for Metadata Editing Revising or modifying metadata is a common task in an operational environment where data correction/update takes place. Moreover, metadata creation was proven to be an error prone procedure and at all events, human errors cannot be excluded. Metadata Editor and Batch Metadata Editor (Figure 6) were developed to meet especially these needs. While Metadata Creator can be used to edit/create only one metadata file at a time Batch Metadata Editor facilitates the correction/replacement of metadata element values in batch mode. In particular, after metadata files to be edited are loaded, new or correct value of metadata elements are provided. The application is then replacing the value in all metadata files, given that the validation mechanism is always supporting the procedure. Figure 6.Batch Metadata Editor

3.3. Applications for Metadata Validation As already being noted, custom applications described in sections 3.1 and 3.2 provide a validation mechanism against INSPIRE Metadata Implementing Rules. In addition, Geomedia Catalogue Admin – GCA (Figure 7) was used to validate metadata created. This application is part of Intergraph’s Catalogue Service implementation software used mainly for importing metadata in a relational database schema. GCA provides the extra 84

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 feature of validating also against ISO 19115 Standard. GCA comes with an application programming Interface that was used to interact with the database schema (described in the following section). Figure 7. Geomedia Catalogue Admin

3.4. Metadata Database Schema All metadata files were stored in a metadata warehouse (file system) managed and linked to the spatial datasets through the File Management System (Terrashare). In order to support network services implementation and utilize the advantages a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) offers like central management, support of multiple applications, security etc, a relational database schema was formed. The ISO 19115 metadata conceptual model is captured in a hierarchical structure of database relations (tables), while a set of stored procedures, triggers, sequences is used to support the mapping of UML concepts to the relational schema. The database schema includes a table where the entire xml metadata files are stored. Updating database is based on the retrieval of the desired record (metadata file) and re-importing the file. 3.5. Catalogue Service HEMCO’s metadata were initially accessible through the Web GIS application in means of a service providing access to the corresponding metadata of features selected by the user (Figure 8). In addition to that, Intergraph’s Catalogue Service was implemented. The Service is compliant with the OGC CSW 2.0.2 ISO Profile, but it was decided that the final form would be instantiated in the Greek SDI node.

85

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Figure 8. Metadata access

4. CONCLUSIONS HEMCO achieved to create a modern, scalable hardware and software infrastructure, making it capable to manage and publish its geospatial data in an efficient way. Through the project implementation, HEMCO managed to automate many of its internal procedures while obtaining valuable know-how on enterprise spatial systems and SDI technologies. Also, HEMCO became the first organization in the Greek public sector, possessing INSPIRE compatible metadata files, validating its state as the official INSPIRE implementer in Greece. In this way, the Organization met an initial goal which was the availability of metadata for its own data. While there have been delays at the Directive’s implementation (mainly due to the lack of an appropriate legal framework), HEMCO was able to support and provide rest of the public sector’s owners of geospatial data with valuable expertise and tools about metadata creation, promoting the effort to conform with the Directive’s demand for availability of metadata for spatial data themes of Annex I and II of the Directive by December 2010. Already, the second large spatial data owner, the Ministry of Rural Development and food is using the same tools to develop a similar infrastructure and publish its metadata to the public. Finally, in a wider context of its initiatives, HEMCO utilized its infrastructure in order to follow the monitoring and reporting guidelines. Future developments will include a full scale INSPIRE portal implementation (on hardware and software infrastructure) which will be the center node of the Greek SDI.

86

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

5. REFERENCES European Commission, 2007. Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE). Official Journal of the European Union. European Commission. European Commission, 2008. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1205/2008 of 3 December 2008, implementing Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards metadata. European Commission. Drafting Team Metadata and European Commission Joint Research, 2009. INSPIRE Metadata Implementing Rules: Technical Guidelines based on EN ISO 19115 and EN ISO 19119, European Commission. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 2003. ISO 19115:2003 Geographic information Metadata. ISO.

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Theodoros Vakkas works as a spatial systems engineer at Geospatial Enabling Technologies Ltd. He is member of the consulting comittee for the implementation of the INSPIRE Directive in Greece. He holds an M.A. in Geoinformatics and a Rural and Surveying Engineering Degree, from the National Technical University of Athens. He is specialized in metadata and he is expierienced in geospatial systems implementation. His interests involve spatial database systems and geodesy.

Angelos Tzotsos is a software engineer at Geospatial Enabling Technologies Ltd. He specializes in OGC web services and Open Source Software. He is currently a PhD candidate in Remote Sensing at the National Technical University of Athens and holds a Rural and Surveying Engineering Degree. His research interests involve remote sensing, object-based image analysis, computer vision, machine learning, expert systems and spatial web services.t

87

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

WEB-BASED GIS SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY FROM SLOVENIA Daniela STOJANOVA 1 Tom LEVANIČ 2 ABSTRACT Large amount of geographical data have been used more and more in many areas in different application domains, such as government, telecommunications, utilities, cadastre, land management, environment and ecology. Recently, the internet technology is moving Geographical Information Systems (GIS) towards Web based applications, providing more visual information for the end users and simplifying the interaction between users and GIS. We present a web based information system that has been developed by the Slovenian Forestry Institute in order to promote the hunting community in Slovenia. This information system facilitates the hunting in terms of providing online up-to-date information on various dispossessions of species on different locations. The information is made available at three different levels i.e. Country level, where the information are aggregated at national level; Hunting region level where the information is aggregated at district-wise; and at Hunting communities level where the information is aggregated village-wise. The application follows OpenGIS Standards compliant for Web Feature Service (WFS) and Web Map Service (WMS). The data is stored in a spatial database. The output formats includes tables, graphs and maps products (Google Earth, GEORSS, Shapefiles, raster image formats, pdf, etc.). All presented data are extensively equipped with their metadata description, so as to enable delivery of exact information to the end user. Technologies like HTML and JAVA scripts are made use of for designing the client end interfaces. The Web GIS based applications constitute the new paradigm of distributed applications, that combines the best aspects of the development of components and the development web using standard GIS protocols and data formats of generalized use to obtain multiplatform integration. Key word: Web GIS, WMS, spatial data, cartography, open source software.

1. INTRODUCTION Large amount of geographical data have been used more and more in many areas in different application domains, such as government, telecommunications, utilities, cadastre, land management, environment and ecology. Along with process, the set of 1

Msc. Daniela STOJANOVA, [email protected] Slovenian Forestry Institute, www.gozdis.si Tel.: +386 1 200 150, +386-1-200 7800, Gsm.: +386 40 184 826, Fax: +386 1 257 3589 Večna Pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

2

Doc Dr. Tom LEVANIČ, [email protected] Slovenian Forestry Institute, www.gozdis.si Tel.: +386-1-200 7800, Fax: +386 1 257 3589 Večna Pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. 88

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 available GIS applications and its complexity is increasing as well. The applications have many advanced functionalities and capabilities that make them on one hand very easy and fast to use and very difficult for beginners especially having to deal with application specific menus and procedure steps. Recently, the internet technology is moving Geographical Information Systems (GIS) towards Web based applications, providing more visual information for the end users and simplifying the interaction between users and GIS. In this study, we present OSLIS Information System (Central Slovenian Hunting Information System), a web based information system that has been developed and maintained by the Slovenian Forestry Institute. The development of the system was guided by an initiative of the Ministry of agriculture, forestry and food of Slovenia to set up and provide public services i.e. to display and share information on the hunting activities and conditions in Slovenia. The system is based on two expertises (Jerina, 2008; Levanič and Stojanova, 2009). The main objective of the system is connecting existing geographicallyreferenced information to the GeoWEB using open standards and operating as a node within a free and open Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). In addition, it promotes the hunting community in Slovenia by enabling access to game information for the general public. Instead of using the GIS functionalities of the expensive commercial solutions (such as Arcview/ ArcInfo, MapInfo, etc.), the system combines open-source Web GIS solutions and spatial database functionalities providing technical and data support for preparation of wildlife management plans and reports. OSLIS is available at http://oslis.gozdis.si. The OSLIS system is an umbrella system, intentionally designed to serve as a platform for joining multiple external data about the game, collected by hunters on the field. The system architecture is intended to combine a large amount of data by receiving data from several databases once a day. The data is then integrated and stored in a spatial database, so it can be queried on the fly. Data entry and verification happens at the database level, thus OSLIS is not intended for data entering, data maintenance and does not guarantee data quality. The system is capable of aggregating and displaying the external data in an organized form, either as a map, graph or table. In this way, the users can exploit this advantage of using web services to interactively connect to the spatial data and use it in an efficient and flexible way. The information is made available at three different levels i.e. Country level, where the information are aggregated at national level; Hunting region level where the information is aggregated at district-wise; and at Hunting communities level where the information is aggregated village-wise. The system provides support for planners in the creation of wildlife management plans in a way that it provides outputs (maps, graphs and tables) in the range and quality that have not been available until now. In terms of preparation of the wildlife management plans, the system follows the National Rules on the content of wildlife management plans. Other wildlife management plans’ activities like analysis of past management, evaluation of the status of populations and wildlife habitats, assessment of the ecological balance and consistency with the natural environment, can also be supported and simplified by the use and analysis of the output results of the system. In future, we expect that the system will support and follow the forthcoming national legislature for annual hunting region plans. 89

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 In the process of system development we were aware of the fact that the system is only as useful as the programs that underlie its operation, so we established OSLIS as an open-source system for which users do not pay licensing. Due to the use of open-source components, OSLIS is accessible to all users free of charge. The system is completely independent from the operating system. The access to the OSLIS system requires minimum software and GIS knowledge. The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 gives a brief overview of the technology used to build the system. Section 3 describes the functionalities of the OSLIS system while Section 4 discusses our concluding remarks and further issues that are currently under investigation.

2. TECHNOLOGY The OSLIS Information System is a Web GIS application build on free and open source platform Geoserver (http://geoserver.org/). GeoServer is a Java-based software server that allows for great flexibility in map creation and data sharing by using open standards set forth by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) (http://www.opengeospatial.org/). GeoServer aims to operate as a node within a free and open Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). The main characteristics of GeoServer include: - Creation of maps in a variety of output formats (WFS, GML, KML, SVG, PDF, GeoRSS, JPEG, PNG, Geotiff, OGR Output – MapInfo Tab and MID/MIF, Shp, CSV, GeoJSON, etc.), by implementing the Web Map Service (WMS) standard. WMS is a standard protocol for serving georeferenced map images over the Internet that are generated by a map server using data from a GIS database. - Quick and easy map generation enabled by OpenLayers, a free mapping library integrated in GeoServer. Publishing data from any major spatial data sources such as GeoTIFF, ArcGrid, MapInfo, external WFS, WorldImages, ImageMosiacs, Image Pyramids, Erdas Imagine, Shapefile, ArcSDE, GML, DB2, MySQL, SQL Server, VPF, PostGIS and Oracle. - Sharing and editing data that are used to generate maps, by conforming to the Web Feature Service (WFS) standard. WFS specification is an interface allowing requests for geographical features across the web being highly interoperable. - Freeing your data and permitting greater transparency. This allows distributed, decentralized structure of geospatial data. - GeoServer can connect with traditional GIS architectures such as ESRI ArcGIS, MapInfo, etc. - It is free software. This significantly lowers the financial barrier to entry when compared to traditional GIS products. - It is also open source. Bug fixes and feature improvements in open source software are greatly accelerated when compared to traditional software solutions. Having GeoServer as the major component, OSLIS incorporates all of the above mentioned characteristics. In particular: 90

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 -

It employs WMS and WFS standards for map dynamic map creation and sharing. - PostGIS (http://postgis.refractions.net) is used as a data source for web mapping. PostGIS is an extension to the PostgreSQL (http://www.postgresql.org/) open source object-relational database system that allows GIS (Geographic Information System) objects to be stored in the database. PostGIS data can be exported to several output GIS formats such as Shapefile and MapInfo. - The output formats includes tables, graphs and maps products. The data is displayed on the popular mapping applications Google Maps, Google Earth and Yahoo Maps. - All presented data are extensively equipped with their metadata description, to enable delivery of exact information to the end user. - Technologies like HTML, XML and Javascript are used for designing the client end interfaces. The main advantage of the OSLIS system is that it represents a WEB GIS application that combines the best aspects of the development of web components using standard GIS protocols and the data formats of general use. Another advantage of the OSLIS system is that it incorporates all of the above mentioned characteristics of the Geoserver platform within a simple web portal solution. The user can take advantage of the technology aspects without any previous technological or GIS knowledge. The system is easy to use and the generation of maps on user request very fast.

3. FUNCTIONALITY Web services are set up by the public sector for several reasons: to share information with other public sector organizations, to inform citizens and the private sector and to market public sector information. Our system tends to promote the hunting in Slovenia in terms of providing online up-todate information on various dispossessions of species on different locations and sharing information on the hunting activities to the general public as well to the hunting specialists. The general public has a limited access to the information while the professional public has unlimited access to all available information, protected via valid username and password. The user can find information on the number of withdrawal: - per hunting species, e.g. information on the number of withdrawal per animal species in particular period, the number of withdrawal per animal sub-category within a specific hunting species in particular period, the number of animals that died from a specific disease in particular period, the number of animals that were driven over on highways or railways in particular period, the period of maximum withdrawal per species, etc. - on different hunting locations, - for different type of loss, e.g. the number of animals that died from disease in particular period, the number of animals that were driven over on a highway or a railway in particular period, etc. - per different type of disease, - in comparison to the number of planned withdraw etc. 91

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The information is made available at three different levels i.e. Country level, where the information are aggregated at national level; Hunting region level where the information is aggregated at district-wise; and at Hunting communities level where the information is aggregated village-wise. The system is capable of displaying information on the hunting activities in form of tables, graphs and interactive maps on all three levels. The information is available in form of maps, graphs and tables: - Cartographic printouts - Tabular printouts - Graphical printouts 3.1. Cartographic printouts The map output consists of several vector and raster layers in different geo-reference coordinate systems, displayed one over another. The information on the withdrawal of the hunting species is given by vector point layer, while the information on the hunting communities, hunting regions and couture of the Slovenia is given by vector polygon layers, both in the Gauss-Krueger coordinate system. By default, the base layer is the Google's physical layer which is a natural map of roads, rivers and similar attributes given in World Geodetic System (WGS84). In addition, selection of more raster cartographical base layers is possible. Thus, the user can choose among Google's layers (satellite, terrain, streets and hybrid) with spatial resolution up to 0.5m and Landsat layers with 30 x 30 m resolution. Note that Landsat satellite image quality is very poor, especially it is not suitable for zooming options and detailed view.

Figure1: A map for the withdrawal of wild boar in Slovenia in the year 2009. The size of the red dots shows the amount of withdrawal. The cartographical raster basis layer is the Google’s physical layer.

92

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The demonstration maps (Figures 1 - 2) present some of the possible maps generated by the OSLIS system. Figure1 presents the withdrawal of wild boar in Slovenia in the year 2009 whereas Figure2 presents the withdrawal of deer in Slovenia in the year 2009 in the Novo Mesto hunting region. The cartographical raster base layer given in Figure1 is the Google’s physical layer whereas the base layer presented in Figure2 is the Google’s hybrid layer. The amount of removal is illustrated with the size of a red dot. Minimum dot represents a withdrawal from 1-5 animals and the maximum red dot represents a withdrawal of more than 10 animals.

Figure2: A map for the withdrawal of deer in Slovenia in the year 2009 in the Novo Mesto hunting region. The size of the red dots shows the amount of withdrawal while the violet couture line shows the Novo Mesto hunting region. The cartographical raster basis layer is the Google’s hybrid layer.

The user can adjust positioning and zooming options. It is possible to display and print maps up to A0 printer format, or to store them in several output formats such as PNG, EPS or PDF. 3.2. Tabular printouts In addition to map printing option, the system also enables users to print and export tables according to predetermined criteria (e.g., geographical levels, species, type of disease, type of loss, etc). Tabular printouts are a good tool for analyzing different combinations of attribute and calculation data. Some predefined printouts are available to the general public while the experts have opportunity to choose among all possible different combinations supported by the system. Currently, the database contains data for the last 5 years. Data before 2005 are unreliable in spatial context as well as incomplete.

93

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 3.3. Graphic printouts Similarly as the maps and tables outputs, the graphical printouts are possible for various combinations of possible attributes (type of disease, type of loss, type of of animal species, spatial level, time periods, etc.). The graphics can be exported into standard graphical formats like PNG, PDF or EPS. This allows very ease integration of high quality graphs in reports and expertise which is very important for the support of the wildlife management planning. The structure of the fox withdrawal for the period from 2005 to 2010 in Slovenia is preseted in Figure 3. The male population withdrawal is given on the left group bar (labeled as samci) while the female population withdrawal is given on the right group bar of the graph (labeled as samice).

Figure3: The structure of the fox withdrawal for the period 2005-2010 in Slovenia. The male population withdrawal is given on the left group bar (labeled as samci = male) while the female population withdrawal is given on the right group bar of the graph (labeled as samice = female). Lower values in 2010 contain only data from January till April.

CONCLUIONS Web services are set up by the public sector for several reasons: to share information with other public sector organizations, to inform citizens and the private sector and to market public sector information. In this study, we present OSLIS - a web based information system that has been developed and maintained by the Slovenian Forestry Institute. It is focused on connecting existing geographically-referenced information to the GeoWEB using open standards and operating as a node within a free and open Spatial Data Infrastructure. The need for this kind of system has arisen from the need to share information on the hunting activities in Slovenia with the general public, inform the public about the 94

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 current status of the hunting activities as well as to promote and popularize them. Beside the general public, the system is also intended to serve to hunters and hunting specialists. All of them have different access rights to different kinds of information that are interesting and appropriate for them. The system encloses all kinds of species that can be found on the national territory of Slovenia. The species that are considered for hunting have been determinate by the official law of Slovenia. We believe that information from the system can offer IT support to decision makers and wild management plan makers in both the long and short-term management plans for the game. The support provide from the system is prearranged in accordance with the Rules on the content wildlife management plans. In the segment of long-term plans, the data from the OSLIS may be utilized in the development of hunting region management plans and activities, assessment of the state population and in assessment of the ecological balance and consistency. On the level of short-term wildlife management plans, the use of the information support offered by the OSLIS system in directed in preparing short-term assessments, analysis, guidelines and measures.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This article has been written as part of the activities of the project “Public forestry service”, financed by the Ministry of agriculture forestry and food of Slovenia.

REFERENCES Jerina, K., 2008. Vrednotenje podatkov osrednjega slovenskega lovskega informacijskega sistema. Ekspertiza, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire, Ljubljana 2008. Levanič, T. Stojanova D., 2009. Sistem OSLIS – Informacijska podpora načrtovanju upravjanja z divjadjo. Ekspertiza, Gozdarski Inštitut Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2009.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Daniela Stojanova is a reseach assistant at the Slovenian Fresty Institute. She received Master of New Media and E-science at the Jozef Stefan Postgraduate School in Ljubljana, Slovenia in 2009. She has experience in research projects and web-based GIS applications, interests in Machine Learning and Data Mining, relational and spatial databases and Remote Sensing.

95

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

EXPANSION OF THE POPULATION IN KOSOVO BY GRID AND CONSTRUCTION OF WEBGIS IN STATISTICAL OFFICE OF KOSOVO Rrahman TARA1, Idriz SHALA2 ABSTRACT Statistical Office of Kosovo was appointed as a leading unit in terms of two spatial themes mentioned in appendix III: “Statistical units”, and Population distribution – demography”. Furthermore, the point assignment will allow easy processing of statistical data in any area, including grid system. Geographical grid systems are included in Annex I, which means that they are considered as reference data. The INSPIRE data specification on Geographical grid systems has been prepared following the participative principle of a consensus building process. In this workshop we will present the method of collection of data for the creation of GRID Map of Household and Population Data in Kosovo as well as the content of WebGIS system in Statistical Office of Kosovo that is of key importance for dissemination of statistical information. A new production method for grid statistics which is based on a relational database started adopted at Statistical Office of Kosovo. In the new production method the compilation of grid statistics is based on the location data of buildings. Various attribute data on individual persons, households, buildings and dwellings can, with the help of links between tables, be assigned to specific buildings. Key word: WebGIS, GRID, INSPIRE

1. INTRODUCTION In this paper we shall make the description of geo-database for population census, implementation and management of this database, procedures for update of Enumeration Areas and data dissemination via GRID model. Until now the data at Statistical Office of Kosovo (SOK) have been published in aggregated form by municipality and settlement level. Grid as a new method to be implemented at SOK shall help in dissemination of statistical data with a higher spatial accuracy. In addition to data on the number of households and number of population that have been entered into grid form, it’s expect that in the near future to have other types of statistical data such as social, economic, agricultural and demographic statistical data that can be analyzed and disseminated through grid. 1

Rrahman TARA, [email protected], [email protected] Statistical Office of Kosovo, www.ks-gov.net/esk Tel.: +381 38 235-111, Gsm.: +377(0)44 443 064. Str. Rr.. Zenel Salihu, nr.4, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo. 2 MSc. Idriz SHALA, [email protected], [email protected] Statistical Office of Kosovo, www.ks-gov.net/esk Tel.: +381 38 235-111, Gsm.: +377(0)44 366 434. Str. Rr.. Zenel Salihu, nr.4, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo.

96

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Statistics Kosovo encourages the development of spatially referenced statistics. Statistics Kosovo is participating in the GEOSTAT project which aims to create a standardized demographic distribution of the total population by 1 km² grids for all Europe. Statistical Office of Kosovo joined the European Forum for Geo-statistics and is taking an active part in the GEOSTAT project, according to the INSPIRE directive the Geographical grid systems from Annex I are included as well. Grid-based population models have considerable advantages for population representation, offering more meaningful representation of settlement and neighborhood pattern, including the geography of unpopulated areas, and providing stability through time. As a result, gridded models have seen extensive use where population must be integrated with environmental phenomena.

2. NEW DATA PRODUCTS: ESTIMATES DATA AND GRID MAP Creation of the map representing the population distribution via Grid method and with the help of GIS for the whole territory of Kosovo is of special importance not only for the statistical statistics but also for the Kosovo’s society in general. This map would contribute in enrichment of the national geo-database and GIS. In this paper we shall present the methods and the approach of creating the data and creation of dissemination of population based on the Grid 1km x 1 km. After the digitalization of buildings from the orthophotos of 2004 and update of them based on the satellite images of 2008, Statistical Office of Kosovo has gathered data on the number of households, number of inhabitants and other statistical data for every single building in Kosovo. These gathered data / information shall serve as a base for conducting a successful population census in Kosovo. Following the digitalization and data gathering processes, all the information have been entered into GIS and therefore on this base of the thematic map has been created and presented in 1km x 1km Grid. All these information have been collected directly from the households using door to door method. Initially it was created the centroids with X, and Y values and the number of inhabitants for each centroid of the occupied buildings, followed by the creation of the link of them with each specific 1 km x 1 km grid and finally it was created the vectorial base (grid with data on the number of inhabitants).

Figure 1: Data producing process - from points to grids

97

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Grid map 1km x 1km is created using WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_34 NH. File format MapInfo+dBase-format Table 1. No of Grids by number of Inhabitants

Inhabitans per individual square kilometre 1-10 11-50 51-100 101-250 251-750 750 or more Uninhabited

No 523 1276 831 1248 1243 447 5774

Total

11342

Main objective for mapping and GIS unit is a harmonized dataset of population distribution. Population grid data is listed in the Annexes of the INSPIRE Directive.

98

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Map 1: Kosovo grid population map 2009 – this poster is presented in European Forum for Geostatistics held in October 2009, at Hague Statistics/ Netherlands1

1

European Forum for Geostatistics (2009) http://www.efgs.ssb.no/

99

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Map 2: Geostat Population Map 2010 – this poster is presented in Eurostat, Working party/meeting Geographical Information Systems for Statistics organized in Luxembourg, March 2010.

This map was updated in beginning of 2010 by European Statistics incorporating data for some other countries among them was Kosovo also.

100

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 2: is presented at Geostat Population Map 2010, data on Kosovo are provided by Statistical Office of Kosovo / Cartography and GIS unit

GI initiatives in Europe for the standardization of spatial data in the field of statistics is to crate EU – wide population grid maps from the 2011 census and to develop a methodological framework for geo-coding population mapping on km grids. (http://www.efgs.info). SOK has now started with some existing comprehensive country data to harmonize the data according to these standards. After a Population Census to be held in Kosovo in 2011 all data will be geo-coded and will be used according to specific topics in the field of statistics according to INSPIRE directive to contribute in building of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) of the Republic of Kosovo.

3. CREATION OF WEBGIS AT STATISTICAL OFFICE OF KOSOVO Statistical Office of Kosovo (SOK) for the first time in 2009 has created the Web GIS. The users of the Web GIS are meant to be SOK, other public institutions of Kosovo and the general public. Initially the Web GIS is designed in Albanian language only. SOK through the Web GIS shall offer updated statistical data that shall be of a wide use. Web GIS in addition to offering various statistical data it also offers the possibility of analyzing the special statistical information based on the SQL and other methods of analysis such as creation of technical maps based on demographic and socio-economic structures, measure of lengths, creation of buffers, selections according to themes and grouping of information according to specific standards etc. * Web GIS is based on the MapInfo and ESRI technology. * All the layers presented in the Web GIS are in the coordinative system UTMWGS 1984 Nh. * Statistical Data that shall be presented in WebGIS are taken from the statistical data published by SOK. Procedures for construction of the SOK web-gis have been completed, now web-gis is in a function of different users through this link www.ks-gov.net/esk. After 101

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 completing the Census, the web-gis will be updated and enriched with various statistical information. Statistical data will be presented in the aggregated form according to the level of municipality, settlement and Grid. 3.1. Platform * Web Application dedicated to SOK * User friendly with .NET technology * Queries features and view results in map view * Results in tabular and map format * Fast, good image/map quality * Image size limited only by server capabilities * User ESRI/MapInfo files 3.2. The map layers Territorial division (Kosovo, municipalities, settlements, Grid 1 km x 1km) . 3.3. The active information layers according to the map layers Alphanumeric information, data on the field of employment according to sectors, number of business, data from the field of education, judiciary, agriculture etc. 3.4. Activities Search by location of objects, by name, Query, Buffers, Distance, filters, select by polygon, by square by data, overview window printing options etc.

Figure 3: A WebGIS example on distribution of the statisical information by municipal level

102

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 4: A WebGIS example on distribution of statistical information by grid

4. CONCLUSIONS This paper has reviewed the methodology developed of grid-based population mapping in Statistical Office of Kosovo. Also it provides further explanations on the WEBGIS contents of statistical information. After the Census it shall be created the possibility for entering all the data (such as those from the social, economic, demographic, and agricultural) in grid and also the dissemination of them through the system of WebGIS. Planned future activities in Cartography and GIS Office are:






Production of thematic mapping and spatial analysis, data dissemination and services Implementation of a grid system for all statistical data dissemination. Update of statistical data in GIS and dissemination of them through the Web GIS Cooperation with other Institutions for the definition and implementation of a NSDI Development of metadata information 103

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

5. REFERENCES European Forum for Geostatistics (2009) http://www.efgs.ssb.no/ Meeting of the Working Party ‘Geographical Information Systems for Statistics’Luxembourg, 8—9 March 2010 Statistical grid for Norway Documentation of national grids for analysis and visualisation of spatial data in Norway, Geir-Harald Strand and Vilni Verner Holst Bloch ,2009 Statistics Norway

Martin, D. (2009) Population 24/7: building time-specific population grid models School of Geography, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK Guidelines for Geographic Data Intended for the GISCO Reference Database, Lovell Johns Ltd, Witney, UK 2005 Eurostat. GISCO Database Manual, SADL, K.U. Leuven R&D 2005 Eurostat GISCO Desktop Mapping guide V. 2, Directorate D - Unit D2 Regional Statistics and Geographical Information, Eurostat

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS RRAHMAN TARA is born on 02 March. 1950 in Pristina,Kosovo. He studied in the field of economic in Pristina. Since 1971 he is working in the Statistical Office of Kosovo. From 2002 he is working with Department of Population and Housing Census in the Cartography and GIS unit. He participated in many international visits and conferences on Census preparations according to international standards. Since 2007 he started to implement the INSPIRE Directive in the field of statistics in Kosovo.

IDRIZ SHALA is born on 17 March 1980 in Prizren, Kosovo. Studied in Geography Faculty and Masters by the University of Pristina in a subject of Spatial Socio Economic Models. From 2002, he is working in the Statistical Office of Kosovo, Department of Population and Housing Census in the Cartographic & GIS unit. Shala attended study visits in European Universities and Institutions. Since 2007, together with colleague Mr. Rrahman Tara started to implement INSPIRE Directive in the statistical field in Kosovo. This sector made some presentations in Eurostat and National Statistical Institutions in EU countries related with implementation of these Directives by Statistical Office of Kosovo.

104

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

MAPPING AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN TIRANA AREA USING GIS Manjola BANJA1, Elvin COMO2, Bledar MURTAJ3 , Albana ZOTAJ4 ABSTRACT The recent development of spatial data infrastructure in the frame of geographic information systems (GISs) has created the new era of different applications in the field of environment. The scope and the scale of urban areas problems make the GIS a powerful tool for management of spatial and temporal data, complex analyses and visualization. The ability to manage a number of spatial and temporal data formats, data structures created in the frame of the GISs open the ways to building air quality information systems that synthesize geospatial and temporal air quality data to support spatial-temporal analysis and dynamic modeling. Mapping of air pollution within a GIS environment for 6 selected points at the urban area of Tirana during 2009 was developed. Surveys for air pollutants as NOx, NO2, O3 and SO2 were conducted using passive sampler Analyst based on European Directive (EC Directive 96/62 EC ed EC Directive 99/30) that indicates the passive sampling as an indicative method for preliminary evaluation of air quality. Two-one month periods over winter and summer period are chosen to expose the passive samplers. The pollutant concentrations for each period are visualized in the planar view of the Tirana urban area. GIS was used to compare the two planar views representing the periods of passive sampling in order to investigate the influence of meteorological conditions. The visualized result has the potential to provide valuable information for pollution impact analysis, by including also the dimension of the influenced area and population. The spatial assessment of air pollution within Tirana urban area can be exploited by environmental and medical authorities in order to plan their future strategies. Key word: Air pollution, GIS, passive sampling, Tirana

1. INTRODUCTION Usually, air pollution monitoring in urban environments is performed by operating a certain number of monitoring stations located in several sites which are representative of the general exposure to pollution by population ( Allegrini I., et al, 2002).. In such situations, pollutant concentrations are measured by means of proper analyzers. Such a 1

PhD. Manjola BANJA, [email protected] Institute of Energy, Water and Environment, Polytechnic University of Tirana Tel.: +35542222202 Rr.“Durresit“, 219, Tirana,Albania. 2 MSc. Elvin COMO, [email protected] Institute of Energy, Water and Environment, Polytechnic University of Tirana Tel.: +35542222202 Rr.”Durersit”, 219, Tirana, Albania 3 M.Sc. Bledar Myrtaj, [email protected] Institute of Energy, Water and Environment, Polytechnic University of Tirana Tel.: +35542222202 Rr.”Durersit”, 219, Tirana, Albania 4 M.Sc. Albana Zoaj, [email protected] GIS Specialist

105

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 conventional approach, although found satisfactory in many instances, has a number of definite limitations: standard monitoring stations require high investment costs, extensive maintenance and training and highly specialized personnel, data gathered by automatic analyzers are not suitable for a rapid interpretation and, unless used to compare the values with pre-defined limits or air quality standards, they are not always useful. Another method to assess pollutant concentration is based on the use of diffusive devices which is an ideal tool to determine the pollutant distribution over a large area and to assess integrated concentration levels, over long period of time. The different techniques are used in the monitoring process in order to determine the individual factors of pollution and stress of the urban environment, to estimate short term and long term changes and to develop models that can simulate a real environmental situation to aid the decision making process. Considering the nature of collected measurements, the research requires a spatio-temporal data management. The increase in computing power and graphics is facilitating the advance of geographic information systems-GIS, which can effectively satisfy these tasks. Capabilities of the GIS include mainly management of spatial data in the form of map layers, which can visualize real objects by vector and raster data formats together with graphs and multimedia presentations. Data analysis in the frame of the GIS represents one of the next steps. A number of definitions describe capabilities of the GIS to solve a wide range of environmental problems, which are related to urban areas. Burrough (1998) defines the GIS as a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes. The GIS contains a huge range of spatial analyses and temporal comparisons, which allow carrying out and display of output data in the GIS’s layers. Air pollution maps are potentially powerful tools particularly for urban areas for use in epidemiological studies. They can help to identify the “hot-spots” in need of special investigation or monitoring. In Tirana urban area according to 2007 traffic data, average traffic counts have increased 13.1% over the previous year and have been climbing at about that same rate for the past 7 years. The combined increase in road traffic and lack of significant improvement in road infrastructure has caused chronic congestion on all principle roads and dangerously high levels of pollution. Vehicle emissions are responsible for the majority of CO, hydrocarbons, NOx, SO2 and inhaled particulate matter present in the atmosphere of the city (Kim J.J., et al, 2001). Due to increasing attention devoted to the direct health risks associated with air pollution from local traffic sources, two-one month passive monitoring field campaign were conducted during year 2009. Mapping of air pollutants as NOx, O3 and SO2 is visualized in the planar view of Tirana urban area using GIS. The planar visualization is displayed to improve its interpretability and to point the hot spots where the highest pollution occurs which can be easily detected by representing pollution level using an appropriate color ramp. The spatial and temporal of air pollution in Tirana urban area is investigated based on ambient air quality levels in summer and winter. At the same time the influence of meteorological conditions is analyzed.

1. METHODOLOGY The assessment of atmospheric pollution in urban area is a very important step for the definition of locations where to deploy the monitoring stations. Such locations are selected according to several information, which include: type and intensity of emitting sources; distribution of polluting sources in the urban area; expected maximum 106

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 concentration points in relationship to the presence of human targets (population exposition); prevailing meteorological conditions; model applications; geographical context; other proper studies (Allegrini I, et al, 2002).. The monitoring sites have to be representative of a sufficiently large area in the vicinity, so that the sampling station can be considered representative of a larger area or representative of sites characterized by similar environmental conditions. The methodology of this study is based on grid selection which is used to identify the measuring points (figure 1) and a number of 6 points is defined. Every point is chosen to represent as well as possible the air pollutants emission sources of the entire grid to which it belongs. It takes also accounts of traffic flow and the number of the inhabitants per grid. An area of influence for each sample was defined considering a circle of 200 m of radius. This choice is partially arbitrary but it was a result of the attempt to locate the passive samplers on a grid. A receptor grid is elaborated with a distance between points of 200 m. The data was structured and stored in the temporal database while Tirana’s digital map at scale 1: 20000 was being uploaded and topologically structured using ArcView and ArcInfo GIS software. The location of stations in the maps was determined. Attribute data were assigned to spatial objects and the system become ready for spatio-temporal analysis and management. After the experimental campaigns, the results of this technique are complemented by proper studies, which take into account for the location of emitting sources, the distribution of exposed population and the prevailing meteorological conditions.

Figure 1. Tirana urban area and the passive monitoring points

107

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 2.1 Site description Tirana city is located at the central part of Albania and is the capital of the country. The greater urban area occupies ~31 km2 and extends approximately 25 km far away from Adriatic Sea. At a distance of approximately 7 km of the eastern part are the foothills of Dajti Mountain, (1612 m maximum height). The western part is surrounded by small hills, whose height is ~400 m. Topography, is not intense to the northwestern part of the city, so air from the sea could reach the urban area via this physical channel, when sea breeze circulation is developed. In the urban area of Tirana live ~700,000 inhabitants (INSTAT, 2005), but most likely the population is increase thenceforth. The area is dominated by a Mediterranean climate with dry and hot summer. The main wind direction during summer is NW and during winter is SE. The wind velocity is lower during almost all year (figure 2). 4

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

4

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

Figure 2. Wind direction and wind velocity in Tirana area

108

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 2.2 Passive sampling Measurements with passive samplers turned out to be an appropriate method when one wants to get a spatial distribution of air pollution (Brown R. H., 1993).. With passive samplers, it is possible to measure NO2, NOx, SO2, O3 and some other pollutants as well. The key principle for passive samplers is the Fick’s diffusion law and the transport of pollutant molecule from entrance of the sampler to its end, where membrane with absorbent is located. Among several kinds of passive samplers that have been developed, Analyst® samplers are chosen for this purpose. The Analyst®, was developed, patented and certified by CNR (Rome, Italy), by the Institute for Atmospheric Pollution (Primary Reference Laboratory for Atmospheric Pollution), as equivalent method for the determination of the concentration in ambient air of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and benzene in accordance with Italian legislation. The Analyst® (Manes F. et al, 2003) has been tested over a relatively long periods of time and their performances are documented in a large number of scientific publications. Since the technique is very inexpensive, a large number of passive samplers may be deployed in the urban environment (Seinfeld J.H., et al, 2006) in order to gain detailed information about spatial distribution of pollution and about the occurrence of sites where the exposition of population is at high levels. The ambient concentration of NO2, NOx, and SO2 is known to follow a seasonal cycle (Lin Y.T.,et al,2001) with peak values in winter and lower concentrations during summer period while O3 seasonal cycle present higher values during summer period and lower values during winter. For this reason the first one-month sampling campaign was conducted during 13 March – 16 April 2009 when elevated values of NO2, NOx and SO2 are expected and the second sampling campaign was conducted during period 03 July – 04 August 2009 when elevated values of O3 are expected. During our campaigns, samplers were exposed together with shelters. We fixed shelters with samplers on different objects. We chose mainly traffic lights, street lights, trees or something similar. Samplers were set 2,5-3,5 m above the ground and depending by the site type 0,5-300 m away from road-side. Samplers exposed for one-month, after installation were collected in the same order they were deployed. The Analyst® samplers were sent to the Italian institute in order to be analyzed using the Ion-Chromatography method. The monitoring sites code, the description of measuring points, their typology and the time of passive sampling exposure are presented in table 1. It can be seen that we have chosen two traffic sites, two urban sites, one suburban site and one background site. Table 1. Monitoring sites, typology and time of exposure Site code

Description

Typology

Pollutants

Exposure time (min) Exped.1

Exped.2

TR 1

IEWE Lab

suburban

O3,NOx,NO2

47545

43266

TR 2

IEWE

traffic

O3,NOx,SO2

47465

43194

AEF

background

O3,NOx,NO2

47500

43218

traffic

NO2,NOx,SO2

47487

44765

TR 3 TR 4

Ring road-H.Tahsin cross

TR 5

Directory of Public Health

urban

O3,NO2,SO2

47415

43224

TR 6

Dinamo Stadium

urban

NOx,NO2,SO2

47406

43350

109

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The analysis reveals that Tirana urban area is characterized by more than one hot-spot related to pollutants as nitrogen oxides and ozone. For this reason the analysis is focused on these pollutants and a comparison between two expeditions is conducted in order to investigate the influence of meteorological conditions. The figures 3 & 4 present the comparison between two passive sampling periods for the nitrogen dioxide. It can be seen that site Tr2 presents levels of nitrogen oxides during both expeditions approximately 3 times higher than the annual limit value equals to 40 µg/m3 of the National Standard of Air Quality (NSAQ). This site situated at the eastern part of the city center and directly at the cross-road with elevated traffic is capable to represent the peak values of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide concentrations. Due to the fact that the content of the sulphur in fuels is low the sulphur concentration doesn’t overcome the limit value of the NSAQ. It can be seen that the nitrogen dioxide concentrations are more elevated during the cold period which is related to the influence of the meteorological conditions that tends to trap the pollutants at the layers near the surface. During summer period, due to the mixing of the atmosphere layers related to the elevated temperature and high solar radiation, the nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide concentrations are lower.

Figure 3. NO2 concentration in Tirana urban area, expedition I

110

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 4. NO2 concentration in Tirana urban area, expedition II

In figures 5 & 6 is presented the comparison between two passive sampling periods for ozone. It can be seen that the ozone concentrations at sites Tr1, Tr3 and Tr5 are higher than at the other sites. Site Tr1 present levels of ozone which are higher than the limit value of 65 µg/m3 of the NSAQ. This site is situated to the western part of the city center and the main source of pollution is the construction activity. Since the site is situated at the city suburbs it is capable to represent adequately the peak values of ozone concentration. The ozone concentrations measured are more elevated during summer period when the photochemical reactions are present due to the effect of high solar radiation and air temperatures.

111

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 5. O3 concentration in Tirana urban area, expedition I

Figure 6. O3 concetration in Tirana urban area, expedition II

112

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

4. CONCLUSIONS GIS is one of the important technologies which help us to monitor, analyze and decide on the air pollution quality in the urban area. The Tirana urban area is characterized by more than one hot-spot site mainly influenced by the road emissions. The highest nitrogen oxides values were found near streets with high traffic volume. The ambient air quality situation for ozone is strongly influenced by the meteorological conditions. Obtained data from passive monitoring process show that the pollution levels in Tirana urban area are going higher. This problem leads us through creating a statistically valid surface which subsequently is used in GIS for optimum decision making based on the air quality factors which can be collected as maps and ground stations data. Geostatistical methods are urgently needed for the amount of pollution in everywhere. The spatial assessment of air pollution within Tirana urban area can be exploited by environmental and medical authorities in order to plan their future strategies.

5. REFERENCES Lorentz, T., Friebertshaeuser, J., Lohmeyer, A., 2003. GIS based urban scale air pollution modeling within a German-Bulgarian twinning project. Contr. to 17th Intl. Conf. Informatics for Environmental Protection, Cottbus Pummakarnchanaa,O., Tripathia, N., Duttab, J., 2005. Air pollution monitoring and GIS modeling: a new use of nanotechnology based solid state gas sensors. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 6. Kim J.J., Smorodinsky S., Lipsett M., Singer B.C.,Hodgson A.T., Ostro B., 2004, “Traffic-related Air Pollution near Busy Roads”, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 170 Brown R. H., 1993. The use of diffusive samplers for monitoring of ambient air.Pure&Appl. Chern., Vol. 65, No. 8 Agrawal1 I.C., Gupta R.D., Gupta V.K., 2003. GIS as modelling and decision support tool for air quality management: a conceptual framework. Map India Conference Lin Y.T., Young H.L., Wang S.Ch., 2001. Spatial variations of ground level ozone concentrations in areas of different scales”, Atmospheric Environment 35 Institute of Statistics of Albania ( INSTAT), ( 2005)., “ Albania in figures 2005” Matejicek L., Spatial Modelling of Air Pollution in Urban Areas with GIS: A Case Study on Integrated Database Development. Project GACR 205020898, Seinfeld J.H., Pandis S.N., 2006. Atmospheric chemistry and physics. John Wiley & Sons, INC. Second edition Briggs, D.J., 2007. The use of GIS to evaluate the traffic related pollution. Occup Environ Med 64 Shad, R., Ashoori, H., Afshari, N., 2008. Evaluation of optimum methods for predicting pollution concentration in GIS environment. International Archives in the Photogrammetry, Remote sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Burrough, PA; and RA McDonnell. 1998. Principles of Geographic Information Systems. Oxford. EC Directive 96/62 EC & EC Directive 99/30, 1996 & 1999., Official Journal of European Communities Allegrini I., Costabile F., 2002, “ A new approach for monitoring atmospheric pollution in urban environment”, Global Conference “ Building a Sustainable World”, San-Paolo, Brasil Manes F., De Santis F., Giannini M.A., Vazzana C., Capogna F., Allegrini I., 2003, “ Integrated ambient ozone evaluation by passive samplers and clover biomonitoring mini-stations”, The Science of the Total Environment, Vol 308, issues 1-3, pp. 133-141.

113

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS PhD. Manjola BANJA is currently a scientific researcher at Institute of Energy, Water and Environment, Polytechnic University of Tirana. She develops her scientific activity as part of the Department of Climate and Environment. During period 2003- 2008 she has been Deputy Director of Hydrometeorological Institute, Academy of Sciences of Albania. The main field of her activity is study and monitoring of environment (air and water). She has participated in different studies and projects dealing with environment monitoring in the role of coordinator and expert.

M.Sc. Elvin COMO is currently a scientific researcher at Institute of Energy, Water and Environment, Polytechnic University of Tirana. He develops his scientific activity as part of the Department of Climate and Environment. The main field of his activity is study and monitoring of environment (air and water). He has participated in different studies and projects dealing with environment monitoring.

M.Sc. Bledar MYRTAJ is currently a scientific researcher at Institute of Energy, Water and Environment, Polytechnic University of Tirana. He develops his scientific activity as part of the Department of Climate and Environment. The main field of his activity is study and monitoring of environment (air and water). He has participated in different studies and projects dealing with environment monitoring. M.Sc. Albana ZOTAJ is a GIS and remote sensing specialist. She has worked as a researcher at the Geographic Center of the Academy of Sciences till 2008. For the last 4 years she has held the position of Head of GIS & Remote Sensing Department at the Geographic Center. Her main responsibilities were to find foreign and domestic partners through different kinds of projects and the management of them. During her career she has participated in a number of projects as consultant. Through these activities, she gained extensive knowledge and experience in the fields of GIS and mapping and she is well acquainted with the availability and quality of the existing map material in Albania as well as the existing GIS environment

114

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

AN APPROACH TO MAPPING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BY METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENT WITH APPLICATION TO THE TERRITORY OF ALBANIA Aferdita LASKA MERKOCI 1, Gëzim GJATA 2, Miriam NDINI BOGDANI 3, Mirela DVORANI 4, Edlira SHKURTI5

ABSTRACT Evapotranspiration is one of the major problems of soil water balance Evapotranspiration. Data and Information, as an important element in the context of Spatial data Infrastructure is a question of great interest to a wide community of specialists, such as meteorologists, agronomists, hydrologists, managers of irrigation etc. Many particular researches are carried out in Albania to evaluate evapotraspiration. This paper is an attempt to introduce a general evaluation of the evapotranspiration in the Albanian territory, including the evapotranspiration regionalization. Evaluation of evapotranspiration in the Albanian territory plays a major role because Albania is a complicated and complex natural area in Europe as a result of its specific physical-geographical conditions: a mountainous region, typical Mediterranean climate, a particular hydrographical system, etc. There are various methods applied: direct measurement or observed method, indirect calculating method using empiric formulas, based on meteorological data, water balance method. It is evaluated by using multi-annual archival hydro-meteorological information of the Institute for Energy, Water and Environment, such as temperature, rainfall, solar radiation, vapor pressure, wind speed. Evotranspiration evaluation is based on the observed period of 20-30 years and 6 experimental stations GGJ with an observed period of about 10 years. Evaporation is evaluated by computing its principal components, such as: potential or reference evapotranspitarion – E0, real evapotranspiration – ER, evaporation deficit – ∆E, pluviometric deficit – ∆x. Evapotranspiration and territory altitude dependence subdues the vertical zonal law, having e typical regional character. Using these dependences, the evapotranspiration maps are compiled for the Albanian territory.

1

Dr. Aferdita LASKA MERKOCI, [email protected] Polytechnic University of Tirana Institute for Energy Water and Environment Department of Climate and Environment 2 Dr. Gëzim GJATA, [email protected] Polytechnic University of Tirana Department of Geodesy Head in Cartography & Remote Sensing 3 Dr. Miriam NDINI BOGDANI, [email protected] Polytechnic University of Tirana Institute for Energy Water and Environment Department of water-hydrology 4 MSc Mirela DVORANI, [email protected] Polytechnic University of Tirana Institute for Energy Water and Environment Department of water-hydrology 5 Edlira SHKURTI [email protected] Polytechnic University of Tirana Department of Geodesy Teaching Assistant

115

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The diverse meteorological elements and the evapotranspiration values, evaluated according to the various empirical methods have been updated and plotted on the 3D digital map, thereby creating the data spatial distribution by employing G.I.S system. The spatial distribution for the values of evapotranspiration in the Albanian territory has been performed in connection with other spatial values, such as altitude above sea level, longitude and latitude for each area, rainfall rate distribution, temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and other strata as the variable elements of spatial data infrastructure to be processed and analyzed in the context of GIS program Key word: Evapotranspiration, regionalization, empirical method, map, G.I.S, spatial

1. INTRODUCTION This paper is an attempt to introduce a general evaluation of the evapotranspiration in Albanian territory. Evapotranspiration is one of the major problems of soil water balance. Knowing the amount of water directly evaporated from the soil or through transpiration of plants is a point of interest not only for the agronomists, but also for meteorologist, hydrologists, managers of irrigation etc. Evaluation of evapotranspiration in the Albanian territory plays a major role because Albania is a complicated and complex natural area in Europe as a result of its specific physical-geographical conditions: a mountainous region, typical Mediterranean climate, a particular hydrographical system, etc. The principle of evapotranspiration estimation consists in the association of climatological data, which provide a way of determining the atmospheric demand of water, with both agronomic knowledge and estimates of soil water availability which, combined, indicate how the soil-crop system can meet this demand. There are various methods applied for its evaluation, respectively: direct method, indirect calculating method using empiric formulas, based on meteorological data, water balance method. It is evaluated by using multi-annual archival hydro-meteorological information of the Institute for Energy, Water and Environment, such as temperature, rainfall, solar radiation, vapor pressure, wind speed. Albanian monitoring network consists of more than 125 meteorological stations located all over the country with an observed long period, 175 hydrometric stations, and experimental stations, especially in the Lushnja region with an observed period of about 10 years. Evapotranspiration evaluation is based on the observed period of 1961-1990. National topographical maps of 1:25000 scale are used to evaluate the morphometric characteristics

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION The Republic of Albania is situated in South east Europe, in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula facing the Adriatic Sea (sandy shore) and the Ionian Sea (rocky shore). Albania has a surface area of 28,745 km2. Its terrain is mountainous, with the hilly and mountainous areas making up 77% of the country’s territory, with an average altitude of 708 meters double that of Europe. The general length of the state border is 1,093 km, out of which 657 km land border, 316 km sea border, 48 km river border and 72 km lake border. North and Northeast, Albania borders with the Republic of Montenegro, East bordering with Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, while south and southeast with Greece.(Figure1) A number of rivers flow into the sea such as Buna, Drini, Mati, Ishmi, Erzen, Shkumbin, Seman, Vjosa and Bistrica which constitute an important source of hydro power. The lakes are of varying origin: glacial lakes in the highlands, carstic lakes in the 116

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 hilly areas, and tectonic lakes Shkodra, Ohri and Prespa.(Selenica A et Al 1984) Moreover they are very important for the fishermen, especially those of wetland type, which are large fishing reserves. Albania belongs to the subtropical Mediterranean climate. It is characterized by mild winter with abundant precipitation and hot, dry summer. The annual mean air temperature has a wide variation over the territory. All the territory is characterized by the negative trend of annual mean temperature. The negative trend of annual mean temperature comes out as a result of the influence of negative trend of minimum temperatures. The mean annual precipitation total over the Albania is about 1,485 mm/year. The highest precipitation total (70%) is recorded during the cold months (October-March). The richest month in precipitation over the whole territory is November, while the poorest are July and August.

Figure 1 Geographical map of Albania

117

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

3. METHODS AND ANALYSES Evapotranspiration in Albania is determined by the correlation of different geographical factors, such as: climate, relief, territory lithological structure, vegetation, etc. As a result the influence of all these factors in the territory is different not only during the months, seasons and different periods of the year, but also in the multi-annual cycle. The evaluation of potential evapotranspiration, otherwise recognized nowadays as the referential area evapotranspiration, has been performed with reference to diverse climatic zones in Albania. Therefore, to this end, the Albanian territory subjected has been classified into three areas: I-Field areas situated on the Western Lowlands in Shkoder, Lezhe, Lushnje, Durres, Vlore; II-Hilly areas in Peshkopi, Burrel, etc; III-Mountainous areas in Korce, Erseke, etc; In this paper it is evaluated by computing Potential Evapotranspiration (reference evapotranspiration) ETp, Real Evapotranspiration – ETR, Evaporation Deficit –∆E, Pluviometric Deficit – ∆X0. Reference (Potential) Evaporation – ET0 is calculated by various methods such as: Turc, Penman, Thornthweit, Penman Monteith, Equation FAO56 Penman-Monteith.Penman Monteith ASCE. In 1990, the experts and researches of FAO in collaboration with the International Commission for Irrigation and Drainage of OBM chose the FAO Penman Monteith as the correct method for the evaluation of ETp. 3.1 Evapotranspiration reference ( Potential) Since Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) was defined as atmospheric demand, there were a lot of attempts to establish the formulae giving its dependence on meteorological observation. These formulae can be classified into empirical formulae and formulae based on physics. In the empirical formulae we can find: the radiation methods and the temperature methods (Thornthwaite). The physics formulae are Penman formula original, Penman Monteith , Turc, Blaney Cridel, Penman Monteith ASCE, FAO56 Penman Monteith etc. The values of ET0, calculated by different ways, result similar to be each-other. It is evidently seen in Figure 2, with relevance to the Distribution of months values of ETp by Turc, Penman original, Thornthwaite methods (Laska A 2007, 2008). These values are relatively similar, to the results of the direct experimental observed method (the Lushnja stations), the difference about – δET0 = ±5÷10%.

118

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

ETp ne mm

Monthly ETp for Lushnje 180 160 140 120 100

Series1

80

Series2

60 40 20 0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Months

Fig.2 Distribution of months values of ET0 by diverse methods

Currently there are several analytical-empirical methods for the evaluation of the reference evaporation ET0, based on miscellaneous theoretical backgrounds. The evaluation of evapotranspiration in this research work has been performed by employing different methods as explained even in the above-mentioned instances. The formula of the Penman original equation combines the method of the energetic balance 119

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 with that of the turbulent diffusion. Later, this equation was subjected to numerous modifications by various scholars and researchers. The most significant modification for this equation is recognized as Monteith, whose mathematical expression has been introduced as the Penman Monteith method. Later, various modifications have been carried out wherein the FAO56 Penman Monteith has been recently recognized as the most accurate and physically comprehensive method, since his formula involves the exploitation of numerous climatic elements.(FAO 2000) In addition, it should be emphasized that this formula is closer to reality, apart from few differences, as compared to the direct method (Lushnje Station in Lowland of Albania) Therefore, the average monthly Reference Evapotranspiration on the Albanian territory differs from about ET0 = 10 ÷ 40mm in January, the coldest month of the year, to about ET0 = 120 ÷ 170mm in June, the hottest month, referring to FAO56 Pennman-Monteith and ASCE Penman Monteith. The average annual potential evaporation for the multiannual period is about ET0 = 800 ÷ 1100mm. The average annual (potential) reference evaporation in the plains varies from ET0 = 1000 ÷ 1100mm and on the mountains about ET0 = 800 ÷ 850mm. (referring to FAO56 Pennman-Monteith) In the Figure 3 has been presented the distribution of reference (potencial) evapotranspiration (by GIS system) on the Albanian territory. 3.1.1. Employing GIS for the visualisation of Etp, Etr and ∆E With a view to visually representing evapotranspiration, as well as representing it not only graphically, but also by employing other data as well, even the method of representing them through the GIS systems was utilized. It is common knowledge that the GIS systems constitute an extremely efficient method for the data collection, their digital processing, their linkage to a database, their graphical displaying and realizing QUERIES with a graphic interface. Considering the entire range of the statistical data of evapotranspiration with various climatic elements, such as rainfalls, monthly average temperature, sun radiation, wind, relative humidity, etc., in this research employing the GIS systems was intended to enable the mapping through the evapotranspiration isolines and rainfalls, as well as the evapotranspiration with temperatures through the isolines, which themselves indicate the same size, or value, which permeates the entire country’s territory. The isolines were acquired analytically considering the statistical data collected throughout the years. This representation permits and enables the scholars and researchers of various research areas to have a quick and logical perception of these phenomena, thereby enabling them to have a clear and simplified understanding in cases of decision-making or in the event of specialists in the various research areas are looking for information associated with this problem. In the following maps it is evident that the data representation, both the evapotranspiration data and the data associated with the various climatic elements has been made in line with the logic familiar to every specialist and the public at large. As regards realizing the QUEIRES within the framework of GIS, there was established a Linkage between the graphical representation and the database for the data available to us (Gjata G 2009). In this case this linkage was modeled by utilizing a simple hierarchical ranking between evapotranspiration and rainfalls (or in cases, which have not been represented, based on the relationship between evapotanspiration and the various climatic elements), thereby realizing a topologic process for a dot, line, and polygon, hence enabling the linkage with the database. 120

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The maps represented are a product of this system established for the research introduced and submitted in this conference. These maps are formed by using different layers for each climatic element using their monthly and yearly data. The layers allow everyone see more clearly the spatial data and compare them easily. As regards QUERIES, their programming is continuing so as to enhancing the opportunities towards a comprehensive alphanumeric representation. Within the framework of the products received by GIS, even the regionalization hartograme of the evapotranspiration values for the entire country’s territory was acquired, Figure 9 It is exactly by implementing the formula of FAO56 Penman Monteith that we have managed to obtain the results for monthly and annual ET0 for the territory of Albania. The annual distribution of the ET0 values, the annual rainfalls and mean temperature (January, July, annual) for the territory of Albania is represented through GIS in Figure 3 ,4,5

121

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 3 The distribution of ET0 on the Albanian territory 122

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 4 The annual distribution of rainfall on the Albanian territory

123

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

a. January

b. July

c. annual Figure 5 The distribution of mean temperature on the Albanian territory a. January, b. July, c. annual 124

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 3.2 Real Evaporation Another component of evapotranspiration is the Real Evapotranspiration ETr It is calculated by the methods: Thornthwait, Turc, water balance, Cotagne and Costandinov.(1986 Pano N) The values of ETr, calculated by different methods, result relatively similar to each other. At the same time, these are relatively similar to the results of the deficit water flow-Z0 calculated by the water balance method (difference about –δ ETr = ±5-10%). The monthly distribution of the real evapotranspiration values according to the Thornthwait method haven been graphically represented in Figure 6.

Figure 6 The monthly distribution of Etr according to Thornthweit method on the Albanian territory

ETr in Albania varies from about 650 ÷ 700mm in the coastal area to 300 ÷ 400mm in the mountains, having an average of ETR = 500 ÷ 600mm all over the Albanian territory. Real Evaporation ETR is presented with water balance method on Figure 8 by the GIS system. 3.3. Deficit evaporation Deficit evaporation ∆E is computed as the difference ∆E

= (ET0 − ETR ) . ∆E in

Albanian varies about ∆E = 425 ÷ 450mm on the coastal area to ∆E = 150 ÷ 200mm in the mountains. Having already recognised the ETp values, it is possible to determine the pluviometric deficit ∆E referring to every period of the year, as a difference of potential evapotranspiration with the respective rainfalls corresponding to this period. It is in this way that the water balance-sheet for every month of the year is calculated, likewise the pluviometric deficit is later determined during the dry months, whereas the superfluous water-supply is determined during the wet months. In Figure 7 there has been represented the annual distribution of pluviometric deficit ∆E in Albania, wherein it is evident that during the June-September period Etp is greater than the rainfalls, consequently there is shortage of water-supply. The opposite happens

125

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 during the October-May period when the rainfalls are greater than evapotranspiration, consequently there are excessive rainfalls.

+ E (in mm)

Potential Evapotranspiration – ET 0

300

Dificit Evaporation – DE

200 100 0 I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

-100

XI

XII Months

-200 -300 Figure 7. Annual distribution of ETP; ETR and deficit evaporation -
E in Albania

126

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 8 The distribution of real evaporation on the Albanian territory

127

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Evapotranspiration is an important phenomena and representative element of the water balance of the Albanian territory. The principal results of the evapotranspiration evaluation for the Albanian territory are: Annual Evapotranspiration distribution is generally characterized by a typical Mediterranean nature. The scheme of classification and division into homogenous sectors is based on evaluation and determination of the natural factors participating in the evapotranspiration process. Albanian territory division scheme in homogeneous regions, based on evaluation and determination of the natural factors, influencing the intensity of the evapotranspiration process, is presented in this paper. Territory morphometric parameters. Morphometric factors are determined by the topographical characteristics of the Albanian territory. The main parameters considered are: (h) – territory average altitude, and (l) – distance from the Sea. Territory climatic parameters. Climatic parameters are: Sun radiation (J), Air temperature (ta), precipitation (X0), Air humidity (l0), wind (v), etc. Many important indicators to evaluate the integral impact of the natural conditions of the territory on the evapotranspiration process are respectively: Reference Evapotranspiration ET0, Real Evapotranspiration ETR and Deficit Evaporation ∆E. Table 1 In the general scheme of evapotranspiration intensity process, the natural conditions of the Albanian territory are grouped as in the following: Computation principal parameters of the water balance of the territory. Water balance parameters are: pluviometric deficit (∆X0) ∆X0 in Albania varies about 200mm on the coastal area to 2500 ÷ 3000mm on the mountain Analyzing and dividing the Albanian territory in homogeneous areas, region is accepted as the smallest tecsinometric unit. Classification is made for the following evapotranspiration categories: high, low and mean. For the natural specific conditions of the Albanian territory, particularly, for mountainous areas, values of both evapotranspiration components were computed based on their vertical gradients and their altitude above sea level. Composition methodology of the distribution for annual evapotranspiration components (ET0, ETR, ∆E, ∆X0 and Z0) used in the paper consists in the classification of the Albanian territory by the respective gradient PM = X 0 h . Which were taken into consideration by the GIS System. Evapotranspiration components and territory altitude subdues the vertical zone low, having a typical regional character. Using these dependences, in the table 2 are made their components for the Albanian territory. As a conclusion, in the following we are representing the values of the respective Evapotranspiration components (ET0, ETR and ∆X0) according to the various climatic regions and various altitudes of the Albanian territory. Utilising GIS as a means of visual representation of the numerous ETp statistical data constitutes an innovatory approach for our article since it increases the community for the users of the relevant data. GIS enables the monthly representation of various data, both those associated with Etp, as well as the climatic elements. 128

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Within the framework of the products received by GIS, even the regionalization hartograme of the evapotranspiration values for the entire country’s territory was acquired, Figure 9

Table 1 The evapotranspiration components (ET0, ETr and
X0) in the Albanian territory

Region I1 – Low ET0 (in mm)

Region II1 – Mean ET0 (in mm)

Potential Evapotranspiration (ET0)

 A1 = 500 ÷ 700mm   B1 = 701 ÷ 800mm

C1 = 801 ÷ 900mm   D1 = 901 ÷ 1000mm

Real Evapotranspiration (ETR) Deficit III Pluviometric ∆X 0 = ( ET0 − X 0 )

 A2 = 300 ÷ 400mm   B2 = 401 ÷ 500mm

C 2 = 501 ÷ 550mm   D2 = 551 ÷ 600mm

 A3 = −200 ÷ 000mm   B3 = 001 ÷ 200mm

C3 = 201 ÷ 400mm   D3 = 401 ÷ 1000mm

Nr ELEMENTS

I

II

Nr ELEMENTS I

Potential Evapotranspiration (ET0)

Real Evapotranspiration (ETR) Deficit III Pluviometric ∆X 0 = ( ET0 − X 0 ) II

Region III1 – High ET0 (in mm)

 E1 = 1001 ÷ 1100mm   F1 = 1101 ÷ 1200mm  E 2 = 601 ÷ 700mm   F2 = 701 ÷ 800mm  E3 = 1001 ÷ 1500mm   F3 = 1501 ÷ 3000mm

129

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 9 The evapotranspiration components (ET0, ETr and
X0) in the Albanian territory 130

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

5. REFERENCES Allan D. Randall Mean annual runoff, precipitation, and evapotranspiration in the Glaciated Northeastern United State , 1951-8 0 Kanada Alen, R.G&al, 2000: Issues, requirements, and challenges in selecting and specifying a standardized ET equation. In.Proc 4° Natl.Irrig. Symp, 201-208. St.Joseph,Nich: ASAE B.Itier, 1994: Draft for discussion at NATO WORKSHOP “Sustainability of irrigated agriculture” Measurement and estimation of evapotranspiration. VIMEIRO (P) Doorenbas. I., and Pruitt, W.O.1977 Crop water requirement FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24, United Nations – Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome Italy 156 FAO, 2000: Guidelines for predicting of crop water requirement. FAO Irrigation and Drain. Paper No 56 Rome, Italy Grazhdani S., 2002: Agrometeorologjia. Tirane Grazhdani S., 1998: Estimating reference evapotranspiration for the climate conditions of SouthEastern Albania. Agriculture Mediterranean Vol. 126 Jaho S., Selenica A., 1984: Climatological and Hydrological Characteristics of Western Lowland. IHM, Monograph. P.179-199. Tirana Laska A., 2007, 2008: Estimating Evapotranspiration by the Hydrometeorological Elements in the Fier and Sukth regions of Albania, Graduation Diploma Thesis p. 12-40 Merkoci A., 1984: Estimating Evapotranspiration by the Hydrometeorological Elements in the Kamza region of Albania, Graduation Diploma Thesis p. 10-36 M.Poire et CH. Ollier., Irrigation Monteith,J. L., 1965: Evapotranspiration and environment. The state and environment of water in living organisms. 19th Symposium for Experimental Biology Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK 205-234 Pano N., 1986: L’evapotranspiration en Albania. IHM, Nr.11, p125-143. Tirana Selenica A et al. 1984 The Climate and Hydrology feature of Western Lowland of Albania Gjata G Natonal Report of Albania 2009: "Developments on establishing the Albanian Satelite Positioning System (ALBPOS)", EUREF 2009

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS The impact of climate change in agriculture in diverse phases of development. The Effect of Meteorological Elements on Crop Yields and Methods of Forecasting The Evaluation of Evapotranspiration on the Albanian Territory The effect of meteorological element in agriculture (temperature, rainfall, wind, ET) The Drought in Albania (DMSCE Project) The Climate Characteristics of some region in Albania The management of meteorological and agrometeorological data network The statistical model in agriculture Establishing a GIS System as a tool to manage natyral resourses in the rajon of Tirana-Durresi Kavaja Design and Implementation of GIS systems on data and geologic Documentation

131

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Organisation and Institutionalisation of Geoinformation Activities and GIS in Albania Natonal Report of Albania 2009: "Developments on establishing the Albanian Satelite Positioning System (ALBPOS)", EUREF 2009

Albanian Watershed Assessment –US Forest Service 1999200Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrological Cycle in South – Eastern Europe. Project of IHP – UNESCO (20032005). Technology Need Assessment for coastal adaptation in the project Expedited Financing of Climate Change Enabling activities (Phase II). UNDP/GEF project, 2003-2004. Impacts of Climate Change to the Power Sector and Identification of the Adaptation Response Measures in the Mati River Catchment’s Area1 (MRCA). Research study for the project: Enhance regional SEE cooperation in the field of climate policy. Joint contribution of REC, UNDP, CCP/U and MEFW. October 2007 (coauthor) Vulnerability assessment and adaptation options within the project Second National Communication of Albania in Response to its Commitments to UNFCCC. UNDP/GEF project, 2005-2008. Evaluation of low flow and its regionalization in Albania territory. Ministry of Science and Education Albania. (2007-2009)

Management of hydrological data base The statistical methods and its employment in hydrological service Some evaluation of evapotranspiration on the Albanian territory Batimetrie of Skutary lake The statistical model in agriculture

Programmer/Developer in GIS Systems like: GIS Analysis and Statistics in Police System, GIS application that manages the network of Medium and Low voltage distribution, GIS application for Rates of Tirana municipality, GIS application that manages the distribution of companies’ products through a map.

132

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

SPATIAL DATA FOR BETTER GOVERNMENT OF LARGE CITIES – BULGARIAN CASE Maria NIKOLOVA1 ABSTRACT The development of new data, approaches, and spatial analysis tools and data collection methods over the past years has revolutionized the process of governance the large cities. The usage of spatial data helps in researching the milestones in city’s government. Innovations in public administration are expressed as delivering new public services and improving the existing. Internet-based GIS enable any department of the public organization to extend the services for citizens and business without time and distance limitation. Government of the cities is dependable and correlated with the size of municipalities, with their geographical location. The application of integrated data from GIS and satellite data is demonstrated in examples for crisis management in Bulgaria. Researched examples cover GIS help in the situation with a forest fire, monitoring of snow cover on the territory of Bulgaria and explosion in the military section near Sofia. Key word: e-government, spatial data, innovations in public sector, GIS, city governance.

1. INTRODUCTION G-government is a concept, reflecting the ever enlargement impact of GIS and its entry into modern management. Using the advantages of GIS and the Internet, G-government makes more efficient government, sets a new level of administrative services. The objectives of the research are on the first place to identify what information to extract from built up areas for deriving more information on location, condition and evolution of high risk, related to international disaster risk reduction. The research will focus how to quicken government disaster and crisis response capacity. In some aspect it is concerned with development of standardized and defined procedures. In the terms of cities’ problems an objective is to the ability to integrate spatial information because public representatives for disasters and management of crisis can communicate and connect to do business between themselves and the government. Thus individual participants in the process need to connect to each other, sharing and collaborating with different types and formats of spatial information. Using spatial information requires technologies which are open and can interoperate between each other.

1

PhD Maria NIKOLOVA, [email protected] New Bulgarian University, www.nbu.bg Tel.: +359 2 8110281, Gsm.: +359 887978832 Str.Montevideo, 21, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria.

133

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The integration of data in a territory of a country allow the government to derive the greatest benefit from the stored data in existing systems. Sharing data among government departments and between related institutions will be the main benefit from usage of spatial data.

2. NEW APPROACH TO SPATIAL DATA Precise spatial information gives new opportunities to researchers because these data raise new challenges - they allow research participants to be identified and therefore threaten the promise of confidentiality made when collecting the social data to which spatial data are linked. The unique capacity of spatial data leads to facilitating the process of identification of individuals on public places. This is absolutely important in the current time when the need of more security is needed in the big cities. Spatial data combine text, graphical and geographical information and as a result a general reports can be provided after processing the data. The development of new data, approaches, and spatial analysis tools and data collection methods over the past years has revolutionized how researchers approach many questions. The availability of satellite images with high resolution of the Earth, collected repeatedly over time, also availability of software for converting those images into digital information about specific locations, has made possible new methods of analysis. At the last year are available more and improved satellite images as aerial images, become more popular global positioning systems (GPS) and other types of sensors — especially radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. All these data and tools may be used to track people worldwide. That way is possible to provide ubiquitous tracking of individuals and groups. The same technologies also permit enhanced research that may support business enterprises. Such examples are providing tracking information for commercial vehicles to optimize their route and to control their movement. Another example is tracking the shipments of goods. Improved understanding of how these spatial data interact with social variables can help for much clearer picture of the nature of access to health care compared with the time when spatial data were not available. The usage of spatial data for better government of the big cities improves their importance for managing the cities’ problems. These new tools and methods have become more widely available. Their usage needs of more study in depth. For example using these data may be performed an analysis of health services and the focus may be on access as a function of age, sex, race, income, occupation, education and employment. Now is already possible to examine how access and its effects on health are influenced by distances from home and work to health care providers, as well as the quality of the available transportation routes and modes of traveling to providers. The most important challenge for research the link between public and spatial data is the development and use of geographical information systems (GIS). They make possible to put together data from different sources and points on the surface of the Earth as a result. This connection has great importance because geographic coordinates are a unique and unchanging identification system. Using GIS is possible to collect data from participants in a public survey and these data can be linked to the location where are 134

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 living the participants or to their workplaces, or land holdings. Then the analysis may be performed in connection with data collected from other sources, such as satellite observations or administrative records that are in connection to the same physical location. Such data linkage can reveal more information about research participants than can be known from either source alone. Such revelations can increase the fund of human knowledge. Such analysis can also be seen by the people whose data are linked as an invasion of privacy or a violation of a pledge of confidentiality. A number of possible approaches exist for preserving respondent confidentiality when links to geospatial information could raise non-observance. The approaches fall in two main categories: institutional approaches, which involve restricting access to sensitive data; and technical and statistical approaches, which involve transforming the data in various ways to enhance the protection of confidentiality (http://site.ebrary.com/lib/nbu/Doc?id=10170926 &ppg=70, 2007).

3. GIS IMPLEMENTATION AS INNOVATION FOR E-GOVERNMENT During the process of development of e-government it becomes mature and the expectations for more interactive and responsive e-government have also been growing (Norris & Moon, 2005). Yildiz (2007, p. 647) claims, “E-government research up to date for the most part limited itself to the study of the outcomes and outputs of the egovernment project. Thus, understanding the political process behind e-government development is vital for overcoming both definitional and analytical limitation,” and also argues, “such an effort requires a historical understanding of the relationship between technology and administration”. The traditional government computer based information systems are built when closed, connected, integrated and and proprietary IT infrastructure exists. The main goal of traditional information systems is to help and support with their functions, connectivity and capacity the end-users because of increasing their productivity. The appearance of the internet and web-based technologies has made the government services more accessible. Organizations in the public sector have higher pressure and demand from the public, businesses and government agencies for more and better services of egovernment. A successful implementation of e-government requires careful planning of future strategies for satisfying these higher demands. The integration between the new e-government information systems and the existing internal systems has to be redefined in terms of IT elements and business processes (Fletcher, 2004). The rapidly emerging open and standardized IT environment has generated additional requirements such as security and privacy protection (Abie et al., 2004; Deakins & Dillon, 2002). Moreover, the characteristics of demand for e-government services from the public are often uncertain and the client computing environment is largely unknown. These issues have posed a great amount of challenges for IT managers in the public sector who are charged for satisfying the service demand around the clock with acceptable performance level (Richardson, 2004). Usually GIS is connected with geographical maps. In fact the map is only one of the types for work with geographical data and that way appears only one of the outputs of GIS. In principle GIS includes 3 aspects – geographical data base (geo-data); maps 135

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 (interactive maps that demonstrate objects from the earth surface and relationship between objects); models. The perceived benefits of using the centralized, Internet-based GIS seemed endless. Users could easily interact with the system to obtain the data and information they need according to their requirements. The staff of public organizations has the ability to enter data into the GIS database, to request and receive reports, to generate maps in real time from the workplace computers. That way the public organizations’ staff may provide the highest level of public services with minimum resources, because the number of staff becomes less and at the costs are decreasing). Managers of the public organizations have the ability to perform analyses to better understand the resources of any county and circumstances for taking their decisions. Moreover Internet-based GIS enables any department of the public organization to extend the services to citizens and business without any time and distance limitation. E-government decisions and presence can range from a simple website of the public organization to fully integrated e-government services across government and multigovernment administrative boundaries. Each e-government development stage is associated with the triggers and activities that take place in a unique way such that it is critical to understand where the current e-government initiative stands in a continuous egovernment process (Tsai N., B. Choi, M. Perry, 2009). Innovation and implications for public services has been defined as a ‘‘reverse product cycle” – the application of new technology will first lead to an improvement of efficiency in the delivery of existing services, then to a better quality and eventually to the introduction of brand new services (Barras, 1986). The technology adoption and decisions to undertake costly innovation efforts in the public sector also reflect the political will of central and local governments, coupled with the recognition that change requires the allocation of substantial resources (Arduini, D, 2010); and the pressures exerted by users (voters) on local governments to improve the quality of services supplied by public administration (Clark et al., 2008). The interactive and comprehensive nature of innovation is mediated by spatial factors, such as geographic closeness and local knowledge collection. There are strong examples of inter-regional variations in the formation and adoption of applied new technology in the public sector services, uncovered that innovation tends to be geographically limited. Innovations in public administration are dependable and correlated with the size of municipalities, with their geographical location. For example e-government service supply provided by Italian municipalities is a non-homogeneous and strongly asymmetrical process presenting intensities which vary according to the geographical localization of every municipality. (Arduini, D, 2010). Some of GIS application for better government of the modern city is: - Optimization of the planning process of the cities - Planning the communication infrastructure on the territory of the city - Urban development - Building underground infrastructure

136

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Internet-based GIS represent a new approach to innovation in the public administration. First of all the better services are delivered to the users of the system; they interact easy with the system and to access data and information. On the other hand the administrative staff enters data into GIS database, also receive reports, and generate maps in a real time. The administration provides sophisticated public services with minimum resources. Managers of the public organizations make analyses because of future research on specific country part. It is obvious that by the help of a new technology, using geographical dependant information can be researched and improved better the process of innovations used in the public sector.

4. SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT The Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) carries a lot of benefits to the information society with its implementation. There arises a need for SDI assessment because of the changes in government fiscal policies, market-oriented economies and the further development of first generation SDIs. The sum effect is that governments, as main financiers of SDI, are now demanding that methodology be put in place to justify the implementation of SDIs before additional funds can be accessed (Stewart, 2006). SDIs are usually complex, with various components, many stakeholders, monopolistic tendencies and therefore, will have complex performances. A consequent of the maturity of first generation SDIs is the fact that they will require or soon will require reengineering and recapitalization to transform them into SDIs capable of providing the services demanded by current and future users (Giff G., J. Crompvoets, 2008). For example SDIs may require technological upgrades, more effective policies to better support their objectives. In some cases this means more current e-government initiatives, informed decision-making, sustainable development, more flexible land administration systems, national security. Therefore, SDIs must be assessed within these objectives and performance information on these objectives reported to the financiers.

5. GIS FOR GETTING OVER CRISIS SITUATIONS – BULGARIAN CASE STUDY In the current environment of lage cities with millions inhabitans and business companies the public organizations are dealing with a great amount of data that are stored in different formats and on various places. Because of the aim to take better managerial decision the data are to be integrated and analyzed. GIS are able to integrate and connect data including spatial component independently of data source. GIS also helps for combination the spatial location of the objects and the descriptive information (attributes) for the objects. For example data for citizens may be connected with addresses; buildings in the city may be connected with plots and streets with networks. The information in the system is combining and visualizing in several layers and that way helps in better comprehension of events and interconnections between objects. As a result the person responsible to take decisions for better government the large city may become aware of the realtion between posted data and final decision. GIS takes in 137

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 consideration automatically all available data and that way the possibility for better managerial activity is real. Because of the tendency for optimizing the administrative structure in Bulgarian administration, the chahges on organizational level are recently made. The administrative structure responsible now for crisis management are based in the Ministry of Internal affairs and in the Ministry of Transport, Information Technologies and Communication. The Executive Agency ESMIS, founded in September 2009 under the management of the Ministry of Transport, Information Technologies and Communication uses integration of distance and geoinformation technologies for crisis management. The goal of the Agency is to develop and support the National Portal for spatial data. During the process of administrative changes a project BulgaRisk is started in 2008 with the aim to integrate satellite images in the process of risk management for natural disasters in the country. According the plan of the European Comission, the members of EC will make a risk assessment for the water basin’s beds till 2011 and prepare crisis recovery plans till 2013.

5.1. Checking and tracking of events danger for environment and people. Because to secure the citizens in the large modern cities the government should use modern technologies and innovative decisions for public services. Fires arise from natural occurrence or because of human intervention. For the purpose the equipment for functioning GIS systems is two terrestrial satellite stations that receipt and process data in real time. Via Internet the stations send satellite images with 32 m resolution. GIS uses centralized geodata base with special information for the objects like structures, events, critical infrastructure and operation that should be taken in the time of crisis. The systems are analyzing and estimating the current status of the atmosphere, land and water surface. For example if about any place the information for the rainfall is compared with the air pictures from the same place is possible to define the places where all the year there is water. GIS makes analysis of output data and marks the position with x, y and z coordinates for length, width and height or with another geocodes, like post code or road milestone. Any variable is possible to be entered in GIS and to be positioned in the space. The system converts any information in digital form. The system is used for localization of fires on the base of satellite data recent to the real time. The image is accompanied with geocoordinates of the fire, information for the damage area and fire intensity. Data for atmosphere pressure, direction and speed of the wind are represented in graphical type.

138

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Fig. 1. Fire detection for Bulgaria.

The use of the system is for more effective operating in prognosis, planning, prevention, preparation and operation of arising crises. The system covers all stages in the crisis action. For proper functioning of the system a support of the actual state of information is needed. Information covers all about the territory, forces of reaction, available resources in exact territory, critical infrastructure near the territory, meteorological status and other important factors. GIS integrates the information entering of different sources, makes georeferenting and submits a new, qualitative view on the integrated information. An example about information hold in the system is whether the fire brigade has enough a specialized technique for dealing with a concrete fire (Fig.1). The system is functioning at several levels. The first two levels communicate each other and integrate the information. At the first level a centralized data base is used storing always actual information. On the second level the county administrative organization have the opportunity to enter and to use information and then to coordinate the activities against crisis. The lowest level is the local government. It is the main source for input actual information in the system because the events are happened at local level, also most of the crises are happening locally. In case of destroying the communications between the levels GIS continues to function. The reason is that the exchange of information may realize via Internet or through external electronic device. Functioning of the system via Internet has no special requirements for installation, that way the staff has a quick access to the system in the time of crisis. The information flows easy to the media. That way is possible control over the published information on purpose to help the quick decision of the crisis. 139

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Information that helps to foresee some types of crisis is stored continuously in the system. For example if there is data for a concrete place that at summer time often are getting big fires or floods, these disasters may be predicted and timely to take measures for prevention. Data integration helps to find hot points of crisis, to analyze and to prevent future disasters. 5.2. Forest fire in Dabovo. Using integration of GIS data and satellite data on Fig. 2 is shown a map of forest fire at 2007 in the area of village Dabovo, Stara Zagora district. On the map are shown the satellite images from Disaster Monitoring Constellation with resolution 32 m before the fire, at the time of the fire and after the fire. It is clearly shown the affected territory, the fire at the stage of advance and the direction of smoke dissemination. For evaluation of the after-effects data from Corine Landcover are used.

Fig. 2. Fire in Dabovo.

During the time of crisis is very important factor the reaction forces because of victims. Except of fire the crisis may be earthquake, landslide, flood or other. GIS uses systems for tracking GPRS and tracks the actual information. That way in every minute there is information about the place of ambulances, fire brigades. It is possible immediately to send help to victims. The staff for saving operations may be informed using mobile communication for the progress of disaster. At the same time the staff may enter information in the system using various communication channels. Also may of data at the time of disaster are available using satellite pictures. For example that way may be found easily arising forest fires. 140

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 5.3. Examples of other GIS applications in the country. Monitoring of snow cover on the territory of Bulgaria is a demonstration of application the integration between GIS and distance measurement. Satellite images from the stations MODIS are used. The resolution is 500 m, the applied index, received from the data bases of satellite stations NOAA, gives information for the status of the snow cover over the territory of the country. As a result of integration a one-day and long-time images of the snow cover on the territory of the country are got. The images are as a result of processing with ERDAS. A National data base and a spectral library exist on the base of archive index of vegetation and agro climate data for the country. For the territory of Bulgaria are defined “standard areas” and a catalogue is published with all processed data and results from estimation the index dynamics of vegetation for the basic agriculture crops. The data base gives the opportunity to estimate and analyse the results for the last 10 years. That way there is information about the years with worst and optimum conditions for agriculture crops growth. This data base is used as a base for comparison for future and for monitoring of the drought and dry. Another example of GIS application is the real functioning of the system at the time of explosion in the military section in Chelopechene, on 03.07.2008. On the fig.3 is shown a satellite image, integrated in GIS environment, at the time of damage. The location of the explosion is clearly seen, also the direction of smoke wind. Upper right – the land of the district according Corine Land cover, where the place of explosion is drawn in Black Square. Down left – satellite image of the district before the explosion - the place of explosion is drawn in Black Square. Down right - satellite image of the district after the explosion – the effects are shown in dark grey, with black border.

141

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Fig. 3. The explosion in Chelopechene.

6. CONCLUSIONS GIS application for dealing with crisis situations helps in many aspects as is shown in the examples. First of all the information about the place, size of the fire is detailed and currently actual. The changes in the situation are tracking from the system also. GIS helps the responsible people to be informed about technical and human resources available at the moment near the crisis. That way the system helped for better management of the crisis. Management of crises is an important factor for better government of the places where are living many peoples as in the big cities. In other aspects GIS prevents from disasters connected with natural effects like drought, heavy snowfall, cool weather. In a security-related applications, and in particular crisis management, satellite-derived information plays an essential role as a synoptic, independent and objective source, especially in the case of international controversy and conflict related issues. Spatial information allows us to understand cities better and to make better decisions about them as a result. The city of tomorrow will be built upon a foundation of sustainable processes that will generate cleaner air, water and higher energy efficiency while delivering revolutionary transportation systems and quantifiable numbers to prove quality living exists.

142

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

7. REFERENCES Abie, H., Foyn, B., Bing, J., Blobel, B., Pharow, P., Delgado, J., Karnouskos, S., Pitkanen, O., & Tzovaras, D., 2004. The need for a digital rights management framework for the next generation of E-Government services. Electronic Government, an International Journal, 1(1), 8−28. Arduini, D., et al., 2010. Technology adoption and innovation in public services the case of egovernment in Italy. Inf. Econ. Policy. Barras, R., 1986. Towards a theory of innovation in services. Research Policy 15, 161–173. Clark, J., Good, B., Simmonds, P., 2008. Innovation in the Public and Third Sectors, National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) Innovation Index Working Paper, London. Deakins, E., & Dillon, S. M., 2002. E-Government in New Zealand: The local authority perspective. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 15(5), 375−398. Fletcher, P. D., 2004. Portals and policy: Implications of electronic access to U.S. federal government information and services. In A. Pavlichev, & G. D. Garson (Eds.), Digital government: principles and best practices (pp. 52−62). Hershey, PA: IdeaGroup Publishing. Giff G., J. Crompvoets, 2008. Performance Indicators a tool to Support Spatial Data Infrastructure assessment. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 32 365–376. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/nbu/Doc?id=10170926&ppg=70. Putting People on the Map: Protecting Confidentiality with Linked Social-Spatial Data, 2007. Panel on Confidentiality Issues Arising from the Integration of Remotely Sensed and SelfIdentifying Data (Contributor); National Research Council (Contributor). Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press.p 70. Norris, D. F., & Moon, M. J., 2005. Advancing E-Government at the grassroots: Tortoise or hare? Public Administration Review, 65(1), 64−75. Richardson, C., 2004. Digital government: Balancing risk and reward through public/private partnerships. In A. Pavlichev, & G. D. Garson (Eds.), Digital government: Stewart, C., 2006. Results-based management accountability framework. GEOIDE/ GeoConnections workshop on value/ evaluating spatial data infrastructures, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Tsai N., B. Choi, M. Perry, 2009. Improving the process of E-Government initiative: An in-depth case study of web-based GIS implementation. Government Information Quarterly, 26. pp. 368–376. Yildiz, M., 2007. E-Government research: Reviewing the literature, limitations, and ways forward. Government Information Quarterly, 24(3), 646−665.

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Maria Nikolova has M.Sc. Degree in Computer Science at Technical University, Sofia. She achieved PhD Degree with a dissertation “Egovernment models for communication between administration and business” at State University of Library Studies and Information Technologies, Sofia. Maria Nikolova has attended Master class on eGov Training Methods & Tools, 2007 in Hague, Netherlands. Her professional experience is as a lecturer at New Bulgarian University, Sofia and as a Senior Lecturer, International University College, Sofia. Her research activity is as a Project Manager of HESP international project "Management Information System, Research Scientist in the Institute of Information Technologies. Maria Nikolova has many publications in the Proceedings of International Conferences on the theme of e-government. Her interests are in the area of information technologies as a tool for better government, e-business and innovations.

143

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

SPATIAL INFORMATION IN MEGACITY MANAGEMENT Paul KELLY1, Robin McLAREN2, Hartmut MUELLER3 ABSTRACT FIG Commission 3 performed an extended research on the need for Spatial Information Management particularly caused by the processes related to worldwide rapid urbanization. The result of the research study was published in FIG publication 48. This paper mainly presents the contribution of FIG Commission 3 working group WG3.2 ’Using Spatial Data Infrastructures to Manage Cities’ to the report. An extensive Internet research was performed to document existing City SDIs in relation with the corresponding National SDIs, on site visits to a selected number of megacities and interviews with individual decision makers in city administrations took place, data received from questionnaires were reviewed and assessed. Key word: Spatial Information Management, Urbanization, Megacities, SDI assessment, City SDI

1. INTRODUCTION City administrations of large cities often are confronted with a multitude of key problems, like informal settlements (land tenure, development approvals, building control), traffic management, natural hazards (floods, earthquakes, fires), unclear responsibilities and mandates (within or between administrations), uncoordinated planning, water management (fresh water supply and waste-water disposal), provision of continuous electrical power, visual pollution and garbage disposal, air and water pollution control. To manage such problems adequately, urban governance urgently needs comprehensive, reliable and easy accessible spatial data, in other words, a wellfunctioning spatial data infrastructure (SDI), see Doytsher et al. (2010). The working group has adopted a pragmatic approach, based on working with administrations in mega cities (populations greater than 10 million) to identify key problems they face both now and in the future; and then provide materials that foster

1

Paul KELLY, [email protected] Spatial Strategies Pty Ltd Tel.: +614 3727-4449. Managing Director, Spatial Strategies Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia Chair of FIG Commission 3 Working Group 3.2 2 Robin McLAREN, M.Sc.E., [email protected] Know Edge Ltd Tel.: +44 131 443-1872, Fax: +44 131 443-1872 33 Lockharton Ave., Edinburgh EH14 1AY, Scotland, UK. 3 Prof. Dr. Hartmut MUELLER, [email protected] Mainz University of Applied Sciences Tel.: +49 6131 628-1438, Fax: + 49 6131 2859 699 Lucy-Hillebrand-Str.2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany Co-chair of FIG Commission 3 Working Group 3.2

144

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 further development of international best practice in the use of SDI to better manage our cities (Kelly et al., 2009).

2. KEY PROBLEMS OF URBAN AREAS 2.1 Survey amongst city administrations The working group developed a questionnaire about current problems facing mega cities and their current use of SDI. The questionnaire was distributed to contacts in 13 mega cities. A number of city administrations responded to the questionnaire. Also, the working group facilitated fact-finding visits to interview senior administrators in a further three cities. In all, initial data was obtained from 7 cities either by their direct response to the questionnaire (Q) or by a personal visit and interviews by working group members (V), see Table 1. 2.2 Interpretation of survey results Informal settlements are a problem in only some cities. Further research may indicate that it is a problem mainly in countries where development controls and tenure systems are immature and land administration capacity is low (Enemark and McLaren, 2008). A particular problem reported by one city is development being allowed in water catchment areas used by the city, but not under development control of city planning authorities. Some of the experience with planning and development laws, regulations, procedures and systems used in some of the cities may be useful to others. Table 1. Key Problems Facing City Administrations Problem

Hong Kong SAR

Tokyo

Seoul

Istanbul

(Q)

(Q)

(Q)

(V)

China

Japan

Korea

Informal settlements (land tenure, development approvals, building control)

N

Y

Traffic management

Y/Med

Natural hazards (floods, earthquakes, fires) Unclear responsibilities and mandates (within or between

London (V)

New York City

Lagos

(V)

(Q)

Turkey

United Kingdom

USA

Nigeria

N

Y

N

N

Y/High

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y/High

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y/High

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y/High

145

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 administrations) Uncoordinated planning

N

N

-

N

N

N

Y/High

Water management (fresh water supply and waste-water disposal)

Y/Med

Y

N

Y

N

N

Y/High

Provision of continuous electrical power

N

Y

N

N

N

N

Y/High

Visual pollution and garbage disposal

Y/Med

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y/High

Air and water pollution control

Y/Med

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y/High

-

-

-

Y

Y

-

-

Population growth

Traffic management is a common problem. City transport and police agencies were not part of the initial information gathering. Given the commonality of the problem, this may be an area for further study. Natural hazards and emergency management were high on most cities’ lists. Risk profiles from floods, fires, earthquakes and other hazards differ between cities, but capacity to plan, prepare, respond and recover from disasters is a common issue. It appears that unclear responsibilities and mandates (within or between administrations) is not a major issue for most cities. However, all cities appear to have problems with overlapping responsibilities amongst internal and external agencies, leading to operational dysfunction such as a multitude of agencies holding non-accessible spatial data. It is clear that solutions to problems facing mega cities require concerted response from many internal units and regional and national agencies in areas such as planning, infrastructure, development and land use controls, transportation, environmental management and water management. Mandates might be clear, but rationalisation of functions and more effective levels of cooperation may still be needed. It seems that in many mega cities, the city administration does not have responsibility for all matters covering the full area of the city. Several cities reported that their city administration did not have control over development, but rather it was the responsibility of local government units (an average appears to be around 30 municipal authorities within the area of the “greater city”). In some cases, other levels of government had land use and development control responsibilities. So, even if city planning is centrally coordinated, often city administrations have little control over the implementation (i.e. land use and building controls) of these plans. In short, some city administrations have control over key city development functions; others do not. The influence of megacities reaches out well outside their administrative boundaries to the peri-urban and regions beyond. It is essential that the greater region is managed holistically to maximise the economic benefits of the city. This places even greater emphasis on effective governance of the larger region, cooperation in planning and development control and sharing information. 146

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Another area for further study may be the role of infrastructure providers, such as utility services, not being part of the planning and development process. In many cases, these authorities are not part of the city administration, being privatised or at another level of government. Environmental management, especially pollution control is another problem area reported by several cities. Again, the experience of some cities in managing environmental problems may be useful to others. The inevitability of further population growth is likely to be a common issue. Some cities reported that their administrations have little control on population growth. It was a regional or national issue and needed to be addressed at that level. However, city administrations need to address the consequences of growth, which will add further stress to existing systems and facilities, even for those cities not experiencing problems at the moment. Just finding enough housing for people will be a common problem. Monitoring population change effectively and being able to respond through planning and infrastructure development will be major challenges.

3. SDI AVAILABILITY IN THE WORLD’S LARGEST CITIES 3.1 SDI availability by geographic region This section presents the results of an internet investigation, collecting information about current use of SDI in the world’s largest metropolitan areas. A short overview of general NSDI development for all countries of the world holding at least one mega city will be provided as will be the use of SDI or comparable initiatives in the associated metropolitan areas. Indicators for assessing spatially enabled government services were described by Ezigbalike and Rajabifard (2009). Leaving legislative and organisational SDI aspects aside, the evaluation presented here focuses on the technical aspects of the use of spatial information technology in mega city management. The classification of the results is done on the basis of usability and accessibility of spatial data which was identified by the internet search. Like in the home countries of the mega cities, the application of spatial information technology in the mega cities of the world is largely diverse. Table 2 shows the availability of digital spatial data in the mega cities under review. The application of spatial information technology in the cities under consideration varies considerably. It starts from the provision of simple WebGIS applications which only show the road network and some less basic data like in Jakarta or Mumbai, it comprises advanced applications which enable the presentation of social, economic, ecological and urban information related to the city (e.g., Buenos Aires, Los Angeles, Paris) and it ends up with highly elaborated comprehensive distributed information systems which can be found in Seoul, London and New York City.

147

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Table 2. Application of SDI in the world’s mega cities

Bangkok Beijing Buenos Aires Cairo Delhi Dhaka Guangzhou Istanbul Jakarta Karachi Lagos London Los Angeles Manila Mexico City Moscow Mumbai New York Osaka Paris Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo Seoul Shanghai Tehran Tokyo

SDI development status unknown ●

SDI master plan available

Primary spatial data available

Secondary spatial data available

Spatial data accessibility available

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Figure 1 gives a geographic overview of SDI availability in the world’s megacity hosting regions (Boos and Mueller, 2009a, Boos and Mueller, 2009b).

148

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 1: SDI availability in the world’s mega cities and their home countries

3.1.1. SDI application in the African region NSDI in Egypt is still rudimental. Considering the underdeveloped NSDI of Egypt, it is no surprise, that for the city of Cairo no information concerning SDI development or comparable initiatives could be found. Nigeria started the implementation of a National Geospatial Data Infrastructure (NGDI) in 2003 (Federal Ministry of Science and Technology of Nigeria, 2003). In 2007, the government of Lagos constituted a committee for the provision of a fully digital mapping and enterprise GIS for Lagos State. The policy framework adopted by the administration for the development of Lagos should be reached by generation and sharing of information with organised private sector, developing skilled and knowledgeable workers.

149

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 3.1.2. SDI application in the Asia-Pacific region In Bangladesh no official NSDI exists. In accordance with the rudimental national SDI initiatives in Bangladesh in Dhaka neither city SDI nor any WebGIS application or similar was identified. China has paid great attention to construct the Digital China Geospatial Framework (DCGF). A series of fundamental spatial databases was completed as the kernel of DCGF. A fully digital nationwide spatial data production system is widely established. In 2002, the Shanghai Municipal Government announced the “Digital City Shanghai” strategy. In this context a distributed WebGIS application for managing landscape resources was developed, which allows the connection of all landscape bureaus of the city where data are kept locally for maintenance and updates. These data are also available online to the central bureau and other local bureaus. In 2004, the city authority of Guangzhou, the capital city of south China, initiated the Digital Municipality of Guangzhou (DigiM.GZ) project which aims to represent the Guangzhou metropolitan area as a digitalised virtual municipality by using a wide range of up-to-date GIS and telecommunications technologies. In Beijing, the Beijing Digital Green Management Information System is available, which integrates a database of Beijing landscaping areas and a database of social, economic, ecological and urban infrastructure. The NSDI scheme in India (established in 2001) aims at using GIS to merge satellite imagery and ancient topographic maps with data on water resources, flooding, rainfall, crop patterns, and civic layouts to produce 3-D digital maps. Another objective of the Indian NSDI is to achieve a national coverage of all forest maps, land use, groundwater and wasteland maps, pollution data, meteorological department's weather-info and department of ocean development's sea maps. In 2005/06 in the Handni Chowk area of the walled city of Delhi, a pilot study on generating a 3D-GIS database was accomplished. The database was created by using a base map at scale 1:2500, high resolution satellite data, ground control points, video of the area, high resolution DEM from LiDAR/ ALTM and by 3D GIS data processing and analysis software. In Mumbai various GIS applications for small areas with different aims have been made. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) recognised the usefulness of this technology and thus proposes in its Regional Plan (1996-2011) to build up a Regional Information System. These developments may be stimulated by the Collective Research Initiative Trust (CRIT) that plans to generate an open-access SDI and a set of simple tools and applications for knowledge transfer and participatory urban planning by communities and citizens in Mumbai. The Indonesian NSDI aims at improvement of coordination mechanism, completion of spatial databases and national metadata developments, activation of national clearinghouse and development of Digital Indonesia. The city of Jakarta has a simple WebGIS application, which represents the road network of the city and enables different search functions to find streets and points of interest. In Iran, national organisations, ministry and municipal offices as well as private companies are active in the field of mapping and spatial data production. The Tehran municipality, Public & International Relations Department committed to the development of a WebGIS with more than 140 layers.

150

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 In Japan, the NSDI is implemented by the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI) and different ministries, who began their work on the Spatial Data Framework in 1995 and completed it in 2003. The future work of the Japanese NSDI concentrates on a new infrastructure concept, which is promoted as "Digital Japan" and which shall lead to a virtual and real-time representation of the land. Concerning the two Japanese mega cities Osaka and Tokyo, the internet investigation could not extract any specific SDIinitiatives, although the survey response from Tokyo indicated that base mapping and agency-specific spatial applications do exist. Both cities developed long-term master plans, where principal goals for city planning are formulated but no SDI strategy could be identified. In Pakistan no official NSDI was established. In its “Megacities Preparation Project” from 2005 Karachi’s government schedules the development of digital maps of the city by using GIS technologies. First official activities for establishing an NSDI in Philippines were initiated in 2001. As a member of a developing country Metro Manila has not yet a comprehensive SDI available. A Disaster Management Information System called “Metro Manila Map Viewer” was developed in 2004. The first phase of an NSDI Master Plan for South Korea was completed in 2000. Basic GIS infrastructure has been established by producing various kinds of digital maps. The second phase of the NSDI, which started in 2001, concentrated on spreading GIS application for maintaining the digital maps and developing national standards. The city of Seoul has at its disposal a widespread SDI on the technical base of several distributed GIS applications like Urban Planning Information System, Road Information System, Soil Information System, and other municipal affairs Information Systems. A Spatial Data Warehouse is available which provides for sharing and accessing the different spatial data of the GIS systems via a GIS Portal system. Development of the Thailand NSDI fits very well with the Thai Government’s scheme for a comprehensive utilisation of Information Technologies to support administration and public services. The key mechanism is the development of e-Government in which GIS is a key component and plays an important role in providing for dynamic information to support better governance of the country. For the city of Bangkok there is a webpage in Thai language that seems to grant access to a comprehensive collection of spatial data in different GIS applications. 3.1.3. SDI application in the European region In France there is no explicit overall governmental initiative to develop an NSDI even though a geoportal was launched in 2006 and a multitude of NSDI-like initiatives are undertaken. In Paris a WebGIS application gives access to the most important spatial data about the city. It is possible to access a series of thematic maps through a multiplicity of data layers Russia’s NSDI concept schedules a three stage process, which should be finalised by 2015 with the implementation of the national NSDI. For the city of Moscow no specific SDI solution information could be found during the internet investigation. There are several persisting problems in the field of SDI in Turkey: lack of coordination between institutions; no standardisation, neither with regard to the spatial reference 151

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 system, nor to data quality or data exchange; data duplication; the majority of large scale data not available in digital format; interoperability does not (yet) exist; lack of expert personnel and budget; and a lot of difficulties to share data. Istanbul's Water and Sewerage Administration (ISKI) developed the Infrastructure Information System (ISKABIS) to control and manage extensive water and wastewater facilities for the Istanbul Metropolitan Area with more than 30 applications implemented The city administration of Istanbul provides for a WebGIS, which represents the road network for the metropolitan area of Istanbul containing a precise division into lots and house numbers, orthophotos of different years and a range of thematic information, as well. There is now a formal Location Strategy for the United Kingdom with a single organisation with responsibility for its establishment and coordination. The country as a whole has a well developed GI sector, with extensive datasets available from both public and private sector sources. The government of the city of London provides for the City Online Maps Project Accessing Spatial Systems (COMPASS), which aims at improving access to information about the city of London through a unique access point. One remarkable SDI application in London is the Newham Neighbourhood Information Management System (NIMS), where users gain access to data on economic, social and environmental conditions of the borough. 3.1.4. SDI application in the Pan-American region In 2004 the National Geographic Information System of the Republic of Argentina (PROSIGA) started as an Internet distributed GIS, in which seven specific SDI working groups are present: Institutional framework, Policy and Agreements, Fundamental and Basic Data, Metadata and Catalogues, Diffusion and Communication, Training, Search Engine for Geographic Names and IT for SDIs. The department of Geographic Information Systems of the city administration of Buenos Aires developed a widespread WebGIS application built up on open source components and integrating a multiplicity of spatial data of the city. The GIS covers a range of applications like health, education, tourism, sports, culture, leisure, green spaces, social services, transportation etc. and enables access to information up to parcel units. The Brazilian cartographic community, in particular Federal Government agencies, made great efforts to constitute an NSDI in Brazil. Map servers offer diverse information and provide for geodata of the whole country. The department for planning of the city of Sao Paulo makes an internet portal available, which enables access to a multiplicity of statistical data, thematic maps and allows for the visualisation of infrastructural data in a WebGIS client. For Rio de Janeiro the department of city planning offers digital maps and databases of the municipality of Rio in a Geoportal and allows for download of statistical tables, maps and spatial data. The Mexican NSDI implementation has been led by the National Institute of Geography, Statistics and Informatics (INEGI) since 1997. INEGI developed an internet presence (GeoPortal), where users can view and download a series of spatial data, including appropriate metadata. For the Mexican mega city Mexico City the internet investigation did not extract any specific SDI-like-initiative. The United States clearinghouse was established in 1994 with the US Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) responsibility of NSDI implementation. The NSDI major development focus is at the United States federal level, although efforts 152

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 have been made to support coordination at State level as well. Spatial data are provided in a nationwide geoportal offering a multiplicity of functions to access, publish and share spatial data in a widespread number of categories. An Interactive City Map of New York City provides information on transportation, education, public safety, resident service and city life. The office of Emergency Management operates a GIS, which maps and accesses data — from flood zones and local infrastructure to population density and blocked roads — before, during, and after an emergency case. Beyond that the City government runs a spatially-enabled public website called ACCESS NYC, which has the capability to identify and to display over 30 City, State, and Federal human service benefit programs to explore appropriate services for the individual users needs. The Los Angeles city administration publishes a collection of interactive maps containing information on traffic, parcels, flooding, city services, leisure, among other information. 3.2. Current Use of Spatial Data within interviewed city administrations It was interesting to note that those senior administrators interviewed by the working group candidly admitted the importance of spatial data and analysis in helping them do their job. As users of spatial information, they personally believed that access to timely and accurate spatial data and tools was a key requirement in managing functions such as city planning. Correspondents reported widespread use of spatial data in a range of city functions, including:












Land registration and tenure administration; Cadastral survey, mapping and data management; Policy development, planning and citizen engagement; Land use and development control; Transportation planning and road or highway management; Public works, infrastructure development and maintenance; Environmental protection; Coastal, ports and marine management Law enforcement and security; Public health management; Visualisation of urban environment, demographic trends and social conditions for use by elected officials and citizens.

In fact, collection and usage is so widespread that data integration, access and use was hampered by the diversity of data holdings and systems managed by individual units. Getting data for planning processes, for example, can be difficult, costly and slow. Fundamental data management standards were not being used. Access to data held by other levels of government was also problematic. Collating data across internal units and external agencies was an impediment to providing timely information to citizens. All cities reported that they had at least some elements of an SDI. Most cities reported that they had only small “central” GIS units, under-resourced and generally incapable of providing a comprehensive citywide SDI. Missing capabilities included no common metadata, spatial data policies and standards, formal data sharing arrangements between units or agencies or shared data access mechanism. 153

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Most do not have a formal “GIS strategy” across the whole administration. However, most countries covered by this project have national (and in some cases regional) SDI strategies. Unfortunately, at this stage it is not clear to the working group what connection there is between national and local strategies or how national strategies will meet the needs of cities. Some cities have developed an intranet that could be used to access spatial data held across multiple units. The results of the survey and internet search show that several cities have invested in providing access to spatial data as part of public websites, reporting information about aspects of city administration such as land tenure, use, planning, environmental and disaster management information. These could be used as exemplars by other cities.

4. CURRENT NEEDS 4.1 Key tools needed to address problems Some key tools needed to address megacity problems were identified by the study. These included:
Strengthening planning laws to cover not just the planning process, but the monitoring and implementation of the laws and to ensure that the planning process is guided by economic and environment development strategy.
Planning and development control over water catchments and other sensitive areas affecting the city.
Improved governance to provide good communication between all city units and strong partnerships between the city administration and agencies at other levels of government, especially in infrastructure development and maintenance.
Coordinated planning and implementation involving transportation, utilities and other infrastructure providers.
Working with the private sector to ensure financial and property markets have the capacity to meet current and future needs for jobs and housing.
A strong focus on disaster management, including coordinated planning, preparation, response and recovery operations.
In the developing world, a stronger focus was needed on good governance, institutional development and capacity building.
Encourage the use of crowdsourcing to capture spatial information to complement the official sources.
Ensure that aid agencies delivering projects within the cities provide spatial data based on international standards. It should be noted that the needs of cities in the developed and developing world are significantly different. 4.2 Most immediate SDI needs Correspondents identified some immediate requirements to support creation or further growth of SDI in their cities. They have differing priorities and some have already solved these problems. Those reported include: 154

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010
Completion of base mapping covering the city;
Completion of conversion of base data into digital form;
Common definitive street address file and integrated cadastral (legal, fiscal and spatial) database;
Solving internal institutional arrangements to provide access to existing data held by individual units, preferably some type of policy or edict setting up a formalised structure;
Greater cooperation and cost sharing in new data collection, especially with other levels of government;
Obtaining stronger sponsorship for SDI development from senior city officials and obtaining commensurate resources to do the job;
A broader understanding within city administration units about the benefits of integrating and using spatial information to do their job better;
Access to expertise in areas such as spatial data management and ICT to build capacity for web-based repositories and access mechanisms, data integration and spatial data products; (sometimes this is just a matter of better access to existing people spread across units and sometimes need for external help);
Development of an agreed spatial data strategy, including data access agreements, prioritisation of new data collection, sharing of resources, use of common data standards and systems interoperability;
A spatially-enabled one-stop citizen interface.

5. CONCLUSIONS The aim of FIG Commission 3 working group WG3.2 is to support development and use of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) by city authorities in the world’s largest cities. SDI developments in existing mega cities were reviewed, current problems and issues and use of SDI was identified. The results may be used for future consideration.

6. REFERENCES Boos S, Müller H., 2009a. Current use of spatial information technology in megacity management. Nordic Journal of Surveying and Real Estate Research - Special Series. Bd. Vol. 4. 2009, pp 6-24. Boos, S., Müller, H., 2009b. Evaluation of spatial information technology applications for megacity management. Loenen, B. van, Besemer, J.W.J., Zevenbergen, J.A. (Eds.). SDI Convergence. Research, Emerging Trends, and Critical Assessment. Delft, The Netherlands, pp 189 - 203 Doytsher, Y., Kelly, P., Khouri, R., McLaren, R., Potsiou, C., 2010. Rapid Urbanization and Mega Cities: The Need for Spatial Information Management. Research study by FIG Commission 3. FIG publication no. 48, 96pp. The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), Copenhagen, Denmark. Enemark, S., McLaren, R., 2008. Preventing Informal Development - through means of sustainable land use control. FIG Working Week 2008 Integrating Generations, Stockholm, Sweden 14-19 June 2008. http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2008/papers/~ ts08a/ts08a_01_enemark_mclaren_2734.pdf

155

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Ezigbalike, Ch. and Rajabifard, A., 2009. Indicators for Assessing Spatially Enabled Government Services. GSDI 11 World Conference Spatial Data Infrastructure Convergence: Building SDI Bridges to address Global Challenges, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 15-19 June 2009. http://www.gsdi.org/gsdi11/papers/pdf/329.pdf Kelly, P., McLaren, R., Müller, H., 2009. Spatial data infrastructure and the environment of urban areas. The 7th FIG Regional Conference – Spatial Data Serving People, Land Governance and the Environment – Building the Capacity, Hanoi, Vietnam, 19-22 October 2009, http://www.fig.net/pub/vietnam/papers/ts03a/ts03a_kelly_mclaren_mueller_3657.pdf

7. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Paul Kelly has extensive experience in the development of spatial information policy and has been a senior executive in both national and state/provincial organizations in Australia. He was Executive Director of the national office of ANZLIC – the Spatial Information Council of Australia and New Zealand from 2001 to 2004. He has also held senior executive positions as Chief Information Officer of a NSW government agency, Chief of Staff to the Lord Mayor of Brisbane and Deputy Surveyor-General of NSW. He has degrees in surveying, geography, history and political science. Since 2004, he has been the Managing Director of Spatial Strategies Pty Ltd, which offers advice on the strategic use of spatial information in government agencies and business enterprises. Paul is the chair of FIG Commission 3 Working Group 3.2. Robin McLaren is an independent management consultant who excels at developing location enabling strategies and turning business requirements into effective information system solutions that deliver significant benefits. Since forming Know Edge Ltd in 1986, he has gained extensive experience in developing enterprise location enabling strategies, programme and business change management, and providing independent advice to support Information Systems procurement. He thrives in complex situations and has been involved in key UK projects that have significantly shaped the GI sector in recent years, such as the National Land Information Service, National Addressing initiatives and the UK Location Strategy. Robin is an internationally recognized expert in Land Reform / Land Information Management Systems. He has worked extensively with aid agencies implementing National Land Registration and Cadastral Systems world-wide to strengthen land tenure in support of economic reforms; most notably as technical advisor to the Hungarian government to support their land reform programme during the 1990s. Prof. Dr. Hartmut Mueller got his diploma and doctoral degree in geodesy at Karlsruhe University. After 8 years of research he turned into the marketing and software development departments of worldwide working enterprises for 6 years. Since 1991 he has been working as a professor at Mainz University of Applied sciences. Since 1998 he has been a member of the board of i3mainz, Institute for Spatial Information and Surveying Technology. In the DVW – German Association of Geodesy, Geo-information and Land 156

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Management he is the chair of working group 2 – Geo-information and Geodata Management. He is the co-chair of FIG Commission 3 Working Group 3.2 – Spatial Data Infrastructure for 2007-2010.

157

SPATIAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND THE CURRENT RAPID PROCESSES OF URBANIZATION *

Yerach DOYTSHER1, Paul KELLY2, Rafic KHOURI3, Robin McLAREN4, Hartmut MUELLER5, Chryssy POTSIOU6

ABSTRACT The goal of this research is to investigate the emerging needs, the current trends and the extent of using SDIs in selected megacities, but also to identify the emerging possibilities for using new technical tools for the governance of sustainable large urban areas applied by the surveyingmapping- data processing community. The methodology followed includes experience gained through a four year review of existing relevant publications about the problems created in the world’s urban centres due to rapid urbanization, the SDI developments and other technological innovative achievements relevant to spatial data collection in urban areas, and Internet research on existing SDIs. A questionnaire was compiled and distributed in several administrators of most megacities and in parallel on site visits took place to a selected number of them in order to collect further information by interviews with individual decision makers in city administrations. An in-depth investigation was made on the problems addressed and the policies and practices applied by the master plan of Paris. A review and assessment of data derived both from questionnaires, interviews and all other sources was made, and the conclusions and proposals are presented. 1

Prof. Dr. Yerach DOYTSHER, [email protected] Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Tel.: +972 4 829-3183, Gsm.: +972 54 4690-110, Fax: +972 4 829-5708. Mapping and Geo-Information Eng., Technion City, Israel Chair-Elect of FIG Commission 3 2 Paul KELLY, [email protected] Spatial Strategies Pty Ltd Tel.: +614 3727-4449. Managing Director, Spatial Strategies Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia Chair of FIG Commission 3 Working Group 3.2 3 Rafic KHOURI, [email protected] Ordre des Géomètres-Experts OGE Tel.: +33 1 5383-8812, Fax: + 33 1 4561-1407. 40, avenue Hoche, F-75008 Paris, France 4 Robin McLAREN, M.Sc.E., [email protected] Know Edge Ltd Tel.: +44 131 443-1872, Fax: +44 131 443-1872 33 Lockharton Ave., Edinburgh EH14 1AY, Scotland, UK. 5 Prof. Dr. Hartmut MUELLER, [email protected] Mainz University of Applied Sciences Tel.: +49 6131 628-1438, Fax: + 49 6131 2859 699 Lucy-Hillebrand-Str.2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany Co-chair of FIG Commission 3 Working Group 3.2 6 Assist. Prof. Chryssy POTSIOU, [email protected] National Technical University of Athens Tel.: +30 210 7722-688, Gsm.: +30 6944 710-817, Fax: +30 210 7722-677. 9 Iroon Polytechnion St., Athens, Greece Chair of FIG Commission 3 *

Authors’ names are listed in alphabetical order

158

Key word: Spatial Information Management, Urbanization, Megacities, Data Collection, Spatial tools

1. INTRODUCTION Today there is an ever-increasing demand for the collection, integration, management and sharing of reliable spatial information, and the relevant education, experience sharing and development of best practices. This growing demand is driven by some of the most important changes in society which in turn are magnified by rapid urbanization and the conditions of the world’s megacities. It is the purpose of FIG and its Commission 3 (Spatial Information Management) to assist the profession in all aspects of spatial data management in respond to these challenges and in support of society everywhere. During the 2007–2010 term of office FIG Commission 3 has addressed the phenomenon of rapid urbanization and its impacts. Its particular focus has been on identifying spatial tools and general principles, norms and standards for good governance using reliable and accessible spatial information and providing guidance to interested countries to successfully address the problem of rapid urbanization. A central theme has been the formal access to land, property and housing for all. Further research will focus on climate change and disaster prevention and response, and other security issues that emerge due to rapid urbanization and accelerated development. FIG Commission 3 has cooperated closely with agencies of the United Nations (UNECE, WPLA, UN-HABITAT and GLTN), the World Bank, ISPRS and other sister associations. FIG publication 48 is a further contribution of FIG and FIG Commission 3 in this field. This paper briefly presents the recommendations presented in this publication, which should help governments, decision makers and professionals to deal with the major challenges of rapid urbanization.

2. BACKGROUND The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) is an international, non-government organisation whose purpose is to support international collaboration for the progress of surveying in all fields and applications. FIG Commission 3 (Spatial Information Management) has undertaken a research study about trends in the use of spatial information and technology in supporting the management of eight of the world’s largest cities. The research has included:
Management of spatial information about land, property and marine data;
Spatial Data Infrastructure, including policy, institutional and technical frameworks;
Management and transfer of knowledge and skills in using spatial information;
Impacts on organisational structure, business models and public-private partnerships
Spatial information management in the support of good city governance.

159

This current research study is responsive to the aims of the Commission 3 work plan and is a further contribution in this direction. It investigates the current trends in using spatial information in particular for the management of megacities, where needs are enlarged and urgent. Location, in the form of spatial data, is a key enabler to visualize current situations, predict impacts and enhance service delivery. Information about location is a natural integrator, capable of enabling complex analysis of spatial distribution of places, events and services; providing opportunities to link up government services, interact with customers and optimize delivery options. The value of spatial (location-referenced) data is growing in recognition internationally. Many countries with developed economies now have policies and strategies aimed at maximizing the benefit from spatial data held by government agencies in particular. A wealth of existing map, image and measurement data can already be found in areas such as land administration, natural resource management, marine administration, transportation, defense, communications, utility services and statistical collections. The challenge is for users, both within and outside these areas of activity, to discover, access, and use this information to improve decision-making, business outcomes and customer services. As cities get larger spatial information is becoming a key resource in efficient delivery of e-government services, public safety, national security and asset management. In this study, it is proposed that a city-wide spatial data infrastructure linked to similar structures in other levels of government, can provide a sustainable solution to many problems of megacities. Despite all the progress made in spatial data collection, modeling and dissemination, it is important to look for ways and methods to improve egovernment taking into account the needs of citizens. The goal of this research is to investigate the emerging needs, the current trends and the extent of using SDIs in selected megacities, but also to identify the emerging possibilities for using new technical tools for the governance of sustainable large urban areas applied by the surveying- mapping- data processing community. The study aims to demonstrate these technical tools, not only to governmental policy makers, but also to planners, economists, scientists, environmentalists, sociologists and all others with an interest in the life of megacities. However, it should be mentioned that each city should build its own spatial data infrastructure, and should choose its own tools appropriate to its own social, economic and cultural environment. The publication suggests alternative ways to meet the current requirements and makes general recommendations on best practice. It does not advocate the use of any specific tools because each country has a different history and experience. The methodology followed for this study includes:
Identification of experience gained through the general current FIG Com 3 activity to improve management of expanding urban areas.
Review of existing publications and other sources.
Internet research on specific problems of megacities and on existing SDIs.
On site visits to a selected number of megacities and interviews with individual decision makers in city administrations.
Review and assessment of data received from questionnaires. 160

3. URBANISATION Urbanisation is a major change taking place globally. The urban global tipping point was reached in 2007 when for the first time in history over half of the world’s population 3.3 billion people were living in urban areas (Figure 1). It is estimated that a further 500 million people will be urbanised in the next five years and projections indicate that 60% of the world’s population will be urbanised by 2030.

Figure 1. The urban and rural population of the world (source: United Nations Population Division, 2006)

This rush to the cities, caused in part by the attraction of opportunities for wealth generation and economic development, has created the phenomenon of ’megacities’: urban areas with a population of 10 million or more. There are currently 19 megacities in the world and there are expected to be 27 by 2020 (Figure 2). Over half of this growth will be in Asia where the world’s economic geography is now shifting. This incredibly rapid growth of megacities causes severe ecological, economical and social problems. It is increasingly difficult to manage this growth in a sustainable way. It is recognized that over 70% of the growth currently takes place outside the formal planning process and that 30% of urban populations in developing countries are living in slums or informal settlements, i.e. where vacant state-owned or private land is occupied illegally and is used for illegal slum housing. In sub-Saharan Africa, 90% of new urban settlements are taking the form of slums. These are especially vulnerable to climate change impacts as they are usually built on hazardous sites in high-risk locations. Even in developed countries unplanned or informal urban development is a major issue.

161

Figure 2. Growth of megacities and prediction for 2015 (source: Zwingle E., 2002)

Figure 3. Increase of greenhouse gas emissions (source: Wilbanks et al., 2007)

Urbanization is also contributing significantly to climate change. The 20 largest cities consume 80% of the world’s energy and urban areas generate 80% of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide (Figure 3). Cities are where climate change measures will either succeed or fail. Rapid urbanization is presenting the greatest test for land professionals in the application of land governance to support and achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The challenge is to deal with the social, economic and environment consequences of this development through more effective and comprehensive land administration functions, supported by effective Spatial Data Infrastructures, resolving issues such as climate change, insecurity, energy scarcity, environmental pollution, infrastructure chaos and extreme poverty.

4. PROBLEMS TO BE MANAGED WITHIN MEGACITIES Administrations in large cities are often confronted with a multitude of key problems, like high urban densities, transport, traffic congestion, energy inadequacy, unplanned development and lack of basic services, illegal construction both within the city and in the periphery, informal real estate markets, creation of slums, poor natural hazards management in overpopulated areas, crime, water, soil and air pollution leading to environmental degradation, climate change and poor governance arrangements (Figures 4, 5). The inevitability of further population growth is a common issue. Some cities reported that their administrations have little control over population growth; it was a regional or national issue and must be addressed at that level. However, monitoring population 162

change effectively and being able to respond through planning and infrastructure development will be major challenges.

Figure 4. Informal settlements. Slum in Mexico City (left), Kibera, Nigeria (right)

Informal settlements are a problem in many cities. An increasing number of citizens do not have either permanent or temporary access to land and adequate shelter. This exclusion is caused, in many cases, by structural social inequalities, inheritance constraints, conflicts, non pro-poor or pro-gender land policies and land administration systems that are ineffective and expensive for the end user. Without a range of appropriate interventions being applied within the broader context of economic growth and poverty reduction policies, social exclusion and poverty will continue to spiral out of control; already 90% of new settlements in sub-Sahara Africa are slums.

Figure 5. Examples of problems in large cities: traffic congestion, energy inadequacy (top); Garbage management (bottom left); floods (bottom right)

Natural hazards and emergency management are major issues in most cities. Risk profiles from floods, fires, earthquakes and other hazards differ among cities, but capacity to plan, prepare, respond and recover from disasters is a common need. During 2007–8 for the purposes of this research study, initial data about problems facing city administrators were obtained from seven cities (Hong Kong, Tokyo, Seoul, 163

Istanbul, London, New York and Lagos) either by their direct response to the questionnaire or by personal visits and interviews by the authors and contributors.

5. CITY GOVERNANCE Many cities appear to have problems with unclear and overlapping responsibilities amongst internal and external agencies, leading to operational dysfunction such as a multitude of agencies holding non-accessible spatial information. For example, Sao Paulo comprises component cities all with their own governance arrangements. It is clear that solutions to problems facing megacities require concerted response from many internal units and regional and national agencies in areas such as planning, infrastructure, development and land use controls, transportation, environmental management and water management. Mandates might be clear, but rationalisation of functions and more effective levels of cooperation and information sharing are needed. Even if city planning is centrally coordinated, city administrations often have little control over the implementation (i.e. land use and building controls) of their policies and plans. For example, in France the greater Paris region, Île de France, has a regional planning authority that sets planning policies for the highly decentralized 1,280 communes (Figure 6). Political differences create tensions in the consistent implementation of these planning policies.

164

Figure 6. The greater Paris master plan project-housing (source: SDRIF, 2008)

The influence of megacities reaches well outside their administrative boundaries to the peri-urban and regions beyond. It is essential that the greater region be managed holistically to maximize the economic benefits of the city. Regional planning places even greater emphasis on effective governance of the larger region, even across international boundaries, with cooperation in planning, development control and sharing information being essential. In many cases, infrastructure providers are not a direct part of the city administration’s planning and development process, some are private enterprises while others may be located at another level of government. This causes problems with the proactive planning and strengthening of utility services. Most megacities support some level of civil society participation in the planning and design of their services, such as citizen involvement in the urban planning process. However, spatially enabled web based services are providing new opportunities to more closely involve citizens in consultations and land administration functions.

165

6. SPATIAL INFORMATION TO MANAGE MEGACITIES The rapid growth of megacities causes severe social, economical and ecological problems. How can this growth be nurtured in a sustainable way? The challenge for land professionals is to provide the megacity ‘managers’, both political and professional, with appropriate ‘actionable intelligence’ that is up-to-date, citywide and in a timely manner to support more proactive decision making that encourages more effective sustainable development. Spatial information has become indispensable for numerous aspects of urban development, planning and management. The increasing importance of spatial information has been due to recent strides in spatial information capture (especially satellite remote sensing and positioning), management (utilizing geographic information systems and database tools) and access (witness the growth in web mapping services), as well as the development of analytical techniques such as high resolution mapping of urban environments (Table 1). These more efficient techniques can lead to a wider diversity of information that is more up-to-date. Table 1: Use of Spatial Data in City Administration

Inputs Base Maps Sensor Webs

Imagery

Demographics

Natural and Built Infrastructure/Network Data Environment Data

Spatial Data integration Spatial Planning Modelling

Information access

Service Delivery

↓

Data Tools

Visualisation

↓

166

Spatial Analysis and

Using Spatial Data

Urban Design Planning codes; Land zoning; City-wide environmental plans; Smart growth; Sustainable neighbourhoods

Utility Services Telemetry; SCADA; Micro-tunnelling; Asset mana-gement and inventory; Disaster preparedness, response and recovery

Urban Management Development and building permits; Electronic lodgement of applications; Automated valuation/taxes

Transport Planning Trip analysis; Scenarios; Integrated public transport networks; Real-time monitoring of movements

Environmental Justice Sitting impacts; Best use of land resources; Placement of public facilities

Economic Development Find available and suitable land; Workforce demographics

Community Involvement Scenario and impact analysis, option development; 3D visualisation; Fly-throughs

Public Safety Emergency response management; Crime modelling; Emergency dispatch and routing

Environmental Services Optimising waste collection networks; Water storage, allocation and distribution; Environmental monitoring

Outcomes

↓

Performance Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting

In some circumstances, a wealth of existing map, image and measurement data can already be found in areas such as land administration, natural resource management, marine administration, transportation, defense, communications, utility services and statistical collections. The challenge is for users both within and outside these areas of activity to break down the information silos and to discover, to access and to use the shared information to improve decision-making, business outcomes and customer services. The study has found that spatial information technology is being recognized widely as one of the tools needed to understand and address the big urban problems, but there is still a general lack of knowledge amongst communities of practice about what spatial solutions exist and how they can used and prioritized. Information to support the management of cities is traditionally channeled and aggregated up the vertical information highway from a local, operational level to a policy level. In developed countries, urban growth and its characteristics can normally be measured through information derived from the land administration functions. However, in the megacities of the developing countries, informal settlements are the norm, growth is rampant and administrative structures are limited. The traditional source of change information is not readily available there.

7. SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES (SDI) FOR MEGACITIES The concept of using SDI to more efficiently manage, access and use spatial information across megacities is evolving and megacities are at different stages of their 167

implementation. The EC INSPIRE Directive has provided welcome impetus across Europe and beyond. However, most cities have no strategic framework to guide and create their SDI. This reflects the difficulty of the task to create an SDI within megacities that are organisationally complex and involve a large number of stakeholders with diverse sets of spatial information; a microcosm of the national problem.

Figure 7. Public access to parcel information of the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina (source: http://mapa.buenosaires.gov.ar/sig/index.phtml)

City administrations have different interpretations of what constitutes an SDI, but most reported that they had at least some elements of an SDI already in place. Cities like Paris and New York have a more mature and comprehensive implementation of a megacity SDI, managed by dedicated resources. However, most cities reported that they had only small “central GIS units”, under-resourced and generally incapable of providing a comprehensive citywide SDI. Missing capabilities included no spatial data policies and standards, common metadata, formal data sharing arrangements between units or agencies, or shared data access mechanisms. It could be many years before mature and fully populated SDI emerge in megacities. However, it is important for megacities, especially in developing countries, to develop SDI capabilities in areas that will deliver the most benefits to their current pressing needs. Most do not have a formal “spatial information strategy” across the whole administration. However, most countries covered by this project have national (and in some cases regional) SDI strategies. At this stage it is not clear what connection there is between national and local strategies or how national strategies will meet the needs of cities. Some cities, for example New York, have developed an intranet that could be 168

used to access spatial data held across multiple units. Other cities, such as Buenos Aires (Figure 7), have invested in providing access to spatial data as part of their public websites, reporting information about aspects of city administration such as land tenure, use, planning, environmental and disaster management information. Approaches like these should be used as exemplars by other cities. Although Norway does not have megacities, the Norwegian SDI provides a model for an application of spatial data infrastructure in a democratic society enabling citizen participation in policy and decision-making for city management (Figure 8).

8. INNOVATIVE USES OF SPATIAL INFORMATION TOOLS TO MANAGE MEGACITIES New tools, techniques and policies are required to baseline and integrate the social, economic and environmental factors associated with megacities, to monitor growth and change across the megacity and to forecast areas of risk – all within shorter timeframes than previously accepted. Moreover, they must be flexible enough to meet traditional needs such as land development, tenure and value applications, but be designed to be interoperable and integrate within the city wide SDI as it evolves. Access to integrated spatial information from the SDI will lead to more joined-up, proactive decision making allowing the prioritising of scarce resources to tackle the most sensitive and risk prone areas within a megacity.

Figure 8. Citizen Services on Norwegian MyPage Geoportal (source: Strande, 2009)

These tools must support the operation of land administration functions, but should also support the management of key problems such as disaster management, flooding 169

control, environmental management, health and transportation, for example, but also encourage economic development and reduce social inequalities. These spatial information tools include:
Data collection & maintenance – high resolution satellite imagery (< 0.5m) is now commercially available at an affordable rate from a number of sources with repeat coverage at a frequency greater than required for this application. This opens up the possibility to efficiently generate topographic and thematic mapping (at a scale of at least 1:5,000) and to better understand changes across the city, such as sporadic creation of informal settlements.
Data integration and access – international interoperable information and services standards allow the possibility of the real-time merging of data and services (plug and play) from a variety of sources across the city. This will be achieved through the creation of shared, web information services to allow users access to the wide range of information held by different agencies across the city. This will be instrumental in breaking down information silos and will lead to the innovative reuse of spatial information.
Data analysis - data mining and knowledge discovery techniques allow the integration of a wide range of spatial information and associated attribute information. This creates the opportunity to perform more effective forms of analysis and decision-making, leading to more cost effective solutions such as targeting of limited city resources for health care and maximising the economic benefits of investments in transportation.
3-D city modelling - many applications are enhanced by the use of 3-D spatial information, such as visualisation of planning development proposals, flood predictions, modelling population growth, tourist visit simulations and the design of transportation networks. 3-D spatial information of the natural and built environments is increasingly available, e.g. through LiDAR and terrestrial laser scanning, making many of these applications operationally viable.
Citizen centric urban sensing – The new generation of urban sensors, including cellular phones (Figure 9), has potential for providing managers with access to a range of current spatial and environmental information about the evolving activities of their megacities. By these means peoples’ movements can be monitored; their use and modes of transport determined and people could voluntarily provide information about changes to their environment. However a number of prerequisites are indicated:
Legislative and policy frameworks;
A system of quality analysis of information and data voluntarily submitted from unofficial sources.
Agreement on what information can be captured and how it can be used. Citizens can choose to opt out; to volunteer information; or to participate in incentive schemes;
Appeals for crowd sourcing should focused on topics to help manage the city more effectively, e.g. environmental damage;
An information infrastructure to manage, analyse and distribute urban sensed information to facilitate its widespread use in solving urban problems; and
A communication strategy to provide transparency and to ensure that citizens understand the benefits.

170

Figure 9. Personalized estimates of environmental exposure (source: http://urban.cens.ucla.edu/) (left); Interactive D-Tower in the Netherlands (Photo: Henk Vlasblom) (right)

It is probable that people will participate when provided with smooth and ubiquitous access to information and the ease of providing information through m-government applications, for example. The increased levels and quality of participation will most likely take time to evolve as citizens gradually realize tangible evidence of urban improvements related to their participation. One initial consequence may be that city authorities just receive hundreds of trivial requests for services. This traffic must be managed effectively and acted upon in a beneficial manner by city authorities to build trust with the citizens. The successful introduction of urban sensing will involve considerable cultural and behavioral change of politicians, government officials, the business community and citizens and develop incrementally as policies and legislation evolve. It has great potential to fill the current gaps in urban information needed to understand the dynamics of megacities. At the national level, no country has so far generated data management policies that truly integrate and utilise this new approach. In Doetinchem in the Netherlands, a 12 metre tall tower (Figure 9 right) maps emotions of the inhabitants. The tower changes the lights according to emotions reflected from the D-tower website (www.d-toren.nl). Devices as citizen-activated sensors, RFID and LBS may provide government with efficient and practical means of data collection in support of urban management and environmental monitoring. However, these devices are also potential tools for citizen control by totalitarian governments. What may begin as traffic control may be adapted to crowd and demonstration control. The D-Tower of the Netherlands could easily become a device designed to give a repressive government of some other country a means of early detection and suppression of popular dissent. All such “urban sensing” devices must be subject to full public awareness and acceptance. There must be an enactment of enabling legislation. Due process must be available to the citizenry of any democracy, including judicial challenge and final adjudication. As these devices are currently in experimental stages primarily in countries with developed economies and long established democratic processes, there may be concerns that there would be a major risk in introducing such systems in unstable governments in developing economies. Citizen participation in data collection must be voluntary and data collection methods must be transparent and open to public understanding. 171

9. SPATIAL INFORMATION POLICY CONSTRAINTS Advances in developing megacity SDI will only occur when senior management are convinced of the benefits through experience derived from business case studies and only when SDI implementation is guided by a supportive megacity information strategy. However, it is difficult to achieve this type of strategy in the complex multilayer governance structures of the megacities. As spatial information is used more commonly with more citizen awareness, there is a risk of popular mistrust concerning privacy issues. It is therefore essential that policy frameworks are established legally for the appropriate use of spatial information. It is also important to raise public awareness about the benefits citizens will enjoy through SDI, mainly due to increased transparency in city governance; and the opportunity for public participation in decision-making. It must be recognized that citizen participation in information gathering suggests certain risks like the concern for privacy; suspicion of governmental intrusion and loss of public support; the issue of quality of data collected by non professionals and the need for quality analysis; the danger of miss-use of citizen-provided information by repressive governments; and the question of the capacity of governmental agencies to monitor, evaluate, and interpret the volumes of data collected in certain urban sensing systems.

10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks go to the correspondents in the seven megacities used as case studies, to Prof Rahmi Nurhan CELIK, Istanbul Technical University and Anthony ADEOYE, Lagos city administrator. To Gerasimos APOSTOLATOS, FIG Com3 vice chair of Administration and all FIG Commission 3 delegates who have participated and prepared coordinated research papers in the three annual workshops is gratefully acknowledged. To the Technical Chamber of Greece for its continuous four-year support of FIG Commission 3 relevant activities and for hosting the annual 2007 Commission 3 Workshop; to the Spanish Association of Surveyors and to DVW German Association of Geodesy, Geoinformation and Land Management for hosting the annual Commission 3 workshops; and to the French Order of Surveyors for hosting the final expert group meeting in Paris. Special thanks to Prof Stig ENEMARK, President of FIG, for providing strategic guidance in identifying urbanization as a key global issue in supporting the Millennium Development Goals.

11. REFERENCES Strande K., 2009. "Spatial Data Infrastructure as Tools in Environment and Geohazard Management Examples from Norway". Proceedings of the 7th FIG Regional Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, http://www.fig.net/pub/vietnam/papers/ts01d/ ts01d_strande_3595.pdf SDRIF, 2008. "Paris master plan project 2008"; French acronym: SDRIF. 172

United Nations Population Division, 2006. "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision", New York. Wilbanks T.J., Romero L. P., Bao M., Berkhout F., Cairncross S., Ceron J.P., Kapshe M., MuirWood R., Zapata-Marti R., 2007. "Industry, Settlement and Society". Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 357-390. World Bank, 2009. "World Development Report 2009, Reshaping Economic Geography", The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, ISBN 978-08213-7607-2. Zwingle E., 2002."Cities: Challenges for Humanity", National Geographic Magazine, November 2002 http://mapa.buenosaires.gov.ar/sig/index.phtml http://urban.cens.ucla.edu/ http://www.d-toren.nl/site/

12. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Prof. Dr. Yerach Doytsher graduated from the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in Civil Engineering in 1967. He received a M.Sc. (1972) and D.Sc. (1979) in Geodetic Engineering also from the Technion. Until 1995 he was involved in geodetic and mapping projects and consultation within the private and public sectors in Israel. Since 1996 he is a faculty staff member in Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Technion, and is currently the Dean of the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning. He also heads the Geodesy and Mapping Research Center at the Technion. He is the chair-elect (and chair for the period 2011-2014) of FIG Commission 3 on “Spatial Information Management”. Paul Kelly has extensive experience in the development of spatial information policy and has been a senior executive in both national and state/provincial organizations in Australia. He was Executive Director of the national office of ANZLIC – the Spatial Information Council of Australia and New Zealand from 2001 to 2004. He has also held senior executive positions as Chief Information Officer of a NSW government agency, Chief of Staff to the Lord Mayor of Brisbane and Deputy Surveyor-General of NSW. He has degrees in surveying, geography, history and political science. Since 2004, he has been the Managing Director of Spatial Strategies Pty Ltd, which offers advice on the strategic use of spatial information in government agencies and business enterprises. Paul is the chair of FIG Commission 3 Working Group 3.2. Rafic KHOURI, born in Cairo in 1951; graduated in France with Masters in economics and demography, with a special focus on developmental issues. For twenty years, he has been the senior international officer of an important Middle Eastern humanitarian organization, in France as well as with United Nations organizations and the International Red Cross in Geneva. Involved, since ten years, in the international relations of the French licensed 173

surveyors; currently, secretary general of Geoexpert, corporate member of FIG, and senior international relations of the French Order of licensed surveyors. Member of Commission 3 of the FIG, and author or co-author of several presentations in FIG. Robin McLaren is an independent management consultant who excels at developing location enabling strategies and turning business requirements into effective information system solutions that deliver significant benefits. Since forming Know Edge Ltd in 1986, he has gained extensive experience in developing enterprise location enabling strategies, programme and business change management, and providing independent advice to support Information Systems procurement. He thrives in complex situations and has been involved in key UK projects that have significantly shaped the GI sector in recent years, such as the National Land Information Service, National Addressing initiatives and the UK Location Strategy. Robin is an internationally recognized expert in Land Reform / Land Information Management Systems. He has worked extensively with aid agencies implementing National Land Registration and Cadastral Systems world-wide to strengthen land tenure in support of economic reforms; most notably as technical advisor to the Hungarian government to support their land reform programme during the 1990s. Prof. Dr. Hartmut Mueller got his diploma and doctoral degree in geodesy at Karlsruhe University. After 8 years of research he turned into the marketing and software development departments of worldwide working enterprises for 6 years. Since 1991 he has been working as a professor at Mainz University of Applied sciences. Since 1998 he has been a member of the board of i3mainz, Institute for Spatial Information and Surveying Technology. In the DVW – German Association of Geodesy, Geo-information and Land Management he is the chair of working group 2 – Geo-information and Geodata Management. He is the co-chair of FIG Commission 3 Working Group 3.2 – Spatial Data Infrastructure for 2007-2010. Dr. Chryssy Potsiou, Assist. Prof., teaching Cadastre, Land Management, Valuation, and Spatial Information Management at the School of Rural and Surveying Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) in Greece, is a surveying engineer graduated in 1982 from the same School. She received her PhD in the field of “Cadastral Spatial Information Collection and Management” in 1995, also from NTUA. In parallel, since 1982 she works as a private consultant, mainly in cadastral, photogrammetric, urban planning and regeneration projects. She is the chair of FIG Commission 3 on “Spatial Information Management”, for the period 2006-2010. She has been an elected member of the UN-ECE WPLA Bureau for the periods 2001-2011.

174

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

URBAN MANAGEMENT: AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL TOOLS Chryssy POTSIOU 1, Yerach DOYTSHER 2 ABSTRACT The research identifies the basic social, economic, and environmental impacts of the current global urbanization rates and the results of this research are illustrated by examples and statistics derived from various countries. It is emphasized that the current situation and its impacts bring new challenges for planners, surveyors and government administrators. Simultaneously with the rapid global urbanization process, mainly in the second half of the 20th century, major technological developments occurred and their impact on the surveying, mapping and geographic information communities is extremely significant. During the last decades new advanced hardware systems and sophisticated geospatial processing algorithms have been developed, thus affecting dramatically the traditional methods for data collection and data processing and providing surveyors, planners and administrators with new methods and techniques to improve the systems and tools used for land management. A review of the available technical tools for spatial information collection, integration and management is given mainly according to their applicability for better urban management. Proposals are given about the most appropriate tools that facilitate usage of the diverse spatial information derived from various sources (such as photogrammetry, field surveying, radar, LiDAR, cartographic digitization and scanning) to facilitate current urban planning and management needs (such as city modeling, informal development detection, environmental monitoring, risk management, disaster prevention). Key word: Urbanization, Spatial Management Tools, Data Collection, Data Integration, Data Processing

1. INTRODUCTION Homo sapiens did not start as an urban citizen; it took about 120,000 years until the end of the last ice age when the very first “human settlement” appeared, and about 6,000 years more until the classical antiquity when people established large cities to live together for security and prosperity, for trade, but also for worship or for other specific purposes like the organization of the Olympic Games. Generally, living together meant security and provided the opportunity to exchange goods and ideas. During the 5th 1

Assist. Prof. Chryssy POTSIOU, [email protected] National Technical University of Athens Tel.: +30 210 7722-688, Gsm.: +30 6944 710-817, Fax: +30 210 7722-677. 9 Iroon Polytechnion St., Athens, Greece Chair of FIG Commission 3 2 Prof. Dr. Yerach DOYTSHER, [email protected] Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Tel.: +972 4 829-3183, Gsm.: +972 54 4690-110, Fax: +972 4 829-5708. Mapping and Geo-Information Eng., Technion City, Israel Chair-Elect of FIG Commission 3

175

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 century B.C. several Greek cities had populations of several thousand people. By example, it is estimated that in those days the city of Athens in its greater jurisdiction of a total area of 2650 Km2 had about 40,000 citizens, the city of Argos had 20,000, and the city of Samos, the capital of an Aegean island, of 450 km2 had 15,000 citizens (Mega, 1990; Tassios, 2009). The 5th century BC brought an innovative element in the history of the cities, the initiation of city planning by Hyppodamos from Mellitus; however, the “rectangular road network” had already been applied in Egypt and Babylon (Mega,1990; Lavedan, 1926; Martin, 1956). Location and topography played a major role in the development and structure of the cities. Most ancient cities had structural similarities: built near water (sea, lake, or river) the lower city had a public square (Agora) of a mean size of 20x40 m2 and an Acropolis built on the top of the hill; the area in between was used for constructions such as theaters and stadiums that required a natural ground inclination (of about 23o-27o). As some cities developed through the centuries, they became known for their specific attributes. By example, in the classical era Delphi, Delos, Epidauros and later on Rome, Jerusalem and Mecca were known for their religious role, Alexandria for the library, Constantinople as the capital of the empire, and Beijing as a center of administration. In modern days culture and market have in a way “replaced” religion; visitors, but also investors and large international corporations, are attracted by the largest cities worldwide for the museums, exhibitions, cultural events, fashion, theaters, art galleries, etc. Cities became centers of learning, innovation and sophistication. However, already since the very early years there was much concern about the size and the density of the cities and about their expansion. Plato (in his “Republic”, 49B) advised “as long as the city expands without loosing its connectivity let it expand, but no more”. It is true that technological improvements in transportation, and some primitive services provision, like fresh water and sanitation, in the Roman times have facilitated the increase of urban population. However, all over the world, many city-dwellers’ health is still threatened by inadequate provision of fresh water and sanitation. During the Byzantine era, Constantinople had a population of 500,000 citizens (6th-7th century AD) and was considered to be the second largest city after Baghdad. Today, the same city, Istanbul, has become a mega-city of approximately11 million citizens. It is obvious that the location and topography of the area, together with other major factors like economy, conquest, good or not so good government, disease, etc, have played a major role for the longevity and expansion of several cities through centuries. Initially the industrial revolution didn’t actually improve the quality of life in the urban areas, but because it offered a plethora of jobs, a new urban era began. The twentieth century witnessed the rapid urbanization of the world’s population. By 1900 13% of the world’s population became urban. During the next years, improvements in medicine and science allowed larger city densities. According to UN reports, the urban population increased from 220 million in 1900 to 732 million in 1950 (29% of the world’s population). By 2007 50% of the world population live in the cities; further improvements in technology, medicine and prevention of disease allowed even larger urban densities; according to latest predictions, 4.9 billion people, or 60% of the world’s population, are expected to be urban dwellers in 2030 (Table 1). 176

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Table 1. Global proportion of the urban population increase (source: UN Population Division) Year

Urban population (million)

Proportion

1900

220

13 %

1950

732

29 %

2005

3,200

49 %

2030

4,900

60 %

Investigations show significant differences in urban population change between the more developed regions and the less developed regions. The majority of the inhabitants of the less developed regions still live in rural areas, but in the more developed regions the population is already highly urbanized. As urbanization tends to rise, as development increases, urbanization is expected to rise as well, in future (Table 2). However, despite their lower levels of urbanization, less developed regions have more than double the number of urban dwellers than the more developed (2.3 billion vs. 0.9 billion). By 1968, the urban population of the less developed regions surpassed for the first time that of the more developed regions and continues to do so thereafter; furthermore, the rapid growth of the population of the less developed regions combined with the near stagnation of the population in the more developed regions implies that the gap in the number of urban dwellers between the two will continue to increase (Table 2) (UN, 2006). Table 2. Differences in urban population rates (source: UN Population Division) Year

More developed regions Population (billion)

Per cent

Less developed regions Population (billion)

Per cent

0.07

14 %

1900

0.15

2005

0.90

74 %

2.3

43 %

2030

1.00

81 %

3.9

56 %

Eight out of the nine countries with more than 50 million rural residents (Bangladesh, China, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Viet Nam), are all located in the less developed regions. Additional population is expected to migrate to these cities in future. The 20th century is related to the emergence of mega-cities (cities with population greater than 10 million). Never before had such large populations been concentrated in cities. Since 1950, the number of mega-cities has risen from 2 to 20 in 2005 (UN, 2006). Moreover, 17 out of the 20 mega-cities in the world are located in the less developed regions. Ancient Megalopolis, built by Epaminondas in 371-368 B.C., was the capital of the Arcadian alliance in Greece, and was considered to be a model of a prosperous, happy and peaceful city; most current mega-cities (that actually share the same name with the ancient city) but also metropolitan cities (cities up to 5 million) do not experience a similar quality of life, since global population growth is becoming an urban phenomenon mainly in the less developed regions (UN, 2006).

177

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

2. IMPACTS OF RAPID URBANIZATION According to the research results, impacts may be briefly classified as following:
High urban densities, lack of green areas and buildings reflecting local cultural heritage, of local historic or architectural value
Transport, traffic congestion
Energy inadequacy
Unplanned development and lack of basic services e.g., public transportation, fresh water, parking areas, waste management, sanitation, public toilets
Illegal construction both within the city and in the periphery; dilapidated city centers
Unclear or informal real estate markets
Creation of slums
Poor natural hazards (floods, fires, earthquakes, etc) management in overpopulated areas
Crime
Water, soil and air pollution; environmental degradation
Climate change
Inefficient administration, bad governance (Potsiou, 2008) Almost all big modern cities, due to over-increased population, worry about pollution, creation of dilapidated city centers, energy inadequacy, increased criminality, garbage treatment, etc. It is ironic that much of what was once considered as the major advantages of life in the city, like security, better housing conditions, and services provision are now transformed into the city’s major disadvantages, like criminality, slums, lack of services. In 500 BC the city of Athens organized the first municipal dump in the Western world. Citizens were required to dispose their waste at least one mile from the city walls. Today, Athens is in the grip of a garbage crisis. Six thousand tons of trash is produced daily in this city of more than 4.5 million people. Until 2005 Greece was operating 1102 open landfills. Greece has successfully managed to close most open landfills (only 410 are still operating) and avoid high EU penalties. However, the costs for the regeneration and mechanical recycling procedure are also high (~145 million €) (Potsiou, 2009). The Public Power Corporation’s (PPC) plant in Kozani, Greece has been found to be one of the most polluting in Europe. PPC will pay up to 2,2 billion euros a year for carbon emission licenses unless it shifts away from its dependence on lignite. Consumers could expect a rise in electricity bills of 45% by 2013 (Figure 1) (Potsiou, 2008). When it comes to transportation in mega-cities, statistics show that Mumbai (a city of 14-18 million citizens) has low level of car ownership with 29 cars per 1,000 residents; 55.5 % of Mumbai’s population walk, 21.9 % go by train, 14.4 % use the bus, and only 1.6 percent drive their car. However, more than 20,000 people have been killed on Mumbai’s notoriously overcrowded train system over the past five years — many of them crushed, run over or electrocuted — according to official data. No other city in India has so many people traveling by one mode of transport. There are a minimum of 10 deaths daily on the railways (The Boston Globe, April 18, 2008). 178

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 As cities expand beyond their administrative boundaries they lack the financial or jurisdictional capacity to provide the necessary services (planning, water, electricity, sanitation, etc) to all inhabitants. The administration of the city becomes more complicated and bureaucratic in the less developed countries, where new technology and necessary digital tools are not implemented. Fresh water becomes expensive. Most cities in the developing world discharge their sewage untreated into the rivers (from where they also draw their drinking water) or into the sea, together with farm chemicals and industrial effluents. Some 20 years ago, for example, a large quantity of Delhi's sewage was used for irrigating the agricultural lands. Today much of the agricultural land has been converted into residential colonies. Delhi alone contributes around 3,296 MLD (million liters per day) of sewage to the local water bodies.

Figure 1. PPC plants in Greece

Figure 2. High urban densities in countries in transition

Most of the world’s current urban expansion is caused by the poor migrating in unprecedented numbers. This situation usually results in the overwhelming of capacity in certain places. This is also the case in most eastern European countries in transition (Tsenkova et al., 2009). Accelerated development, pro-poor or affordable housing needs, and economies of scale often lead to high urban densities (Figure 2) by tearing down the stock of old buildings, including buildings of character, built to a human scale, that reflect local architecture and history. Affordable housing often seems to mean identical constructions, of more than 25m height, built of concrete. By example, for achieving economies of scale in Skopje the capital city (of only 571,040 citizens) of FYROM, this has recently become the minimum required height prescribed in the building regulations, while in the past planners were accustomed to work with maximum permitted height standards. Furthermore, due to pressure to reduce government deficits, many developing economies apply flexible or poor environmental regulations for their productive units in order to achieve competitive advantages in production, and attract international investment.

179

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Safety standards are frequently overlooked, for the sake of increased commercial profits, with terrible results (Sahapira, 2009 & Altan, 2009). Such was the case of L’ Aquila, Italy in April 2009, following a strong earthquake. Humanity has lived with floods for centuries but the impact of floods was not felt to the same extent in the past as it is experienced now. Construction in the stream and river routes or close to the coast, or in areas where extensive deforestation has taken place due to accelerated development, presents greater risk of flooding. The results are similar whether in the favelas of Sao Paulo, or in the unplanned settlements of Eastern Europe, or in New Orleans, or in Asia. Natural disasters, floods, earthquakes and fires are more difficult to deal with in highly urbanized areas, and affect both rich and poor (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Floods in Mumbai

Figure 4. Fires in Attica, the greater region of Athens, Greece in 2009

Rapid population increases lead to rapid informal urban development (Tsenkova et al., 2009). As cities get crowded and polluted and new technology enables people to work in rural areas at the urban fringe (where rural and non-serviced land is cheaper) on home computers, or makes commuting easier, an inverse process, the so called suburbanization takes place mainly around large cities. The spread of low or middleincome population to the cities' outskirts and surrounding rural lands for better living conditions in single family self-made houses results in informal or unplanned development of relatively good construction quality, expansion of municipal areas, illegal changes in the spatial organization of land-uses, informal real estate markets and loss of state revenue, and increased pressure on water resources and green areas (Potsiou, 2009). Due to the failure of the state to ensure modern and effective zoning and planning regulations and the multiplicity of administrative agencies involved in forest and public protection, uncontrollable fires in the greater region of Athens metropolitan centre becomes an ever-more-regular phenomenon (Figure 4) threatening people’s lives and properties scattered on the periphery of the city.

180

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 5. Left: Dharavi, Mumbai, India. Right: Informal settlement in Albania

Another type of informal development is caused by the poor who seem to prefer urban squalor to rural hopelessness. According to UN statistics, one of every three of the world’s city residents lives in inadequate housing with few or no basic services (fresh water, sanitation, schools, hospital, and security). The world’s slum population is expected to reach 1.4 billion by 2020. Informal settlements, whether of good or bad construction quality have a common characteristic all over the world: they do not officially exist! And for that reason government provides nothing or very little in the best cases. Slums in the less developed areas whether in Latin America, Africa, Asia (Figure 5 left), Ex-Soviet Asia, or even in Europe (Figure 5 right) have a few similar characteristics: unclear land tenure, poor quality and size of construction, no or poor access to services and violation of land-use zoning. Unfortunately the slum situation is not going to change easily because both the city administrations and the slum dwellers enjoy some benefits:
Frequently, many people make money from such informal housing sector
Slums provide cheap labour that enables city to operate
The situation suits the authorities nicely, since the economy of the city is supported and at the same time is an alternative to the missing social housing policy
Several politicians and civil servants are reputed to be landlords in slums areas
Poor rural people or immigrants are offered hope for employment in the formal economy of the city
Slums are usually well placed, near the city: if the poor do find jobs they can walk to work (Potsiou, 2008). As shown above, rapid urban development leads to a series of problems, the most important threat of which may be the global climate change. World greenhouse gas emissions, one of the major factors responsible for climate change, have increased 70% between 1970 and 2004. Much of that is due to growth in the sectors of energy (+145%), transportation (+120%) and industry (+65%), and to the reduction of forest land and land use changes (40%) (Wilbanks et al., 2007). Current sustainable development policies are directed at practices leading to climate change, and much research is being carried out to provide appropriate policy options for the sectors of energy supply, transportation, buildings, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management. 181

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Restrictions on private rights in the use of land in terms of air, soil and water pollution have to be defined clearly and accepted by all market participants (state, individuals, funding institutions, entrepreneurs, etc) and applied equitably. All must assume the costs of the natural resources they consume, knowing that their competitors do the same (Economic Studies Division of Alpha Bank, 2007). Urbanization can still be seen as an indicator of development, generally related to industrialized and technologically advanced economies. The concentration of major economic activities in the urban areas produces economies of scale and leads to various social and economic benefits, like employment, higher quality of health and education services, trade and cultural activities. It is a matter of human rights that people are free to choose where they will live. However, nobody wants to live in a city which is congested, suffers constant blackouts and frequent floods, has few parks, poor schools and clinics, is devoid of any buildings of charm, and is governed by an incompetent public sector. Legislation and regulations for water supply, sewage treatment, control of air, water and soil pollution from industry and traffic, control of radioactive and toxic substances storage, garbage management, garbage burial and studies for the environmental impact of each large development project, are in the agenda of the authorities in most countries. Such legislation however, cannot always be efficiently applied and relevant services cannot be appropriately planned without the necessary legal framework for the provision and dissemination of reliable and updated relevant spatial information. Markets cannot function efficiently without reliable systems to secure land tenure and zoning and planning systems to define the regulations concerning private rights for the use of land and natural resources. In Europe, spatial information infrastructure is usually provided by the cadastral, planning and land development permitting authorities and it is a fundamental tool for sound decision making, providing for the management of land in a holistic way (Enemark, 2007 & 2009). It is obvious that humanity has never experienced such problems in the past. It is a matter of good governance to achieve sustainable urban growth, and this brings new challenges for planners, surveyors and Governments. The new tools that are now available, in comparison to the past times, are reliable advanced technology and spatial data for better decision-making. In the following, the resolutions of a research made on the current technical tools that support spatial data collection, management and dissemination for the purpose of good governance and sustainable urban development will be reported.

3. TECHNICAL TOOLS Following the rapid urbanization processes, the need for updated, precise and continuous representation of our natural environment in general, and urban areas in particular, is nowadays one of the more urgent and major tasks the surveying and mapping community has to answer and give adequate solution to. During the last decades major technological developments in data collection, data integration, data analysis and building of sophisticated GI databases were introduced. These new data acquisition technologies on the one hand, and methods, algorithms and software packages on the other hand, yield that the surveyors, computer experts and the mapping 182

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 community has to give answer to rapid and frequent updating, integration and analysis of existing GI databases, and moreover - deal with data volumes, resolution levels, and accuracies that were unknown until recently. These technological developments can be divided into two groups: (i) data collection; and, (ii) data integration, processing and analysis. 3.1. Data Collection Technologies As to data collection, until recently it was basically acquired and measured by one of the following three different techniques (Zhilin et al., 2005): a. Photogrammetry, which utilizes stereo pairs of aerial or space imagery covering approximately the same area; b. Field surveying that utilizes total station and Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers for a direct field measurements; c. Cartographic digitization and scanning, which utilizes raster vectorization techniques to convert existing maps. Recent technological developments feature two new techniques in addition to the existing ones: d. Radar based systems, utilizing radargrammetry techniques as well as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) imaging; e. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) that produces 3D point cloud representing the scanned region. 3.1.1. Photogrammetry Photogrammetry utilizes a pair of stereo images (covering approximately the same area from two different directions and positions), i.e., stereoscopic model. The geometric properties of objects are determined from the acquired images by a metric measurement of 3D coordinates. Usually, large regions are covered by an aerial strip or a block containing a large number of photographs (and stereoscopic models). As a result, aerial imagery is probably the most common and most effective source to map a region (usually acquiring a digital geospatial dataset or database of the region), as well as to update existing maps (or GI databases).

Figure 6. Operational Photogrammetric Systems (Habib, 2009) 183

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Similar to aerial imagery, satellite imagery are common today and is being used in photogrammetry, usually only for production of maps at smaller scales. Though satellite imagery resolution is becoming denser, aerial images still present higher resolution and are relatively more accurate. The horizontal/vertical accuracy is a variable figure that is a function of the sources and photogrammetric equipment utilized to collect the data. It is worth noting that with the development of digital aerial cameras since the 1990s and small digital metric (aerial) cameras in last few years, high quality digital imagery is increasingly available (Figure 6). Additionally, with the progress in high performance computer hardware and software, automation of part of the photogrammetric processes becomes feasible and techniques from image processing and computer vision have successfully been employed (Habib, 2009). 3.1.2. Field Surveying Traditional field surveying techniques acquire the precise location (position) of certain points on earth, i.e., coordinates, by direct measurement. This can be done by measuring distances and angles while utilizing total-station, or GPS receiver for the task. Though the accuracy of a position acquired here is very high (in respect to other techniques), this type of equipment deliver much fewer data and is usually used to measure and map only small areas (especially when high level of accuracy is required, i.e., in dense urban areas). Field surveying is usually being used to measure ground control points as a basis for the photogrammetric process. 3.1.3. Cartographic Digitization and Scanning Digitization and scanning can be performed on maps in order to "transform" existing graphical paper maps to a digital dataset (probably as input to a digital geospatial database). This can be achieved by: i) vector-based line following, and; ii) raster-based scanning. Though manual digitization is still performed, semi-automated and automated algorithms are becoming more available nowadays, and many on-the-shelf GIS (Geographic Information System) software packages are equipped with tools delivering these tasks. Manual quality assurance was widespread when applying theses tasks, though with new automated developments it is becoming less common - and eventually will disappear soon. Until recently, producing a digital database via these techniques while using medium-scale to small-scale maps was very common. Nowadays, these techniques are being used mainly to "digitize" graphical map of underground infrastructure networks (i.e., water and sewage networks) where direct field surveying might be non-possible or too expensive. 3.1.4. Radar Based Systems SAR technology (based on Doppler frequency shifts principle) is utilized mainly to acquire images, and it was proved that these images are very sensitive to terrain variation. Until recently, SAR images were utilized mainly to produce DTMs (describing the terrain) either by radargrammetry algorithms by parallax measurement (principally similar to traditional photogrammetry only here it utilizes intensity data for measurement), or by inteferometery algorithms by phase shifts extracted from two acquired epochs. 184

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 In the last few years, based on the remote-sensing satellite technology, small and compact high-resolution radar systems have been developed, systems that can monitor land and buildings from air as well as from space. These radar systems monitor structures such as dams, harbours, canals and buildings, leading to mapping of urban areas, for example: planning, cadastral updating, etc. Several flights over the same location enable us to discover changes between pictures, revealing ground movements that could affect structures. This technology can be used for accurate mapping, deformation monitoring (at the range of millimeters), change detection and many more. 3.1.5. LiDAR Since the mid 1990s, LiDAR technology has been becoming an applicable and available tool for surveying and processing of geospatial data. This system provides a dense and accurate 3D points cloud of the scanned area. The LiDAR system integrates three subsystems: laser scanner, Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Inertial Navigation System (INS). The general concept of this system is precise measurement of the time that the pulse generated by the scanner travels to and from an object it hits on the scanned area (i.e., from the launch epoch to the receive epoch). Combined with the GPS and INS sub-systems, accurate calculation of the spatial location of the object becomes feasible.

Figure 7. Sample of LiDAR data: A 3D view of urban neighborhood

Although the LiDAR system provides a dense 3D points cloud that describes accurately objects within the scanned area, it is not an explicit representation. This is due to the fact that points cannot be classified automatically and semantically as terrain, trees, vegetation, objects (such as buildings), etc. Moreover, the amount of data is relatively large, and in respect to file size can reach up to several gigabytes. Therefore, an automatic or semiautomatic technique is required to analyze the acquired data. Different 185

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 strategies to differentiate between the ground point and the non-ground points (i.e., buildings) have been developed in the last few years (Vosselman and Dijkaman ,2001; Morgen and Habib, 2002; Filin and Pfeifer, 2006; Abo Akel et al., 2009). These approaches enable to automatically (or semi-automatically) reconstruct the buildings and other natural as well as man-made objects and receive a 3D map of the measured urban area (Figure 7). 3.2. Data integration, processing and analysis During the last decades the digital mapping community is facing major and significant developments of algorithms, methods and software packages dealing with data integration, data processing and data analysis. These developments have improved our abilities to handle and process geospatial information. In the following sub-chapters a few of these abilities will be presented. 3.2.1. Data integration Digital maps are collected by various institutions and different means, representing different disciplines, kept in different databases, and maintained separately. Urban areas are in particular covered by diverse geographic information sources. These facts lead to partial different representations of the same world reality. In order for one to efficiently using the information, it should be obtained from the different sources and merged together (by applying an integration process). Mechanisms for overcoming spatial and semantic heterogeneity in diverse information sources are critical components of any interoperable system. In the case of diverse geographic information sources, such mechanisms present particular difficulties since the semantic structure of geographic information cannot be considered independently of its spatial structure. The issue of integration is even more complicated due to the fact that the different digital datasets (or databases) can contain data in vector format (a discrete data structure, where entities in the world are represented by objects) as well as raster format (a continues data structure, build of a two dimensional array of pixels, where each pixel represents a characteristic of an equal area rectangular of the world). Moreover, a simple solution of overlaying the different digital datasets (by using the straightforward "cut and paste" algorithm) is not applicable due to different geodetic projections and datum. Integration of heterogeneous datasets has received a lot of attention in the last 1-2 decades. Diffrent approaches to the issue have been proposed by many reserachers. Wiederhold (1999), Neiling and Lenz (2000) and Boucelma et al. (2002) suggested an architecture of wrappers and mediators for integration systems. According to this approach, wrappers extract data from heterogeneous sources and transform the extracted data to a uniform format. A mediator receives data from the wrappers and integrates it. Integration of spatial datasets by finding correspondences between schema elements was proposed by Devogele et al. (1998). It was shown that interoperability can be achieved in applications that manage spatial data. This aspect of integration - how to provide interoperability - was also suggested by Parent and Spaccapietra (2000) and Laurini et al. (2002).

186

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 8. Two digital road maps of hilly urban area on the left (top and bottom) and the conflated (integrated) map on the right

Generally, there are two different types of applications for integration of geo-spatial datasets, namely, map conflation and data fusion. Map Conflation is the process of producing a new map (digital dataset) by integrating two existing digital maps (Saalfeld (1988); Cobb et al. (1998); Doytsher et al. (2001); Samal et al. (2004)). Map conflation of two geospatial datasets starts by choosing some anchors. The anchors are pairs of points, from the two datasets, that represent the same position in the real-world. A triangular planar subdivision of the datasets with respect to the anchors (for example by using Delaunay triangulation) is performed and a rubber-sheet transformation is applied to each subdivision. In Figure 8 a conflated map based on two different road layers from two sources is depicted. 3.2.2. 3D DTM/raster data integration Digital terrain models that cover very large regions are usually stored as grid (raster) datasets, in which for each grid-point (cell) a height value is given. The main advantages of this method are data handling simplicity and fast data access (needed for various analyses procedures - mostly real-time ones). Usually, datasets that were sampled with high accuracy (and hence are usually dense) will cover smaller regions than the ones sampled with lower accuracy. Simple overlay integration of these separate datasets - can produce model errors, discontinuity and incompleteness. For applications, such as visibility maps, terrain analysis and others, utilizing models that are incomplete and discontinuous will eventually lead to wrong outcome. Direct comparison of different datasets representing the same area can be utilized for morphologic tasks, such as change detection. By super-imposing the two models the height difference value of the two models will give a qualitative analysis of topographic changes occurred between the two epochs of collecting the data. In the past, common techniques such as "Cut & 187

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Paste" and "Height Smoothing" were in use. These techniques are characterized by not preserving the spatial morphology and topography of the terrain (Laurini, 1998). In the last few years, in order to avoid these complications when integrating terrain relief models, new approaches and new algorithms were suggested. These algorithms serve as the basis of establishing reliable and qualitative environmental control processes. As opposed to the previous common techniques, which did not or only globally analyzed the corresponding topography of both datasets, in the new algorithms a local thorough investigation of the relative spatial correlations that exist between the datasets is achieved, and consequently, preventing distortions as well as an ambiguous and ill-defined modeling analysis. These algorithms are aimed at achieving a continuous topological representation and correct structures of the terrain as represented in the merged DTM, while taking into account the differences in both height field and planar location of terrain entities (see Figure 9).

Figure 9. Integrated DTM: a non-continuous dataset based on the common Copy & Paste mechanism (left), and an improved continuous dataset (right) (source: Doytsher et al. 2009)

It is worth noting that similar approaches are being implemented when raster datasets (images) are to be merged. A more detailed description regarding raster integration can be found in (Shragai et al., 2005). 3.2.3. Constructing a seamless geospatial database One of the common procedures in establishing geographic databases is constructing a seamless database based on separate adjacent separate maps. The conversion of paper maps, i.e., cadastral blocks, into digital data (through processes of digitizing or scanning and vectorization) is usually performed separately, map by map, and only at a second stage are all the separate maps combined into one continuous database. Between adjacent digital maps, gaps and overlaps can be found due to various factors. Among those may be included the accuracy of digitizing or scanning processes; inaccuracies inherent in the original drawings; non-homogeneous interpretations by different operators during the input process of boundary lines of adjacent maps, etc. Edge matching process means the determination of common boundaries of the adjacent maps, thus annulling the gaps and overlaps, and achieving continuity of details passing from one map into another (such as roads, power lines etc.). During this process only 188

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 points lying on the external boundaries of the maps are corrected, thus obtaining a unique definition of those boundaries. During this process we do not normally correct or change features or points that fall within the map itself, and therefore relative distortions and discrepancies occur between the contents of the map and its boundaries.

Figure 10. A triangulated rubber-sheeting map sub-division

It is possible to ignore this phenomenon of relative "disorders" between the boundaries of the maps and their content in cases of low accuracy data and/or maps at a small scale. Nevertheless, when handling geospatial data of urban areas in general and cadastral information in particular, these disorders and distortions cannot and should not be ignored. In these cases, edge matching is insufficient and it is recommended to apply non-linear transformations to solve existing disorders and distortions. Non-linear transformation or rubber-sheeting refers to a process by which a digital map or a layer is "distorted" to allow it to be seamlessly connected to adjacent maps or layers, and/or to be precisely super-imposed to other maps or layers covering the same area. In the last few years various approaches to rubber sheeting have been developed with various proposed solutions, inter alia, a polygon morphing technique associated with a Delaunay triangulation (Cho et al., 1996), a non-rectangular bilinear interpolation (Doytsher, 2000), a triangulation and rubber-sheet transformation for correcting orthoimagery (Chen et al., 2006), and others. Figure 10 depicts a typical triangulated rubber-sheeting sub-division. In Figure 11 a group of cadastral maps are depicted in their original situation (pre-processing) and in their final seamless cadastral definition (post-processing).

189

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 11. Original separate pre-processing cadastral blocks (left); Post-processing homogeneous seamless cadastral continuity (right)

3.2.4. 3D City Modeling Generating 3D city models is a relevant and challenging task, both from a practical and a scientific point of view (Gruen and Wang, 1998). This type of data is extremely important in many areas of the urban environment such as municipal management, planning, communications, security and defense, tourism, etc. Most of the input data for these systems was until recently collected manually (“point by point”) on Digital Photogrammetric Workstations (DPW) or analytical streoplotters. In the last two decades, extensive research dealing with 3D building extraction from aerial images on the one hand and from LiDAR points cloud on the other hand has been carried out by the photogrammetric and computer vision communities. However, full automation of object space extraction by "autonomous" systems is still far from being implementable. There is a great variety of algorithms for automation in building extraction both from aerial images as well as from LiDAR data, algorithms depending on the type of building, level of required detail, usage of external and a priori information, and level of automation and operator interference (Gruen, 1997). As to aerial images, most of the 3-dimensional algorithms are based on processing at least two solved images (a photogrammetric model) and the assumption that roofs are composed of several spatial polygons, and that they can be obtained by extracting all or even only some of them (when the model is known). The algorithms can be divided into two types: those that extract a contour and height (2½D) of flat roof buildings (e.g.: Gerke et al., 2001; Ruther et al., 2002; Oriot and Michel, 2004) and those that extract the detailed roof (3D) of the buildings (e.g.: Gulch et al., 1999; Gruen and Wang, 2001; Rau and Chen, 2003, Avrahami et al., 2008). In Figure 12 the steps of automatic extracting 3D buildings are depicted.

190

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

191

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 13. Reconstruction of a building with a freeform roof surface: (a) point cloud; (c) segmented point cloud; (d) segmented point cloud in downlooking view; (e) connectivity graph ; (f) reconstruction results

Figure 14. Reconstruction results of three complex buildings. Left to right: segmented point cloud; segments boundaries; roof topology; final reconstruction results

A sample of extracting the buildings of an urban neighborhood from LiDAR data is depicted in Figure 15. Even though the LiDAR information in this scene is a non-dense points cloud (only 0.6 points per square-meter), the results of extracting the complex buildings, as depicted in the figure, is impressive. It is noteworthy mentioning that new LiDAR systems are capable to measure nowadays up to 18-20 points per square-meter, and the potential for extracting very detailed urban scenes and build accurate and precise 3D city models is very high.

Figure 15. A 3D view of an urban neighborhood showing the LiDAR data (right) and the complete reconstruction results (left)

There are two types of laser scanners, namely, airborne and terrestrial. Even though the characteristics of the two types are similar, they are dissimilar in terms of the measuring range; density of the measured points cloud, precision, etc. Using terrestrial laser scanners are being used to construct realistic 3D building facade models of urban scenes. These models are beneficial to various fields such as urban planning, heritage documentation and better decision-making and organization of the urban environment. Laser data and optical data have a complementary nature when extraction of 3192

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 dimensional feature is required. As efficient integration of these two data sources will lead to a more reliable and automated extraction of 3D features, automatic and semiautomatic building facade reconstruction approaches and algorithms have been developed in last few years, approaches which efficiently combine information from terrestrial laser point clouds and close range images (Sester, 2009; Pu and Vosselman, 2009). The result of a terrestrial laser scanning (a points cloud containing several hundred thousands points) presented in Figure 16 depicts the inherent potential of this technology to construct realistic 3D building facade models of urban scenes.

Figure 16. Results of a terrestrial scanning of a complex facade

4. CONCLUDING REMARKS Human beings have been congregating in cities for several thousand years, for common defence, the development of commerce and the practice of religion. The benefits of this urbanization of peoples include development of public security, culture, education and the many systems of civic, political and religious organization. But not all the results of urbanization have been favourable either for the quality of life of people, or for the environment in which we all live. As people gather in ever greater numbers in their cities, the consequent impact on land and resources is multiplied. Large congregations of people in relatively limited spaces threaten to exceed the natural supplies of potable water. As large populations of people use water for various vital purposes an opposite problem of disposal results in the form of sewage and waste water in many forms, in an irony of supply shortage versus a disposal overburden. The same is true of the very air that we breathe: We come together in our cities to find employment in the activities that result in air pollution with direct impacts on the enjoyment of our surroundings, and with an ever-greater degradation of public health. The less direct results of urban settlement include floods that result from construction in stream paths and tidal areas; mud slides that are the result of deforestation; crime that flourishes in crowded areas with insufficient job opportunity; slums that are the result of inadequate affordable housing; and an exhausted supply of land, not only for housing, but for the quality of life of the city’s residents. Most of the causation for these welldocumented problems may be traced to an over-use – or abuse – of the land and its resources. The quantification of these problems, then, is a challenge to the 193

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 surveying/mapping/data processing community. Fortunately, the technical tools required for this process that includes both discovery and quantification, are in the hands of our community. From surveying in the field to photogrammetry, radar-based systems and LIDAR, and digitization and scanning, we possess the needed tools in the discovery phase. The quantification phase is the integration, processing and analysis of the collected data for presentation to the policy-makers of government and the problemsolvers, planners, etc of the commercial community. It is noteworthy that the work of the surveying/mapping/data processing community is not done when the policy-makers take over. The process of data collection and monitoring of the physical systems put in place, as the many problems of the city are addressed, must continue. The tools are available for all these efforts and the professionals of our community will continue to apply their skills as the policy-makers seek solutions to the problems of the urban environment. The vision and goal of this research has been to demonstrate, not only to government policy-makers, but to planners, economists, scientists, environmentalists, sociologists and all others with an interest in the life of our cities, the technical tools for environmental urban management applied by the surveying/mapping/data processing community.

5. REFERENCES Abo Akel N., Filin S., Doytsher Y., 2009. "Reconstruction of Complex Shape Buildings from LiDAR Data Using Free Form Surfaces". Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 75(3):271-280. Altan O., 2009. "Role of Geospatial Professionals in Risk and Disaster Management and Preventing Natural Catastrophies". Proceedings of the FIG Working Week 2009, Eilat, Israel, http://www.ortra.com/fig/ Avrahami Y., Raizman Y., Doytsher Y., 2008. "A Polygonal Approach for Automation in Extraction of Serial Modular Roofs", Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 74(11):1365-1378. Boucelma O., Essid M., Lacroix, Z., 2002. "A WFS-Based Mediation System for GIS Interoperability". Proceedings of the 10th ACM international symposium on Advances in geographic information systems (ACM-GIS), pp. 23–28. Chen C., Knoblock C.A., Shahabi C., 2006. "Automatically Conflating Road Vector Data with Orthoimagery". GeoInformatica 10 (4): 495–530. Cho M.G., Li K.J., Cho H.G., 1996. "A Rubber Sheeting Method with Polygon Morphing". Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Advances in GIS Research II, pp. 395-406. Cobb M.A., Chung M.J., Foley H., Petry F.E., Show K.B., 1998, "A Rule-Based Approach for Conflation of Attribute Vector Data". GeoInformatica, 2, 7–33. Devogele T., Parent C., Spaccapietra S., 1998. "On Spatial Database Integration". International Journal of Geographical Information Science (IJGIS), Special Issue on System Integration, 12, 335–352. Doytsher Y., 2000. "A rubber sheeting algorithm for non-rectangular maps". Computers & Geosciences, 26(9-10):1001-1010 Doytsher Y., Filin S., Ezra, E., 2001. "Transformation of Datasets in a Linear-Based Map Conflation Framework". Surveying and Land Information Systems, 61, 159–169. Doytsher Y., Dalyot S., Katzil Y., 2009. "Digital Terrain Models: a Tool for Establishing Reliable and Qualitative Environmental Control Processes". In GeoSpatial Visual Analytics: 194

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Geographical Information Processing and Visual Analytics for Environmental Security, Raffaele De Amicis, Radovan Stojanovic, Giuseppe Conti (Eds.), Springer Science and Business Media, pp. 215-234, ISBN 978-90-481-2897-6 Economic Studies Division of Alpha Bank, 2007. "Environmental Protection: For a Long-term Sustainable Development". In: Economic Report of Alpha Bank, vol. 103: 3-21, URL: http://www.alpha.gr/files/infoanalyses/oikon_deltio_103.pdf (in Greek). Enemark S., 2007. "Integrated Land-Use Management for Sustainable Development". Proceedings of the Joint FIG Commission 3, UN/ECE Working Party on Land Administration and UN/ECE Committee on Housing and Land Management Workshop, Sounio, Greece. Enemark S., 2009. "Facing the Global Agenda-Focus on Land Governance". Proceedings of the FIG Working Week 2009, Eilat, Israel, http://www.ortra.com/fig/ Filin S., Pfeifer N., 2006. "Improved Segmentation of Airborne Laser Surfaces Using Adaptive Distance Based Neighborhood". ISPRS journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 60(2):71–80. Gerke M., Heipke C., Straub B.M., 2001. "Building Extraction from Aerial Imagery Using a Generic Scene Model and Invariant Geometric Moments". Proceedings of the IEEE/ISPRS joint Workshop on Remote Sensing and Data Fusion over Urban Areas, November 8-9th 2001, University of Pavia, Rome (Italy), pp. 85-89. Gruen A., 1997. "Automation in Building Reconstruction". Photogrammetrische Woche. pp. 175186. www.ifp.uni-stuttgart.de/publications/phowo97/gruen.pdf. Gruen A., Wang X., 1998. "CC-Modeler: A Topology Generator for 3D City Models". ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, 53(5): 286-295. Gruen A., Wang X., 2001. "News from CyberCity Modeler". Automatic Extraction of Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images (III), Balkema Publishers, Lisse, The Netherlands, pp: 93–101. Gulch E., Muller H., Labe T., 1999. "Integration of Automatic Processes into Semi-Automatic Building Extraction". International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. (32) 3-2W5, pp: 177–186. Habib A., 2009. "Integration of Photogrammetric and LIDAR Data for Accurate Reconstruction/Visualization of Urban Environments". Proceedings of FIG COM3 Workshop on Spatial Information for Sustainable Management of Urban Areas, Mainz, Germany Laurini R., 1998. "Spatial Multi-Database Topological Continuity and Indexing: A Step Towards Seamless GIS Data Interoperability". International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 12(4):373-402. Laurini R., Yetongnon K., Benslimane D., 2002. "GIS Interoperability, from Problems to Solutions". Encyclopedia of of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) (Eolss Publishers). Lavedan P., 1926. "Histoire de l’ Architecture Urbaine", t.1, H. Laurence, Paris. Martin R., 1956. "L’ Urbanisme dans la Grece Antique", A & J. Picard, Paris. Mega V., 1990. "Topography and Development of Ancient City-States in Greece". Journal Arxaiologia, http://www.arxaiologia.gr/assets/media/PDF/migrated/588.pdf (in Greek). Morgan M., Habib A., 2002. "Interpolation of LiDAR Data and Automatic Building Extraction". Proceedings of 2002 ACSM Annual Conference. Neiling M., Lenz H.J., 2000. "Data Fusion and Object Identification". Proceedings of the SSGRR2000. Oda K., Takano T., Doihara T., Shibaski R., 2004. "Automatic Building Extraction and 3-D City Modeling from LiDAR Data Based on Hough Transform". International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 35(B3):277–281. Oriot H., Michel A., 2004. "Building Extraction from Stereoscopic Aerial Images". Applied Optics, 43(2): 218-226.

195

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Parent C., Spaccapietra, S., 2000. "Database Integration: The Key to Data Interoperability". Advances in Object-Oriented data modeling (MIT Press). Potsiou C., 2008. "Unplanned Urban Development and the Need for Good Spatial Information Infrastructure". Proceedings (CD) of the FIG Commission 3 Workshop on ‘Spatial Information Management toward Environmental Management of Mega Cities’, Valencia, Spain. Potsiou C., 2009. "Tools for Legal Integration and Provision of Environmental Improvements in Informal Settlements in Europe – A case study from Albania and Greece". Global Land Tool Network, UN HABITAT, (to be published) Pu S., Vosselman G., 2009. "Building Facade Reconstruction by Fusing Terrestrial Laser Points and Images". Sensors, 9:4525-4542 Rau J.Y., Chen L.C., 2003. "Robust Reconstruction of Building Models from Three Dimensional Line Segments". Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 69(2): 181-188. Rottensteiner F., 2006. "Consistent Estimation of Building Parameters Considering Geometric Regularities by Soft Constraints". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 36(3):13–18. Rottensteiner F., Trinder J., Clode S., Kubik K., 2005. "Automated Delineation of Roof Planes from LIDAR Data". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 36(3/W19):221–226. Ruther H., Martine H., Mtalo E,G., 2002. "Application of Snakes and Dynamic Programming Optimisation Technique in Modeling of Buildings in Informal Settlement Areas". ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, 56(4): 269-282. Saalfeld A., 1988. "Conflation-Automated Map Compilation". International Journal of Geographical Information Science (IJGIS), 2, 217–228. Samal A., Seth S., Cueto K., 2004. "A Feature Based Approach to Conflation of Geospatial Sources". International Journal of Geographical Information Science (IJGIS), 18, 459–489. Schwalbe E., 2004. "3D Building Model Generation from Airborne Laserscanner Data by Straight-Line Detection in Specific Orthogonal Projections". International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 35(3):249–254. Sester M., 2009. "The Potential of Geosensor Networks for Sustainable Management of Urban Areas". Proceedings of the Workshop on Spatial Information for Sustainable Management of Urban Areas, Mainz, Germany Shragai Z., Barnea S., Filin S., Zalmanson G., Doytsher Y., 2005. "Automatic Image Sequence Registration Based on a Linear Solution and Scale Invariant Keypoint Matching", BenCOS ISPRS Workshop in conjunction with ICCV 2005 on 'Towards Benchmarking Automated Calibration, Orientation and Surface Reconstruction from Images', Beijing, China, International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 36(3/W36): 5-11. Tassios T., 2009. "The Archaeological Park of Samos", TO BHMA online, 23rd August 2009 http://www.tovima.gr/ default.asp?pid=2&ct=122&artid=284737&dt=23/08/2009 Tsenkova S., Potsiou C., Badyina A., 2009. "Self-Made Cities – In Search of Sustainable Solutions for Informal Settlements in the United Nations Economic Commissions for Europe region". United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), United Nations Publications, ISBN 978-92-1-117005-4, Geneva, p. 113. Voegtle T., Steinlle E., Tovari D., 2005. "Airborne Laserscanning Data for Determination of Suitable Areas for Photovoltaics". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 36(3/W19):215–220. Vosselman G., Dijkaman S., 2001. "3D Building Model Reconstruction from Point Clouds and Ground Plans", IAPRS - the International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 34(3/W4) Wang Z., 1998. "Extracting Building Information from LIDAR Data". International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 32(3/1):279–284. 196

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Wiederhold G., 1999. "Mediation to Deal with Heterogeneous Data Sources". Proceedings of the Interoperating Geographic Information Systems, pp. 1–16. Wilbanks T.J., Romero Lankao P., Bao M., Berkhout F., Cairncross S., Ceron J.P., Kapshe M., Muir-Wood R., Zapata-Marti R., 2007. "Industry, Settlement and Society". Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 357-390. Zhilin L., Qing Z., Qung Z., and Gold C., 2005, Digital Terrain Modeling – Principles and Methodology, CRC Press, ISBN-13: 9780415324625.

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Dr. Chryssy Potsiou, Assist. Prof., teaching Cadastre, Land Management, Valuation, and Spatial Information Management at the School of Rural and Surveying Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) in Greece, is a surveying engineer graduated in 1982 from the same School. She received her PhD in the field of “Cadastral Spatial Information Collection and Management” in 1995, also from NTUA. In parallel, since 1982 she works as a private consultant, mainly in cadastral, photogrammetric, urban planning and regeneration projects. She is the chair of FIG Commission 3 on “Spatial Information Management”, for the period 2006-2010. She has been an elected member of the UN-ECE WPLA Bureau for the periods 2001-2011. Prof. Dr. Yerach Doytsher graduated from the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in Civil Engineering in 1967. He received a M.Sc. (1972) and D.Sc. (1979) in Geodetic Engineering also from the Technion. Until 1995 he was involved in geodetic and mapping projects and consultation within the private and public sectors in Israel. Since 1996 he is a faculty staff member in Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Technion, and is currently the Dean of the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning. He also heads the Geodesy and Mapping Research Center at the Technion. He is the chair-elect (and chair for the period 2011-2014) of FIG Commission 3 on “Spatial Information Management”.

197

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

THE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SPATIAL INFORMATION IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY VS. REGIONAL SDI: THE SHORTEST WAY FOR REACHING ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Mauro SALVEMINI1 ABSTRACT Geographic information, GIS and new ICT developments paved already the way for developing new services for the communities based on the integration of e-government and geo-information. European Union jointly with the surrounding nations already invested important effort and achieved solid results by some specific Directives such as PSI and INSPIRE directive and presently achieving the role of a reference point for whom is intending to developing SDIs at national and sub-national level. The author discusses the finding of geo-government as specific technique for tackling present societal challenges of geo-information and services. Nevertheless some further investigation and solutions are expected for fulfilling the user-needs of citizencommunities who are looking for better and more efficient services given in the right place at the right moment in all possible circumstances and specifically when emergency is arising. Furthermore the paper, posing some references about the institutional situation, traces how the design and development of SDIs match the present trends. Acronyms mostly used: EU European Union - EC European Commission - ESDI European Spatial Data Infrastructure - EUROGI EUROpean umbrella organisation for Geographic Information - GI Geographic Information - GIS Geographic Information System(s) INSPIRE Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe - MS Member State – NGO Non Governmental Organization - PA Public Administration - SDI Spatial Data Infrastructure .

1. SOME HISTORICAL AND THEORICAL REFERENCES ABOUT INFRASTRUCTURES Infrastructures have always represented the most efficient system for achieving effective control over and management of territory and for the development of society. Since infrastructures may be based on different patterns and they develop according to the native characteristics of the places and of the societies to which they belong, history has 1

Prof. Ing. Mauro SALVEMINI, [email protected] President of EUROGI, www.eurogi.org - Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, www.labsita.org Tel: +39 0649918830, Fax: +39 0649918873

198

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 many examples of infrastructure, among which may be recalled : the roads in the Roman empire that constituted a transportation infrastructure covering most or the whole Europe and more, the churches and the abbeys during the medieval period which were reference points of European territory, the roads of the INCA empire for managing the all territory , “the ways of songs” of Australian natives for their nomadic settling of the territory. These are just some few examples to highlight the relevance of the infrastructure as part of the human being and his development. Today the cloud of internet is only the present phase of the materialization of the need to be connected by the world population. This characteristic of connecting for reciprocal benefit is a global view shared by all nations and hopefully may represent within each nation and globally as well, the way forward for helping to achieve some of the goals of our society. The basic reason why infrastructures have played globally a relevant role directly connected with the development and the sustainability of the territory is to be found in the main characteristic of the infrastructure of allowing and meeting of the sharing of different cultures and behavior making them understandable to each other and facilitating overall physical and non-physical exchanges.2 Connecting people, regions, nations through infrastructures has the interoperability on the basis of its functioning. The interoperability itself provides for some specific aspects to be addressed (hardware, software, data and semantic) in order to achieve the effective functioning of the infrastructure. Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) are specifically defined as having metadata, spatial data sets and spatial data services, network services and technologies, agreements on sharing, access and use, coordination and monitoring mechanisms, processes and procedures.3

2. SPATIAL DATA INITIATIVES IN EUROPE The meaning of Europe needs some explanations. The “European Union” (EU) refers to the current political association of 27 Member States (MS) which form an economic and political union. It should be openly recognized that in the EU the peculiarities and the diversity of historical, political and social aspects, which characterize each MS ,generally divided into sub national areas with their own identity and power, make it very difficult to have a single European view of anything. Nevertheless it is possible to record a common attitude of the MS governments in treating specific aspects which have been addressed and agreed upon at EU level such as, in the specific dominion treated by this paper, the e-government, environmental issues and Geographic Information (GI) and other related techniques. 2

This has been discussed in the theorem demonstrating the existence of the Data Infrastructures and Spatial Data Infrastructures even in absence of ICT infrastructure which I presented and was then discussed at 2006 IGU Conference in Brisbane. 3

SDI has an evolving definition as Williamson says : •“The SDI concept is still evolving. However a key component of SDIs is that they are dynamic in nature due to the intra- an inter-jurisdictional partnerships they are based on. “ . Some different aspects are highlighted by several entities : GSDI (Global Spatial Data Infrastructure) association privileges the access to data, protocols and standards ; EU INSPIRE directive is mainly aiming to data and interoperability; some authors are euphoric of Web GIS services; some authors address the complexity and public administration / user needs (capacity building) ; some authors address basic theories ( semantics, cognition, grid computing, ubiquitous, etc.) .

199

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 It is worth knowing that the EU acts with MS through Directives which after being approved by the EU Parliament must be transposed and implemented into each national legislation through a specific national act. Being in default of implementing EU directives may open infringement procedures on the part of the EU itself against the defaulting MS. The European Commission (EC) (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union. The most relevant and recent directive regarding GI has been passed by the EU Parliament and came into force on 15 May 2007: it is named INSPIRE( Infrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in EUROPE)4. The Directive sets a general framework for a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for environmental policies and for policies with clear impact on the environment. INSPIRE aims to improve the interoperability and the access to spatial information across the EU at local, regional, national and international level, to facilitate the sharing of GI between public authorities and the improvement of public access to spatial information. INSPIRE is also complementary to related policy initiatives, such as the Directive on the re-use and commercial exploitation of Public Sector Information. INSPIRE is based on the premise that the European spatial data infrastructure shall be built upon the national infrastructures that have been established and operated by the MS. Five key principles have been highlighted since the signature of agreement among three Commissioners of the EU Government and they represent the pillars of the initiative which started more than five years ago and is nowadays consolidated into the Directive. 1. Spatial data have to be stored, made available and maintained at the most appropriate level. 2. It should be possible to combine spatial data from different sources across the community in a consistent way and share them among several users and applications. 3. It should be possible for spatial data collected at one level of public authority to be shared among other public authorities. 4. Spatial data are made available under conditions which do not unduly restrict their extensive use. 5. It should be easy to discover available spatial data, to evaluate their suitability for a given purpose and to know the conditions which apply to their use. These principles clearly address the ambitiousness of INSPIRE which intends to trigger the creation of a European spatial information infrastructure that delivers to the users integrated spatial information services to the users. These services should allow the users to identify and access spatial or geographical information from a wide range of sources, from the local level to the global level, in an inter-operable way and for a variety of uses. The target users of INSPIRE include policy-makers, planners and managers at European, national and local level and the citizens and their organizations. Some examples of possible services are the visualization of information layers, the overlay of information from different sources, spatial and temporal analysis, etc.

4

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:108:SOM:EN:HTML translation in all EU languages may be found at this reference. 200

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The Directive has a key part in three annexes5 which cover the priority data themes to which the Directive is addressed and they are covered by its daughter legislation which take the form of Implementing Rules (IR) for specific aspects. At the moment these IR cover five major issues : Metadata , Interoperability of spatial data sets , Network services , Data and service sharing, Monitoring and reporting. They will become legally binding as a EU decision through a comitology process set up at EU level as part of the legislation. The Directive transposition time expired in May 2009 but it has to be said that, in spite of the wide consensus and strong support that has been received since the initial phase from the majority off the scientific and technical communities and the public administrations, after two years from the date of entering into force only a minority of the MS have already ended the transposition phase. Nevertheless the adoption phase of the IR , which runs parallel to the transposition process, will last until 2012 with phased compliance between 2010 and 2012. In spite of the delay in transposing the Directive into the national legislations, the Directive itself has influenced and is continuously influencing the sub national level of public authorities. This gives a multiplier factor to spatial information in many final user oriented services provided by central and local public authorities.

3. LESSON LEARNED: ROLE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND OF END USER Along with and in support of the INSPIRE Directive and ever since the early decision of taking this initiative to set up an EU infrastructure for spatial data, the European Commission (EC) has established a number of activities. Research projects, thematic networks and pilot industrial projects have been financed in order to set up scientific, technical, operational solutions and practices together with exploring and setting up adequate and sustainable models for maximizing and exploiting the use of GI within the EU. It is worth mentioning some of the most recent and relevant projects in the area just to show the effort which the European community has made and is continuing to make as regards the issue.

5

ANNEX I - SPATIAL DATA THEMES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLES 6(A), 8(1) AND 9(A) : 1. Coordinate reference systems ; 2. Geographical grid systems ; 3. Geographical names ; 4. Administrative units ; 5. Addresses ; 6. Cadastral parcels ;7. Transport networks ; 8. Hydrography ; 9. Protected sites . ANNEX II - SPATIAL DATA THEMES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLES 6(A), 8(1) AND 9(B) : 1. Elevation ; 2. Land cover ; 3. Orthoimagery ; 4. Geology ANNEX III - SPATIAL DATA THEMES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLES 6(B) AND 9(B) : 1. Statistical units ; 2. Buildings ; 3. Soil ;4. Land use ;5. Human health and safety ; 6. Utility and governmental services ; 7. Environmental monitoring facilities ; 8. Production and industrial facilities ; 9. Agricultural and aquaculture facilities ; 10. Population distribution — demography ; 11. Area management/restriction/regulation zones and reporting units ;12. Natural risk zones ;13. Atmospheric conditions ; 14. Meteorological geographical features ; 15. Oceanographic geographical features ;16. Sea regions ;17. Bio-geographical regions 18. Habitats and biotopes ;19. Species distribution ; 20. Energy resources ;21. Mineral resources

201

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The EU Project HUMBOLDT6 (Towards the Harmonisation of Spatial Information in Europe) intends to contribute to the implementation of a European Spatial Data Infrastructure (ESDI). The main goal of the project is to enable organizations to document, publish and harmonize their spatial information, by facilitating and automating the necessary processes as far as possible. An essential element of the project is the development of thematic scenarios in which the different components are applied and tested under realistic conditions. The ORCHESTRA7 project, recently ended, has produced the specifications for a service oriented spatial data infrastructure for improved interoperability among risk management authorities in Europe, which will enable the handling of more effective disaster risk reduction strategies and emergency management operations. The main result of the project is the Reference Model-ORCHESTRA Architecture (RM-OA), open and based on standards, which is now an OGC Best Practice. eSDI-NET+8 is a thematic network project aiming to the promotion of cross border dialogue and exchange of best practices on SDIs throughout Europe, bringing together key stakeholders of European SDIs and to realizing a platform for communication and exchange of knowledge at all levels, from local to global. Currently the network involves 21 participants all over Europe and includes Associations, Institutes, Universities, Private Companies whose work is related with Geographic Information, and promotes dialogue between them. EURADIN 9 (EURopean ADdress Infrastructure) aims at constituting a Best Practice Network in order to promote the European Address harmonization regarding the definition, registration and access to the European Address Data. The project main result will be the proposal for the European addresses Infrastructure and the implementation, testing, and validation of a pilot solution. Projects receive financial support through the European Union Framework Programs for Research, which bundle all research-related EU initiatives together under a common roof playing a crucial role in reaching the goals of growth, competitiveness and employment, and specific programs such as e-Contentplus10 which provides measures to make digitalcontentin EUROPE more accessible, usable and explotable. These projects are defining specifications, common data models, guidelines, best practices as well as services to access and download relevant data models in a number of vertical domains corresponding to several themes of the Annex I to III of the Directive, ranging from geology to natural areas from planning to addresses, from places names to marine and coastal areas, etc. INSPIRE Directive is technically based and geared by five motors represented by the previously mentioned IR. But in the framework of the IR some other rules and models to be applied to data listed in the three annexes of the Directive are expected. These finalized and thematic models represent the real challenge of putting the interoperability to work at EU level and even at national level. The large number of the data types considered by the Annexes together with the user definitions which span from semantic to technical native interpretation is absolutely making hard to assume that a world of 6 7 8 9 10

http://www.esdi-humboldt.eu http://www.eu-orchestra.org http://www.esdinetplus.eu https://www.euradin.eu http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/econtentplus/index_en.htm

202

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 interoperable SDIs might support the European decision making process in few years. Nevertheless the impact of INSPIRE, his Annexes, the best practices of SDI, the pervasion of GI in e-government already had an impressive and in some sense unforeseen impact to the information society and to the services delivered to the citizens. The INSPIRE Directive has been perfectly on time to systemize the tremendous impact of GI in the public administration. The use of GI has been in place for quite some time but has not been characterize by any interoperability. In order to achieve the SDI task, it is necessary to make sustainable the usage of GI within the Public Administration processes. Sustainability for using GI means that concrete results should be achieved and integrated into real services offered to the inhabitants and then be used efficiently by them. Interoperability standards offer effective solutions which need some refinements, technical community acceptance and integration in the software engineering process. But what is really needed is to insure that Public Administration employees have the attitude and the skills for using the solutions mentioned above. If not : it is possible to foresee catastrophic situations due to wasted resources ( money, skills , data , services , etc.) , the frustration of the achievements of expected and required services and unreadiness to manage severe situations. It has to be said that the issue of setting adequate skills in the field of advanced GI and mainly the SDIs has been recognized as relevant in several ongoing research and best practice projects of the 6th and 7th European Union Framework Program. Moreover some other projects focus on the criteria evaluation of SDIs in order to check the real effectiveness of the GI services offered by the Public Administrations and to grade them. The findings of several projects and researches state that no user community may be built and/or convinced to use a specific technical solution without motivating and training the users to join. Therefore it is highly advisable to set up a platform containing a training package assisted by a training framework to support the enhancement of the skills necessary to use services and GI in an interoperable way. To this regard it is worth recalling the European Computer Driving License – GIS11. The program, developed by LABSITA and AICA which is Italian branch of ECDL Foundation , has been developed to satisfy the demand for basic GIS knowledge and technical GIS skills, the ECDL Foundation launched and endorsed this Certification in 2008.

11

www.ecdlgis.com --The EDCL GIS Certification process includes three modules that certify a professional has demonstrated his/her skills in basic concepts of IT used in GIS; the components of GIS; geodesy and topography applied to GIS; concepts and techniques of digital cartography; and the techniques of analysis and viewing in GIS. These skills are tested using multiple choice questions and practical tests applied to the most common GIS software (ESRI and Intergraph and some open source software). The three modules are: Cartography (Module 1); GIS Systems (Module 2); and the Use of the GIS Software (Module 3). The real strength of the certification is the vendor neutrality which is a requirement that was set by the ECDL Foundation. While it is designed to be vendor neutral and covers many common tasks used in different types of GIS software, the third module verifies the candidate’s knowledge and ability to use GIS software packages. 203

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

4. THE LOCAL DIMENSION OF SDI AND THE ROLE OF NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS As already mentioned since each MS of the EU is characterized by a very high number of local PA the robustness of National SDI is based on how and how much the local communities are involved in the process of participation in SDI. This is takes place under the subsidiarity principle which is intended to ensure that decisions are taken as closely as possible to the citizen and that constant checks are made as to whether action at European and/or central or upper level is justified in the light of the options available at national, regional or local level. According to the attention locally given to the opportunity to have and to store data for several communities INSPIRE represents not only a European directive but also a way to further the development of knowledge and capability, to achieve results and put into reality their own policies. It has been monitored in Europe that since INSPIRE has come into force the SDI practice has demonstrated its utility by bringing local authorities and citizens closer together and by clarifying and systemising the dependencies and links of local authorities from the central or major order institutions ( region, nation, etc.) . The SDI itself, being a contemporary infrastructure, boosts the interconnections among different players, supports democratisation and public participation, offers opportunities to the economy driven by the private sector, facilitates the opportunity for exploring innovative ways of participation between public and private. The SDI, due to this complexity, opens a large perspective to be complemented by side actions performed by non governmental organisations. The concept and praxis of complementarity is very much present specially in complex actions where many stakeholders, subjects , functions and models co-exist. Some of the main tasks of the complementing process aim to complete the main object, to provide what the official partners lack and to maximise what they provide. In this respect it may be taken as example the action performed by the EUROpean umbrella organisation for Geographic Information (EUROGI) as non governmental organisation to complement the realisation, the transposition and the evolution of INSPIRE undertaken by the institutional activities of the EC and the EU Member States. Acting as a complement of public institutions is a relevant issue of the mission of any non-governmental organisation and this is largely recognised nowadays in several domains of present culture and society. The complementing effort concretizes through the principles which drive the methods and the activities which are put in place for pursuing the desired effects. INSPIRE principles have a long history and may be considered in the framework of the European policies which have been finalised to manage national sovereignty and multiculturalism while recalling some universal concepts and values. Geographic data have been and are the focus of the knowledge, the management and the sovereignty of the Member States and therefore, one of the main principles of Inspire, even if treated through the technical approach of standardisation, is the sharing of geographic data. Sharing is a relevant principle as it represents the will that applies universal values to the communities. This may provoke some conflicts and at of course this is not trivial to achieve due to the complexity of the societies and their own organisation. In terms of principles an NGO firstly supports the ideas and concepts underlying the institutional decisions and subsequent acts (e.g. INSPIRE directive) if they match its mission and subsequently operates in the definition phase supporting the process directly and through its members ( e.g. in the case of EUROGI the National Member Associations). 204

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 INSPIRE technical methods are clear and effective. They mainly refer to standards used as the main leverage for creating consensus, for managing and homogenising national and multicultural differences. Methods are often seen as pure technical tools dedicated to smooth, integrate and eliminate differences through the application of technicalities finalised to adapt diversities. In reality the application of methods is always filtered through cultural approaches. In the case of geographic data, more than technical aspects related to data format and information technologies, the semantic, cultural, governmental and organisational aspects play a fundamental role and unfortunately sometimes represent uneasy frictions or obstacles. Regarding methods, there is worldwide, a dramatic need for capacity building within public administrations and society. This can only be achieved by institutional measures together with NGO efforts. With respect to this an NGO as e.g. EUROGI should experience its attitude and try to realise a number of initiatives for capacity building in the widest sense. This has to be further developed using the opportunities and the tools that are offered by international and national policies. In this area falls also the educational and professional training initiatives which have been briefly mentioned before ( see ECDL in footnote 10). The process of acting as complement of institutional initiatives from on the part of an NGO has been named the evangelisation process in order to emphasize the fact that human resources of adequate quality are invested for disseminating knowledge among different communities and directly to the citizens. Awareness raising and capacity building are the most relevant evangelization results. They are widely recognised as representing the foundation of every action aiming to develop a society. The practical instruments of evangelization are the activities based on principles and methods and they represent the terminals of the process. Unless they take the form of workshops, conventions, forums, websites, white papers and reports, face to face meetings or participation in events and publications, for complementing SDI some specific tools should be set up and used. Among them it is worth recalling the user needs analysis and monitoring, data model verifying against multiculturalism, specific tools for traditional and automated training and education.

5. THE WAY FOR ACHIEVING AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: GEOGOVERNMENT It has been largely demonstrated12 that the value of geo-information as perceived by the buyer, the user and the citizen (as final free-of charge user) depends on a variety of factors. Some of them are strictly related to the functioning and internal structure of the public and/or private organization in which the spatial data are going to be used. Others depend on the specific application areas and finally some relevant factors are related to how they are perceived and used by the final user that may be easily identified as the final user of the service chain using GI. It has also to be taken into account that the value and the quality of geo-information are codependent as also it has to be taken into account the fact that the availability, specially on the world wide web, of a large amount

12 EUROGI recently organized the workshop PPP4SDI Public Private Partnerships for building Spatial Data Infrastructures: Summary and recommendations Report -http://www.epsiplus.net/media/files/ppp4sdi_report_part1_v1_1_final

205

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 of free remote sensed and satellite images together with some cartography strongly influence the way how the GI is perceived and used. 13 Even though the GI is pervading directly and indirectly our everyday life social and economic development may be achieved only if there are clear plans for the usage of spatial information in achieving services for the direct benefit of society. Just to mention some of the dominions where digital GI has already played a role with the direct participation of the citizens we have to consider: Tourism and traveling, Agriculture, Environment, Natural hazards and security, Land ownership , Housing and planning. But it should also be honestly pointed out that all these application areas and several more technical and specific ones have already benefited for a long time from traditional cartography. Therefore what more may be offered by the infrastructure of spatial data and how much better? Since we are mainly a digital oriented society it has to be considered that geoinformation is becoming a major constituent of many activities and of human life generally speaking. It has also to be considered that in the process of public authorities devolving missions, competencies and responsibilities to other authorities most of them at local level GI is playing the role of homogenizer of information precisely because of univocity of the geographic address for a large quantity of information. As the tendency of many nations and public administrations is to go from central to local for services offered to the population and vice versa to go from local managed monitoring systems to centralized archive, the trend within the user community is to share the personal micro-knowledge of the territory on the internet. The so called micro-geography is the most appreciated by the end user even if macro-geography (so easy to access nowadays through satellite images and the web) has some new appeal as a living atlas. But the easiness of micro-knowledge generates the paradox that, even though the systems facilitate the access and the view of geographic information, real and deep knowledge is not fully transferred. It remains a fact that the citizen is the only one who knows very well the vicinities to which he is customer. The added value of the SDI resides in ensuring the circulation, the access, the availability of data stored by different users in different locations, the seamless integration of data and in the possibility of sharing the micro geographic information through a macro system providing services to the users. The SDI may be effective for economic and social development through the government of the territory and the e-government. This is the natural trend of using GI but it may be

13

Report of International Workshop on Spatial Data Infrastructures’ Cost-Benefit Return on Investment ;Ispra, Italy 12-13 January 2006

http://www.ecgis.org/sdi/ws/costbenefit2006/reports/report_sdi_crossbenefit%20.pdf The Socio-Economic Impact of the Spatial Data Infrastructure of Catalonia P. G.Almirall, M. M.Bergadà, P. Q. Ros - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Centre of Land Policy and Valuations - M. Craglia (Editor) - European Commission - Joint Research Centre Institutefor Environment and Sustainability

http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reports/Study_reports/catalonia_impact_stu dy_report.pdf

206

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 achieved only if public administrations are able to achieve and guarantee geogovernment services. The geo-government (geo-gov) is the ability of public authorities to use geo information for managing , controlling, planning human activities and the nature of the territory. Geo-gov concretizes if the geo-information is bundled within the public administration initiatives in a way that the final user (generally the inhabitant but it might also be the environment and the wildlife) gets advantages which may not be achieved without using geo-information and SDI . In my opinion, in order to maximise the effectiveness of the results, our attention has to be turned to Spatial Data Infrastructures as a comprehensive system which satisfies the need of the users (citizens, inhabitants) to be placed at the centre of the scene. The spatial component of data in the infrastructures has always been present but sometimes it was hidden and/or bundled in the data and information collected and stored in systems and or simply provided to decision making process. Therefore the real strength of the DI (Data Infrastructures) has been and is based still on the infrastructure itself. What does an infrastructure represent for the public administration in the concrete dominion? In physical terms the infrastructure goes from the premises hosting employees , visitors and archives to the roads and paths, cables and networks allowing the circulation of papers , forms, certificates and information .In the intangible dominion the infrastructure is represented as the set of rules , procedures , specifications , data and information which govern the production, the distribution and the usage of the services and the functioning of the infrastructure itself.

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This paper has demonstrated that Europe has already established and is operating relevant developments towards the SDI and that many European institutions 14 are playing key roles in contributing to it. Europe is also aware that SDIs generate financial, political, socio-economic, commercial and technical benefits and because of this it is investing at Community and at MS level. It has also to be considered for the sake of clarity that the mentioned activities are part of a common approach to SDIs which is globally pervading our earth. It has already been largely demonstrated that the success and the efficiency of SDI is strictly dependent on how it has been designed, organized, populated by data, how it satisfies the need of end users, how it is locally dependent and centrally related. According to this, the idea of having a unique model for setting up an SDI is far from being truly sustainable. Having the same ingredients each SDI has its own characteristics insuring its absolute interoperability. Therefore each SDI (national, regional, local) should have the status of full partner of major level SDI and not the one of the client of an already established Supra or Global SDI. This is absolutely demonstrated by the fact that the geo-services offered and/or supported by SDI are used locally by end users that have their own identity reflected in the services requested and that the geo-gov acts locally as already experienced by the egov. The approach of providing services where they are requested helps to reduce the digital divide and de-facto facilitates social and economic development. 14

The institutions already mentioned in the paper are only part of the number of stakeholders involved in the process. In order to find more references the INSPIRE web site and related ones should be visited.

207

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Nowadays the way in which, Europe acts shows some very interesting peculiarities in the sense that it individuates one Directive for removing inefficiencies and improving value and quality in the provision, sharing and use of GI. To let collaborate together National SDIs developed by the Member States under the aegis of a common agreed Directive and then to proceed through implementing technical rules and common data models it is seems the most effective way for maximizing the results respecting the identities and the peculiarities of each nation and his territory. The strength and applicability of a subsidiarity model for developing SDI is largely demonstrated by the fact that it is applied in the majority of the European nations between the central and the local level (nation-regions , nation-provinces, regionprovinces, etc.). The issue of relationships between central SDI and local SDI is becoming even more important in the political trend of devolution to local governments in the EU and represents foundations for collaboration with countries from other continents. It should be clear also that the way of achieving social and economic development should be consistently based on academic education, research and training institutions able to produce not only GI specialists and GI users and products but also specialized professionals for designing and developing geo-services. After some profitable years of investigation and technical and scientific findings mostly based on the axiom of interoperability it is now time to overturn the SDI praxis shifting the effort mainly of public administrations from the technology driver to the social and economic drivers in order to ensure the development of society by offering finalized and locally-based services based on GI and technological achievements. This may be achieved by a strict analysis of real user needs, an effective design process and investing adequate resources in the framework of capacity building of the users.

7. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES Internationally recognized expert in applied informatics to spatial planning, environment and e-government. Pioneer of spatial data infrastructure. Engineer since 1972, professor of applied computer technology in planning and urban design professor at Sapienza University of Rome and at Italian and foreign universities. UN expert in 2009 was invited to join to the small group of world experts to implement the UN World Conference on Geographic Information Management. Expert of the European Commission for e-government and the spatial information , he has been involved since the beginning in the INSPIRE directive of European Union. Head of Laboratory of Geographic and Environmental Information Systems, University of Rome and president of Italian Association AMFM GIS Italy and of European Association EUROGI. Former President of AGILE European association of research laboratories for spatial information, he taught in American universities, Spanish and Egyptian. He is member of Global Advisory Committee of OGC. Head of research for public and private organizations, designer and project manager of major public contracts in the field of information systems and digital mapping. Author of more than eighty publications, most presented at international conferences. Member of national and European committees, already director of public corporations , he is settled in Italy between Rome and Anzio. 208

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

REGIONAL GI CLUSTER IN SUPPORT TO THE SDI DEVELOPMENT Anders ÖSTMAN1, Jan BJERKMAN2 ABSTRACT Cluster development has received political interest due to its contribution to regional development. This is also visible in the EU policies for research as well as regional development. Future Position X (FPX) is a GIS cluster based in Gävle Sweden. Its aim is to promote regional development by supporting the growth of GIS businesses. Spatial Data Infrastructure at the local level is mainly possible to larger cities. In order to provide equal opportunities also to smaller cities, some kind of coordinated actions are required. Regional GIS cluster initiatives may here play a substantial role in fulfilling these political ambitions, by taking a leading role in the development of regional SDI’s. During recent years, the FPX cluster has achieved substantial results in terms of business development in the region. The annual turnover among the GIS SME’s have for instance increase by 98 % during the last two years, according to independent audits. The employment rate has also increased. During the past two years, FPX has been the leading actor in implementing a regional SDI. By doing this, GI services are available also to citizens and companies in rural areas and small municipalities. The regional SDI have substanially decreased the operation costs for the parties involved. In the coming years, the cluster development will be focussed on the commercialisation of R&D results, the spread of GI technolgies to other sectors and international cooperation. The regional SDI is still in development phase, but it is expected that its financing will be sustainable and that new applications will be introduced in large as well as small municipalities. Key word: GIS clusters, Spatial Data Infrastructures, GIS portal.

1. INTRODUCTION Based on the work in economic science by Michael Porter, the concept of regional business clusters has gained importance (Sölvell et.al, 2003). The theory states that if, in a certain region, there is a substantial amount of people working in a specific sector, the potential for business growth is substantial. Depending on the sector and other regional 1

Prof. Dr Anders Östman, [email protected] University of Gävle, www.hig.se Tel.: +46 26 648436, Gsm.: +46 706 491975, Fax: +46 26 648585. Kungsbäck, SE-80176 Gävle, Sweden. 2 Mr. Jan Bjerkman, [email protected] Future Position X, www.fpx.se Tel.: +46 26 614400, Gsm.: +46 704 140633 Box 975, SE-80133 Gävle, Sweden.

209

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 factors, the size of this critical mass varies. But the basic idea is that you need a concentration of resources within a limited area (for instance 1 hour of travel time), in order to fulfill one of the requirements of Porter’s cluster theory. In 2001, the Swedish government announced the idea of supporting innovation systems, both within research as within regional development (Sveriges Riksdag 2001a, Sveriges Riksdag 2001b). These innovation systems were based on the Triple Helix model where industry, academia and the political sphere cooperate for business and regional development (figure 1). The consequence of this initiative was that some, not all, research funding agencies also had to consider scientific excellence as well as the regional and economical impact of research initiatives. Since the initiative was operational in 2003, around 25 different Swedish cluster initiatives have received support for development. One of these initiatives is Future Position X. This cluster is based in Gävle and its aim is to strengthen the GIS business in the region.

Figure 1. The Triple Helix model. The private companies consume knowledge and create monetary resources. The academia consumes monetary resources and produce knowledge. The political sector is here acting as a facilitator. It provides basic resources like infrastructure (roads, air traffic, rail, internet etc) as well as well educated human resources that enter the system. It should also be mentioned, that the idea of regional clusters also has been introduced within the European programs. In the seventh research framework program (FP7), there is a new action item for “Regions of knowledge” (European Commission, 2009). This program supports the development and integration of research-driven regional clusters, operating according to the Triple Helix model. The first call, released in July 2009, was aimed for health-related economy. The next call, planned to be released in July 2010, is aiming at sustainable transport. The concept of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) was given a wide attention with the announcement of the presidential decree in 1993 (Federal Register, 1993). Here it was stated that the US federal agencies should share their geospatial information by using internet based services. As a response, although quite late, the European Commission 210

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 launched the INSPIRE initiative in 2001 (CEC, 2002). This initiative resulted as a directive in 2007 (European Commission, 2007), stating that each member state shall provide specific geospatial data according to certain specifications. Although most European municipalities are not directly affected by the INSPIRE directive, there is a considerable interest in creating such local SDI’s also at a municipal level. Improved services to the citizens and to the business sector, as well as cost reductions within the public administration are some of the driving forces for this development. But municipalities vary a lot in size and economical resources. In order to provide opportunities for SDI development also within smaller municipalities, some kind of coordinated development is preferred. Since this is a matter of regional policies, regional GIS clusters can make considerable contributions to this type of development. To summarize, we have a political development where the concepts of regional clusters based on the Triple Helix model are gaining importance. In addition, we have a continuous development of local SDI’s at the municipal level. But since some agencies, like the regional rescuing service, are operating at a regional (county) level, the development of local SDI’s should be harmonized. From a political point of view, people living in small municipalities should for instance have equal access to rescuing services as people living in larger municipalities. GIS clusters, like Future Position X (FPX) in Gävle, are well suited to deal with both these issues. The objective of this paper is to describe the operations of FPX and the results it has achieved, with respect to business development and the development of local SDI’s.

2. FUTURE POSITION X Since the National Land Survey has its main office in Gävle, GIS has early been recognized as an important sector in the region. In order to share resources for development, Future Position X (FPX) was established as a non-profit organization in 2004. Its statues state that FPX is a regional GIS cluster, aiming to promote the regional development by promoting the local GIS-related industry. Its membership consists currently of around 30 organizations, mainly SME’s. The members can roughly be grouped into four categories, namely • • • •

Traditional GIS companies like ESRI S-Group, GeoIntel (distributor of SuperMap software from China) and SWECO Position (GIS consultancy). IT-related companies, applying GIS technology for specific sectors, like OpenCare (health), Fiberdata (networks, hosting etc) etc. Public authorities like the National Land Survey of Sweden (Lantmäteriet), City of Gävle and the University of Gävle. Large enterprises, being GIS users. Examples in this category are Korsnäs (forestry) and Sandvik (steel).

In 2008, FPX received financial support (EU structural funds, regional funds etc) for building up the cluster activities. During the years 2008 – 2009, main attention has put on providing business opportunities for the members and to strengthen the international 211

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 collaboration. When evaluating the results presented below, it should be noted that Gävle is a quite small city. The city of Gävle has around 94000 inhabitants. The population in the entire county (Gävleborg) is around 276000. Based on external auditing, the following results have been reported. • • • • • • • • •

156 companies / organizations have participated in the cluster activities The gender distribution among the participants is fair, but not entirely equal. Around 34 % of the participants are female. Agreements with 6 non-Swedish partner clusters have been signed. 8 new companies established 42 new services have been developed 254 new business contacts for the members (leading to new businesses) 9 companies have entered the international market Annual turnover among the SME’s increased by 98 % Employment among the SME’s have been increased by 79 %.

According to regular surveys by ULI, the market has increased by 25% annually, for nearly 20 consecutive years (ULI, 2005). The growth among the SME members in the FPX cluster is however much higher. But due to the limited period for comparison (only two years), these figures may only serve as an indication of the success of the FPX cluster. Due to changes in the regional policies, the size of the region is expected to increase within a few years. The new region, which will correspond to the NUTS level 2, will consist of 3 old regions. This means that the new region will cover 41 municipalities instead of the current 10. But since the cluster theory assumes also a geographical focus, the GIS cluster will still be based in Gävle. However, other major cities in the new region also have their clusters, for instance the ITS cluster in Borlänge and the paper packaging cluster in Karlstad. An increased cooperation between these sector clusters is however to be expected. When analyzing the needs of the GI-sector, the following driving forces may be observed •

•

•

For the time being, a massive attention is currently focused on the SDI development. However, the users and potential users of SDIs, within the public sector as well as among private companies, are neither familiar with the potential of external geo-information nor with the value added which may be yielded. In addition, the technology providers are also new to this changing market. There is a fast growing amount of geospatial data from many sources worldwide. From the private sector we can now obtain data from companies such as GeoContent, Navteq, Teleatlas and Blom. They are all large companies acting on the global market. Also within the satellite data sector we see new initiatives, for instance RapidEye and GeoEye. The sensor development has also resulted in many different dataset related to weather, traffic, environmental data, observation of critical infrastructures etc.

212

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 •

•

•

• •

New directives at the European level, such as INSPIRE, the Public Sector Information directive (PSI), the SEIS initiative and environmental directives like the Water Framework Directive (WFD) creates new demands and opportunities for the sector. In addition to this, there are also some additional EU programs that contributes to this development such as Galileo and GMES There is an intensive on-going standardization work, lead by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). Their specifications (industry standards) are then usually adopted by the formal standardization bodies like ISO and CEN. The leading software industries in the field of geo-technology have recently launched new developments, such as Microsoft and their Virtual Earth Platform, Google with Google Maps and Google Earth and Yahoo with YahooMaps. In addition to this, many providers of database software are integrating spatial data types in their relational database systems like Oracle, Microsoft SQLServer, Postgres/PostGIS, mySQL etc. GI technologies are increasingly used in mainstream products, for instance for navigation, GPS, mobile devices, geo-social-networking etc. The virtualization of hardware and software platforms provides a potential of considerable cost reductions. This development is sometimes called Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) within the cloud computing community.

Considering this massive development, it is obvious that commercial companies must have deep insight in the technological development, the political or societal trends as well as the changing needs of their customers. This is not an easy task to fulfill for SME’s and local governments, which usually have limited resources. Seen in that perspective, the role of FPX as business facilitators and knowledge providers will increase in the future.

3. LOCAL AND REGIONAL SDI’S In the late 1990’s, the city of Gävle started to coordinate its geographical information in order to create what we today would call a local SDI. One of the driving forces was the realization that the social sector had very large costs but also a large potential for improved efficiency. In order to support the development of IT systems in the social sector, basic spatial information had to be made available. As a result, some very simple but also very efficient applications were built, for instance the one dealing with the availability of doctors and nurses (figure 2). This is special importance during the summer vacation period, when some health care providers are closed and clients must be redirected to other places nearby. Other successful applications deal with crime statistics, planning of bus transport for school children, digital archive of detailed plans, demographic statistics, land ownership and environmental concerns like radon emission.

213

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 2. Early application showing access to primary health care. Due to the success of the local SDI in Gävle, requests for similar solutions but on a regional level were raised in 2004. There is a large variation in resources among the municipalities in Gävleborg County, but all have similar needs. In order to share investment costs, a regional SDI was established, consisting mainly of a shared database with geospatial data (cX database). Since the city of Gävle was the one having most experiences and resources, they were selected to host and maintain the database. An enlargement of the regions is currently being considered by the Swedish government. If and when such an enlargement takes place, the new region will be increased to 41 municipalities as compared with the current 10 municipalities. The main part of this new region is to be characterized as rural. In order to achieve an effective regional SDI, a new shared database with corresponding applications has to be developed. This new initiative should of course be based on the cX database but also considering the systems implemented in the other cities too. A new project (GIS-Arena) was initiated in 2008. It has been supported by various regional funds but also the structural funds of the European Union. The purpose is to provide detailed spatial information to all actors in the society (citizens, companies, authorities, non-governmental organizations etc). The aim is not to produce data, but to make existing data available. In this sense it is similar to the implementation of the 214

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 INSPIRE directive at the national level. However, the main difference is that the INSPIRE directive is a legal act, while the regional SDI is based on volunteer cooperation. This means that the financial conditions are different. Another difference is that the INSPIRE directive mainly deals with national data which may have quite low resolution sometimes. The regional SDI deals with high resolution urban data, sometimes with cm accuracy. The GIS-Arena project has been split into three major tasks, namely the establishment of a basic geospatial database and associated web services, secondly the establishment of shared applications for urban and regional planning and thirdly the dissemination of information and results. The project was finalized in 2009 and the objectives were reached within budget as well as time (GIS-Arena 2010). The main problems which occurred during the project were related to communication among the participants and late delivery of basic data from major data providers. Also some problems in software development have been recognized. What also should be noted is the increased interest in application development that has been observed. Due to the wide use of the SDI, new applications like flood prevention planning and on-line submission of building permissions are under development. Also the smaller cities do now have access to applications that earlier were only available at the larger cities, for instance about primary health care, bus routes etc. There is also a substantial interest from local industries to develop new applications, related to for instance logistics.

4. PERSPECTIVES ON THE FUTURE There are several challenges that lie ahead of the FPX cluster. The rapid technological development is one such factor. Shifts in the macro-economical climate as well as other climate and environmental changes will give new opportunities as well as new problems to solve. The current cluster development activities are along three lines, namely •

•

•

Commercialization of research and development projects. One such example is the GeoTest project, where procedures for testing GI services have been developed (Östman et.al, 2009 and Östman, 2010). This type of tests are required for the implementation of the INSPIRE directive, but are also essential for the development and tuning of regional and local SDI’s. Widening the scope of GI development and the use of geospatial information. Future Position X has recently received funding for a new project (daGIS), aiming to widen the use of geospatial information to new sectors in the society and to increase the involvement of the academic sector in the regional development. There is a need to improve the international contacts, mainly among the business partners of the cluster. For this reason, a series of international GI cluster conferences have been organized. The first conference was held in Gävle in 2008 and the second one in Biloxi (USA) in January 2010 (Directions Magazine, 2010). Future similar conferences are expected, where cluster development issues are discussed 215

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The regional SDI as implemented by the GIS-Arena project is now going to be based on a sustainable base. Initial estimates shows that the annual cost for operating the entire system is around 0.25 € per inhabitant. This is about 0.15 % of the total tax income for the participating municipalities. Combined with the expectation that the benefits will be larger than the costs, this hardly visible budget line is not believed to be a major obstacle. The current system is built on web technologies. There is a new trend on virtualization, or cloud based solutions. According to Östman (2010) there are some not fully reliable cost analysis which claims that the operational costs may be cut by a factor of up to 50 % by going cloud based. To what degree these claims are based on real facts or wishes, remains to be seen. But there certainly is a potential for reducing the operational costs further. By cooperating and making use of the scaling advantages is one successful way to go.

5. CONCLUSIONS The conclusions of this paper may be summarized as follows • • •

• •

Cluster development is of high political interest today, due to its potential to promote regional development. The Triple Helix model is here essential. GIS clusters have a great role to play in the establishment and development of local and regional SDI’s. Regional SDI’s have a potential of reducing the operational costs for GI systems as well as increasing the usage of geographic information within various sectors in the society. During recent years, the FPX cluster has achieved substantial results in terms of business development in the region. In the coming years, the cluster development will be focussed on the commercialisation of R&D results, the spread of GI technolgies to other sectors and international cooperation. The regional SDI is still in development phase, but it is expected that its financing will be sustainable and that new applications will be introduced in large as well as small municipalities.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work described in this paper has been sponsored by the structural funds of the European Union, VINNOVA, Lantmäteriet, City of Gävle, University of Gävle and Region Gävleborg

7. REFERENCES CEC (2002): Commission of the European Communities, Memorandum of Understanding between Commissioners Wallstrom, Solbes and Busquin: Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE), Brussels, European Commission (www.ec-gi.org/inspire/). Directions Magazine, 2010. GIS Clusters From Around the Globe Gather in Mississippi for 2nd International GIS Cluster Conference. http://newsletter.directionsmag.com/link.php?M=89458&N=2468&L=30109 216

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 European Commision, 2007. Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE). http://www.ec-gis.org/inspire/directive/l_10820070425en00010014.pdf European Commission, 2009. Regions http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/capacities/regions-knowledge_en.html

of

Knowledge.

Federal Register, 1993. Coordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: The National Spatial Data Infrastructure. Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 71 Wednesday, April 13, 1993. http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12906.pdf GIS-Arena 2010. Projekt GIS-Arena. http://gisarena.fpx.se/info/info.htm Östman A, Abugessaisa I, Tanzilli S, He X, El-Mekawy M, 2009. GeoTest: A Testing Environment for Swedish Geodata. Paper presented at the GSDI 11 World Conference, Rotterdam, June 15-19, 2009. http://www.gsdi.org/gsdi11/papers/pdf/234.pdf Östman A, 2010. Network for testing GI services. Invited paper to the GIS Ostrava 2010 Symposium, January 24-27 2010. Sölvell Ö, Lindqvist G, Ketels G, 2003. The Cluster Initiative Greenbook. Ivory Tower AB. http://www.cluster-research.org/greenbook.htm Sveriges Riksdag, 2001a. En politik för tillväxt och livskraft I hela landet. Regionalpolitisk proposition 2001/02:4. http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c4/21/04/e3e0daba.pdf Sveriges Riksdag, 2001b. FoU och samverkan i innovationssystemet. Forskningspolitisk proposition 2001/02:2. http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c4/21/09/a7c6f100.pdf ULI, 2005. Geografisk information i Sverige, 2003. ULI-rapport 2005:1. http://www.geoforum.se/page/158/180/1295

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Anders Östman is currently professor in geomatics at the University of Gävle. He made his PhD in Photogrammetry at KTH in 1986. He then worked for Intergraph Sweden, before returning back to academia and a professorship in Geographic Information Technology at Luleå University of technology. His current research interest is Spatial Data Infrastructures and the quality and usabiloity of geospatial data.

Jan Bjerkman has since 1996 worked as a business developer at the city of Gävle. The work has mainly been aimed at supporting the establishment of new serviceoriented companies in a wide meaning. Since 2004 he is full time working with supporting Future Position X in Gävle. Here he has the role of a senior cluster developer and is currently occupied by strengthening the cooperation according to the Triple Helix model and long term financial support. Before 1996 he was working with regional policies and employment issues for more than 30 years.

217

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

SOME ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION WHILE DEVELOPING A NSDI IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Dimo TODOROVSKI 1 ABSTRACT For most developed nations the problem today may be how to make their geoinformation applicable in a much more efficient way, share the geo-information via appropriately developed National Spatial Data Infrastructures (NSDI). In developing world, on contrary, the problems start with making geo-information available. At the same time these countries are confronting problems of accessibility and applicability development of their NSDI’s. Experiences from other countries could be very useful and they could be utilized when developing NSDI for a particular country, in the case of the Republic of Macedonia too. It is recommendable not to work in isolation, share the knowledge and experience and learn from each other. This would result with ‘not inventing a wheel’ for the second time, avoiding repetition of the same mistakes and development of better NSDI. From the lessons learned from countries that already developed their NSDI but also from the scientific gatherings where the NSDI topic is observed, explored and discussed, the following issues is recommendable to be taken into consideration: problems when introduce the concept of sharing spatial data, difficulties when exchanging data between databases, types of heterogeneity, workflow and workflow management, etc. Finally this paper concludes that being aware of the issues above could be useful while developing a strategy for development of NSDI in the Republic of Macedonia, an implementation plan should have them included and task force appointed for implementation of NSDI should be familiar with them but also they should be taught with experiences, examples how other countries tackled solving the mentioned problems. Key words: NSDI, geo-information, sharing data, exchange data, heterogeneity, workflow

1

Dimo TODOROVSKI, MSc, [email protected], [email protected] Researcher in Land Administration Domain Mob.: +389 70 461 450, Pavle Ilik 2/3-12, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.

218

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

1. INTRODUCTION This paper addresses some of the important issues that should be taken into consideration while developing NSDI in the Republic of Macedonia, identified as possible problems in the experiences of the countries that already developed their NSDI’s. At the beginning this paper presents background and objectives that NSDI’s are based on and objectives that they tackle and try to improve. It continues with description of the status of geo-information in the developing world. Possible models for development of NSDI strategy based on lessons learned from other countries experiences are presented in Chapter 4. Important issues like: problems when introduce data sharing concept, difficulties when exchange data between databases, types of heterogeneity, workflow and workflow management are discussed in Chapter 5. At the end this paper finalizes with deriving some conclusions and recommendations.

2. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF NSDI’s The notion of a data infrastructures as a mechanism to provide more effective access to geospatial data first emerged in early 1980 in Canada (Groot and McLaughlin, 2000). The objective of NSDI is to support the availability and access to geo-information, and facilitate the data sharing by connecting different geo-information provider organizations together (Groot, 2000). In order to combat the negative effects of multiple data collection, storage and dissemination, data sharing is a solution. This means that government bodies at all levels use data that is collected by one of them and that they don’t spend money, on collection the same data by themselves. In fact this is the main challenge of the concept of the NSDI’s (Molen, 2005). When setting the objectives for development of NSDI it is recommendable to be acquainted with the basic concepts, cases and good practices of NSDI and in case of the Republic of Macedonia the INSPIRE directive. If we summarize in general which goals are meant to be achieved by creation of a certain NSDI, we can extract the following list of objectives: • • • • • • •

increase data sharing / exchange; increase and control quality of public geo-information; reduce data duplication and duplication of activities; enhance organizational cooperation; reduce transaction cost to find, create, acquire, assess, appraise, exchange geoinformation; improve use of geo-information; sustainable development.

219

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 If we observe the list above more carefully, it can be concluded that almost in all objectives the data or geo-information component is present. From here reveals the importance of the geo-information factor as one of the most important, most basic parts of a NSDI.

3. GEO-INFORMATION IN DEVELOPING WORLD Although NSDI’s have a substantial component of ICT, the most fundamental asset is the data itself, because without data there is nothing to have access to, to be shared, exchanged or to be integrated (Molen, 2005). For most developed nations the problem today may be how to make their geoinformation applicable in a much more efficient way, share the geo-information via appropriately developed NSDI. In developing world, on contrary, the problems start with making geo-information available. At the same time these countries are confronting problems of accessibility and applicability - development of their NSDI’s (Borrero and Lemmen, 2002). If we observe carefully Chapters and Act in the INSPIRE Directive (INSPIRE, 2007) regarding the spatial data component there are very precise directions, what could be important for the development of the Macedonian NSDI in the General Provisions are: spatial data should be in electronic format and that the directive does not require collection of new spatial data set. The following findings are from the cases of the status of the geo-information in the developing world, and these topics require specific attention and improvement in order to have a functional and operable NSDI: • • • • • • • • • •

not 100% percentage of the geo-information themes required are in digital form; geo-information is not developed in appropriate formats and data models; file based storage of the geo datasets not database concept in use; metadata catalogues not developed; standards/protocols not fully implemented; organization of the spatial data in geo-data bases; security mechanisms required; copyrights also required; introduction of sharing, exchange and integration of geo-information; development of methods for distribution geo-information via standardized digital channels.

This paper finds the geo-information component within the NSDI as one of its key elements, that’s why it is recommendable to put a specific attention to this issue and the quality analyses of this component. After performed analyses redesign of existing data models and design of new ones could be made which would result with more effective and efficient data sharing and exchange.

220

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

4. DEVELOPMENT OF NSDI STRATEGY AND USE OF LESSONS LEARNED Strategy: It is a course of actions involving logical combination of actors, factors, and action chosen to reach a long-term goal or vision. Strategy incorporates a logical sequence of steps (ISNAR, 1998). The strategy for development of NSDI for Republic of Macedonia should be based on prior analyses of the user requirements, and having the good overview of the ‘As-Is’ situation, and then describe the path – the strategy – to the desired improved ‘To-Be’ situation (Todorovski, 2006). This strategy should contain clearly defined Mission and Vision statements, and via ‘step-by-step’ approach predict as much as possible required activities divided in a short, mid and long term period for implementation. Conceptual framework for development of ICT strategies for cadastral and land registration organizations was developed by Todorovoski (2006) which was based on the MIT Strategic Alignment Model. The same model could be adopted and used as a model for development of the NSDI in Macedonian context. System and user requirements

Good Practices

Manageable and sustainable ICT

fit

NSDI Business model

link

NSDI strategy

To – Be Situation

fit Based on MIT Model

ICT Infrastructures

Scientific Literature

Figure 1: Conceptual framework for developing a NSDI strategy Experiences from other countries could be very useful and they could be utilized when developing NSDI for a particular country, in the case of the Republic of Macedonia too. It is recommendable not to work in isolation, share the knowledge and experience and learn from each other. This would result with ‘not inventing a wheel’ for the second time, avoiding repetition of the same mistakes and development of better NSDI.

221

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

5. SOME ISSUES TO HAVE IN CONSIDERATION WHILE DEVELOPING A STRATEGY FOR NSDI IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA From the lessons learned from countries that already developed their NSDI but also from the scientific gatherings where the NSDI topic is observed, explored and discussed, the following issues is recommendable to have into consideration: 5.1 Problems when introduce the concept of sharing spatial data From the experiences of the countries that have in place functional NSDI’s we could list some of the problems that they faced when introduced concept of sharing spatial data: • • • • •

Lack of culture for data sharing and the supporting regulations and policies Lack of mechanisms to advertise the data in a standard form Lack of standards for data exchange Lack of supporting tools to extract data from remote databases, re-structure harmonize data Lack of adequate use of ICT and database technologies to support information management within the organizations providing Geo-Information (Radwan, 2005).

5.2 Difficulties when exchanging data between databases Here follows a list of difficulties when exchanging data between databases: • • • • •

Different rules for real world object’s categorization and definition Different database models and data structures Data sets are collected, processed and presented by different standards and methods Hosted by in different GIS platforms Different institutional constraints for data access, right of use, cost of data and many more (Radwan, 2005).

5.3 Types of heterogeneity A geospatial database is a computer representation of a real world features or phenomena using various abstraction mechanisms. Heterogeneity problem occur when different communities want to share their data with each other have to contend with different views on a real world features, different modeling schemas, and different tools to represent, store, process and manage geospatial data sets (Groot and McLaughlin, 2000). Bishr (1997) describes these heterogeneity issues as syntactic, schematic and semantic heterogeneity. •

Syntactic heterogeneity refers to the differences in software and hardware platforms, data base management systems, and the representation of geospatial objects (raster or vector, co-ordinate system, geometric resolution, quality of geometric representation, methods of acquisition, etc.)

222

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 •

•

Schematic heterogeneity refers to differences in database models or schemas, e.g. a particular feature may be classified under different object classes in different databases, or an object in one database may be considered as an attribute of another. The classes, attributes and their relationship can vary within or across disciplines. Semantic heterogeneity is the way a same real world entity may have several meanings in different databases. This will also influence the geometrical representation of objects, because abstraction of the world is based on semantics of each discipline. It is intimately tied to the application context or discipline for which the data is collected and used (Bishr, 1997).

5.4 Workflow and workflow management A workflow is an automation of a process, in whole or part, where tasks are assigned and documents and data are passed from one to another for action, according to the procedural rules (Morales, 2005). It is recommendable that workflows should be introduced and accepted as part of activities for improvement of the performance of all key stakeholders in the future NSDI. First an inventory and analyses of the current workflow processes should be done. Standards should be developed and according to them further development of standardized workflows should proceed. UML could be used as a standard modeling language when representing the workflows into diagrams. When basic working processes are standardized in workflows they are easier to be managed, better and faster chaining of the current working processes is possible and development of new flows is more feasible. ICT processes should be also standardized and represented with workflows. A workflow management (WFM) is a technique to manage the flow of works such that the work is done at the right time by the right resource (Morales, 2005). Having standardized workflows is a precondition to develop WFM within one organization. WFM is integrating the processes resources and applications or matching the tasks with adequate staff which can finish the job with the required application. Automation of WFM results with workflow management system which is able to interact with workflow participants, keep the tract of the progress of the work and, if required, invoke data tools and applications. Motivations and benefits from implementation of WFM are: improved efficiency, improved control on business processes and ability to manage processes. Technology and standards could help introduction of WFM as a regular part of the working future NSDI stakeholders. WFM could improve performance of each single stakeholder in the NDSI environment and it would allow flexible integration of internal and external data producers.

6. CONCLUSIONS This paper made an overview of the background and objectives of existing and in development NSDI’s, description of the status of geo-information in the developing world and some possible models for development of NSDI strategy based on lessons learned. Important issues like: problems when introduce data sharing concept, 223

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 difficulties when exchange data between databases, types of heterogeneity, workflow and workflow management were also explored. Finally this paper concludes that being aware of the issues above could be useful while developing a strategy for development of NSDI in Republic of Macedonia, an implementation plan should have them included and task force appointed for implementation of NSDI should be familiar with them but also they should be taught with experiences, examples how other countries tackled solving the mentioned problems. REFERENCES: Bishr, Y., (1997). Semantics Aspects of Interoperable GIS, ITC Publication, No. 50. Borrero, S. and Lemmen, C., (2002). Take Advantage of Best Proven Practices Interview with Santiago Borrero, GIM International Interview, pp. 8-10. INSPIRE, (2007). Act adopted under the EC treaty for establishing the INSPIRE directive, on 14 March 2007, Official Journal of the European Union. Brussels, EU. ISNAR, (1998). Strategic Planning. Annex 1: Glossary and Support Reference Materials. ISNAR. Groot, R., (2000). Corporatisation of national mapping agencies: challenges and opportunity. In: the 15tht UN regional cartographic conference for Asia and the Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Groot, R and McLaughlin, J.D., (2000). Geo Spatial Data Infrastructures. Oxford University Press. Molen, P.v.d., (2005). Authentic Registers and Good Governance. FIG Working Week 2005 and GSDI-8, Cairo, Egypt. Morales, J., (2005). Workflow Management, Module 11: Organisational Development, GIM 2/3 2005. International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observations, Enschede, the Netherlands. Radwan, M., (2005). Spatial Data Infrastructires, Module 6: Developing GIM Strategies in GDI context, GIM 2/3 2005. International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observations, Enschede, the Netherlands. Todorovski, D. (2006). A framework for developing an ICT strategy in Cadastral and Land Registration Organisations, XXIII FIG Congress, Munich, Germany. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHOR Dimo Todorovski holds a diploma as a surveying engineer from the University of Kiril and Metodij, R. Macedonia and obtains MSc degree in Geo-Information Management at International Institute for Geo-Information Sciences and Earth Observation ITC, the Netherlands in 2006. He is a head of digitizing department, at the Agency for real estate cadastre, R. Macedonia, and has a practical experience in fields of land surveying and digital mapping, cadastral information systems development, ICT and ICT Strategies. He is a Macedonian delegate of FIG Commission 7 and from September 2008 President of: Mak Holl Nuffic Alumni Association, association of Macedonian students which studied in the Netherlands. 224

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 His current research interest focuses on land management/administration, analyses of users/system requirements, cadastral systems, system modeling and development of Spatial Data Infrastructures.

225

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

DEPLOYING SMEs ENGAGEMENT IN SDI IMPLEMENTATION Luka JOVIČIĆ 1 ABSTRACT Impact of the influence of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) on the spatial data infrastructure (SDI) was the leading motive for writing of this paper. The significance of the necessity for more thorough approach in inclusion of SMEs in SDI was presented through framework established by institutions identified as stakeholders in the field of geospatial technologies. Validation of this thesis is shown through best practice case demonstrating the availability and benefits of tools and means of geographical information system (GIS) implemented into existing production processes of one representative small bureau. Paper shows overview of current situation concerning today’s presence of geospatial data in business environment. In the first place standards and the environment in which GIS users operate are analyzed with SMEs as focal point. Possibility of GIS realisation is considered, bearing in mind outlines set by SDI and, simultaneously, respecting needs for a specific local use of spatial data in daily activities of SMEs. Furthermore practical use of acquired conclusions and routes for deploying engagement of SMEs in SDI implementation is shown. As an all-inclusive outcome, model of GIS architecture and the example of its implementation is presented according to identified needed characteristics of GIS modules, standardisation requests, interoperability and openness. Outcomes of the presented material ought to emphasize current constellation concerning SMEs in market of South East European countries which are still in process of establishing spatial data infrastructure. Recommendations for better adoptions are given, as well as the conclusions for further engagement in this course. Key words: SMEs, SDI, GIS standards, open source GIS software, service orientated GIS architecture, road infrastructure construction

1. INTRODUCTION Looking at the first geoportals, as mediums for open access to spatial data, service quality improvement led to the level at which use of global geoportals became significant at the local level for the daily activities of small and medium enterprises. Spatial data infrastructure in that sense put through interactive relations among spatial data, metadata, users and software tools. Purpose of such initiative aims at decentralisation and interoperability of spatial data and metadata managing, by which user is lead straight forward to the data source. 1

MSc. Luka Jovičić, [email protected] GMP GRAMONT-NS Ltd., Civil Engineering Company Tel.: +38163500866, Gsm.: +38163500866 Ilije Birčanina 27, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia

226

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 From the early beginning the reasons behind SDI initiatives were undisputed since they considered several crucial points (Woldai, 2002):
developing the neglected spatial data potential and stimulate economic activity,
distributing spatial data to the widest possible range of users through the use of standards,
encouraging the new profitable services through enabling better interaction of data from multiple sources,
improving quality and reducing costs related to spatial data,
increasing benefits of new way of data integration and establishing cooperation with states, regions, academic and private sector for the overall enhancement of the field of spatial data use, and
decrease redundancy in data production and effort involved in it. In order to accomplish the stated objectives and purposes, SDI needs to be organized in such way that it can meet all the requirements concerning data sets, regulations and related aspects. In any application field, the types of shareable data have to be known and identified to apply it. Data forming the desired spatial infrastructure can be divided in two categories concerning its purpose: fundamental and application data. (Groot and McLaughlin, 2000) Fundamental data provide essential base information upon which other organizations can create datasets by overlaying with other data. These include: data that can show geographic reference systems, topographic data sets that can serve as geometric references, common codes, etc. on which other thematic data sets can be built on. The basic spatial data producers are those that are mandated at the national level for collecting, processing and disseminating spatial data and other related data at large. These include land administration authorities, surveying and mapping authorities, planning departments. Their task is tied to the foundation data and as such deal with: the national positioning system, the national digital topographic maps, digital elevation model, geographic names, administrative units, common codes, etc. Application data includes theme specific data sets such as, land use, land cover, vegetation, etc. being not as extensively as the fundamental data sets. Nevertheless, they are also required by many organizations to produce other derived data sets, which are important for spatial decision making. Application-specific data include data collected for a very specific duty, and particular application area. Most of these institutions use the baseline information to come up with their own value-added outputs. Depending upon their thematic responsibility (e.g., geology, land use, land cover, vegetation, etc.), they produce and use geo-data of different nature on an ad-hoc basis (rather than taken as a regular duty) primarily to fulfil their jurisdiction. Unlike the spatial information basic users, most of these companies and their departments have a need of getting more up to date data on their subject. Concentrated on meeting their own internal information need and not being core stakeholder in SDI there is no adopted general mechanism to facilitate data access to other interested users. Therefore, unless it is a luckily informed user, no one can easily know what type of data they have, no matter how valuable their data are.

227

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 This is the situation where SMEs reside in the early stages of SDI implementation and the reasons why countries and regions where SDI operates for years confronted with serious issues about private sector inclusion. The demand driven approach should be more represented since the categories of users are still not well identified, nor are their specific needs well surveyed. In such environment, where market is not enough developed, analysis of spatial data market, users and their needs is the first step of creating the approach for overcoming the mentioned issue among SMEs and SDI. Bearing this in mind, following text is about to include this topic discussing the region of South East Europe (SEE) and offer answer for several questions. What is the constellation in which SMEs in the region operate? What is the position of SMEs, their needs and issues they confront in such environment? What are the current possibilities for improving the situation?

2. SMEs WITHIN SDI FRAMEWORK 2.1.

SDI framework

Since the Geographic Information Network In Europe project which had the objective of creating overall geoinformation strategy in Europe and creation of some of today’s European spatial key players (Infrastructure for spatial Information in Europe INSPIRE), it was declared that political and institutional support is crucial for the development SDI. Hence, the most important standardisation organisations in the spatial field today represent the benchmarkers in the field of spatial information. They represent the focal point in reaching the goal of establishing successful infrastructure and satisfying user needs. For the purpose of this paper, it will be given only the overview of the field that International Standardisation Organisation, Open Geospatial Consortium, INSPIRE и European Committee for Standardisation as the stakeholders in the spatial information in Europe cover. ISO developed group of standards in the field of geomatics, concerning digital geographic information, promoted through the technical committee ISO/TC 211 with the aims of (Henry, 2009):
support and use of spatial information,
assuring availability, integration and exchange of spatial information,
enabling interoperability of spatial orientated computer systems,
contribution to integrated approach to global ecological and humanitarian problems,
simplifying of establishing spatial infrastructures on local, regional and global level,
contribution to sustainable development. To summarize, it brings standards and specifies methods, tools and services for management of geographic information, including the definition, acquisition, analysis, access, presentation, and transfer of such data in digital/electronic form between different users, systems and locations.

228

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Parallel with the work of ISO, group of interested parties in the field from all over the world and from different spheres of working with spatial data, gathered for cooperation in overcoming the existing common problems. Different development teams were formed with aim to make available open source GIS software, solve interoperability issues which demanded more than openness of the software. This was the initial mission of the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. Today their specifications and standards support interoperable solutions, which enable geospatial domain to services like World Wide Web and give users the means for manipulating complex spatial information for creating services available for all sorts of specific applications. Already mentioned INSPIRE initiative of the European Commission for development of European SDI which enables to the public sector of Europe, nationwide, regionally, locally and also to the private sector, researchers, nongovernmental organizations and citizens, the discovery, access and gathering of spatial data from various sources in interoperable way, for different needs, without restrictions. In that sense it is adopted that European SDI ought to be assembled from operational, growing local, national and regional SDI. INSPIRE refers to technical standards and protocols, organisational and coordination topics, policies of data management, including access, creating and maintaining the spatial data. (INSPIRE, 2001) The spatial standardisation environment functions in a way in which framework for standards and technical issues are covered by ISO standards and OGC specifications. European Committee for Standardisation is in charge for implementation in the field of digital geographic information in the context of the European Union legislative, with close cooperation with ISO, whereas the INSPIRE directive aims to create a European Union spatial data infrastructure. This will enable the sharing of environmental spatial information among public sector organisations and better facilitate public access to spatial information across Europe. The desired SDI includes interactive relationship of spatial data, metadata, users and tools with the aim of effective and flexible use of spatial data. It strives towards decentralisation of data and metadata managing, guiding users directly to the data sources. With described standardisation of the tools, services and computer networks it enables availability, exchange and effective use of information. 2.2.

Issues with SMEs

Although the purpose of described stakeholders is to support sustainable policy, major barriers still affecting the availability and accessibility of relevant data. These barriers include: (Craglia, 2010)
Inconsistencies in spatial data collection, where spatial data is often missing or incomplete or redundant
Lack or incomplete documentation of available spatial data
Lack of compatibility among spatial datasets that cannot therefore be combined with others
Cultural, institutional, financial, and legal barriers preventing or delaying the sharing of existing spatial data

229

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Concerning South East Europe, European SDI stakeholders’ focus was put on engagement of relevant public institutions which ought to take responsibility in developing national and regional SDI. For example in the republic of Serbia the Ministries, the Republic Geodetic Authority should engage as relevant public institutions. However, although process of implementing standards and creating spatially enabled systems lasts for more than five years, coordinating institution, such as National Spatial Data Infrastructure agency has been established at the end of 2009. So far Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning and the Republic Geodetic Authority went the furthest in Serbia, concerning spatial data use legislative and reforms in digital spatial data use. Although these encouraging results show systematic approach to developing national SDI, there are segments in which there is still much work to do. Traditional bureaucracy and administrative obstacles still play significant role in restraining availability of spatial data. In addition, low public conscientiousness in this field is present. Therefore, several main objectives emerged as terms for successful interaction between data sources and end users: (Pavlova, Boes, Roccatagliata and Luzet, 2003.)
cooperation with European organisational initiatives in this area,
forming spatial data infrastructures,
supporting awareness about the importance and use of spatial data in public,
implementation of adopted legislation,
stimulation of SMEs in wider use of spatial data. This paper focuses on the last of the stated objectives as SMEs are to be the most significant group of commercial users of spatial data, concerning the potential of their influence on expansion of geoinformation technologies. Since the described national conditions, with slight differences, can be applicable for the whole SEE region, it will be of significant interest to further elaborate findings about possibilities of SMEs stimulation for further engagement in this course.

3. SMEs AS STAKEHOLDER IN SDI Experience from USA national SDI tells that urge for securing the role of private sector in SDI came from the rising of the consumer demand for spatial information which triggered a major shift toward local government and commercial providers. In addition, it is common knowledge that the collection and management of geospatial data are considered to be the costliest components of a GIS with almost 80% share in GIS total costs. Yet, being focused merely on providing geospatial information the federal government lacked to devote enough attention to coordinating and managing geospatial data and facilitating partnerships among fastly expanding number of producers and consumers of geospatial information. This was the new orientation they had to prioritise, which required huge engagement and still is an issue for resolving, because it brought stated barriers which affect the availability and accessibility of relevant data. The role of federal government (except coordinating function) therefore switched from being provider to the consumer side. (Folger, 2009) SDI initiatives in South East Europe as it was mentioned before devote primary attention to governmental institutions as data providers and neglect private sector as natural stakeholder in the spatial market. Exceptions may be huge companies that cooperate with governmental institutions in producing data, but the accent here is on 230

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 SMEs, which remained isolated isles in this environment, with occasional inclusion in spatial data exchange. Bearing this in mind, it could be concluded that similar path to the USA experience is taken in the concept of conducting SDI. This is one more reason to react towards SMEs more active engagement in SDI. Issues that need to be addressed must be accessed carefully since the clues for proving readiness of SMEs to be stakeholders in SDI are not always obvious. An example of this could be the case of identified lack of private industry data sharing. But if one consider commercial remote sensing companies, there will be identified the need of significant capital investment required to place in space imaging satellites and ground stations to capture the imagery to produce the first deliverable product. Thus, some of the underlying data sharing assumptions are not well articulated. Next obstacle could be licensing and other intellectual property arrangements in need of being defined. (STIA, 2001) SMEs demand for the SDI can be characterized as: General demand - considers framework data to be available nationwide. However, differences exist in the resolution, quality, coverage, currency and other characteristics depending on the source of the data. Data providers - who also are part of the private sector. These companies sell software solutions and data content, hardware, and consulting services, etc. Their inclusion to any program fostering increased private sector participation is essential. They bring rich data sets, lists of current and prospective customers and success stories to the equation. Within SMEs, participation in SDI has been limited even though the need for data has only grown. Many private sector companies have built their own data or purchased it and spent a lot in improving this data for their own needs. This data is not widely shared and may not conform to SDI standards. Therefore, issues that need to be addressed to increase SMEs participation are:
Communication between SDI and SMEs – starts from the very basic lack of private sector awareness of the SDI, inexistence or low inclusion of the private sector in the planning for the SDI, still underdeveloped of understanding about the drivers for private sector participation like revenue, profits, liability protection and intellectual property protection and confusion about the purpose of the SDI and whether it serves the interests of private sector companies.
Data adequacy – firstly there is little synchronization amongst data sets used in SMEs, a great potential for redundant data in the SDI because different groups create data at different resolutions, question of ways of satisfying data accuracy since it determines customer satisfaction, liability and revenue issues; Tools must be employed to make the design and accessibility of data more user friendly.
Legal issues - State and local laws relative to freedom of information, privacy, disclosure and intellectual property can hamper data sharing, especially when companies consider their information part of the assets or worth of their companies. Described constellation serves as a ground for SMEs engagement in overriding identified problems and positioning in long term period with respect to SDIs planned development. This brings out the questions of possible solutions for SMEs deployment

231

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 in described environment. In that sense paper analyses the most suitable ways of putting through acquired goals. Next part presents the approach that will show the best practise case for one SMEs representative using means that are least disturbing for production process having at the same time maximal effects on production outcome. It respects described standards and stakeholder institutions, SMEs needs and motivation for engagement in SDI and available models and tools for realisation of the GIS.

4. SMEs AND GIS WITH AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES OGC enabled its information system architecture framework (OGC Reference model), which documents interoperability of geospatial data processing from simple single processor computer systems to open environment which enables communication of spatial information without obstacles in WWW. Model considers methods of architecture development, standards, specifications and system components with their interaction within system’s architecture. (OGC, 2010) Stated implies that open system carries the best characteristics for meeting the required terms of incorporating GIS in SDI outlines. Open systems are the ones which function and interact through open interface as a way for connecting and communicating of the software components. The key of openness is building the interface whose use and functionality will not depend on specific producer and in that way keep the software which uses that interface isolated. In that way users are not limited on use of just one specific producer application. Further on open interface creates the possibility that the data format which is used for communication among systems is not an obstacle in communication. Moreover, openness enables converting of just the necessary part of data during communication, speeding up the process of transformation of different data types. Today this concept is applied through XML since OGC developed Geography Markup Language which does spatial data conversion to spatially enabled XML. Currently concepts, standards and technology for implementing GIS interoperability are based on integration of standardized GIS Web services. Web services avoid the issues and complications of GIS applications being tied to the spatial schema of a specific RDBMS vendor and allow GIS vendors to manage their own data using the best methods and formats for their tools in whatever database environment they choose. In addition, Web services allow server-to-server sharing of data and services, as opposed to integration only happening at the client level as it does with standards that are focused on the DBMS. Web services mean that each GIS vendor can build and manage its own GIS data and readily provide GIS services (data, maps, and geoprocessing) to a larger audience in a common environment. (ESRI, 2003) With all this means available for building GIS, open source systems could be competitive with almost any commercial software. In another words, today’s open source systems have sufficient modularity, user community, supporting documentation and development team to assure their competitiveness. Adopting web services as a centre point of the GIS gives great effectiveness in sense of system expansibility and components interoperability. This statement also represent basic concept of the Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) GIS. SOA enables creation of flexible GIS, which can easily adopt changes in organisation needs of a company. Mechanism of integration like web services

232

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 preserves modularity of the system and ensures technological independence of the components it is consisted of.

5. CASE STUDY Important part of this analysis is segment that validates exposed premises and shows practical use of acquired conclusions and routes for deploying engagement of SMEs in SDI implementation. As an all-inclusive outcome, model of GIS architecture is presented according to identified needed characteristics of GIS modules, standardisation requests, interoperability and openness. The objective was to implement GIS, as the applied solution for production process of a road infrastructure project bureau operating in the Republic of Serbia. In all phases it considered discussed topics and serves as a validation of the conclusions stated in the previous segments of the paper. Sector of the road infrastructure was chosen as a good representative of SMEs whose use of spatial data is insufficient comparing to their needs and capabilities. Confirmation lays in authors’ personal engagement in the field for more than five last years. It is the field with the necessity for spatial information from several domains: plan decisions based on topographic data, determining the priority of road construction and maintenance, analysis of traffic and transport, managing objects correlated with road infrastructure, etc. That information could be found in various forms coming from different sources. Usually the most reliable are ones taken by the company itself or bought from other SME more specialised in the field of data acquisition. This situation implies on the issues identified earlier as major barriers still affecting the availability and accessibility of relevant data. For the purpose of this paper data flow of the typical project of the bureau was chosen as an example of implementing SDI recomandations without disturbing production process and with implementing open source technologies. Practicaly it meant in the first place incorporating commercial software used for road construction projects - Autodesk AutoCAD in GIS. AutoCAD is software that has big share in the field of road constructioning and generaly in the field of civil engineering in Serbia. Incorporating AutoCAD in GIS validation of possibilty to implement efficiant and effective GIS concerning companies production process. Although Autodesk thought about interoperability of the supplied data formats, it is mainly supported within the companies products and a few open data formats (.dxf, .shp, .gml) as well as technologies which enable data formats compatibility and working with web services (Feature Data Object, MapGuide open source, RealDWG). Furthermore there is multilateral cooperation with other commercial software suppliers (like Oracle or Bentley). One more way that can satisfy the need for interoperability is the use of standards and protocols like ODBC. On the market other third party software products which support and manipulate with Autodesk’s data formats can also be found. The first challange in incorporating AutoCAD in SOA was to analyse supported data formats interoperable by the standardisation organisations protocols. After, interaction 233

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 with spatial database needed to be established with the same framework of standards. Secondly there was issue in communicating with client aplications through web services.

Picture 1. Implemented SOA GIS

First major data format supported in AutoCAD is vector format. Such data can be published on the web server and become available to other applications through the spatial database or directly if it is supported through web service libraries. Open source database PostgreSQL was used spatialy enabled through its extension PostGIS. Aplication used for exporting data to spatial database also came in open source environment - DXF2PostGIS, although there are other solutions from commercial range too. Further comunicating (for example to import data or view queries) with spatial database is available through ODBC. To send vector data directly to web server AutoCAD needs to export it in web service used libraries supported format, like .shp, which can be done through open source or third party commercial software. Second important data format is raster images which could be created in AutoCAD by raster drivers and manipulated with basic functions (copy, cut, move, etc.). Alternatevly this kind of data can be imported in AutoCAD for manipulation and later used by other applications in GIS. In treated project, raster file which was used was in .tiff format, open and supported by web sevices. Choosing and including components in the GIS is projected bearing in mind SOA and its central component web services. This, middle layer, placed between described data producer applications on one and client (viewing and manipulating) software applications on the other, enables data exchange as the communication channel between layers of the GIS. Thus, interoperability is limited here to the number of supported data 234

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 formats by web services. Although open data formats theoreticaly can satisfy the needs of the market, still often proprietary data formats are required when projecting GIS. In this case data format interoperability was solved by using open source data format .shp for vector data presentation and imported .tiff for raster data, as described above. Web services use them through GDAL (for raster files) and OGR (for vector data) libraries and communiaction with spatial database is implemented through ODBC/JDBC, as seen on the Picture 1. As described, AutoCAD comunicates with web services through spatial database and available protocols as channels of communications. Some other Autodesk products already have direct support with web services. This trend goes in favour of data interoperability and openness because even the proprietary technology is becoming more and more open. Web server distributes data to client applications in various formats and with specific capabilities which allow different rights of viewing, managing and editing data by client applications. Client applications used in observed example are shown on the Picture 1. 5.1.

System implementation

In treated example in the field of road construction described arhitecture was implemented in the following way. For the location of the project an traffic area near public object was planned. As input, topographic map of area in the .tiff format was used. Existing comunal installations and road infrastructure was drawn in AutoCAD in .dwg format. Both raster and vector data were uploaded on the server and became available for all the components of the GIS. GIS was used to analyse this information by reviewing influence of existing communal installation on projected new road infrastructure on the location. Rewieving was done through the client application uDig, with presentation by overlaying of all data layers in Google Earth. Few inconsistences were noticed concerning position of instalations compared to projected road and those were corrected in spatial database through client application uDig. This updated communal installation positions were again available in AutoCAD through the spatial database. This was the validation that all GIS modules were interoperabile and funcioning as required in all segments of SOA.

6. CONCLUSION In flexible and open service architecture based on ISO and OGC standards and used in a way proposed by INSPIRE initiative, AutoCAD was successfully implemented in projected GIS, proving that existing production process of SMEs representative was uninterrupted and in the same time efficiently incorporated in SDI as conclusions of analyzed framework proposed. Since this was just simple example extracted from one typical project of the civil engineering bureau, it presented possible realization of GIS architecture. Modules of GIS may vary in number and way of interaction of components depending on specific production system needs and proposed ways of its use. 235

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Concrete results that were the outcome of SDI flavored bureau project, showed benefit to the production process in following aspects:
planning and control of road infrastructure objects could be analyzed much faster and more efficient if such system was in use and if available data was updated regularly on the market where company operates,
updating and exploatation of data coming from different sources (public and private, general and specific),
contribution to development of conducting project in road infrastructure planning technology. This case study was designed to emphasize the need of maximizing participation in the SDI by the private sector with focus on SMEs. The example shown summarizes and implements the findings of the teoretical recommandations described in chapters 1-4 of the paper with respect to the current status and issues with SMEs participation in SDI and adopted standards from relevant organisations. Hopefully this paper has prooven not just the importance of thorougher engaging of SMEs in SDI, but also proposed and validated ways of conducting these proposals. Although presented solutions are already available and easily implemental, SMEs, in resolving these issues, will disengage if bureaucracy suppresses the efforts. Since proposed actions do not depend on occasional activism of some SMEs, but on systematic approach to solving described issues, SMEs will also lose interest in solutions that take too long to implement. In that sense, interest parties should not be just state institutions as SDI coordinators, but also SMEs as active participant in implementation. Some of the issues cannot be resolved by the private sector. Legislative bodies and state SDI institutions must resolve them. The private sector can address these issues and participate in the educational process to bring about change. Other issues were analysed in this paper and attempt to make the step out their current static situation is made. Further awareness should be encouraged, more effort showing benefits and possibilities for SME participating should be made and additional advanced analysis should be conveyed to find mutual drivers of public and private sector towards successful SDI. After the overview of SDI organizations’ outlines and after presenting the approach and actions available to SMEs, several points came out as drivers of SMEs engagement in SDI:
simple economic drivers like increased revenues and decreased costs,
data quality issues like security, completeness, availability, ease of use and accuracy,
expectations of geospatial providers and end-users,
SDI should lead process of SMEs inclusion in process and defining it’s role,
SDI should complement the private sector’s activities,
establish a SMEs advisory group to tackle the higher level issues,
seek private sector consultations and input on SDI initiatives. As the private sector engagement in spatial information exploitation grows, the roles of the public and private sector will have to evolve. In order to secure that, the rising of 236

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 SMEs market demands should be met by public sector SDI initiatives and more concrete measures will be needed from SDI implementation organisations for more direct engagement of SMEs within SDI.

7. REFERENCES Woldai, T. (2002), Geospatial Data Infrastructure: The Problem of Developing Metadata for Geoinformation in Africa, Netherlands: International Institute for Geo-information Science & Earth Observation (ITC) Groot, R. and McLaughlin, J. (2000), Geospatial Data Infrastructure: Concepts, cases and good practice. Oxford University press. Henry, T. (2009), ISO/TC 211 Geographic http://www.isotc211.org/Outreach/Overview/Overview.htm

information/Geomatics,

INSPIRE (2001), INSPIRE History, http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/4 Craglia, M. (2010), INSPIRE: The Spatial Data Infrastructure for Europe http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/spring10articles/building-inspire.html Pavlova, R., Boes, U., Roccatagliata, E. and Luzet C. (2003.), Geographic Information Systems Technology and Market in South East Europe, http://www.gisig.it/gisee/ Folger, P. (2009), Geospatial Information and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Current Issues and Future Challenges, Congressional Research Service, CRS Report for Congress, 7-570 STIA (2001), Phase I Report, Increase private sector awareness of, and enthusiastic participation in, the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), Washington: SPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION OGC (2010), About OGC, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc., http://www.opengeospatial.org/ogc ESRI (2003), Spatial Data Standards and GIS Interoperability An ESRI White Paper, www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/spatial-data-standards.pdf

8. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHOR Luka Jovičić was born in Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia in 1981. Did master thesis in January 2009. on the Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, department of Industrial Engineering. Works since 2005. as System Engineer in civil engineering bureau, GMP GRAMONT-NS Ltd., Novi Sad, Serbia. Field of interest is Geoinformation Technologies.

237

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

INCREASING ACCESSIBILITY AND INTEROPERABILITY OF SOIL DATA BY BUILDING UP AN INSPIRE COMPLIANT EUROPEAN SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE 1

Katharina FEIDEN, Fred KRUSE 2 Zhenya VALCHEVA, Georgi GEORGIEV ABSTRACT The access, reuse and exploitation of digital environmental information have become an important concern for public and private bodies in recent years. Especially within the discussion of climate change this issue became more and more important world wide and particularly in Europe. The European Environmental Information Directive (COM 2003), the Directive for establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information (INSPIRE, COM 2007) as well as further initiatives of the EU like the Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS) emphasizes the need to make digital environmental information within Europe more accessible, usable and exploitable. While INSPIRE and its Implementing Rules (IR) give the framework to establish a European spatial data infrastructure, vital obstacles in reference to harmonization and interoperability of data and services as well as in reference to the organisational structure are not removed yet. The project GS Soil “Assessment and strategic development of INSPIRE compliant Geodata-Services for European Soil Data” aims to make a contribution to remove these obstacles. Within the project 34 partners from 18 European member states are involved and the project is co-funded by the European Community programme eContentplus. The project duration is from June 2009 until May 2012. The project GS Soil aims to contribute to improve the access to spatial soil data in terms of INSPIRE by establishing a European network for soil information. A central component of this network is the GS Soil Portal, a European web portal for soil data and metadata of the involved project partners. As basic technology for the GS Soil Portal, the software of the well established German Environmental Information Portal PortalU® will be used. Within the project the existing technology will be modified and communication interfaces will be added depending on the demands of the network. Key words: Environmental information, Soil data, INSPIRE, European spatial data infrastructure, Spatial Data Interest Community

1

Dipl.-Geogr. Katharina FEIDEN, Dr. Fred KRUSE [email protected] Coordination Center PortalU at the Lower Saxony Ministry for Environment and Climate Protection, www.portalu.de Tel.: +49 (0)511 120 3451 Archivstr. 2, 30169 Hannover, Germany. 2 Dipl. –Inf. Zhenya VALCHEVA, Dipl. –Eng. Georgi GEORGIEV, [email protected] Infologica Ltd., www.info-logica.com Tel.: +359 888 94 16 83 blvd. Tsar Boris III No 215 GEOPLANPROEKT building, floor 10, office 8, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria.

238

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

1. INTRODUCTION The project is co-funded by the European Community programme eContentplus with 4.1 M €. It is a programme from the European Commission DG Information Society and Media with the objective to make digital content in Europe more accessible, usable and exploitable. GS Soil is thereby allocated to the area of geographic information, where the focus is set on the aggregation of existing national datasets into cross border datasets, which will serve to underpin new information services and products, in particular with a view to reducing barriers related to one or more of the specific themes mentioned in annexes I-III of the INSPIRE Directive (European Union 2007). The focus of GS Soil is thereby set on soil and soil related data. In the eContentplus programme, GS SOIL is defined as a Best Practice Network for Geographic Information. The project duration is from June 2009 until May 2012. The project consortium comprises 34 partners from 18 EU member states. Project Coordinator is the coordination center PortalU at the Lower Saxony Ministry of Environment and Climate Protection (Germany). Overall 24 partners out of the consortium are soil data providers and will make the data available for the project. Hence, a complex and high quality data basis in a European context is assured. The focus will be on data provided by national and regional institutions. Beyond that, European institutions are also involved via the advisory board. The project GS Soil aims at establishing a European network to improve the access to spatial soil data for public sector bodies, private companies and citizens. The project considers aspects of data organization, data harmonization as well as semantic and technical interoperability in order to produce seamless geospatial information and to improve the data access for a wide community of different user groups. The structural specification for the description and harmonization of spatial soil data within Europe as well as the operation of a corresponding spatial infrastructure are main objectives of GS Soil. The partners will establish and operate a network of services for spatial datasets and metadata. This network includes distributed services for data transformation, discovery, view and download. The final result of the project will be a central Soil Portal, where European soil data from heterogeneous sources will be bundled. In order to ensure cross-border usability of the portal and related services, aspects of multilingualism and data interpretation will be considered thoroughly. In this respect the harmonization of metadata is also a key topic within the project work. The project will extensively support the implementation of the INSPIRE requirements on basis of available experience in selected European countries and regions on different organisational levels. Users will be able to discover, view and download soil data across Europe. The results of the project will be: −

A consolidated soil-related theme catalogue and consolidated soil-related theme content-framework standards,

239

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 − − −

An INSPIRE compatible metadata profile for spatial soil datasets, dataset series and services, Generic application schemes for soil information, A web portal (GS Soil Portal) which provides access to all project soil data, including, o a view service which provides access to spatial soil data, o discovery and view of the INSPIRE conform metadata for the provided soil maps, o interoperable spatial soil datasets (for exemplary soil products), o case studies on cross-boarder delivery of harmonised soil data access, o Best practise guidelines for
creating and maintaining metadata for soil database,
and for data harmonisation.

In the following chapters the achievements out of the first year of project implementation will be summarized with a special focus on the GS SOIL portal prototype and its network.

2. GS SOIL THEME CATALOGUE AND DATA INVENTORY The soil and soil related data available in the participating countries and at involved data providers were analyzed according to the kind, format, and intellectual property rights applied. By elaboration of best practice guidelines the provided and specific datasets will be systematically harmonized during the project running time. The improved access to soil information through the GS Soil Portal and the user requirements identification are the main objectives. This is the long-term perspective of the GS Soil Portal. At the beginning of the project specific and generic requirements for soil information, services and products were identified by a range of user communities and stakeholders in the 18 participating countries. This requirement analysis resulted in a soil inventory and theme catalogue, which documents the current state and ability of data providers to meet the goal of data harmonization.

3. GS SOIL METADATA PROFILES Information contained in the Implementing Rules for INSPIRE metadata is not sufficient enough to describe all spatial data theme specific aspects. Therefore, it has been planned, that each data specification should contain a metadata profile which is made with respect to those specific aspects of the spatial data theme (i.e. soils). A soil oriented metadata structure profile for soil geographic datasets, series and data services were developed following the INSPIRE IR for metadata, other international, and national standards (like the ISO 19100 series standards), and the needs of the data users. On the other hand, there has been cooperation with the eContentplus project OneGeology-Europe to ensure that metadata structure for the soils will be tightly connected to the metadata structure for geology since these two themes are tightly connected.

240

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The focus was also on data quality that is necessary for the soil spatial data theme. The results are directly defined in the soil metadata profiles. Additionally, recommendations were defined since this second part is not compliant to the existing ISO structure. Metadata structure developed in this project contains an example of the XML encoding soil specific resource.

4. HARMONISATION ACTIVITIES Harmonization requires technically interoperable soil data, clear definitions of the parameters, and type and/or coding of the parameter values and possibly a minimum dataset that comprises any auxiliary information needed for meaningful or valid harmonization procedures. Based on the above described soil data and soil data types, data transfer structures have been developed that address technical interoperability by allowing the unambiguous exchange of soil data and their metadata. In a first step, soil feature types (soil-related object classes that can be described by attributes) have been identified. The second step has been to specify codification in data transfer files. In the context of data harmonization this provides the framework to link up existing soil datasets from one country to another. The level of spatial data consistency depends to a large proportion on provider-level harmonization efforts. Technically interoperable data with clear definitions can subsequently be semantically harmonized if harmonization procedures can be developed that transform datasets into a common parameter and codification space (both at the user and data provider level). For analytical data, this would require e. g. comparative studies between analytical methods or techniques. For soil profile descriptions, transformation would need translation of one description language into another. Examples for such transformations will be thoroughly analyzed in order to identify, to which degree pre-harmonization is needed and how it can be implemented. Exemplary services will be developed with the objective to present homogeneous and meaningful data portrayal. The focus is on soil map legends and soil inventory data, because attribute and property data are crucial for developing evaluation and transformation services. The results will enter in a best practice guideline for soil data specification development under INSPIRE.

5. THE GS SOIL PORTAL (PROTOTYPE) AND ITS NETWORK In the project work package 5 is responsible to set-up the GS Soil Portal and network of distributed services, using the existing technical infrastructure of the PortalU as basis. In the GS Soil Portal all soil related information from web pages, over data bases to data catalogues will be made available and accessible. Search results will be ranked and listed in shared result lists and spatial soil data from OGC compatible Web Mapping Services (WMS) and Web Feature Services (WFS) will be visualized in a map viewer.

241

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 CSW Interface

Open Search Interface Rights Management

Download Map Viewer

Portal Surface

InGridEditor

InGrid-iBus

Transformation Services

InGrid-iPlugs Lucene Index

API Interface

WFS

WMS

External

External

G E M E T

Geonames

Service

HTTP Interface

Metadata Databases

Websites

via DSC

CSW External Interface

InGridCatalog

Figure 1: The architecture of the GS Soil portal (GS SOIL consortium, 2009)

The project results will enter in a best practice guideline for soil data specification development under INSPIRE. For all tasks within the project the GS Soil Portal will be used as platform for an improved access to the soil data. GS Soil Portal has been built in an iterative cycle, adopting the relevant INSPIRE Implementing Rules (Network Services and related) and implementing the results of the other project work packages (general use cases and requirements, data specifications and application profiles / schemas, metadata). At the same time, general open tools and services will be provided for re-use by the project partners (data / service providers) and later technical integration (and testing) of services and underlying geospatial data sets. Particular focus will be placed on mutual harvesting (CS-W) with external systems. The main activities covering the technical preparation for deployment and operational exploitation are divided into sub-tasks, which will be described in the following subchapters. 5.1 Definition and technical specification of the GS Soil Portal and network architecture At the beginning of the project the design specifications of the GS Soil portal and its integrated network was defined as the technical framework for the portal and considered INSPIRE services as discovery, view, download and transformation services. In the overall process the view of the project data providers regarding their requirements and needs on the functionalities of the GS SOIL framework software via a questionnaire were collected.

242

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 After the feedback of the partners the general functional design of necessary tools and services was specified and design specifications for all SW and communication interfaces (portal and network services) were defined accordingly. Of major importance especially for the soil data providing partners was the identification of requirements on the services concerning rights management. While implementing the WMS and information these conditions need to be fulfilled also technically. At this early stage already a set up a number of possible options for data transformation and harmonization was defined, which will be evaluated during project implementation and adopted to the necessary requirements. With special regards to the development of the GS SOIL portal the design specification also comprises information on the German Environmental Information Portal “PortalU”, which builds the technical basis for the GS SOIL portal. Included are also use cases, established requirements (functional, software, hardware) and technical details. 5.2 Establishment of the GS Soil Portal Based on the above described design specification, the GS SOIL portal prototype was established. The system is based on the software InGrid which is used to operate the German environmental portal “PortalU”. The software is build on single components which communicate via internal interfaces based on TCP/IP.The task will set up multilingual portal user interface, catalogue systems, search functionalities and web mapping viewer. All interfaces to web services are be developed with regards to the INSPIRE Directive, the relevant implementing rules and technical guidance documents prepared and published by the European Commission. They are also based on the required ISO and OGC standards. 5.3 Provision of open tools and INSPIRE services for data providers The objective of this task is to provide INSPIRE compliant services for data providers. A recommendation will be made for the implementation of GeoFOSS tools by the involved partner. For the collection and maintenance of metadata there are two options for the involved partners: the InGridEditor and GeoNetwork. GS SOIL Portal will implement the following INSPIRE network services: • Discovery service will make possible the search for spatial data sets and services on the basis of the content of the corresponding metadata and to display the content of the metadata. The discovery service interfaces are intended to allow users or application software to find information that exists in multiple distributed computing environments, including the World Wide Web (WWW) environment. •

View service will make possible, as a minimum, to display, navigate, zoom in/out, pan, or overlay viewable spatial data sets and to display legend information and any relevant content of metadata. As an additional option view service will attempt to implement a harmonized portrayal of soil data from all different providers through applying the WMS functionality Styled Layer Description (SLD).

243

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 •

Download service will enable copies of spatial data sets, or parts of such sets, to be downloaded. Data sets will be pre-defined according to the view area and users will receive links to zip files that they will download.

The implementation of transformation services is discussed, which will enable spatial data sets to be transformed with a view to achieving interoperability. From an INSPIRE point of view, only the external transformation is of interest since the internal one is only visible to the data provider. Nevertheless the option of internal transformation seems much more applicable within the GS Soil project because of performance reasons on one hand and the need for very special transformation on the other hand. It will be proved to apply a rights management system to the mentioned services. Thus, rights management extends those services by additional functionality such as access control and licensing, as required by the INSPIRE directive in Articles 13 and 14(4). The general functionalities of rights management-enabled service will provide rights management metadata, check authentication of requests, authorize requests. 5.4 Establishment of semantic service This task considers aspects of the establishment of semantic interoperability in order to produce seamless geospatial information with improved data access for a wide community of different user groups. Semantic web service will aim to interchange of semantic data and to combine data from different sources and services without losing meaning. Keywords and geographic names provided by thesaurus and gazetteer will play a decisive role in the search functionality of the GS SOIL Portal. The backbone of GS SOIL semantic service will be an external semantic service with an API to support thesaurus (GEMET) and gazetteer (GeoNames, GeoHash, OpenStreetMaps) items. It is connected to the software InGrid and the GS Soil Portal by an extended XML-interface. The GS SOIL project thus follows herein the requirements of the Directive 2007/2/EC (INSPIRE) for the establishment of search criteria specified in art. 11 and in the INSPIRE Implementing Rule for Metadata-Content for the provision of key attributes and corresponding thesauri for multilingual searches. 5.5 Continuous integration of services and information The task encompasses all activities related to the hosting, administration and integration of central services and customization of open tools. 5.6 Deployment and operational exploitation This task covers all additional and preparatory activities for the deployment and operational use and maintenance of the GS Soil Portal: • Preparation of guidelines and procedures for system administration and maintenance, including aspects related to quality control and metadata validation as well as rights and access control.

244

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 •

Configuration interfaces, technical activities for deployment and operational use.

6. TESTING SCENARIOS AND INVOLVEMENT OF TARGET GROUPS Another purpose is to identify the requirements of data provision for different target groups (e.g. public sector bodies, private companies and citizens) related to environmental issues/problems on different levels (metadata, application in planning procedures etc.). The general activities in the project to achieve it will be: • •

to elaborate testing scenarios for target groups (within and outside the project consortium); to define evaluation criteria and key success factors for technical improvement of the GS SOIL Portal as well as for the practical implementation for target users.

Testing scenarios will provide user testing on practical application (for example: search for metadata using keywords, search for maps using keywords). The results will obtain information about: • requirements of data provision for different target user groups; • advantages and disadvantages of the web portal; • problems and gap analysis in comparison to the target user needs. Based on the collected results, evaluation measures will be assessed and proposed for the improvement and quality check of the GS SOIL Portal. In addition, a long-term operational plan assuring practical sustainability, further development of the GS SOIL Portal on European level, considering personal, technical, financial and content aspects will be developed.

7. DISSEMINATION AND ARENESS RISING The project consortium aims to capture, integrate and transfer knowledge and experience gained during the project. Activities under this umbrella are related to the dissemination of the project achievements to a wider audience. In terms of dissemination different types of materials as leaflets, brochures, newsletters, etc. will be produced to inform actual and potential users about project progress and forthcoming events. These are target to a wider audience such as stakeholders, business people, etc. The most important tool for dissemination is the project website: www.gssoil.eu. Activities for awareness rising are focused on potential target users of project results and members of the network, providing the basis for a tangible contribution to the processes of validation and best practice documentation. Also, clustering activities are foreseen as a tool for sharing knowledge, experiences and good practices with other related eContentplus-projects (e.g. OneGeology-Europe, Nature-SDIplus) as well as other EU-initiatives (e.g. INSPIRE, SEIS). 245

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 7.1 Multilingualism The GS SOIL Portal, in which European soil data from heterogeneous sources will be bundled, will also ensure aspects of multilingualism. The currently implemented portal surface supports 10 EU languages (English, German, Portuguese, Dutch (fm. Belgium), Czech, Hungarian, Slovak, Bulgarian, Greek, Slovene) with an option to include any language of the project partners. The support of the search by semantic and spatial functionalities will also be further developed to provide multilingualism.

8. CONCLUSION Already the first year of implementing the eContentplus project GS SOIL “Assessment and strategic development of INSPIRE compliant geodata services for European soil data” by the large project consortium of 34 project partners out of 18 European member states already lead to powerful deliverables. Major advances for the establishment of a European spatial data infrastructure for soil data by setting up the GS SOIL portal and network were made. In the following time period the consortium will further focus on the GS SOIL data specification and harmonization of test cases to provide interoperable and easy assessable data. The technical basis is already provided, but will be further adjusted to the needs of the user and target groups. Finally, the GS SOIL consortium supports experts in the recently established INSPIRE Thematic Working Group (TWG) to develop data specification for the theme soil of the annex III of the INSPIRE Directive. The project provides and will further provide relevant reference material for discussion in the TWG.

10. REFERENCES COM 2008. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Towards a Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS), SEC 2008 111, SEC 2008 112, 0046 final. European Union 2007. Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) – in: Official Journal of the European Union L 108, 50. Feiden, K., 2009. THE eContentplus-PROJECT „GS SOIL”: Assessment and strategic development of INSPIRE compliant Geodata-Services for European Soil Data. Hungarian Journal of Landscape Ecology, Tájökológiai Lapok 7 (2): 485–487 (2009). Feiden, K., Klenke, M., Kruse, F., Konstantinidis, S., 2009. Building a Soil Information Portal for Europe based on the PortalU® Technology. In: Proceedings of EnviroInfo 2009, 23rd International Conference on Informatics for Environmental Protection Volumne 1, 09.11.09.2009, Berlin.

246

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Konstantinidis, S., Klenke, M., Kruse, F. 2009. Building a Soil Information Portal for Europe Based on the PortalU® Technology. GSDI 11 World Conference 2009 & 3rd European INSPIRE conference, Rotterdam, 15.-19.06.2009 Kruse, F., Konstantinidis, S., Klenke, M. 2009. PortalU®, a Tool to Support the Implementation of the Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS) in Germany. EnviroInfo 2009, 23rd International Conference on Informatics for Environmental Protection, Berlin, 09.-11.09.2009 Uhrich, S., Klenke, M., Kruse, F., Giffei, C. 2009. Approach to Build a Soil Information Portal for Europe Based on the PortalU® Technology. In: Proceedings of the European conference of the Czech Presidency of the Council of the EU ”TOWARDS eENVIRONMENT. Opportunities of SEIS and SISE: Integrating Environmental Knowledge in Europe", Prague, March 25-27, p. 265-268.

11. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Mrs. Feiden is Diplom Geographer (University of Göttingen, Germany) and experienced coordinator in international project management. She gained specific experiences in the field of sustainable development, water management, spatial planning and geo-data issues in the last 8 years. She has valuable experience in building up transnational cooperation in the South East European Space and Central Europe due to her previous occupation as consultant in the framework of the EUINTERREG-programme. As chief project manager at the Coordination Center PortalU Mrs. Feiden is in charge for the eContentplus-project GS SOIL “Assessment and strategic development of INSPIRE compliant Geodata-Services for European Soil Data” since 2009. She is responsible for the overall scientific coordination as well as the coordination of the 34 involved project partners out of 18 EU member states. Mr. Kruse, who holds a PhD in physics (University Bremen, Germany), is head of the coordination centre PortalU in the Lower Saxony Ministry of Environment and Climate Protection. The German Environmental Information Portal (www.portalu.de) PortalU is a federal state cooperation from the German environmental administration to provide common access to public environmental information. Dr. Kruse is responsible for the overall coordination of the PortalU project partners (German federal government and 16 federal states), technical development of the portal and the presentation of the project to international partners. PortalU is mentioned as national best practice example within the EU Commission Communication towards SEIS to implement SEIS. Dr. Kruse represents the Cooperation Centre in the INSPIRE process as a technical expert for metadata. Mrs. Valcheva has a Diploma in Informatics (Sofia University “Kliment Ohridski”, B) and is experienced expert in IT technologies. As a manager of IT department in InfoLogica Company she is responsible for developing and implementing of information systems. Her previous occupation as Bulgarian PCP and NRCs for Information Systems in Bulgaria for the European 247

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Environment Agency and Management of Bulgarian reporting to EEA via Reportnet brought a valuable experience in building Information system especially in the field of environment. Mrs. Valcheva is part of Infologica team which is partner in a project GS SOIL “Assessment and strategic development of INSPIRE compliant Geodata-Services for European Soil Data” and is in charge of building and setting up of technology solutions for INSPIRE and thesaurus services. Mr. Georgi Georgiev is MSc of Information Science (Technical University, Sofia) and is a Managing Director of InfoLogica Company. He has more than 15 years experience in IT systems and strategy development. He has extensive experience in system engineering and good professional skill for design, realization and integrations of high technology solutions in networking and its systems. As Managing Director of InfoLogica he has gained valuable experience in project management and co-ordination for development projects of ICT Systems, design, development and maintenance of Information Systems based on technologies such as Relational Data Base Management Systems ,Data warehouse Technology, GIS systems, Expert and Knowledge Based System. In working on a number of projects for air pollution monitoring, permits issuing and reporting system, water monitoring systems Georgi Georgiev has gained valuable experience in development and implementation of Information Systems in the environment sector. Mr. Georgiev represents the Infologica company in INSPIRE project GSSOIL as a technological provider.

Acknowledgment The work presented in this paper is the joint effort of the GS SOIL consortium. The authors are representatives of the project coordinator and members of the work package on the technical establishment of the GS SOIL portal. They are solely responsible for the content. The paper does not represent the opinion of the European Community and the European Community is not responsible for any use that might be made of information contained therein. For further information on the project please visit the website: http://www.gssoil.eu/.

248

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

KOSOVO FOREST INVENTORY PROJECT 2002-2003 Ferim GASHI

1

ABSTRACT Following the 1999 war, returning foresters compiled available information on forest resources in Kosovo. These data stemmed from the period before and during first half of 1990. The total forest area was estimated at about 430, 000 ha, or approximately 40% of the total land area. Of this area, low forest originating from stool-shoots (coppice) constituted the major part, covering more than 60%. High forest was estimated at about 25%. The growing stock in high forest was estimated at about 17 – 18 million m³, and total standing volume at approximately 30 million m³ for all types of forests, 62% of all forest was considered state owned, while the remaining 38% was classified as private or community owned. By the Kosovo Forest Agency, the annual allowable cut was initially estimated at 70, 000 m³ from coppice forests. The previous assessments were carried out by the state forest company Serbia Forest. Since available information was scarce and referred to the situation before the conflict, validation of the data with regard to the present situation could only be done through a new Kosovo – wide forest inventory. Previous assessments were also mainly focusing on State forest, while inventory results from private forests have been negligible or non – existing. In this way, e new Kosova – wide inventory would be the first one ever or for a very long time that assessed and compiled the data from public and private forests, using the same methodology. Previous assessments were based on the aggregation of data from stand – wise management plans. The new NFI project has been based on a different concept, namely the systematic sample plot inventory. The main objective is to promote a sustainable forest management by assessing the total forest resources and the annual sustainable harvest level. The project was started in February 2002 and finalized in December 2003. After a short test period in the autumn of 2002, the major part of the fieldwork took place from March – November 2003 Key word: INSPPIRE, NSDI, GIS portal, Forest Inventory

1. INTRODUCTION Forest information in Kosovo has existed before and during 1990s, since then all the plans have been described only for the public properties. After the year 1999, one of the urgent identified actions has been the verification of the data and reinstallment of the capacities of the leading measurement of the forest resources in entire Kosovo. This kind of information is crucial for different strategic decisions in an environment, the sector of forest policies and for monitoring and managing forests. Considering this as an 1

MSc. Ferim Gashi, Ph.D. Candidate [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Institution, Kosovo Forest Agency, www.mbpzhr-ks.org Tel.: +381 38 484, Gsm. +377 44 114674, Fax: +381 38 212 905. Address: Str. Zenel Salihu No: 2 1/A 10 000 Prishtine, Kosova 249

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 immediate need, the government of Norway has accepted to finance the forest resources measurement together with the main objective of the building forest information system in Kosovo. Specified objectives of the project have been reviewing of existing forest system and ensuring compatibility with international definitions, calculation of the area and the volume in feet according to the determined classes and property category as well as building capable organization to lead national stocktaking of the forests. Existing orthophotos and cartographic maps are used for initial classification of the surfaces. The aim of the previous classification was identifying forest areas that require measures and creation of orientation maps. Another issue was to make possible previous classification of the land usage class and a rapid classification of the forests and other forest areas in a limited number of classes. All forest areas classified as” forests” or as ‘’Other Forest Areas’’ should have been visited in the terrain for detailed measures and classifications. Since the beginning it was expected that it would be impossible for all the areas to be visited, thus the interpretation of the aerial photographs of the non visited areas makes possible calculations according to the classes of the total used area of Kosovo, as well as securing test areas in the specific type of forest which would increase the evaluation of the volume expansion for the non visited areas of the terrain.

2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES With the support of FAO for the forest sector in Kosovo and from a study done by the Norwegian Foresters Group (NFG), installing measurement capacities and forest resources monitoring in Kosovo level. . These two elements have included: The interpretation and classification of the area from photogrametry in general, accompanied with the system of forest monitoring, building the net of the permanent test areas in the line of National Forest Stocktaking. Detailed measurements of the terrain for gathering information of the terrain specifications utilized for the managing operative plans. The main objective of the project has been building the forest information system in Kosovo level for the Kosovo forest resources. Main objectives are: •

Relevant training for staff

•

Creating a new capable structure to lead National Stocktaking of forests including results monitoring and presentation

•

Review of the existing system of classification as to the system of classification of the region countries compatible with the international definitions (UN-ECE/FAO);

•

The calculation of the area according to the determined classes and category of the property;

•

The calculation of volume for 1 acre and the total for the property categories and the determined classes;

•

The calculation of the main part and position of the wastelands and degraded land that after the investments could convert to plantations 250

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 •

The potential for cutting the existing forest in the future as well as investing for the rehabilitation of the forestry ;

Indirectly the sector of forests, including the forest owners, the government and the industry of wood processing, will benefit from the possession of the more accurate information of planning and decision taking. Except this, the project objective is the contribution in the sustainable development of the forest resources and economy in general.

2.1 Existing data for the forests In the terms of forest land, some autochthonal species of leaves dominate, European beech (Fagus Silvatica) is broadly expanded and it has a considering economic importance. European silver fir (Abies Alba), European spruce (Picea Abies) and The scots pine (Pinus Silvestris) are conifer species grown in a natural way in great elevation. European Black Pine/Austrian Pine (Pinus Nigra) is an important species that is dominant in low altitudes. After the 1999 war, foresters have gained available information of forest resources. This information dates from the early period and during the first half year of 1990. The total forest area was approximately 430 000 ha, or circa 40% of the total area. In this area, low regenerated forests cover the vast part or more than 60% of the total forest area. High forests are estimated to be 25%. The volume of the forests in cubic meters in the woods has been estimated to be 17-18 million m3 and the total volume in cubic meters approximately 30 million m3 for all kinds of forests. 62% of the total forests is considered to be as public property, while the remaining 38% is classified as private property forests. Kosovo Forest Agency (KFA) allows 70 000 m³ of the public high forests to be cut and 130 000 m³ from low forests.

2.2 Compiling of the existing information, barriers in the usage of information The project has ensured seven sets of equipment for the stocktaking form the Swedish supplier Skogma AB (the project was selected for the GPS). The digjital aerial photos (2D) and topographic maps are basic data used for the classification of the area. The project has obtained the aerial photos form Kosovo Cadastral Agency (KCA) which covers approximately 80% of the total area. This was developed from aerial photos with a resolution of the terrain 40cm taken during 2000 and 2001. Each photo covers an area of 1km2. Digital orthophotos were form the Gauss-Krüger system used in former Yugoslavia. The copies of topographic maps of the scale 1:25,000 (Dy sets) consisting of 100 seperate maps. These maps were produced in former Yugoslavia in the 1970s. The Eastern EU, satelite center fpr Kosovo offers geo-cod digital geographic information in there bands which offer analyse and visualisation of Kosovo in the variable scale from 1:1 000 000 till 1:5 000. The civil defence directorate has offered digjital data provided by UN mine action coordination centre. Some areas have been identified as dangerous areas as for unidentified mines and explosive. Kosovo Forest Agency has enabled forests maps of scale 1:50 000 in the managing 251

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 forest plans. Maps offer information for the forests classes, the quality of location, and other publik forests. A vast majorit of the maps are invalid. For instance in the forbidden flying area along the Serbia border in the northeast and northwest, for which orthophotos are missing (20% of the total area), and the images taken from India satelite IRS LISS were tested but they were useless due to the small resolution. Eighty-seven areas interpreted as forests and forest land have been classified in forests during work in the terrain. We can clearly see that there is an existing reasonable state in terms of comparing covering information about forests in the old topographic maps and current situation. This shows that usage of the land has been relatively konstant during the period. Orthophotos are aplicable for the period 6-8 years, However their usage has been limited only for the project.

3 THE STOCKTAKING RESULTS The distribution of forest area according to the origin, species classes, their age and the handling possibility. The project has estimated the total forest area 464 800 (ha), which is approximately 35 000 ha bigger than the previous. The reason for this deviation might be different factors used during the classification of the land as the transformation of the arable land into forest land. Stocktaking has also classified 28 200 ha as other forest land. This category or other similar categories have not been used in the other stocktaking in Kosovo. Wasteland on the other hand some which may be suitable for forestry consist of 23400 ha. Pastures are the other classes which cover 153 200ha. Some of the area has been eroded as a result they have only a thin soil layer. Despite to their poor quality, some of these areas might be suitable for forestry or other ways of usage. Table 1. The total area of Kosovo in accordance with the usage classes Area usage

Area (ha)

Forest land

464 800

Other foerts land

28 200

Wasteland

23 400

Agricultural land

342 400

Pastures and meadows

153 200

Urban areas and buildings

40 000

Water

4 600

Unclassified

41 600

Total

1 098 200 252

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

The total area corresponds approximately same with the existing official figures. This is an excuse that the system is distributed in a good way. According to the above chart out of the overall area 464 800 ha, 278 880 ha or 60% has been classified as publik forest land. The rest 40% (185 920 ha) is a private property. These figures differ from the old statistical data and the cadastral data. Data source

Public forets

Private forest

Total

Old statistics

266 000

162 000

428 000

Cadastral data 2004

196 000

198 000

394 000

Visited area

202 800

176 400

379 200

Non visited area

76 080

9 520

85 600

Total

278 880

185 920

464 800

Stocktaking data:

The figures from the cadastral data (198 000) are much higher than the old statistical data from 162 000 ha, and therefore should be checked. Taking into consideration the distributing result of the test area which they show a total area of 176 400 ha as private forest property of the total forest of 464 800 ha where we have the expansion of 40% private forest land and 60% public forest land, the total area of private forest land has been estimated of 185 920 ha and public forest property of 278 880 ha. All this is a consequence of 88% of the non visited area in the terrain which is in public property. The vast area of non visited land is the mined area in North Mitrovica in the border area where it is impossible to penetrate. This fact supports the assumption that the non visited area is a public property. Table 2. Forest area according to the origin and property class (ha). The pile origin

Public

Private

Total

Without trees

22 200

10 000

32 200

Natural seeding

89 200

82 000

171 200

Forestry or artificial seeding

1 800

400

2 200

Stumps, forestry

17 600

19 000

36 600

Stumpy area

62 000

53 800

115 800

Stumps

10 000

11 200

21 200

Total forestlands surveyed

202 800

176 400

379 200

Non visited Forest area (no information)

76 080

9 520

85 600

253

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Total forest area visited and non visited

278 880

185 920

464 800

Total area in percentage

60

40

(100)

Comments: •

32 200 ha is classified as „woodless“. This area may include a high productivity forests, suitable for artificial regeneration;

•

171 200 ha is a forest created through natural seeds and therefore classified as a high wood with >16 m;

•

115 800 ha is classified as stumpy forest. The main area is in the central part of Kosovo;

•

Stumpy forest with standards are low forests, however there are with high woods (21 200 ha);

•

Only 2 200 ha is registered as forested wood are. This figure does not correspond well to the forested data, that show a total forested area between 15 000 – 20 000 ha. Some forested woods might be registered under the class “Mixed stumpy area/seedy or forested’’, nevertheless it is clear that a vast forested area is missing.

The majority of public forests is situated in the elevation between 600-800 m. Table 3 shows the public forestry area according to its origin and elevation. Table 3. Public forest area according to its origin and elevation (ha) Elevation Pile origin

200400

400600

600800

8001000

10001200

12001400

14001600

Without trees

400

6 000

9 800

4 400

800

600

200

Natural seeding

1 400

4 400

16 800

22 600

10 200

13 000

9 400

Forestry or artificial seeding

1 600

200

4 000

>1600

2 000

4 800

2 000

254

TOTAL

22 200 11 400

200

3 000

No records

89 200

1 800

1 000

600

17 600

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Stumps 800

7 600

Cungishte me standarde

21400

25000

2 800

3 000

5 000

2 000

2 600

1 400

400

62 000

10 000

No information

76 080

76 080

Total

2 800

23 600

54 000

59 000

20 600

18 400

12 000

12 400

76 080

278 880

Total area in percent

1

8

19

22

8

7

4

4

27

100

Comments: •

Classified area as “without trees” is expanded in low altitudes. It may be assumed that this area is more possible to be penetrated and this is the reason that it has been a subject of many illegal cutting

•

More than 60% of the piles created by natural regeneration are expanded in the altitude between 600 – 1 000 meters. These forests in many cases have a good growth , have high quality and are used for technical logs;

•

50% of the total forest area is expanded in the altitude lower than 1 000 m;

•

Non visited area is classified through the photo interpretation. The kinds of trees have been classified as leafy unclassified (see table 4).

Public forests in general are expanded in a higher altitude comparing to private forests that are expanded in lower altitudes. Table 4 represents the distribution according to origin and elevation in private forests Table 4. Private forest area according to the origin and elevation (ha) Elevation Pile origin

200400

400600

600800

8001000

Without trees

1 000

3 000

5 000

800

Natural seeding

800

5 200

41 400

23 400

10001200

12001400

14001600

>1600

200

6 000

2 400

255

No records

TOTAL

9 000

2 200

600

82 000

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Forestation or artificial seeding

400

400

Stumps, seeding or forestry (mixed)

1 000

10 400

2 800

3 400

800

200

400

19 000

Stumps

5 000

10 200

22 000

13 600

1 800

1 000

200

53 800

600

3 000

5 600

1 200

800

Standard stumps

11 200

No records

9 520

9 520

Total

7 800

29 400

74 200

47 200

9 800

4 600

2 800

600

9 520

185 920

The percentage of total area

4

16

40

26

5

3

1

-

5

100

Comments: •

Stumpy forests and piles created by natural seeding dominate

•

There is only a small forestation area, this is justified through forestation programmes which have been concentrated in the public forest lands;

•

A small part of stumpy forest with standards is higher than the public forests. This shows us that management of private forests is better than the management of public forests thus unlike public forests, private forests are not aimed to be cut

•

86% of private forests is expanded in the elevation lower than 1 000 m.

Table 5. Public forest area according to species classes and forest structures (ha) Forest structures Class of species

Under regeneration

Annual

1 600

400

high trees

Annually duration

No records

Total

Without woods 2 000 (1%)

256

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Coniferous

Leafy

2 600

Mix

5 000

1 400

8 400

14 800 (5%)

117 400

11 200

52 800

184 000 (66%)

1 800

2 000 (1%)

200

No information

Total

4 200

123 000

12 600

63 000

76 080

76 080 (27%)

76 080

278 880

Table 5 shows public forests according to the classes of species and the structure of the forests. Coniferous forests include pine and fir tree while leafy forests are dominated by the leaves and the types of beech. Comments: •

Leafy forests cover (defined and undefined) more than 90 % of the forest area.

•

Leafy forests cover more than 90% of the forest area

•

5% is defined as coniferous forest. These forests mainly are expanded in the west of Kosovo

•

A considerate area of the forest has been classified as annual duration forest or taller woods.

•

More 50% of annual duration is coniferous forests.

4. CONCLUSIONS The main conclusions elicited across the project course are: •

379 200 ha is classified as forest area through the interpretation of the aerial photography and terrain studies. 85 600 ha has been classified as forested area through interpretation of aerial photography, but they have not been visited due to the mine areas and their logistics difficulties. The total area which was calculated from the visited area and non visited area there have been 278 880 ha of public forests and 185 9920 ha private forests. This total area of (464 800 ha) is bigger (6-8%) than the earlier measures;

•

Leafy forests created form natural seeds cover more than 90%. Dominant species of the leafy forests are Beeches and Oak trees. Coniferious forests cover 7% of the total forest area and are dominated by Abies alba, Picea abies and Pinus sp.;

257

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 •

The total volume in m³ in the public forests is estimated approximately 33.5 million m3. Out of this volume 25.9 m3 is wood with a diameter of >7 cm. In the private forests the total volume in m3 is estimated to be approximately 19.5 million m3 out of which 14.5 million m3 is wood with a diameter of >7 cm;

•

Annual growth of the woods in the visited area and the woods with a diameter >7 cm, is estimated to be 1.165 million m3. None visited forest areas 85 600 ha are expanded in the locations near mined and inaccessible areas so it has been foreseen that these areas should not be included in the area that could be used.

•

Based on the actual status of the forests, the annual possibility of the usage has been estimated 900 000 m3 that corresponds to 77% of the growth of the forest in the visited areas. Circa 700 000 m3 can be cut in high forests (> 16 m) and approximately 200 000 m3 in low forests. These calculations are in gross thus they include the peak of the trees, tree branches and thickness. To achieve this utility of volume requires modification in the management and so far usage.

•

40% of public forest area and 29% of private forest area are subjected to illegal uncontrolled cutting although with all standards these figures are very high. The situation is very critical in the coniferous forests where the overall existing surface will be in risk if immediate actions are not taken. Stocktaking results also confirm the expert’s opinion that the stumpy forests especially public forests are exposed to cutting.

5. REFERENCES Kosovo Forest Agency (2010), Forest stocktaking 2002/2003; Pristine, Kosovo

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Mr. Ferim Gashi holds a MSc in European Spatial Planning and Regional Development (Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden). He is Acting Director of the Coordinating Acting Director of the Coordination Directorate at the Kosovo Forest Agency in Prishtina, Kosovo (www. http://www.ksgov.net/mbpzhr/). Kosovo Forest Agency is responsible for matters related to forests and forest land, public land forests administration and management as well as National Parks in Kosovo except those issues which in a special way, law determines other authority than the Government. Mr Ferim Gashi is responsible for executing general policies of development and strategic intentions on the sustainable management basis of the wood and non wood resources and wild fauna in the level of the KFA office. Coordinating activities and plan supervision and maintenance of the infrastructure, equipment, tools 258

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 and objects for the efficient protection of forest resources from fire, illnesses and forest deleterious. Presently Mr. Ferim Gashi has enrolled a PhD at the University of Tirana in Albania with the research theme “GIS role in Spatial and Urban Planning, development challenges that directly impact in Spatial Planning.”

259

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

OVERVIEW ON GLOBAL MAP AS CONTRIBUTOR OF GSDI Bashkim IDRIZI 1, Murat MEHA , Pal NIKOLLI 3, Ismail KABASHI 4 2

ABSTRAKT Global mapping is an international collaborative initiative through voluntary participation of national mapping organizations of the world, aiming to develop globally homogeneous geographic data set at the ground resolution of 1km, and to establish concrete partnership among governments, NGOs, private sectors, data providers and users to share information and knowledge for sound decision-making. The primary objective of Global Mapping project is to contribute to the sustainable development through the provision of base framework geographic dataset, which is necessary to understand the current situation and changes of environment of the world. Nowadays in the web site of ISCGM are available four GM datasets, named as GM V0, GM VX, GM V1/V2 (national and regional version) and GM V1 (global version), by following the ISO/TC 211 standards for geographic information. The GM specification consist the standards of GM V1/V2 and GM V1, both of them as most popular and most utilized GM data. GM V1 (global version) is available within the Google Earth also. The research for utilization of GM data resulted with some limitations in wide utilization for spatial analyses in international level. Problems detected as data overlapping, gaps, spatial discontinuity of data, non-homogeneous accuracy of whole data, utilization of UNK as value for unknown data ext., make GM dataset with limited utilization for wide spatial analyses. The lack of cartographic key (cartographic symbols), lack of cartographic/graphic representation, and absence of defined map projection prove that global map oneself does not contain the basic elements characterize a map, but it is just GIS database. Results from the research are in accordance with paragraph 6 of the GM specification 2, where suggestions from GM users are required, hoping that they will be taken into account in the next revision of GM specification.

1

Prof.Dr.sc. Bashkim IDRIZI, [email protected] State University of Tetova, www.unite.edu.mk Tel.: +389 2 2612-492, Gsm.: +389 75 712-998, Fax: +389 44 334-222 Str. Dzon Kenedi, 25-4-20, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. 2 Prof.Dr.sc. Murat MEHA, [email protected], University of Prishtina, www.uni-pr.edu Gsm.: +377 44 120-958. Prishtina, Republic of Kosova. 3 Prof.Dr.sc. Pal NIKOLLI, [email protected] Tirana University, Department of geography, www.fhf.edu.al Gsm.: +355 69 2472-451 Elbasan street, Faculty of History and Philology, Tirana, Albania. 4 Prof.Dr.sc. Ismail KABASHI, [email protected], University of Prishtina, www.uni-pr.edu Gsm.: +377 44 325-819. Prishtina, Republic of Kosova. 259

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Key word: global map, vector data, raster data, GM V1/V2 national and regional version, GM V1 global version.

1. INTRODUCTION Global Mapping is a process/project for the development of spatial database for the surface of the Earth that corresponds to the scale 1:1.000.000 for vector data and 30” spatial resolution for raster data, consistent with the specifications adopted by the International Steering Committee for Global Mapping (ISCGM). GM has accomplished through cooperation between national agencies for Cartography (National Mapping Organizations - NMO) as country participants in the project. The main purpose of this global project is to gather intelligence from all countries interested organizations to develop and easy access to spatial data in digital form at the global level. Collaboration between participants in different levels is essential to sound decision making for sustainable economic development of society and environment. This will be used for implementation of global/international conventions and agreements for environment protection, to oversee major phenomena of the environment and encourage economic growth within a sustainable context. GM also contributes to the development of global spatial data infrastructure (GSDI - Global Spatial Data Infrastructure) and to global observation systems on Earth (GEOSS - Global Earth observation system of systems). The GM data primarily is aimed for: - Monitoring and early warning systems for natural disasters; - Monitoring and management of natural resources; - Assessment of the trends of environment changes; - Local, national and multinational physical development planning; and - Informed decision-making of policy makers with a strategic database. GM with steady of data quality and standards can be used as tool for monitoring of the environmental status in regional and global level. Utilization of GM data enables analysis of the data pertaining to everyday life in different situations. GM data might have limited use in national and local level. They are necessary to monitor global, regional and international issues, as well as national issues if the country has a large area. Some potential applications of GM data are given bellow: - Global Environmental Assessments (Ozone, Intergovernmental panel on climate change IPCC, Global Climate Models etc.) - Global/Regional/National perspective and contextual information - Developing ecosystem, drainage basins framework for environmental assessment - Quantifying trans boundary issues - Rapid response capability/early warning - Environmental priority setting, analytical studies over large areas. For these reasons, international organizations and institutions around the globe provide and share Global Map information about the state of the globe and its changes. The “Earth Summit” - the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) - in Rio in June 1992 addressed the issue of information access. The report of this session includes mention of the need for global mapping, stressing the importance of public access to information and international cooperation in making it available. It is therefore essential that we have access to the most accurate and up-to-date maps of important environmental features, if we are to properly understand our global 260

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 environment. At present, available maps of the entire globe originate from various sources and therefore their accuracy is inconsistent, mainly because of irregularities in source material, lack of up-to-date data, gaps in the data, etc. Insufficient circulations of existing map information and a concern for national security have also reduced the availability of maps at a global scale. Despite the maps prepared in local/national standards, GM dataset enable (Idrizi, 2006): - all data of Earth to be in one place, - with the same attributes, - in the same format, - in the same coordinate system, - in the same scale, and - with similar accuracy. The process of GM developing is directly supported by the United Nations, from which in 1998 was put down the letter addressed to all National mapping organizations around the world with invitation for participating in the project. “Initiatives and partnerships for global mapping,” were strongly encouraged in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation following the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. The Global Map project was subsequently registered as an initiative following this summit with the goal of completing global coverage by the year 2007 (GM specification 2, 2009).

2. GLOBAL MAP DATA Spatial features of global map dataset are organized into thematic layers in either vector or raster formats with each layer containing logically related geographic information. Global Map contains four kinds of datasets: - Global Map V.0 - Global Map V.X - Global Map V1/V2 (national and regional version) and - Global Map V1 (global version). The GM V.0 is based in Vmap level 0 data, Global Land Cover Characterization (GLCC), and GTOPO 30 elevation data set. All listed datasets are existing global geographic datasets, without any validation of any NMO. It contains four raster layers (vegetation, land cover, land use and elevation), all of them in TIFF and BIL raster formats, except elevation which is only in BIL raster format. The GM V.X is based in existing global geographic datasets, as the previous one (GM V0), tentatively developed with expectance to be improved in GM V1/V2. The GM V1/V2 national and regional version is most popular and most utilized global map dataset, produced by National Mapping Organizations of respective countries under their responsibility, without any responsibility assume of ISCGM for the contents of these data. In addition to the official VPF/GML and BIL formats, Shape and TIFF formats are available for the Global Map V.1/V.2 (National and Regional version) also. It contains eight layers, four vector layers (populations centers, drainage, transportations and boundaries) represented in VPF, Shape and/or GML formats, and four raster (elevation, land cover, land use and vegetation) layers in TIFF and/or BIL format. The GM V1 global version was developed as additional raster data aimed to replace existing raster layers (land cover, land use and vegetation) in future GM V2. The data were created by using MODIS data observed in 2003 (TERRA Satellite). It contains 261

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 two raster layers, Land cover and Vegetation (Percent tree cover), all of them available on BIL and TIFF formats, with the same spatial resolution as raster data of national and regional version. They are uploaded and available in Google Earth also (figure 1).

Figure 1. Global map V1 (global version) in Google Earth

2.1. Global Map V1/V2 – national and regional version The global map V1/V2 national and regional version, is most utilized and known version of global map, in which all participant NMOs give their efforts for its developing. This global map dataset includes both types of data, vector and raster data, provided by NMOs based on their level of participation. The list of layers is given in the next table 1. Table 1. Global Map V1/V2 data set layers - national/regional version Vector Layers Transportation Boundaries Drainage Population Centers

Raster Layers Elevation Land Cover Land Use Vegetation

Figure 2. Global Map V1/V2 data set - national/regional version

262

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 2.1.1. Vector data of GM V1/V2 – national and regional version The features of the vector data are represented by the three basic spatial objects: points, edges (lines) and faces (polygons), allocated a category number for linking the geometrical with attribute data. GM vector data stored as edges and faces are individually structured, which means that GM vector data is partly topologically structured. The intense of GM vector data is to keep the logical consistency of data, and non duplicate features. The structure of GM vector data is adapted to ISO/TC 211 standards. Vector layers and the associated feature types are shown in the following table 2 (GM specification 2, 2009). Table 2. Feature class, name, type and inclusion of vector layers Layer Feature Name Transportation Airport Railroad Station

Feature Type point point

Inclusion optional optional

Abbreviation airp rstatp

Port Railroad Road Trails and Tracks Line Ferry route Boundaries Political Boundary Coast Line Political Boundary Line Political Boundary Area Drainage Miscellaneous (Hydrography) (Dam/Weir/Island/Spring /Water-Hole) Miscellaneous (Dam/Weir) Aqueduct/Canal/Flume/ Penstock Water Course Inland Water Population Built-up area Centres Built-up area

point edge edge edge edge point edge edge face point

optional mandatory mandatory mandatory optional mandatory mandatory mandatory mandatory optional

portp raill roadl traill ferryl polbndp coastl polbndl polbnda miscp

edge

optional

miscl

edge

optional

aquel

edge face point

mandatory mandatory optional

riverl inwatera builtupp

face

optional

builtupa

The vector data of Global Map V1/V2 (national and regional version) can be downloaded in VPF (Vector Product Format), SHAPE and GML (Geography Markup Language) formats. VPF is a standard format, structure, and organization for large geographic databases that are based on a geo-relational data model, combinatorial topology and set theory, and are intended for direct use (Idrizi, 2007a). Because the utilization of VPF files is so limited by the existing GIS software’s, on October 10th 2008 the existing GM vector data (national/regional version) has been published in SHAPE format also, which is more simple and user-friendly format. On October 25th 2009, the GML (standardized in ISO19136) format has replaced former VPF as the 263

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 official distribution format of GM data, which provides a standard format for transferring digital geographic data (Idrizi, Nikolli, Hyseni, 2010). The file names of shape and GML data are different. The names of shape files consists the identifying letters of layer, and in the end of name letter of geometrical type of data (p for point, l for line and a for polygons), given in next table 3. The names od vector data stored in GML format have a file name of the form wwww_xxx_y.zzz or wwww_xxx.zzz where: - wwww - identifies the abbreviation of the feature shown in table 2, - xxx - identifies the country code from ISO 3166 Nation Code, - y - shows the Unique ID if a territory is divided in two or more tiles, and - zzz - is the extension identifying the data (gml). Table 3. Names of shape files of GM V1/V2 (national and regional version) and features within them Shapefile transp.shp

Features Airport, Rail yard

transl.shp bndp.shp bndl.shp bnda.shp hydrop.shp hydrol.shp hydroa.shp popp.shp popa.shp

Railroad, Road, Trails and tracks line, Structures (bridge, tunnel, ferry route) Political boundary Political boundary line, Coast line Political boundary, Ocean/Sea Miscellaneous (Dam/Weir, Island, Spring/Water-hole) Aqueduct/Canal/Flume/Penstock, Water course Inland water Builtup area, Miscellaneous population Builtup area

Table 4. Excample of names of gml files of GM V1/V2 (national and regional version) Name of GML files builtupa_mkd_1.gml builtupa_mkd.gml

Description When country is divided in two ore more tiles When the whole country is within one tile

2.1.2. Raster data of GM V1/V2 – national and regional version The raster data grid cells are organized and accessed by rows and columns with the cell size (spatial resolution) 30”x30”, with the origin on the north-west corner of the tile. Its area represented by a square grid cell is computed from the length of its side called spatial resolution. The attribute of each cell represent a characteristic that is dominant nearby the center point of cell. The characteristics of the raster layers of Global Map data will be shown in the following text. Elevation Layer – contain the vertical distance between the surface of the earth and the mean sea level that the nation has defined. The elevation layer is in a Band Interleaved Line (BIL) format with 16-bit elevation value and 30” horizontal grid spacing. The values of elevation are represented in meters, in which the codes -9999 are areas masked with the sea.

264

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Land Cover Layer - Land cover is the observed (bio) physical cover on the earth’s surface (Di Gregorio and Jansen, 1998). In Global Map specification the codes of Land Cover Characteristics of GM V1/V2 national/regional version is adopted for International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). IGBP has 17 Land Cover classes. Land Use Layer - Land Use is a series of operations on land, carried out by humans, with the intention of obtaining products and/or benefits through using land resources (de Bie 2000). For Land Use legend, simplified GLLC with 9 classes is adopted. There is a proposal to drop this layer from the next version 2 of GM national/regional as this being almost derived from Land Cover data. Vegetation Layer - For Vegetation layer, a modified water legend with 20 classes is adopted. Changing of this layer based on percent tree cover for GM V1 global version is proposed also. Table 5. Types of raster data of GM V1/V2 national and regional version Land Cover Description Evergreen Needleleaf Forest Evergreen Broadleaf Forest Deciduous Needleleaf Forest Deciduous Broadleaf Forest Mixed Forest Closed Shrublands Open Shrublands Woody Savannas Savannas Grasslands Permanent Wetlands Croplands Urban and Built-Up Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaic Snow and Ice Barren or Sparsely Vegetated Water Bodies

Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Land Use Description Forest

Vegetation Code 10 20

Mixture Grassland/shrub Agricultural area

30 40 50

Wetland

60

Barren area Built-up area Drainage/water

70 80 90

Ocean

10 11 12 13 14

Description Tropical rainforest Hydrotropic forest Grassland in tropical or sub-tropical zone Semi desert in tropical or sub-tropical zone Desert in tropical or subtropical zone Evergreen thick-leaved forest Evergreen broad-leaved forest Deciduous broad-leaved forest Grassland in temperate zone Semi-desert in temperate zone Desert in temperate zone Northern coniferous forest Tundra Water body

15 16

Ice and snow

17

Mixed forest Mixed land Non natural Unclassified

Wetland

Code 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 210 220 230 240 250

Global Map raster data is in simple binary raster format without the embedded header – BIL (Band Interleaved by Line) format, pixel information stores band by band for each 265

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 line, or row, of the image. Vegetation, Land Cover and Land Use are in 8 bit unsigned data and the elevation data in 16 bit signed in Motorola (big-endian) byte order. On October 10th 2008 the existing GM raster data (national/regional version) has been published in TIFF format also, which is more simple and user-friendly format. All layers are identified with two letters, which explain the name of layer (table 6). The file names have the form ww_xxx.zzz where - ww identifies the theme, - xxx identifies the country code which is defined at ISO 3166 Nation Code, and - zzz is the extension identifying the data (bil or tiff) or the header (hdr). Table 6. Identifiers of raster layers within GM V1/V2 (national/regional version) Identifier el lc lu ve

Theme Elevation Land Cover Land Use Vegetation

2.2. Global Map V1 – global version The Global Version is developed by using satellite imagery with cooperation between participating NMOs and supporting stakeholders, which covers only the vegetation and land cover layers. The ground truth data are collected by Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University in cooperation with National Mapping Organizations (NMO). Cell size for raster data is the same as national/regional version, 30 arc-seconds by 30 arc-seconds with the origin being the north-west corner of the tile. The data format of global map V1 global version is the same as national/regional version also. File names of global version of raster data have a form wwyy.zzz, where: - ww - indentifies the theme, - yy - identifies the file number, and - zzz - is the extension identifying the data (bil) or the header (hdr). 2.2.1. Land cover – global version MODIS data of 2003 with 1km tile (10 deg. by 10deg.) from United States Geological Survey (USGS) have been used as the source satellite data for developing the Land cover – global version. Classification of land cover data was made in two ways: one was global classification and the other was national/regional classification. The main classification method was decision tree method applied to MODIS data. Land cover global version dataset contain 20 land cover classes, and another additional class with code 255 which represent the areas without data (table 7). In table 7 are represented the comparison between the Land cover classes in national/regional with 17 and global version with 20 classes (Tateishi, 2005). One of the reasons of creating of Land cover global version with 20 classes is the intention to drop the land use layer from the next version 2 of GM national/regional, because it’s being derived from Land Cover data.

266

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Table 7. Comparison between classes of Land cover global and national/regional versions Land cover global version 1. Broadleaf Evergreen Forest 2. Broadleaf Deciduous Forest 3. Needleleaf Evergeen Forest 4. Needleleaf Deciduous Forest 5. Mixed Forest

Land cover – national and regional version 2. Evergreen Broadleaf Forests 4. Deciduous Broadleaf Forests 1. Evergreen Needleleaf Forests 3. Deciduous Needleleaf Forests 5. Mixed Forests 8. Woody Savannas 9. Savanna 6. Closed Shrublands 7. Open Shrublands

6. Tree Open 7. Shrub 8. Herbaceous, single layer 9. Herbaceous with Sparse and Tree/Shrub 10. Sparse Herbaceous/Shrub 11. Cropland (herbaceous crops except rice) 12. Rice, paddy 13. Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaic 14. Tree-Water (Brackish to Saline) 15. Wetland 16. Bare area, consolidated (gravel, rock) 17. Bare area, unconsolidated (sand) 18. Urban 19. Snow/Ice 20. Water Bodies

10. Grasslands 16. Barren 12. Croplands 14. Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaics 11. Permanent Wetlands 16. Barren 13. Urban and Built-up 15. Snow and Ice 17. Water Bodies

2.2.2. Vegetation (percent tree cover) – global version Vegetation (percent tree cover) layer of global version is developed by using the MODIS data of 2003, which has been used for global estimation of percent tree cover data. The decision tree method was applied for estimation of percent tree cover. The data within this layer contains an integer value from 0 to 100 which describes the percent of coverage with trees, except the cells with value 254 which represent the areas masked as water bodies, and cells with value 255 which represent the areas without data. The percent tree cover data can be effectively used to discriminate forest and “tree open” during the process of land cover classification. 2.3. Mathematical elements of Global Map The reference coordinate system of Global Map is ITRF94, and its longitudes and latitudes are defined in GRS80 Ellipsoid, stored in decimal degrees to a minimum of three decimal points as geographic coordinates with southern and western hemispheres having a negative sign for latitude and longitude. Since the difference between ITRF94+GRS80 and WGS84 is negligible in spatial resolution and scale of Global Map, WGS84 can be used also. The positional accuracy of spatial data based on the composite errors from three sources: which are the positional accuracy of source material, errors due to conversion 267

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 processes, and errors due to the data processing. For horizontal accuracy, 90% of points need to be within ±2km of their actual location, and in the case of data obtained from satellite images, the maximum error is less than or equal to 0.5km. In other site vertical accuracy is notionally ±150m for 90% of points. GM data is in use of GEOREF tiling naming system, which does not allow overlaps or gaps between the tiles, with the the reference for their southwest corner. It uses two pairs of letters. The first pair of letters represents the coarsest, 15° by 15° standard GEOREF division, and represents the first coordinate pair identifying the tile name. The second pair of letters represents the 1° by 1° standard GEOREF divisions, and represents the second coordinate pair of the tile name. In the other site, the tiling system of GM V1 global version uses the dividing system of 30° x 30° starting from the equator and the Greenwich meridian (Idrizi, 2007b). 2.4. Metadata of Global Map Metadata is data about the contents, quality, condition and other characteristics of the data, which also describes the lineage, process and accuracy of the data set. The contents of global map metadata follow the ISO 19115 standard of metadata, described in English language and supplied separately for each layer, by using ISO 19139 for encoding. A metadata files of GM data accompanies each layer of the data set separately, as XML file with utf8, named after the relevant theme and have the extension “*.met” in the form: wwww_xxx.zzz where: - wwww - identifies the abbreviation (table 2), - xxx - identifies the country based on ISO 3166 Nation Code, and - zzz - is the extension ‘met’. 2.5. Downloading and copyright for usage of Global Map data Downloading of Global Map data is available for non-commercial use, via internet and free of charge, for all registered users. GM data can be downloaded through the “Global Map download service” in the GM web site www.iscgm.org as: - all national and regional version in VPF and BIL formats, - all national and regional version in SHAPE and TIFF formats, - land cover data of global version in BIL format, - percent tree cover data of global version in BIL format, and - only one selected layer of national and regional version in VPF or BIL format. This data basically is for non-commercial use only! If anybody intends to use the Global Map data for commercial purpose, it is necessary to get permission from responsible institution of its country, according to defined data policy by each NMO’s. Any unauthorized use of these data for any commercial purposes is in violation of international copyright laws and strictly forbidden. In the next figure 3 is given the scheme of standards for data developing defined in global map specifications.

268

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

SHAPE

GML ISO 19136

TIFF ISO 19115

Figure 3. Scheme of Global Map data

3. PARTICIPATION Based on fact that the GM project is for noncommercial purposes, participation in it is voluntary. Eligible for participation has only the national mapping organizations, which are the governmental responsible institutions for mapping and spatial data developing on national level, and probably they should have source of information of core geographical data as a result of their original duty. Involvement by an organization in the project in generally is categorized in three levels, i.e. as Level A, B and C. Level A means that institution will prepare the data set of own country and other countries, the Level B mean that institution will prepare the data set of own country, and the Level C mean that institution will give all necessary data, preparation will be done by ISCGM. Currently, 180 countries and regions have participated in global mapping project, from which 75 countries (table 8) have already released their data and they are available for downloading in the web site of ISCGM. From the European countries who almost participate in the EuroGLobalMap project powered by EuroGeographics, 23 of them participate in the GM through the EuroGlobalMap, and 12 others participate directly and through EuroGlobalMap. The progress on developing of GM data is given in the figure 4, and the dynamic of releasing of GM data from year 2000 till May 2010 is given in figure 5.

269

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 4. Progress of Global Mapping Table 8. List of countries Year of publishing

Country/region

Year of publishing

Country/region

2000 2000

Japan Lao People's Democratic Republic Nepal Thailand Sri Lanka Philippines Colombia Australia Bangladesh Mongolia Panama Kenya Botswana Burkina Faso Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Mexico Myanmar Swaziland Samoa Iran The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Latvia Tristan da Cunha Argentina Antarctica Jordan

2007 2007

Saudi Arabia Algeria

2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008

Lebanon Sudan Brazil India Indonesia Niger Uruguay Dominica Mozambique Georgia China, Hong Kong SAR Romania Chile Palestine Brunei Darussalam Pakistan Papua New Guinea Oman Belize

2008 2008 2008 2008 2008

Honduras Saint Lucia Nicaragua Ethiopia Senegal

2000 2000 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006

270

Dem.Rep. of Congo

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 2006 2007 2007

Japan (version 1.1) Bangladesh (version 1.1) Ghana

2008 2008 2008

2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007

Viet Nam Malaysia South Africa Bahrain Canada Singapore New Zealand Cuba Guatemala

2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010

Congo Guinea-Bissau St. Vincent and the Grenadines Republic of Moldova United States of Amerika Bhutan Syrian Arab Republic Azerbaijan Tunisia Mauritius Bulgaria Bulgaria (version 2)

Figure 5. Progress of releasing the Global Map data (2000-May 2010)

From the upper list it is so clear that Macedonia is the first European country who has published its own GM data. Other European countries which have already released their GM data are Latvia, Republic of Moldova, Romania and Bulgaria. The data of the other 35 European countries which participate through EuroGlobalMap are under the verification, countries filled with green color in figure 4. Beside the 180 participants, other 10 countries/regions are in the list of considering countries/regions: Ascension Island, Bahamas, Djibouti, Eritrea, Lesotho, Paraguay, Qatar, Rwanda, Turkey and Turkmenistan, which considers as potential participants of Global Mapping project in a Global Map V1/V2 national and regional version, represented by their NMO’s.

4. SOME ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED FOR THE FUTURE OF GLOBAL MAP The idea for developing the global map was lunched as a result of unsuccessful completing the IMW (International Map of the World in scale 1:1.000.000) and contemporary trends that imposed information technology in the last decade of last century for preparing the digital maps. Based on this idea, global map has had to replace the IMW with a new map in digital form with the homogeneous standards for entire globe. But if we take a look to the structure of global map since the beginning till today, 271

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 namely its standards listed in its specifications, it is so clearly that global mapping is not designed as a standard map, but it represents the GIS database format with specific defined standards. The lack of cartographic key (cartographic symbols), the lack of cartographic/graphic representation, and absence of defined map projection are the main arguments which prove that global map it isn’t map but it is GIS database, i.e. global map oneself does not contain the basic elements that characterize a map. Based on these details, comes the expression mapping element which should be subject for GM revising in the next period by orienting the project in this regard. Our efforts for utilization the GM data from different countries for mapping and spatial analyses resulted that data of each countries within itself follows all the standards set global mapping project, but in a case of preparing a map of two neighboring countries by using GM data as well in a case of spatial analysis of a wider geographical region consists by two or more countries, using of global map data is quite limited. Example which prove the above two deficiencies are shown in the next figure 6, example along the borderline between Bulgaria and Romania. In the figure clearly is shown that in some places have overlapping and in some gaps between the two border lines released by Bulgaria and Romania. Besides the overlaps and gaps, between two databases there is no spatial continuity of objects of the road network, railway, rivers, lakes, coastline, etc. Absence of spatial continuity condition and appearance of overlaps and gaps prevents the utilization of this database for spatial analysis of hydrography, transportations, the coastal line, state boundary, etc. Such situation is a result of several factors as: - Utilization of source data with different scale, accuracy and entireness; - Utilization of source data with different period of collecting and non up-to-date data, - Utilization of tendentiously data, - Accuracy of the transformation of coordinate system, - Data generalization, - Lack of bilateral agreements between neighboring states to the border line, - Various conflicts between neighboring countries for boundary line, - Non-recognition of States between themselves, etc. Above mentioned problems are of different natures from the technical up to the political, accumulated in many decades-centuries, which cannot be overcome so easily.

Figure 6. Part of GM data along the borderline between Bulgaria and Romania 272

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Regarding to the accuracy, the GM specification allows GM data to have a different accuracy depending on the source materials (for 90% of points ±2km, and ±0.5km if the data comes from satellite images), where the difference can be up to four times. This accuracy in some way allows overlaps, gaps, and non spatial continuity of data not only between different countries, but the data within a country and between different layers. This allows to each participant to use different sources with different quality for different areas of their countries and for different layers. If we convert dimensions of both errors, they are 2mm to 0.5mm in map, which are values much larger than the standards for mapping in scale 1:1.000.000. Non-homogeneous accuracy is one of the generators of overlaps, gaps and non spatial continuity, which in other site means that GM dataset is a database without strong topology. Topology of GM as defined in its specification "Vector data in the Global Map will be partially topologically structured. Features stored as edges and faces will be individually structured”, does not allow full spatial joint between objects in different layers and objects between two data bases. Of big importance is the relation between the data of raster and vector layers, for which such as example we have analyzed the overlapping of lakes, seas and oceans with DEM (digital elevation model). The differences are much larger than projected accuracy (0.5km to 2km) and resolution of the DEM (1km), as can be seen in overlapped situation between the coastline of the Black Sea and DEM, shown in figure 7.

Figure 7. Differences between the coastline and DEM

From the analysis on global map, utilization of UNK attribute about the unknown data for us is somewhat unreasonable. This conclusion comes from the fact that participants for developing the GM database for own countries are NMO’s, which according to legal obligations on their countries they should possess native spatial data and their accompanying attributes. On the existing GM data available for download, we found a large number of data with this attribute. Probably the NMO’s have used the given opportunity by the GM specification, and not really that their institution or other country institutions don’t have information they possess. 273

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 All the above suggestions can be treated as a point for which appropriate solutions must be found in the next version of GM, in accordance with paragraph 6 of the specification where suggestions of GM users are required.

5. CONCLUSIONS From the above text it can be concluded that global mapping project is a project that had a tendency to replace IMW with a digital map of whole globe with homogeneous standards. Ten years after first publication of the dataset of Japan, the progress of GM results with less than 50% released datasets of the participating countries and over 10 non participating countries in the project. Despite the recommendation letter of the United Nations in 1998 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation following the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, to date is not reached with completing of global map. Global Map mainly characterized by national/regional and global versions, both of them downloadable from the website of ISCGM. Beside them there are also two other global datasets named as V0 and VX, which nowadays do not represent attractive database for wider usage. Global map V1/V2 national and regional version consist raster and vector data, despite other versions that contains only raster data. Intention of the global map version two is to change the raster data structure, by replacing layers of land cover, vegetation and land use of GM V1/V2 (national and regional version) with land cover and percent tree cover layers of GM V1 (global version). Beside the essential changes in raster layers, in the vector data only the format of the VPF has been replaced with GML, as well as the metadata standards have been change into ISO 19115. In order to approach the global map data to a larger number of users, GM data of national and regional version V1/V2 can be downloaded in shape and TIFF formats, as more appropriate formats and much wider use, despite the standard GM formats VPF for vector and BILL for raster data. Setting global map data of global version V1 in Google Earth tends to approach the data to users of various levels. Global mapping basically is aimed to develop globally homogeneous geographic data set, for better managing with the environment in global level, as well as to contribute the development of GSDI and to GEOSS. Theoretically utilization of global map data should give opportunity to make spatial analyses in regional, continental, intercontinental and global levels, by downloading all needed data from one place – web site. According to our research on the usage of GM data at international level, some problems which make very limited its wide utilization have been recognized. The problems as overlapping, gaps, spatial discontinuity of data, big differences in accuracy, unknown data attributes, non topologically structured data ext., have to be new challenges of global mapping project for the better future of global map. We hope that all above mentioned issues to be considered for the future of global map, will be accepted with open hands by the ISCGM and GM working groups, as positive and fruitful suggestions for changes/corrections of Global Mapping specification.

274

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

6. REFERENCES De Bie C.A.J.M. 2000. Comparative performance analyses of agro-systems. Enscheda. Netherland. PhD dissertation no75. ITC. Di Gregorio A. Jansen L., 1998. Land cove classification system: Classification concepts and user manual. Rome. Italy. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Idrizi B., 2006. Developing of globally homogeneouses geographic data set through global mapping project. Zagreb. Croatia. Cartography and geoinformation. Idrizi B., 2007a. Monitoring and menagament with the environment in an international level. Skopje. Macedonia. Seminar of Nikodinovski. Idrizi B., 2007b. Globaly understanding the current situation and changes of environment of the world. Skopje. Macedonia. Acta Lingua Geographica. Idrizi B., 2010. Kosova in Global Map. Nessebar, Bulgaria. 3rd ICCGIS. ISCGM. 2009. Global Map specification version 2; www.iscgm.org. Tateishi R. (2005): Report of the ISCGM working group 4 on raster data development; Cairo. Egypt. Twelfth meeting of ISCGM. http:// www.iscgm.org www.globalmap.org www.cr.chiba-u.jp/

7. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Bashkim IDRIZI, was born on 14.07.1974 in Skopje, Macedonia. He graduated in geodesy department of the Polytechnic University of Tirana-Albania in 1999year. In 2004, hot the degree of master of sciences (MSc) in Ss.Cyril and Methodius University-Skopje. In 2005 he had a specialization for Global Mapping in Geographical-Survey Institute (GSI) of Japan in Tsukuba-Japan. On year 2007, he held the degree of Doctor of sciences (PhD) in Geodesy department of Ss.Cyril and Methodius University–Skopje. He worked in State Authority for Geodetic Works from May 1999 until January 2008. From October 2003 up to January 2008, he worked as a outsourcing lecturer in State University of Tetova. From February 2008, he works as a cartography& GIS Professor at the State University of Tetova–Tetova. He continu with working as outsourcing lecturer in geodesy department of the University of Prishtina-Kosova. He is the author of three cartography university books, and 56 papers published and presented in national and international scientific conferences related to geodesy, cartography, GIS & remote sensing. Murat Meha is a University Professor and Deputy Head of the state Border Demarcation Commission. He has been teaching at the University of Prishtina - Kosovo since 1988. He has also taught for ten years at Tetova University (FYR of Macedonia). He worked for five years as Manager of SEO Ferronikeli, for three years as a CEO of Kosova Cadastre Agency, in different funded EAR projects, USAID project, KTA etc. His teaching and research concern survey, cadastre, Land Administration and Land management. and related educational and capacity building activities. He is currently the member of Kosova Surveyor Association. Main publications of Mr Meha are on survey, cadastre, Land 275

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Administration and Land management. He published two University books, two books for Kosovo Cadastre Agency, one book translated, and several school geographic atlases and maps. More than 80 professional and science papers in different professional magazines, symposiums, conferences etc. Most of those articles are available on Internet at: FIG, ICC, Euro Geographic, WPLA, CELKCenter, FAO GIM International etc. Pal NIKOLLI. Graduated at the Geodesy branch of Engineering Faculty, Tirana University. In 1987 has been nominated lecturer in the Geodesy Department of Tirana University. In 1994 has been graduated Doctor of Sciences in cartography field. During this period, have taught the following subjects: “Cartography” (for Geodesy and Geography students) and “Geodesy” (for Civil engineering & Geology students). Actually he is lecturer and tutor of the following subjects: “Elements of Cartography” (for Geography students), GIS (for Geography students, diploma of first and second degree) “Interpretation of Arial Photographs” (for Geography students, diploma of first degree), “Satellite Images” (for geography students, diploma of second degree) “Thematic Cartography” (for Geography students, diploma of second degree) and “Topography-GIS (for the Geophysics students, diploma of second degree). Mr. Nikolli is the author and co-author 8 textbooks (Elements of Cartography and Topography, Elements of Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Processing of satellite images, Cartography, etc), 3 monographs (History of Albanian Cartography, Mirdita on Geo-Cartographic view, etc), more than 40 scientific papers inside and outside of the country, more 40 scientific & popular papers, etc. Has participated in several post graduation courses of cartography and GIS outside of the country (1994, 2000 - Italy), etc. Ismail KABASHI, was born on 08.08.1965 in Prishtina, Kosova. He graduated in geodesy department of the University of Saraevo-Bosnia and Hercegovina in 1992year. In 2003 year, he held the degree of Doctor of sciences (PhD) in Geodesy engineering department of TU Wienn–Vienna. Currently he is employee in Vermessung ANGST GmbH ZT as project manager for Planning and execution of Cadastre and Geomonitoring Projects. From year 2004, he works as a geodesy engineering Professor at the University of Prishtina-Kosova. He is the author of many papers published and presented in national and international scientific conferences related to geodesy and engineering geodesy, as well as the author of script for students in geodesy engineering field.

276

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

SOME ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR OPEN SOURCE S.D.I Arnaud DELEURME 1 ABSTRACT The INSPIRE directive sets up a new diffusion model of geographical information. This aims at setting up Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) in each country of the European Union and using new technologies applications and new architectures of the Internet domain. Usually, Geographical Information was used on desktop and software, but nowadays more and more Open source tools are available. Public institutions often resort to free tools for their applications thanks to new users and developers communities. The Internet and new behaviors of European citizens explain these new trends. Geographical information storage becomes more complex with the increasing of Internet applications. That’s the reason why today we can observe a variety of “open” technologies, tools and online applications that users can adapt according to their needs. New licenses using this kind of applications are developed for the personal use of Internet users. In that sense, we notice new tools and applications for management of geographical data. Users networks and developers communities are growing up. Hence its significant impact on Geospatial Monitoring and new technical solutions for setting up Spatial Data Infrastructures. They show the dynamic nature of the Web : interactive applications which are changing for the Geospatial web (geoweb) services are installed on servers. It is not utopian to think that SDI projects might be built using Open Source technologies and tools. The INSPIRE directive enables an implementation of an interoperable application, contributing to better data exchange in Europe. This presentation gives a pragmatic view of some alternative solutions for an Open SDI. In conclusion, the implementation of INSPIRE does not represent a technical problem; it is a matter of organization and political decisions. It is, above all, a question of responsibility since complete Open Source architecture is available for SDI projects. Key words: SDI, Open Source, architecture, interoperability, client.

1. INTRODUCTION The concept of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is relatively recent with an occurrence at the end of 80's. It was appeared as a tool, able to centralize spatial data of a territory for the best transmission, broadcast and sharing them to the partners of an organism. It was existed in Australia and in the United Stated with the US FGDC: United States Federal Geographic Data Committee.

1

Msc. Arnaud DELEURME, [email protected] evkartenn - Geomatics services , www.evkartenn.com Tel.: +30 693 772 63 75, Kritis 76,TK 54646 Thessaloniki, Greece.

277

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 In 1994, the Clinton Executive Order was involved for the needs of a system for the coordinating geographical data acquisition and the access. It's a first step for setting up a National SDI (NSDI) in United States. In 1996, 11 countries responded to Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association (GSDI Association) survey and they recognized a project like a National SDI. GSDI identifies 53 countries in the world with a project of NSDI (13 in Europe and 21 in America). The interest to set up an infrastructure like this had grown up in the world and 120 countries were at the seventh GSDI conference in Budapest in 2002. It's a strategic question to set up a NSDI for the national spatial planning policies in Europe. The creation of EUROGI in 1993 permitted to relay the monitoring actions. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) takes part as a partner because it's supported now by 400 companies in the world. It defines the world interoperability geospatial standards for a common functionality. The INSPIRE Directive 2007/2/EC was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities (OJEC) on 25 April 2007 and was entered into force on 15 May 2007. It aims to promote the production and the exchange of data necessary to the various European Union policies in the wider environmental range. It proposes to establish an infrastructure of a spatial information in the european member countries and it bases on interoperability beyond the boundaries. All this context explains the greatest interest to set up a NSDI in the world. It's a response adapted by few needs to modernize the working methods for a greater quality in the daily activities devoted to the use of digital data. Parallel to this evolution, it's growing up new dynamics encouraged by a remarkable increase of internet users. Communities and projects have been increased and as a result new tools have been created on basis of open source softwares, defined by specific licenses : GNU General Public License. The first part of this document treats a general SDI architecture and the second part refers to the solutions of open source softwares for the implementation of this architecture. It will be concluded by a synthesis part about some examples of SDI which are built on open source technologies.

2. ARCHITECTURE OF SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE The concept of Spatial Data Infrastructure is recent and able to store the geographical databases. This can take place with the first new applications. In the beginning, it has not been built with a fixed architecture but nowadays it is appeared as a regular model of Spatial Data Infrastructure. 2.1. The concept of Spatial Data Infrastructure Firstly, it's necessary to present what is a Spatial Data Infrastructure. “A spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is a framework of spatial data, metadata, users and tools that are interactively connected in order to use spatial data in an efficient and flexible way.

278

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 They are available by internet and they respect interoperability specifications : norms, specifications, protocols... It permits to use services beyond a web explorer and to combine different available services by the SDI” (sources: Wikipedia). This framework of spatial data is interactively connected on the web and it works on basis of interoperable system. Interoperability is an important concept that it is more famous now with the INSPIRE directive implementation beyond the european members boundaries. The INSPIRE Directive 2007/2/EC was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities (OJEC) on 25 April 2007 and was entered into force on 15 May 2007. It aims to promote the production and the exchange of data necessary to the various European Union policies in the wider environmental range. Its transposition into national law of each country is scheduled for May 2009. The incorporation into the national law of the INSPIRE Directive shall take place in each country of the European Union. It involves the rules with precision to facilitate exchange and broadcoast of the geographical data in relation with the environmental theme. The European Commission is working up the implementing rules with aim to apply them uniformly in each EU country. 2.2. Architecture Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is a framework of spatial data and metadata and it manages the data with interactively connected applications. It is composed by: -

Client applications ( spatial data viewer, catalog metadata...) Middleware ( cartographic engine, web services... ) Servers (databases and geographical databases)

Figure 1. General SDI Architecture

279

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Sources: GRISI project, http://www.grisi.org

The SDI Architecture (table 1) is depended principally from the user needs and the uses of their partners. That's why it is necessary to present the regular needs for setting up a SDI : − to collect and to acquire spatial data − to build, to concentrate and centralize a geographical database − inventory, catalog and storing of data − control, harmonization and standardization of data − development of services for queries, views, visualization and download the spatial data − to access the geographical data from a unique web portal SDI architecture must be conformed of particular specifications for storing the geographical data, for using the webservices and managing the metadata. The interoperability capacities of a SDI are depended of the OGC norms. The web services are: − Web Map Service (WMS), − Web Feature Service (WFS) − Web Catalog Service (CS-W). − Web Featured Service Transactional (WFS-T) A general SDI architecture is proposed by the Open Source GeoNetwork community with this scheme:

280

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Figure 2. Open source SDI Architecture

Sources: http://geonetwork-opensource.org

It identifies four different elements (client applications, interfaces, services, databases) like the precedent scheme (figure 1) on basis of Open source softwares. 2.2.1 Client applications They are easily available by the SDI users. They work with a simple web explorer from the computer desktop. Generally, the SDI uses a particular environment with a specific client application for launching the spatial data. 2.2.2 Interfaces Interface assures a link between a client's application and a database where the spatial data of the SDI is stored. It permits a direct access to the application of the client and it manages the information stream from the web services (icons, raster, data, metadata...). 2.2.3 Services They transmit the information from the database of SDI to the user. They have an important place in the SDI architecture because they transmit information by an

281

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 adaptable interpretation of the user queries while it uses the client's application. There is an analysis of this query in a specific response.

3. TECHNOLOGY OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARES FOR S.D.I It is more important to present the components of a Spatial Data Infrastructure in order to discuss about the technology of open source software that is used by an S.D.I. This part shows how the general technology is used for every functionality of an S.D.I. In this way, it is justified that the open source technology steers from a standard construction. 3.1 Discover the data The client applications permit to discover the data in SDI. In relation with the last paragraph, the client applications are composed of two parts. The first is available to the SDI's user and these client's applications are independent of the SDI architecture. They are helpful tools for using again the spatial data. Other client applications are directly connected with the SDI architecture and they are totally depended of this system. The search of spatial data in a SDI is available with different open source softwares and these applications are often used like : − Mapbuilder, cartoweb, ka-Map, pmapper − OpenLayers They are interfaces between the user and the SDI content. A good interface permits a better use of the SDI. There are many open source client applications using a cartographic engine like Mapserver. Technically it is a Simple Object Access Protocol architecture (SOAP) and it is largely used in the SDI architectures. It is a robust technology and it is presented like the most famous application to respond at the needs of setting up a SDI. Many editors software companies use this technology for their cartographic engine solutions.

3.2 Exchange of metadata A SDI proposes access to the geographical data and metadata. These metadata are implemented in a SDI by a standard profile certified in international organizations like the ISO (http://www.iso.org/). A lot of open source tools are ready-to-use for archiving the metadata. Their origin appears from non-governmental organizations necessities (ONU, UNICEF...). These tools are GeoNetwork, MDWEB, GeoSource (basis of Geonetwork), EXPIRE, Reports... The functionalities of these tools are very specific and they are according to the international specifications of interoperability norms. In this case, they are available to be connected with others external metadata catalogs for harvesting them data. 282

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Users and developers are strongly implicated by these open source communities. They identify the necessities and they intervene dynamically for an evolution of the tools. That's why, the GeoNetwork open source metadata catalog is especially completed to the ONU needs. It is a precious software to fit out a National SDI (NSDI) for example. 3.3 Interoperability The interoperability is a key-word in the domain of the SDI. The SDI necessities are explained by spatial data exchange and a transversal approach. In this case, SDI must be adapted for connections and access to the others SDI. It is not depended of the application level : National, regional or local. Each SDI must be interoperable with every other SDI without constraint of location, language or framework system. Open source softwares solutions use international standards like the OGC web services The metadata profiles are used by the metadata catalogs where they are according to the ISO-19115 and ISO-19119 norms like the INSPIRE implementation specifications. The rules of metadata harvesting between the open source metadata catalogs are conformed with the international interoperable standards : OGC web service CS-W.

A perfect compatibility of open source softwares with the international specifications, explains exactly that more and more SDI projects are set up with these alternative solutions and not with ''ready-to-use'' softwares.

4. EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE OPEN SOURCE SOLUTIONS The next part presents some examples of S.D.I which is built with open source tools. The previous part was also important; however it presented the common practices for a right open source S.D.I. The following sections make a treatment of the pragmatic project which uses open source tools. In this way, it is justified that it is possible to build a National or Regional SDI with an open source technology. 4.1 Open Source National SDI Furthermore, there are organisms which prefer the enterprise packaged solutions in response of their needs to setting up a NSDI. But also, it is remarkable to note an important increase of open source softwares solutions that are used for the new SDI project. It is a new tendency as this trend didn't exist a few years ago. Effectively, more and more SDI projects use open source solutions and they are presented at the international and national geomatics conferences. A first example is the SDI of Venezuela (http://www.geoportal.gob.ve) which was built with open source tools from the Representational State Transfer (REST) technology. It uses the OpenLayers (View Service client) solution like the SDI pilot of Finland (http://www.paikkatietoikkuna.fi )

283

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

These two projects use the same solutions for their spatial data storage: PostgreSQLPostGIS. Metadata management works with GeoNetwork (the catalog metadata of the Finnish SDI http://www.paikkatietohakemisto.fi). In parallel with these characteristics, each project works with others open source solutions in relation with its specific need. That's why, SDI of Venezuela uses OpenLayers like client application and it's implemented in a Mapfish framework. TileCache tool is added for a better management of the rasters files in the client application. Finally, it's a Mapserver solution that is the cartographic engine with a connection to the GeoNetwork and to the GeoServer. This tool is in the responsibility of OGC web services generation: WMS et WCS. Another example is the pilot NSDI of Finland. It regroups 20 themes and 50 layers of spatial data. Technically, Shibboleth solution will manages the user rights of the SDI and the basic CMS portal software is Liferay: This last tool is an open source solution which manages the interface and the discovering data functionalities of the SDI. These two examples present clearly the capacity of setting up a robust SDI with open source solutions. They are so much robust that they could fit on National SDI. 4.2 Open source regional SDI A part from NSDI, many regional projects exist like pilot opportunities for setting up SDI on a territory, like a Regional SDI with new tools based on open source solutions. It is the case of the project of Brittany's Region in France. This project is named of GeoBretagne and it is based on open source solutions like Mapfish (Application client). This SDI is under construction but it is available now in a source forge with the name GeOrchestra (http://demo.georchestra.org/). As it is under construction, it will be freely available to download from the website. This practice to store the packages of the solution is a new trend. It is an example of participating share with web communities. Some European projects like eSDI Net+ in 2007 or GRISI (http://sdi.grisi.org) aim to set up SDI. The last and the CASCADOSS project (http://www.cascadoss.eu) use open source softwares solutions for local SDI. In Greece, the INTERREG IIIB MEDOCC project has permitted to set up a Regional SDI (http://www.ideunivers.eu/) on basis of only open source softwares solutions : − a metadata catalog GeoNetwork, − a client application based on the Mapserver engine, − a OGC webservice (WMS) for connecting the two previous applications . 4.3 Communities and SDI projects A few years ago there was a specific period with many new projects of open source tools which were sponsored by users, developers and companies. They intervene

284

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 generally for one solution that it can be a client solution and it forms an element of an SDI architecture. Nowadays, a new tendency is appeared with packaged solutions. In this case, it is a global solution with a few tools that they build a software solution like a SDI project. It proposes an easy installation of a software solution like the SDI. For example, the easySDI project proposes to set up a SDI on basis of an universal open source tool : the Content Management System Joomla! The EasySDI project can profit of a great community, this is Joomla! This open source solution is based on modules in addition of a general engine: Joomla! It aims to set up a geoportal and each module is : − a user right management service − a metadata catalog service − a spatial data viewer − a data management service(download...) − a security management service for web services − a data publish service for web services This new project is an example of a new trend because the previous projects are open source solutions that they don't cover all the SDI functionalities. For example, there were softwares like ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) software or catalog metadata that can manage the metadata, a spatial data viewer and webservices. Now, a project like easySDI is more progressive because it covers more needs and it offers a global solution for setting up a complete SDI for each territory.

5. CONCLUSION The open source solutions are the alternative solutions for the broadcast of the products. They are valid on the market of GIS and geomatics, that’s why many companies are emerging from the traditional business of selling proprietary software. Indeed, they provide exclusively a service on basis of the integration of open source solutions. It is a new dynamic with the strong development of the “open source” community. It is explained from a research of economics and abilities to be freed from all the licenses and company’s rights. These rights are generally exploited by many big companies of GIS software. “Open source” community is more mature today with a sufficiently large variety of tools which are supported by dynamic communities and a technical support. Many solutions which are composed in a open source SDI architecture depend on the user needs but it is clear that a demarcation line shows between editors softwares and open source softwares. The first is ready to use but the second recommends a period of development in order to be ready and totally operational. These last solutions involve many sponsors with a both ways approach for development monitoring and the tool customizations. Maybe the sponsors desire this and as a result it could explain the open source success. Generally, sponsor wants a participatory approach for setting up its SDI project.

285

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

5. REFERENCES Arnaud DELEURME, 8th -10th July 2009, L'opportunité des outils libres au sein de l'entreprise grecque Infodim, International Opensource Geospatial Research Symposium OGRS 2009, Nantes, France. Arnaud DELEURME, 27th March 2009, A variety of technologies for setting up an Inspire S.D.I: an alternative solution, Skopje, F.Y.R.O.M. Antti Rainio, 24th september 2009, INSPIRE Implementation – Building SDI in Finland, Nordic GIS Conference, Stockholm. J.V Higon, Infraestractura de datos espaciales de Venezuela, una IDE 100% de software libre,

http://www.sigte.udg.edu/jornadassiglibre/uploads/Presentacions/Comuni cacions/a5.odp Ian Masser, 2005, Global and Regional Spatial Data Infrastructure Initiatives, GSDI Association,

http://www.ec-gis.org/ginie/final_conference/masser.pdf. Douglas S. Noonan, Paul M.A. Baker, and Nathan W. Moon, 2008, Open Source Software potential index (OSPI) : Development considerations, considerations, RedHat / Georgia Tech OSPI Project, http://www.redhat.com/f/pdf/OSSI_Research.pdf . JRC - CSPV - University of Catalunya, 2007, Study of the socio-economic impactof the Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Region of Catalunya: Executive summary, Barcelona, Spain. Online report : http://www.idee.es/resources/leyes/SDI_Catalunya_Execsummary.pdf . GRISI Project, 2008, GRISI Best practices report, Toulouse, France,

http://cap.grisi.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download &gid=94&Itemid=67. JRC, 2007, Draft guidelines - INSPIRE metadata Implementating rules based on ISO 19115 and ISO 19119, http://inspire.brgm.fr/Documents/MD_IR_and_ISO_20080425.pdf . Wikipedia, 25 april 2009, Definition of Open Geospatial Consortium, http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Geospatial_Consortium . Wikipedia, 25 april 2009, Definition of Spatial Data Infrastructure, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_data_infrastructure . OGC, 25 april 2009 Definition of the standards OGC, http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards . Wikipedia, 26 april 2009, Definition of Global Monitoring for Environment and Society,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Monitoring_for_Environment_and_ Security GINIE, Geographic Information Network in Europe, IST-2000-29493, http://www.ecgis.org/ginie/doc/PG_SDI_fr.pdf 6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Arnaud Deleurme, was born in France and lives in Thessaloniki (Greece). He is a graduate of the Geography Department of the University of HighBrittany Rennes 2 in France. He also is a graduate of the Department of Planning and Regional Development of the University of Thessaly (Volos) in Greece. His graduate degrees include a Master of “GIS and 286

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Cartography” (University of Rennes 2, France) and a Master of Rural Planning (University of Thessaly). He has worked in different public authorities in France for setting up GIS applications. He was an assistant of the Project Manager for the GRISI European Project and he worked about different European projects in relation with the interoperability of the spatial data like GRISI, PYRED in the Chamber of Commerce of Gers in France (CCI Gers). He is specialized in geomatics with the webmapping technologies on basis of the Open Source tools. He has worked in a greek company in Thessaloniki (Greece) for setting up Geographical On-line applications. Now, he is a freelancer as a Geomatics consultant (evkartenn) for the Balkans areas with a particular interest in Open source geospatial technologies. He furnishes advices and consultancy services for implementation of geographical applications in public authorities (universities...) and private organizations. Its activity as a consultant permits to make training sessions and cartographic works in relation with the personal needs of efficients solutions and spatial data management.

287

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

GEOPORTAL SOLUTIONS BASED ON ESRI GIS PLATFORM IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE

Dejan KRSTEVSKI 1 ABSTRAKT The concept of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) has emerged and continues to advance as a framework for organizing institutions and technology to support such geospatial information sharing. SDIs—constructed with building blocks that include enabling policy, regulatory permissions, standards, organizational structures and workflows, technical architectures, stakeholder geospatial data, metadata services, and other constituent elements—are now being implemented within and among organizations and governments throughout the world. ESRI has long focused its technology development path on the creation of solutions that contribute to building and positioning the world's geospatial information resources for responsible and effective use. Its geoportal technology in particular has evolved to provide a technical mechanism for posting, discovering, and exchanging existing geospatial information resources in support of both broadly based SDIs and more narrowly framed local and organization-specific data-sharing communities. As envisioned by ESRI, the role of a geoportal is to connect geospatial data producers and users by enabling producers of geospatial information resources to create and post metadata records (citations describing their information resources) and enabling users of geospatial information resources to search for and discover metadata records that cite the particular resources that will be helpful to them. Overall, the ESRI vision is informed by the view that a geoportal is not only a mechanism for connecting parties and information but also a crossroads of technical diversity that needs to be interoperable in the sense that it enables the posting, discovery, and access of information resources regardless of underlying structures. A range of standards-based metadata formats and Web communication protocols needs to be supported, and within the geoportal itself, most mapping formats and projections should be viewable and graphically combinable. The Republic of Croatia and Republic of Montenegro have simplified access to countrywide geographic data through an online geoportal, a type of Web site that makes it easier for citizens, government, and private-sector users to find and access vast quantities of geographic information and related services. Key word:

INSPIRE, ESRI, NSDI, GIS portal

1. INTRODUCTION This paper describes how ESRI's ArcGIS® products and solutions-in concert with select technologies developed by ESRI business partners in Europe-provide the technical building blocks required to activate the European Union's (EU) vision for a European 1

Dejan Krstevski, [email protected] Institution, www.gisdata.com Tel.: +389 2 3135-578, Gsm.: +389 70 276-615, Fax: +389 2 3135-578. Str. Koco Racin, 13, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia. 288

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 geospatial information sharing infrastructure. The information presented is intended to provide a basic overview and frame of reference for further technical inquiry and discussion. The generic concept of spatial data infrastructures (SDI) and the EU vision for a European spatial data infrastructure are both outlined at the outset of this paper. An overview of ArcGIS SDI-building software and solutions, including ArcGIS extension technologies developed in Europe that have specific applicability to the EU vision, is presented in that context. The term spatial data infrastructure was coined in 1993 by the U.S. National Research Council to denote a framework of technologies, policies, and institutional arrangements that together facilitate the creation, exchange, and use of automated geospatial data and related information resources across an information-sharing community. Such a framework can be implemented narrowly to enable the sharing of geospatial information within an organization or more broadly to enable the sharing of geospatial information at a national, regional, or global level. In all cases, an SDI will provide an institutionally sanctioned, automated means for posting, discovering, evaluating, and exchanging geospatial information by participating information producers and users. A European SDI—known formally as the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE)- is envisioned and chartered by an EU directive that binds EU Member States in a common SDI-building effort. The underlying INSPIRE concept is for an Internet-accessible infrastructure of technologies and permissions that will tie European geospatial information producers and users together in a single geospatial information-sharing community to improve decision making and operations at all levels of endeavor in service of a productive and sustainable Europe. The target users of INSPIRE include European policy makers, planners, and managers and their organizations along with the general European public.

2. ESRI GEOPORTAL TECHNOLOGY Recent years have witnessed the rapid development and expanding use of automated mapping, geographic information system (GIS), and spatial data communication technologies and standards. Such progress—along with the associated growth in geospatial data collection activity by organizations and governments throughout the world—has helped create a global reservoir of electronically enabled geospatial information that has real potential for improving decision making and operations at all levels of endeavor in service of a productive and sustainable future for everyone. To help realize this potential, geospatial information resources must be positioned both institutionally and technologically for wide discovery, exchange, and use. The concept of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) has emerged and continues to advance as a framework for organizing institutions and technology to support such geospatial information sharing. SDIs—constructed with building blocks that include enabling policy, regulatory permissions, standards, organizational structures and workflows, technical architectures, stakeholder geospatial data, metadata services, and other constituent elements—are now being implemented within and among organizations and governments throughout the world. ESRI has long focused its technology development path on the creation of solutions that contribute to building and positioning the world's geospatial information resources for 289

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 responsible and effective use. Its geoportal technology in particular has evolved to provide a technical mechanism for posting, discovering, and exchanging existing geospatial information resources in support of both broadly based SDIs and more narrowly framed local and organization-specific data-sharing communities. As envisioned by ESRI, the role of a geoportal is to connect geospatial data producers and users by enabling producers of geospatial information resources to create and post metadata records (citations describing their information resources) and enabling users of geospatial information resources to search for and discover metadata records that cite the particular resources that will be helpful to them. Further—and importantly—ESRI envisions that the role of such a portal is also to provide the means for users to preview and access geospatial information resources cited by the metadata records, regardless of where or how those information resources are maintained. Figure 1 illustrates this basic concept.

Figure 1 A Geospatial Information Portal as a Federated Service ESRI's vision assumes that the discoverable information resources cited in the geoportal will likely consist of a wide range of information resource types. These may include not only Web-accessible maps and GIS application services but also physical maps, documents, and other information resource types that are not necessarily Web accessible. ESRI's vision also assumes that those cited and discoverable information resources that are Web accessible will be made available to portal users by their producers in a variety of forms and will use a variety of communication protocols. A geoportal's functionality, therefore, needs to anticipate and support a variety of technologies and standards. 290

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Overall, the ESRI vision is informed by the view that a geoportal is not only a mechanism for connecting parties and information but also a crossroads of technical diversity that needs to be interoperable in the sense that it enables the posting, discovery, and access of information resources regardless of underlying structures. A range of standards-based metadata formats and Web communication protocols needs to be supported, and within the geoportal itself, most mapping formats and projections should be viewable and graphically combinable. ESRI's approach to supporting the portal-based exchange of geospatial data resources via the Web is based on an understanding that every portal will operate in unique circumstances and will be developed to address implementation-specific objectives. In line with this basic understanding, ESRI's root concept has been to create generic software consisting of standard core functionality organized into a framework of components that are configurable by design to address each unique circumstance—and to complement that software with optional technology transfer services intended to help implementing organizations configure both the software and supporting architectures in a way that addresses their own specific needs. The software product ESRI has developed in the context outlined above is packaged and supported by ESRI as a core ESRI product on the standard ESRI maintenance-based model. The software itself consists of a suite of Web-based and desktop software components collectively called the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension. This geoportal-building software provides a generic functionality base that, by design, anticipates implementation-specific configuration in order to enable conformance to the specific environment where it is being installed, creation of a host-specific look and feel for the interface, and activation of host-selected functionality options. In addition to standard annual maintenance purchased with the product, ESRI provides a number of service options as follows: a developer support package designed to provide remote information and advice to licensees who seek to modify underlying software code to meet requirements that may not have been anticipated by the standard software package, a custom-scheduled on-site installation training and technology transfer program that supports the implementation of underlying architectures and helps with implementation-specific ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension configuration using out-ofthe-box software.

3. ARCGIS SERVER GEOPORTAL EXTENSION FUNCTIONALITY Functionality for End Users The components of the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension work together and individually to enable end users to: Discover geospatial data resources produced by others—The ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension implements functionality that enables geoportal users to discover and select information resources that are of particular interest to them. Searching uses term-based criteria entered by the user and geographic location criteria the user designates on a map. The results of any ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension search are displayed as summary statements derived from the metadata records citing each found information item. The user can then elect to display more detailed descriptions of each information item or the full metadata record itself. 291

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 From either the summary or detailed results displays, the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension includes functionality that enables the user to link directly to the Web site that hosts the cited information item if that option is made available by the information item publisher, preview the information item if it is a "live" map available from a service maintained by the information item publisher, or download the information item from within the portal if that option is made available by the information item publisher. Preview geospatial data resources produced by others—The ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension provides inline map service preview functionality that enables users to discover and view mapped data maintained on Web-accessible map services (live maps) without launching a map viewer. This ability to preview a live map is provided by a Preview button that automatically appears together with the text description of each live map. The information the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension requires to enable this capability is included in validated and published metadata records—if the cited information item consists of live data or maps and if it is maintained as described in the metadata on a Web-accessible server. If users elect to examine information items other than live data or maps (for example, document files or mapped data viewable only by using an application maintained on the publisher's Web site), they can link to the Web site where a data item is maintained if that opportunity is provided by the publisher. Make maps that combine geospatial resources produced by others using a variety of map viewer technologies—The ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension provides the capability for the implementer to plug in a map viewer technology of choice to provide end users with mapmaking functionality that integrates with other ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension functions. Map viewer technologies that can be used include Java™ Application Development Framework (ADF), JavaScript™, Flex™, and Silverlight™, to name a few. The integration of any of these map viewers enables end users to combine mapped data from different live map sources they discover using ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension functionality, then view the composite map during the same geoportal session. The functionality available to the end user will depend on the specific map viewer that has been selected and integrated.

292

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 2 Default ArcGIS Server Geoportal Extension Search Interface Obtain geospatial data resources produced by others—Any information item that is cited in metadata published on a geoportal based on the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension is obtainable if the publisher of the information item makes it available. The information items can be obtained using the option to link externally to the publisher's Web site or the option to download the data from within the portal interface itself via an internal link provided by the data producer. Search and obtain geoportal metadata records directly from external applications—The ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension includes a REST API that enables external access to geoportal metadata records. Such external access provides users with the ability to access the metadata records from a variety of applications such as RSS readers, content management systems such as SharePoint or Joomla, and wikis. Precoded geoportal search and discovery tools have been created and are packaged with the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension and available separately from the ESRI Web site for insertion into ArcGIS Explorer and ArcMap™ desktop applications. Receive automatic notification of new geospatial data resources that meet preestablished criteria—The ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension functionality provides end users with the ability to subscribe to a GeoRSS feed that automatically notifies the user whenever a metadata record describing a new geospatial data resource that meets user-specified criteria is published in the geoportal. Expose one's own geospatial data resources for discovery by others—The ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension functionality enables Web-based geospatial information 293

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 producers to publish metadata describing their information if they are authorized to do so by a geoportal administrator. Publishers on a geoportal that is built using the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension have three basic options for posting their metadata. They can create their metadata using ArcCatalog™ or an independent XML editor and upload the records to the target geoportal, create their metadata and post it using an online metadata entry form integrated into the geoportal, or make their metadata available on a Web server and register for external harvesting by the geoportal's metadata harvesting tool. The ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension includes out-of-the-box functionality that can be engaged to automatically validate submitted metadata records against a variety of standard metadata formats (Federal Geographic Data Committee [FGDC] Best Practices, Dublin Core, ISO 19139/19119 Web Services, ISO 19139/19115 Data Sets, and ESRI ISO) and profiles (North American Profile and Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe [INSPIRE]). In addition, custom metadata formats can be created, and standard metadata formats can be modified or detailed for use and validation. Publishers are informed of metadata records that fail this automatic validation. The ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension also provides functionality that enables a geoportal administrator to review and approve all technically validated metadata records before they become accessible for search and discovery. Register as a portal user—ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension functionality provides the option for integration with external LDAP authentication solutions to enable users to register. By design, ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension functionality does not require user registration for basic search and search results viewing. The option to register via LDAP solutions, however, is provided to enable the managers of a geoportal to customize access to advanced functionality. Functionality for Geoportal Management Two principal management roles are anticipated by ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension functionality: Administrator—A suite of ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension functionalities has been designed for the exclusive use of a geoportal administrator or manager. The administrator functionality enables the person or persons who manage a geoportal to approve or disapprove metadata prior to its release and undertake other related aspects of portal operations. Administrators are required to be registered users, and administrator function options are provided on the administrator's home page upon login based on the administrator's User-ID and password. Publisher—Publisher functionality enables publishers to post and manage their metadata records using special ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension functions available only to them. Publishers are required to be registered users, and publisher function options are provided on the publisher's home page upon login based on the publisher's User-ID and password. Functionality for Geoportal Data Security The ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension provides functionality that enables authentication of users via most LDAP solutions and the authentication options those solutions provide. In addition, the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension provides the option for simple authentication of a single portal administrator (with access to all geoportal functionality) if that is preferred. Functionality for Geoportal Interoperability A fundamental objective of the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension is to provide a means for referencing and accessing geospatial information that is distributed and made 294

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 available using a variety of technologies. To this end, ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension functionality supports all principal metadata standards and electronic data communication standards. It also has capabilities that integrate data made available in a large variety of formats. Figure 3 indicates the principal points of communication and the associated data communication standards, protocols, and formats that are supported.

Figure 3 ArcGIS Server Geoportal 9.3.1 Extension Standards Support Functionality for Interface Customization The ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension anticipates customization and internationalization of the user interface elements (including both graphics and text) and implementation-specific configuration to a basemap, geocoding service, and other services. In addition, ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension components are easily configurable to fit together with supporting software and database elements within the host's unique architecture.

4. REQUIRED TECHNOLOGY A geoportal needs supporting hardware and software in its underlying operational environment. The specification of hardware requirements for support of a geoportal will necessarily be tied to the existing architecture of the hosting organization and the intended level of use. In general, however, common practice for running all geoportal software components is to use a minimum of two dedicated servers with Internet connectivity along with at least one desktop computer with Internet connectivity. In addition, provision of database servers within the hosting organization will be required to serve data maintained by the organization itself. Networking hardware and capacities will be dependent on the intended scale of operations for the geoportal and on the size and location of the stakeholder community.Underlying software required to support a 295

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 geoportal built with ESRI's ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension is detailed in the online. Organizations contemplating implementation of a geoportal often already have licenses for much of the needed underlying software. Nevertheless, a review of an organization's existing software and architecture, together with a review of the specific software required to support a geoportal, is recommended to determine the level of effort and expense that will be involved in preparing for implementation of a geoportal. A geoportal is of no use without data. To serve its purpose, a geoportal needs accessible GIS data services and high-quality, complete metadata that describes those services. Data services and other GIS data items must be maintained as described by the associated metadata. This means that data and data services must be cataloged systematically according to a metadata standard and schema designated by the geoportal host organization or stakeholder community. This data cataloging and maintenance work is ongoing, and the associated costs reflect the amount and type of data that is published using the geoportal. Since a geoportal is really about data, this data inventorying and maintenance element of geoportal support is the single most important investment required. If the metadata describing data is faulty, and if the data described is out-of-date, wrong, or only available sporadically, a perfectly functioning geoportal will be of little use. Though data can be maintained and associated metadata can be created and published on a geoportal by entities other than the portal's host organization (depending on the designated breadth of the stakeholder community), the host organization will be responsible for reviewing metadata prior to publication to ensure its completeness and conformity to established standards and schemas. Prior to geoportal installation, it is recommended that a host organization's management conduct an inventory and review of the data it currently maintains (and that its stakeholder community maintains) in order to understand the level of effort that will be involved in installing and maintaining a viable and useful geoportal. A geoportal needs staff support. Significant staff time is required to maintain and use a geoportal. Geoportal management requirements will vary depending on a hosting organization's intentions and the extent to which the COTS functionality of the geoportal is engaged (i.e., uniquely customized geoportal code will require more staffing to support it than a COTS-based geoportal). In all cases, however, people will be needed to perform the following roles: • Chief information officer • Geoportal operations manager • Geoportal content administrator • Geoportal metadata publishers (external and internal) • End users These roles need to be formalized in the context of each hosting organization's staffing arrangements and with a view toward the breadth and frequency of geoportal use. The costs of dedicating time for the geoportal management and user responsibilities can be balanced against the efficiencies realized by a fully functioning mechanism for discovery and exchange of geospatial information and the extent to which that can support the central mission and workflows of the organization itself. A geoportal needs a training program. A formal training program for geoportal managers and users is essential to success. Such a program will consist of both installation-phase technology transfer and the ongoing training of general users. Installation training for geoportal managers and 296

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 operations personnel is normally three to five days. User training is normally one day at the outset, with refresher sessions over time. This basic training program may be supplemented by training in cataloging (metadata creation) or other specialized geoportal-related activities. Promotion of acceptance for the geoportal at the initial stages—including provision of clear direction on how management intends the geoportal to support the work of stakeholders in the context of their workflows—can be effectively undertaken as part of a formal training program as well. In summary, the following basic management actions are recommended prior to installing a geoportal in an organization: • Establish an executive charter or sponsorship. • Designate a base of operations. • Authorize funding. • Plan a prelaunch user outreach strategy. • Review the required technology environment. • Review the required data environment. • Provide required staffing. • Anticipate technology transfer and training. Each organization contemplating the installation of a geoportal will need to tailor its decision-making and preparation activities to its own policies and practices. This list of recommended actions is intended to introduce such organizations to a scope of generic management issues that may inform their decision making and program for geoportal installation and operation.

5. SUGGESTIONS FOR SUCCSESFUL GEOPORTAL IMPLEMENTATION Clear objectives based on anticipated business processes and an anticipated user population are essential to a successful geoportal implementation. The objectives are most effective when developed at a high level and independently of the question, What can the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension software do? When objectives are clear, the capabilities of the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension can be understood in the context of the workflow-related benefits it can provide, and it will be evident whether a geoportal built with the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension can help provide the solution that is sought. Fundamental to a successful ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension deployment is a clear understanding of geoportal hosting and management requirements at the outset of implementation efforts. Such requirements include underlying host system software and hardware infrastructure, the technical personnel and organizational charter for supporting it, and the dedication of appropriate management resources to maintain geoportal content both at the installation stage and during operations. The availability of the proper support resources and the willingness and funds to support them within an organization are essential to the successful development and hosting of a geoportal by an organization. A geoportal implementation is accomplished atop a variety of essential building blocks that provide the underpinning for the successful installation, configuration, and

297

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 operation of the software. As is true with any geoportal, a geoportal based on the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension can only succeed when these elements are in place: Organizational sponsorship is required to initiate consideration of a geoportal and development of a plan for implementation. People must be in place and trained appropriately to manage and grow the geoportal. Data is required to support ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension functions and must be prepared and available in a form and technical circumstance that feeds the geoportal seamlessly. Underlying hardware/software infrastructure must be in place and configured appropriately to support effective use of the portal. Funds must be in place or budgeted to support the ongoing operation of the portal. These principal elements, along with a plan for the scheduling and critical path sequencing of their implementation, represent the scope of endeavor that an organization will necessarily undertake when implementing and operating a successful geospatial information portal based on the ArcGIS Server Geoportal extension.

6. ESRI-BASED SOLUTIONS IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE TODAY National Geo-portal for Croatia The Croatian State Geodetic Administration (SGA) is responsible for establishing a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). The establishment of the NSDI will promote the development of national databases and their connection into a single information system that will allow agencies to use the data effectively and complement it with their own data. To fulfill these requirements, SGA is establishing a geoportal. Supported by the Government and based on state of art concept & technology, SGA geoportal initially provides five data sets, metadata service and many functionalities. The first release of SGA's geoportal includes the Central Registry of Spatial Units, a 1:5,000-scale orthophoto map, the 1:5,000 scale Croatian basemap, cadastral maps in raster form, and the Database of Permanent Geodetic Control Points.

298

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 4: GPT-Based SGA Geoportal Geospatial Information Search Page (Bačić, 2007) JIS – Joint Information System of Land Registry and Cadastre, is planned to be introduced in the 2nd phase of Geoportal, while the realization of first inter-institutional NSDI based networking of systems is scheduled for mid 2009. SGA geoportal will be public driver and window of Croatian SDI and central tool for pilot projects and further development. The Republic of Croatia has simplified access to countrywide geographic data through an online geoportal, a type of Web site that makes it easier for citizens, government, and private-sector users to find and access vast quantities of geographic information and related services. The geoportal has already proven its value as an essential component of the country's Organized Land Project, which streamlines and regulates the real property registration of land in the republic. By making data more accessible, the average time for processing changes to land titles has dropped from a 400-day average to 37 days.

299

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 5: Geoportal Geospatial Information Sample Search (http://www.dgu.hr, March 2009) Gis Web portal for Montenegro - Real Estate Administration Department(READ) Objective of Project Description is to give guidelines for the design and development of GIS Web Portal for the READ. GIS Web portal is the application solution that facilitates exchange of data between READ and the users of its services. Following regulation forms the basis for this project description: - Law on national survey and real estate cadastre („Službeni list RCG“, br. 29/07), - Strategy for development of information society of Montenegro, - Midterm program for national survey and establishment of real estate cadastre for the period 2008. – 2013. - Instruction on digital plans, READ, 2004. - INSPIRE directive ( L 108 Volume 50, 25.04.2007.) As a methodology for development of project specification, ISO standard Reference Model for Distributed Information Systems RM-ODP (Reference Model – Open Distributed Processing) is used. This model aligns with the architecture of proposed system, following the fact that system is highly distributed. RM-ODP is standardized by ISO and accepted by OpenGIS Consortium. Model describes system through so called views. Following views describe the system: • Enterprise View – where the business logic of the system is described, along with organization and interaction between actors in the system. procedures for data exchange as well as general layout of GUI (Graphical User Interface) of system web pages. • Information View – describes structure and statical data model for the data the Portal operates upon. • Computational View – serves the purpose of describing the system as a composition of distinct functionalities. • Technology View – defines mapping of functionalities of the Portal to different hardware and software components. Figure 6 shows the architecture of the system. System is organized in four layers: • Client layer – the application that user uses to communicate with the system, • Presentation layer – the set of applications that generate controls for the client layer, 300

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Service layer – the set of services that define business logic for the system, that is the elementary services that are available to the user and other components in the system, • Data layer – represents the system for persistence of data that portal operates upon. Besides that, three components represent important integral part of the solution: • System for management of geospatial data and cartographic processing – represents the set of tools needed for seamless input of various data in the system and quality assurance, but also the representation of data through advanced cartographic techniques. • External services – system should be capable to consume geospatial web services served from the external users, and make them integral part of the whole system. • Services to external consumers – the system is part of the overall e-government system of Montenegro, and therefore should enable access to geospatial services for other government applications through geospatial web services. •

Figure 6 - Architecture of the system Client Layer Client layer represents an application that client uses to communicate with the system. GIS Web Portal is based on web interface, meaning that the client layer is fully based on modern web browsers such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera etc. Client layer is fully based on HTML and JavaScript and does not require any plug-in. Due to high interactivity of web pages that show dynamic maps, client layer makes extensive use of AJAX ((Asinchronous JavaScript and XML) techniques in order to eliminate the need for the whole page to refresh upon each request to the server. These techniques enable partial page refresh and reduces communication with the server to the minimum. 301

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Presentation Layer Presentation layer represents set of applications that generate controls for the client layer. Presentation layer uses standard HTTP communication mechanism with the client layer. Presentation layer communicates with the service layer through SOAP web services, enabling simple interaction and ability to expand solution by introducing new functionalities in the form of services. Presentation layer is composed of two main web applications: • User Pages are composed of three main web pages: - Introduction page – contain basic information about Portal, links to other pages, interface for registering and logging users, as well as language selection (Montenegrin or English). - Map Browser – contains interactive map of Montenegro with required layers and tools to navigate and query map, - Metadata Browser – contains tools for browsing/searching metadata for datasets and services, as well as visual map view of the metadata. This interface enable selection of appropriate datasets and services and their display on Map Browser. Apart from these basic pages, User Pages application contains pages for loging existing users and registering new users. • Administration Pages are composed of pages for managing users and pages for managing metadata. Presentation layer is based on Java Server Pages (JSP) technology and should be implemented on Tomacat open source Servlet container. Service Layer Service layer represents the set of services that define the business logic of the system, that is the elementary services that available to users and the other components of the system. Following services are implemented as part of GOS We Portal: • Security Service – provides the security of all other services from unauthorized access. Service is based on WSS (Web Security Service) standard. • Authorization Service – provides authorization of users and implementation of all the policies when users access all the other services within the system. This service is based on WAS (Web Authorization Service) standard. • Map Service – provides rendering of interactive maps and query functionality, as well as implementation of logic for map navigation and data searching. Service is based on OGC WMS standards and ArcGIS Server SOAP Map Service. WMS supports GML Simple Feature Profile as a format for serving vector data. • Geodata Service – provides direct access to the geospatial data through web service interface, as well as data querying and update of locally stored data. Service is based on OGC WFS and WCS standards. WFS supports GML simple feature profile as a format for vector data. • Metadata Catalog Service – provides access, search, browsing, editing and maintenance of metadata. Service is based on OGC CS-W standard. Data Layer Data layer represents the system for storage all the data that Portal operates. There are three main types of data that comprise this layer: • Geospatial data – represent READ data that READ has decided to make available to the external users. 302

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 •

•

Metadata – represent data that describe READ data, but also the the data of other organizations that want to make them available for the users of the GOS Web Portal. User Data – represent data needed for user authentication. User identification data is stored here, but also data that describe policies for service and data use by user groups.

.

Figure 7 - Introduction page layout Data Management and Cartographic Processing System for management of geospatial data and cartographic processing represent the set of tools needed for seamless input of various data into the system and data quality assurance, but also the representation of data through advanced cartographic techniques. Consuming External Services System is capable of consuming geospatial web services published and served by external users, and make the available as integral part of the system. For users that make their services available through the portal, Portal enables input of metadata. External services can be embedded in map services as layers of the interactive map. Portal is capable for consuming all the standard OGS web services (WMS, WFS, WCS), as well as ArcGIS Server SOAP services. Providing Services for External Users System represents a component of the overall e-government system of Montenegro, and therefore should provide integration with other government services and applications through geospatial web services. Such services are secured through Security Service in order to enable access only to authorized users. Portal is capable of serving all the standard OGS web services (WMS, WFS, WCS), as well as ArcGIS Server SOAP services.

303

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 8 - Advanced metadata search

7. CONCLUSIONS To be successful for a hosting organization, a geoportal requires clear executive sponsorship. Both the dedication of resources required at the outset for geoportal installation and the dedication of resources required for the ongoing vitality and growth of the geoportal will be highly dependent on such sponsorship. Likewise, the ready adoption and use of the geoportal by staff members to support their daily workflows and realize associated efficiencies will be greatly encouraged if management backing is understood. To provide clear executive sponsorship, the host organization's management must first be convinced of the value of hosting a geoportal by reviewing the breadth of requirements and outcomes that it can expect. This paper provides a checklist of issues that have a bearing on the adoption and maintenance of a geoportal by an organization and is intended to provide a starting point for management.

8. REFERENCES • • • • • •

Bačić, Z 2007, Presentation - Croatian Geoportal - Cornerstone of Groatian NSDI, GDUC 2007, Opatija, Croatia http://www.dgu.hr, March 2009 Pichler, G 2007, ESRI® Technology and INSPIRE, An ESRI ® White Paper, ESRI Europe, Rotterdam, Netherlands http://geoss.esri.com/geoportal/catalog/main/home.page http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/geoportal/index.html http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/ 304

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

8. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Dejan Krstevski,. Bachelor of Science in Department for computers science, informatics and automatization.During his 9 years professional engagement, in GISDATA DOOEL Skopje, he accomplished different working tasks, starting as a GIS Specialist, via GIS web application develop to the actual position of Senior GIS Consultant/Project manager in GISDATA. He attended many local, international and European conferences regarding implementation of GIS in various markets and presenting achievement of projects done by GISDATA. At the position of Senior GIS Consultant/Project Manager in GISDATA, he is providing technical support for clients, developing solutions, system planning, supervising, project development and GIS Trainer for ESRI instructor-led training courses. He is also working on business development and increasing of public awareness about the importance of the spatial information for better management, better decision making and development.

305

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

HOMOGENEOUS COORDINATE FRAMES VS. EXISTING INHOMOGENEOUS DATA Gerhard NAVRATIL 1 Ismail KABASHI 2 Michaela RAGOSSNIG-ANGST 3 ABSTRACT Nowadays, the vast majority of data are captured with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) or remote sensing. Both methods use homogeneous reference frames, i.e., there are no local distortions in the geometry of the reference frame implementation. This is different from data collected previously. Traditional data capture for mapping (including cadastral mapping) is based on terrestrial reference frames based on local observations. Although these observations were linked to each other in networks and contradictions eliminated with suitable mathematical methods, local deviations were inevitable. As a result these data are based on inhomogeneous reference frames. Combining data in a homogeneous reference frame with data in an inhomogeneous one shows the deviations between the reference frames. These deviations need to be eliminated in order to provide a consistent reference frame. In this paper we first show the historic reasons for the inhomogeneities using the Austrian case as an example. Then we present some approaches to deal with the deviations. Key word: GNSS, Coordinate Frame, Cadastre, Inhomogeneity

1. INTRODUCTION The problem of databases containing data captured during a long time is keeping a unique coordinate frame. Coordinate frames in the 19th and 20th century were typically defined by reference points. Their coordinates were determined by ground surveys (typically triangulation or trilateration) and astronomical observations. Approximate homogeneity was achieved by least squares adjustment. This, however, was not always possible, e.g., in Austria. Today coordinate frames are realized by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) like the American GPS or in future the European GALILEO. This difference creates problems when converting data from one system to the other. Local inhomogeneities have to be addressed and compensated. Typical 1

Gerhard NAVRATIL, [email protected] Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, A-1040 Wien, Gusshausstr. 27-29 2 Ass.Prof.Dr. Ismail Kabashi, [email protected], [email protected] University Prishtina, Department for Geodesy, Faculty for Civil Engineering und Architecture Vermessung Angst ZT GmbH, A-1020 Wien, Mayergasse 11 3 Michaela Ragoßnig-Angst, [email protected] Vermessung Angst ZT GmbH, A-1020 Wien, Mayergasse 11 306

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 approaches to deal with this problem include triangulation with affine transformation in each triangle and residual grids. Each of these approaches has its own strengths and weaknesses, which we discuss in the paper. In this paper we present examples from Austria showing the effect of the difference for engineering tasks like building tunnels. These situations have been deal with and we show how it was done. We then discuss other possible solutions and show their advantages and problems. We then extend the discussion to whole datasets like cadastral maps, which are basic building blocks for Spatial Data Infrastructures. Surveys for these data sets are also typically conducted using satellite technology, i.e., using GPS. This again leads to the problem of inhomogeneous data sets. The problem of inhomogeneous reference frames should therefore be addressed as early as possible to achieve consistent base data for both, data updates and external use of data for engineering projects. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. In section 2 we present a brief history of the Austrian reference frame since its beginning in the 19th century. We then show practical examples for problems occurring when combining data based on this reference frame with measurements taken with modern equipment. Finally, we show some mathematical concepts that can deal with these problems and discuss their properties and the suitability for international endeavours like INSPIRE.

2. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AUSTRIAN REFERENCE FRAME AND DERIVED DATA The current reference point network in Austria is based on measurement campaigns started in 1862 (Sommer 1967; Zeger 1993). Some of the stabilized points have already been used in earlier campaigns, e.g., for the 1st Austrian military triangulation network started in 1806, however the old observations were not used. The scale for the triangulation network was derived from a distance observation near Josefov in the Czech Republic. Originally it was planned to adjust all observations using the least squares method (Ghilani and Wolf 2006). However, this was not possible due to a lack of computational resources. The network was divided into several parts and these were adjusted separately. Small deformations in the overlapping parts of the sub-networks were inescapable. Another problem was that conditional adjustment was used. The network itself had holes and with conditional adjustment it was not possible to model this geometry. Figure 1 shows such a hole (marked with ‘I’) and its effect on the result of the adjustment. The triangles south east of the hole are not connected as they should be. This was later corrected locally. The resulting network was called the Austrian military triangulation.

307

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

I

Figure 1. Effects of the holes in the Austrian network in the part of the network between the Buschberg in Austria and Josefov in the Czech Republic (Sommer 1967) In 1907 a new adjustment was started because • the holes have been filled and • too large triangles have been split into smaller ones. Both activities should have improved the result of the adjustment. It should have also eliminated the problem with the holes. However, World War I stopped the computation and it was never resumed. 40 points of the highest quality level in the current Austrian network are still based on this network. These points form the legal Austrian reference frame together with triangulation points from consolidation networks of 2nd to 5th order and inserted points. Several activities to assess and improve the quality of the network were initiated. The quality assessment activities include • the analysis of the residuals of the angular sums in the triangles of the network for the observations before the World War I (Rohrer 1935), • the analysis of contradictions in the 1st order network (Bretterbauer 1967), and • a readjustment of the original observations and comparison with the coordinates in use (Litschauer 1974; Litschauer 1979) in connection with the Réseau Européen Trigonométrique (RETrig) campaign. Activities to improve the quality include campaigns in connection with European or international efforts to create high quality reference frames. These activities include work done for the European Datum 1977 (ED77) and the European Terrestrial Reference Frame 1989 (ETRS89). In parallel starting in the mid 1990ies a GNSS reference framework for Austria was created, consisting of the Austrian Geodynamic Reference Frame (AGREF) and the Austrian Reference Frame (AREF) (Döller, Höggerl et al. 1996; Erker, Stangl et al. 1996). The deviations between the Austrian network and the ETRS89 show a systematic effect. The difference vectors have a length of up to 2 m and rotate around two centres. One is located in the western Tyrol and the other in the eastern part of Austria (Erker 1997; Höggerl and Imrek 2007).

308

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The elimination of these deviations for the reference points is possible. Austria has currently approximately 60,000 triangulation points and 270,000 points determined with other methods. A complete readjustment is possible since the original observations are available in digital form. The amount of data may require careful preparation but these challenges are solvable. The task is much more complex for data based on these reference points. Data for cadastral and topographic maps, spatial planning, and many large constructions are based on the existing reference points because for decades all measurements were taken with respect to the reference point network. Only after GPS became operational and equipment with sufficient measurement quality became available, measurements could be taken without using the reference points. This clearly shows deviations between the GNSS reference frame and the Austrian reference frame, i.e., it is impossible to determine legally valid data like cadastral boundaries by GNSS without a transformation of the results to the local system. There is a second reason for deviations between Austrian cadastral data and the Austrian reference frame. The collection of the cadastral data started long before the triangulation network was measured. The cadastral mapping was based on its own triangulation network. However, the cadastral triangulation had several flaws (Rohrer 1934): • The triangulation was computed in 7 plane coordinate systems with its own scale and orientation. • The computation was only done in form of an approximation. • Triangulation and detailed survey were done in parallel. Thus local observations had a strong influence on the quality of the whole triangulation • The triangulation of the lowest quality was done in graphical form only. • The reference points used were not adequately stabilized. Sufficient stabilization in parts of Austria was done 30 years after the survey. At that time 12% of the points were already destroyed. In the southern parts of Austria the reference points were never stabilized. Thus the original cadastral data has a different reference frame than the network of reference points. Still the reference point network is nowadays used to determine cadastral boundaries. In that case there is not only a deviation between the European reference system and the Austrian reference system but also between the Austrian reference system and the reference system used to determine geometry of the data. Since many other data sets in Austria (e.g., for spatial planning) are based on the cadastral data, these differences must be taken into account when using modern measurement technologies like GNSS. Another problem with cadastral data emerges from the necessary processing steps since the original creation of the Austrian cadastre. Because the original mapping was done using plane coordinate systems, the change to the Gauß-Krüger-projection required a reprojection and thus redrawing of the maps. The same was necessary when the original scales of 1:1440 and 1:2880 were changed to 1:1000 and 1:2000. Finally, in the 1990ies the cadastral map was digitized. Each of these steps allow the occurrence of drawing errors. Thus today’s digital cadastral map in Austria itself has limited accuracy (compare Navratil, Hafner et al. 2010).

3. EFFECTS OF THE INCONSISTENCIES FOR ENGINEERING PROJECTS 309

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Two examples from engineering projects shall illustrate the practical implications of the problem in engineering applications. In both cases the streets were constructed and homogeneous networks were necessary for planning, implementation, and documentation. Cadastral registration of the streets requires a connection to the reference frame used for the cadastre. Modern construction machines, however, use GNSS-receiver for automatic or semi-automatic control. Thus, a connection to a homogeneous network is necessary, too, for planning and implementation. The first project is a network for a 40 km section of a river in the Tyrol. The network consists of 22 points, which were determined by 104 GPS-vectors (Figure 2). A constraint-free adjustment of the observations provides estimates for the quality of the observations. The maximum standard deviation for the coordinates of the points in the network is 1.3 mm and the maximum standard deviation for the components of the GPS-vectors is 1.7 mm. This shows that networks measured with GPS-equipment have a high internal accuracy. Since the longest observed GPS-vectors were longer than 14 km, the network is homogeneous.

Figure 2. Network layout for a river survey project in the Tyrol, Austria (© Vermessung Angst ZT GmbH) The alignment of the network with the reference points was performed with a Helmerttransformation. It resulted in residuals of up to 18 cm. This is 10 times the internal accuracy of the network. The second project is a road section of similar size in Upper Austria. This network also consists of 22 points, which were determined by similar number of GPS-vectors as in the first example (Figure 3). The quality of the network is also comparable to the first example. The alignment of the network with the reference points was performed with a Helmert-transformation. It resulted in 310

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 the residuals shown in Table 1. It is evident that the internal accuracy of the network is much better than the accuracy of the reference frame. The residuals of the transformation are up to 7 cm. This is too much for many engineering applications where constraints have to be fulfilled at specific points (e.g., there must be a smooth transition at the ends of the street segment and possible on-/off-ramps). Table 1. Residuals dX, dY, and dZ of the network points after the Helmert-transformation in [mm] (data: Vermessung Angst ZT GmbH) Pt. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

dX 13.4 8.0 -5.1 28.5 -22.2 -17.0 -16.6 31.5

dY 2.5 -8.4 -38.7 5.3 3.7 5.2 -28.5 21.2

dZ 44.7 32.0 -33.7 27.0 -31.7 -16.5 -20.9 -16.3

Pt. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

311

dX 11.3 3.6 -11.8 52.8 -23.8 35.5 -55.0 -33.0

dY -7.6 42.1 -12.3 0.1 -10.5 15.4 16.3 -5.8

dZ 68.3 59.2 -31.9 30.9 -2.8 -23.6 -49.9 -67.5

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 3. Network layout for a street construction project in Upper Austria (© Vermessung Angst ZT GmbH) The examples presented here do not show the worst case. Although a road of 40 km length is not a small project, the distortion of the reference frame will not vary too much. This changes when larger areas are affected, e.g., the whole area of Austria. Then the residuals exceed 1 m, which is problematic even for application with lower accuracy requirements. It may even happen in smaller areas, for example in the south-western part of Salzburg, where the direction of the residual vectors changes rapidly and thus the elimination of a trend does not eliminate the difference. The examples also concentrate on reference networks. If detailed data like cadastral data are used then not only the systematic influences become evident but also random deviations of 20 cm and more.

4. MATHEMATICAL SOLUTIONS TO ELIMINATE THE INCONSISTENCIES

312

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 There are several approaches how inconsistencies can be dealt with. There are two ways to classify the approaches. Firstly, there is a separation between geometric and stochastic approaches and secondly, there are exact methods and approximations. We will first give examples for geometric and stochastic approaches and then discuss the difference between exact and approximate implementations.

4.1. Simple Approaches vs. Residual-free Fitting The simplest way to map data from one reference frame to another reference frame is the similarity transformation. Assuming we have points in a coordinate system (x,y) and need it in another system (X,Y) there formula is

 cos α  X  a   =   + m  sin α  Y  b

− sin α  x    . cos α  y 

The transformation parameters a, b, m, and α can be computed if the coordinates of two points are known in both reference frames. Such points are called control points. If there are more than two pairs of coordinates in both reference frames then a parameter estimation is necessary and the model is called Helmert-transformation. The advantage of this type of mapping is that it is simple, bijective, and exact. The idea behind the mapping is simple. There are just two shifts (a and b), a rotation (α), and a scale factor (m). This leaves geometries unchanged, i.e., parallel lines remain parallel and circles remain circles. Since the mapping is bijective reversing the mapping is no problem and because it is an exact solution the mapping can be done back and forth multiple times without changing the result. However, in practice small deviations may happen due to implementation issues. The disadvantage of the Helmert-transformation is that it cannot deal with inhomogeneous reference frames. If the reference frame is distorted then the transformation parameters will vary with the geographic position. This cannot be modelled with one Helmert-transformation. Thus, after mapping the control points the resulting coordinates will deviate from the given ones. These deviations are called residuals. They show the ‘goodness of fit’ for the control points. An expanded version of the similarity transformation is the affine transformation. Here it is assumed that there are different scales mx and my for the two coordinate axis and the angle between the axis is not the same in both reference frame, resulting in two rotations α and β.

X = a + m x cos α x − m y sin β y, Y = b + m x sin α x + m y cos β y. The affine transformation requires three control points because there are six parameters. Again more control points can be used and lead to a standard problem of parameter estimation. The affine transformation can deal with some distortions between the reference frames. It can handle systematic distortions like scale differences. It cannot handle, however, local deviations. Thus when using more than three control points the affine transformation leads to the same problems as the Helmert-transformation. 313

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 However, there is a method to map a set of points in one reference frame to another reference frame using the affine transformation without residuals (Figure 4). The idea is to split the area into triangles with control points forming the corners of the triangles. The control points a to e are used to create a triangular tessellation of the space. For each of the triangles a separate set of parameters for an affine transformation are specified. This requires three control points and has an unambiguous solution. The point 1 is then mapped using the parameters determined by b, d, and e. The point 2 lies on the boundary between two triangles. It can thus be mapped using the affine transformation defined for both triangles. Both transformations lead to the same result. Point 3, however, constitutes a problem. It requires an extending of the area covered by the control points. Using the transformation parameters determined by the points b, d, and e may provide a reasonable result but this it neither checked not guaranteed. Another problem of this solution is that it is not possible to check the correctness of the control points. Erroneous control points (e.g., the point was relocated and the coordinates in one reference frame describe the point before the relocation whereas the coordinate in the other reference frame describe the point after the relocation) can then introduce previously non-existing inconsistencies. c a b 2 1 e d 3

Figure 4. Example for a residual-free affine transformation Another method to eliminate the residuals is the multi-quadratic interpolation proposed for geodetic applications by Wolf (1968) and Hardy (1971; 1972). Based on the residual vector r corrections uj for each point j are computed by uj=sjTS-1r with the quadratic and symmetric matrix S containing the distances between the control points and the vector sj containing the distances between the point j and the control points. This approach can also be expanded to a stochastic method. The methods described so far are purely geometrical. Geometric properties are used to define the parameters of the mapping. This approach ignores that the coordinates of the control points are not error-free. These coordinates emerge from observation processes and such processes are described as stochastic processes. The result of a stochastic process varies for each repetition because random deviations influence the result. The random deviations are typically modelled by normal distribution with estimate zero and a specified variance. This information can be used to eliminate the residuals. The elements describing the interrelation between the control points are then based on the correlation and not 314

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 the geometric distance. Such approaches typically utilize covariance functions, which map a specific distance to a covariance value.

4.2. Exact vs. Approximate Implementation The implementation of the methods discussed so far can be done by programming the necessary formulae. This is no problem if the amount of computations work only depends on the number of points that need to be mapped. This is not the case for all methods presented here. The multiquadratic interpolation, for example requires a matrix computation and the dimensions of the matrix and vectors depend on the number of control points. Although the term S-1r has to be determined one only and can be reused for each point that shall be corrected, the costs of the necessary scalar product depends on the number of control points. Thus for large control point networks the correction is computationally expensive. The same is true for the triangular tessellation. A way out of this dilemma is the use of approximation methods. The idea is that the corrections are not computed precisely. The approximations can be based on pre-computed values. An example for such a method is the residual grid. Precise corrections for points in a regular grid are pre-computed. When corrections for a specific point are needed, these pre-computed corrections are used to estimate approximate them. Figure 5 shows the basic principle. Corrections for point 1 are needed but only corrections for the points a to d have been pre-computed since they are part of the grid. In a first step the grid cell containing point 1 is determined. The grid points a to d with known residuals are then used to approximate the residuals of point 1.

b

a

x

1

c

y

d

Figure 5. Principle of the residual grid The interpolation is not without problems. Four points do not necessarily lie on a plane. Thus linear interpolation is not possible. Still, some instruments use it in the following way: First the values for the points x and y are determined by linear interpolation between (a,c) and (b,d) respectively. Then the values for the point 1 are interpolation between (x,y). In addition the surface approximated by the grid needs not to be a plane. In this case any linear interpolation method causes a linearization error. This error may lead to problems when data are frequently mapped back and forth between two systems. Each mapping process introduces a small error. If 315

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 this error is not fully compensated by the reverse mapping (which it will not be completely) then the errors may add up to significant amounts.

5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A practical application for these ideas has been presented by Grillmayer (2010). The problem was controlling construction vehicles using GPS for a road construction. The quality requirements and the residuals did not allow a single transformation, e.g., a Helmert-transformation. In order to fulfil the quality requirements 7 different sets of transformation parameters would have been necessary. This solution presented two practical problems: Firstly, the machine operator would have to select the correct parameter set and would have to change the parameter set when crossing the border where the current parameter set becomes invalid. Secondly, the parameter sets did not match exactly at the boundaries. These deviations would have to be evened during the construction work leading to slight unsteadiness in the path of the street. He used the solution of the residual grid, which was loaded into the GPS-receivers. This solution worked well. The INSPIRE initiative aims at improving the interoperability of data throughout the European Union. This inevitably leads to situations where data from homogeneous sources (GNSS, satellite imagery, etc.) need to be combined with data from inhomogeneous sources (base on traditionally surveyed networks of reference points). The necessity of adaption arises if the quality requirements of the application exceed the errors introduced by the inhomogeneities. In Austria the inhomogeneities add up to a maximum of approximately 2 m. Thus applications like a general statistics on land cover of public lands or mapping of traffic density on transit routes will not be significantly influenced. Other applications like applying for agricultural subsidies, however, might not be able to tolerate this deviation. The direction of correction also depends on the application. It may, for example, be required by law that data are mapped on cadastral data even if these data are based on an inhomogeneous reference frame. This may be the case if data have to be correlated with land owners or other data that is related to the cadastre like data on spatial planning. This will reduce the quality of the mapped data which may be inappropriate for other applications. Thus official services should provide a method to map the data to a different reference frame. This shall guarantee that the data are mapped only once and possible problems with approximation methods are avoided. For the Austrian case two different target systems seem feasible: The Austrian cadastral system and the European Terrestrial Reference Frame (ETRF).

6. REFERENCES Bretterbauer, K. (1967). "Eine Statistik der Dreieckswidersprüche im österreichischen Netz 1. Ordnung." Österreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen 55(2): 29-34. Döller, H., N. Höggerl, et al. (1996). GPS-Grundnetz von Österreich. Angewandte Geographische Informationsverarbeitung, Salzburg, Universität Salzburg, Institut für Geographie. Erker, E. (1997). "Die Homogenisierung des österreichischen Festpunktfeldes im internationalen Rahmen." Österreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessung und Geoinformation (VGI) 85(2): 109-116. 316

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Erker, E., G. Stangl, et al. (1996). "The Austrian Geodynamic Reference Frame (AGREF) Motivation and Results." Österreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessung und Geoinformation (VGI) 84(3): 293-298. Ghilani, C. D. and P. R. Wolf (2006). Adjustment Computations: Spatial Data Analysis. Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Grillmayer, E. (2010). Baumaschinensteuerung in inhomogenen Koordinatenrahmen. Presentation 27. Jan. 2010, Austrian Society for Surveying and Geoinformation. Hardy, R. L. (1971). "Multiquadratic Equations of Topography and other Irregular Surfaces." Journal of Geophysical Research 76: 1905-1915. Hardy, R. L. (1972). "Geodetic Applications of Multiquadratic Analysis." Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten (AVN) 79(10): 398-406. Höggerl, N. and E. Imrek (2007). "Recent Steps towards the Introduction of ETRS89 in Austria." Geodetski Vestnik, Journal of the Association of Surveyors of Slovenia 51(4): 742-750. Litschauer, J. (1974). "Der österreichische Anteil am RETrig I." Österreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen und Photogrammetrie 62(4): 145-157. Litschauer, J. (1979). "Das österreichische Dreiecksnetz 1. Ordnung in ED 77." Österreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen und Photogrammetrie 67(2): 57-74. Navratil, G., J. Hafner, and D. Jilin (2010). Accuracy Determination for the Austrian Digital Cadastral Map (DKM). Fourth Croatian Congress on Cadastre, Zagreb, Croatian Geodetic Society. Rohrer, H. (1934). "Zum neuen Projektionssystem Österreichs." Österreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen 32(5/6): 89-97, 116-123. Rohrer, H. (1935). "Die Ausgestaltung des Dreiecksnetzes I. Ordnung." Österreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen 33(5): 101-106. Sommer, L. (1967). Die Abänderung des Gradmessungsnetzes für die Zwecke des Katasters. 150 Jahre österreichischer Grundkataster. R. Messner. Wien, Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen: 147-158. Wolf, H. (1968). Ausgleichungsrechnung nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate. Bonn, Ferdinand Dümmler. Zeger, J. (1993). Die historische Entwicklung der staatlichen Vermessungsarbeiten (Grundlagenvermessung) in Österreich. Band IV: Neutriangulierung. Wien, Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen.

7. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS PD DI Dr. Gerhard NAVRATIL holds a position as an assistant at the Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography. He is deputy head of the institute. He was born on 25.08.1969 in Vienna, Austria. He graduated as a surveying engineer at the Vienna University of Technology in 1998. In 2002 year he received the Doctor of technical sciences (PhD) from the same University. In July 2007 he received the venia docendi (right to teach) in the field of geoinformation from the same University. Since 1998 he is employed by the Institute of Geoinformation and Cartography 317

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 at the Vienna University of Technology as a teaching and research assistant. He published over 30 reviewed papers at national and international scientific conferences and in national and international journals related to geo-information and geodesy. He published five books in the book series of the institute and the Springer series “Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography”. Ass.Prof. Dr. Ismail KABASHI is a member of the University Pristine, Department for Geodesy, Faculty for Civil Engineering und Architecture. He is employed at the graduated consulting engineering company Vermessung Angst ZT GmbH in Vienna/Austria. He was born on 08.08.1965 in Pristine, Kosova. He graduated in the department of geodesy at the University of Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) in 1992. In 2003, he received the Doctor of technical sciences (PhD) at the department of engineering geodesy of Vienna University of Technology. Currently he is employed at Vermessung Angst ZT GmbH as a project manager for planning and execution of cadastre and geo-monitoring projects. Since 2004, he works as a geodesy engineering Professor at the University of Pristine (Kosova). He is author of many papers published and presented at national and international scientific conferences related to geodesy and engineering geodesy, as well as the author of script for students in geodesy engineering field. DI Michaela Ragoßnig-Angst, MSc. (OU), is managing director of the graduated consulting engineering company Vermessung Angst ZT GmbH in Vienna/Austria. She was born on 09.09.1970 in Vienna, Austria. She graduated as a surveying engineer at the Vienna University of Technology in 1996. In 1998 she got her diploma for Master of Science in Engineering Management at the Oakland University Detroit and the Vienna University of Technology. Since May 2000, she is a Graduated Consulting Engineer for Surveying and since 2002 she is managing director of the graduated consulting engineering company Vermessung Angst ZT GmbH in Vienna/Austria. She is lecturer at the University of Applied Science “FH Campus Wien” for surveying and member of the Advisory board for Urban Planning of the City of Vienna.

318

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

THE COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEMS OF SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES IN ALBANIA Pal NIKOLLI1, Bashkim IDRIZI2 ABSTRACT One of the basics of geoinformation systems is to guarantee an unambiguous spatial reference of the stored information. The spatial reference can be given by coordinates or by geographic identifiers. Coordinates are unambiguous when the reference system to which those coordinates are related has been fully described. The standardization activities since the nineties in the frame of the European standardization organization CEN and of the international standardization organization ISO for GIS included the spatial reference aspect as a central topic. The coordinate reference system (CRS) is an aggregate class with the component classes datum and coordinate system; geodetic datum, vertical datum and engineering datum are subclasses to the datum. In Albania, many organizations have collections of spatial data. Few institutions have operational GIS databases. Except Municipality of Tirana, there are not online spatial data bases. Spatial data are created by several agencies as per their needs. Some realities of spatial data are: relevant data is often hard to find, frequently it is not in compatible forms, information describing data is often non-existent, framework data does not exist for broad geographic areas, data sharing across organizations is inconsistent etc. Therefore we need to do: common language, common reference system and common framework. In this paper we give some knowledge about coordinates references systems that are used in Albania to which are related the coordinates of spatial reference. Three common coordinate systems used in GIS in Albania are Geographic coordinate system (Lat-Long), planar (Cartesian) georeferenced coordinate system (easting, northing, elevation) which includes projection from an ellipsoid to a plane with origin and axes tied to the Earth surface, planar non - georeferenced coordinate system, such as image coordinate system with origin and axes defined arbitrarily (e.g. image corner) without defining its position on the Earth and projection. Key word: ALBANIA, INSPPIRE, NSDI, GIS, CRS, CEN, ISO

1. INTRODUCTION The realization of a geoinformation system requires that the geodetic reference system is defined and the measurements are carried out in the chosen system. In every Geographic Information Systems (GIS) project, the user must choose whether to analyze and display data in geographic coordinates or a map projection. There are potentially critical differences between these two ways of measuring the world. In other hand for building up a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), one condition is that all spatial data (geodata) which are used for a specific purpose need to use the same Coordinate Reference Systems (CRS) simultaneously. For that, the definition of each CRS and their relations has to be known. In order to facilitate the exchange and use of geospatial data 1

Prof.Dr.sc. Pal NIKOLLI, [email protected] Tirana University, Department of geography, www.fhf.edu.al Gsm.: +355 69 2472-451 Elbasan street, Faculty of History and Philology, Tirana, Albania. 2 Prof.Dr.sc. Bashkim IDRIZI, [email protected] State University of Tetova, www.unite.edu.mk, www.geocities.com/hartografia/ut.html Tel.: +389 2 2612-492, Gsm.: +389 75 712-998, Fax: +389 44 334-222 Str. Xhon Kenedi, 25-4-20, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.

319

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 by different individuals and organizations, it is important to have a common framework and structure for expressing spatial referencing information. To further this goal, the specification of coordinate reference systems and their components conforms to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 19111:2003 entitled Spatial Referencing by Coordinates. The high level abstract model for spatial referencing by coordinates is shown in the diagram below (fig 1). Coordinate Tuple (for example X,Y,Z)

Coordinate Tuple inputs

(for example φ,λ,h)

outputs

is referenced to

Coordinate Operation

is referenced to

(ETRS89 to WGS 84)

Coordinate Reference System

source

target

Coordinate Reference System (for example WGS 84)

(for example ETRS89)

is comprised of

is comprised of Datum (ETRS89)

and

Coordinate System (X,Y,Z)

Datum (WGS 84)

and

Coordinate System (φ,λ,h)

Fig. 1. The abstract model for spatial referencing by coordinates

New methods of acquiring spatial data and the advent of geographic information systems (GIS) for handling and manipulating data mean that we no longer must rely on paper maps from a single source, but can acquire, combine, and customize spatial data as needed. To ensure quality results, however, one must fully understand the diverse coordinate frameworks upon which the data are based. Datums and Map Projections provides clear, accessible explanations of the terminology, relationships, transformations, and computations involved in combining data from different sources. The paper focuses on different coordinate systems and datums that are used in Albania.

2. COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEMS (CRS) Geographic locations in a geospatial object are specified in terms of the object’s coordinate reference system (CRS). A CRS associates a coordinate system with an object by means of a datum (fig 2). Therefore, a CRS definition must encompass a definition of a coordinate system and a datum. In the context of ISO 19111 a CRS is defined by its datum. Three types are important in the context of this paper: • Geodetic CRS – a CRS based on a geodetic datum (e.g. WGS 84 or ETRS 89 - note that both these names are also names of geodetic datums) • Projected CRS – a CRS derived from a geodetic CRS by means of a map projection. The datum is expressed by the geodetic datum of the base geodetic CRS from which the projected CRS is derived (e.g. Albanian National Grid)

320

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 •

Vertical CRS – a one dimensional CRS based on a vertical datum (e.g. MSL Depth). It is the definition of the CRS that must be supplied with a spatial dataset in order that a full understanding of the meaning of the coordinates in the data can be gained. By extension the CRS should also be expressed in full on any map products that are produced.

Fig. 2. A coordinate reference system combines a coordinate system with a datum, which gives the relationship of the coordinate system to the surface and shape of the Earth

A coordinate system (CS) is a sequence of coordinate axes with specified units of measure. A coordinate system is an abstract mathematical concept without any defined relationship to the earth. Coordinate systems generally have not been explicitly described in geodetic literature, and they rarely have well-known names by which they are identified. The historic colloquial use of ‘coordinate system' usually meant coordinate reference system. A datum specifies the relationship of a coordinate system to the earth, thus ensuring that the abstract mathematical concept can be applied to the practical problem of describing positions of features on or near the earth’s surface by means of coordinates (fig.3). Coordinate reference systems, coordinate systems and datums are each classified into several subtypes. Each coordinate system type can be associated with only specific types of coordinate reference system. Similarly each datum type can be associated with only specific types of coordinate reference system. Thus, indirectly through their association with CRS types, each coordinate system type can only be associated with specific types of datum. In Europe there exist a very lot of different Coordinate Reference Systems (CRS), and new CRS are defined (table 1). This collection of European Coordinate Reference Systems collects a lot of paneuropean, regional and national CRS information.

321

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Fig. 3. The definitions of CRS, datum and coordinate system

Tab. 1. Different Coordinate Reference Systems (CRS) in Europe

CRS-EU EVRS Information and Service Information System for the System for Coordinate Reference European Vertical Reference System Systems in Europe It contains: • description of national Coordinate Reference Systems • description of panEuropean Coordinate Reference Systems • description of transformation parameters from national Coordinate Reference Systems to panEuropean Coordinate Reference Systems including o quality of transformation o verification data of transformation o possibility for online conversion and transformation of single points for test and verification purposes

It contains: • definition of EVRS • description of realizations of EVRS - EVRF2000 and EVRF2007 • projects and products for EVRS (UELN, EUVN, EUVN-DA) • references for EVRS (resolution, papers, bibliography)

322

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 (position) • links to the National Mapping Agencies of the European Countries

2.1. Coordinate Reference System subtypes. Geodetic survey practice usually divides coordinate reference systems into a number of sub-types. The common classification criterion for sub-typing of coordinate reference systems can be described as the way in which they deal with earth curvature. This has a direct effect on the portion of the earth’s surface that can be covered by that type of CRS with an acceptable degree of error. The following types of coordinate reference system are distinguished: Geographic (Geographic 2D, Geographic 3D), Geocentric (ISO 19111 classifies both geographic and geocentric coordinate reference systems as geodetic CRSs), Vertical, Projected, Engineering and Compound (in historic geodetic practice, horizontal and vertical positions were determined independently). It is established practice to combine the horizontal coordinates of a point with a height or depth from a different coordinate reference system. This has resulted in coordinate reference systems that are horizontal (2D) and vertical (1D) in nature, as opposed to truly 3-dimensional. The coordinate reference system to which these 2D+1D coordinates are referenced combines the separate horizontal and vertical coordinate reference systems of the horizontal and vertical coordinates. Such a system is called a compound coordinate reference system (CCRS). It consists of a non-repeating sequence of two or more single coordinate reference systems). For spatial coordinates, a number of constraints exist for the construction of compound CRSs. Coordinate reference systems that are combined shall not contain any duplicate or redundant axes. Valid combinations include: Geographic 2D + Vertical, Geographic 2D + Engineering 1D (near vertical), Projected + Vertical, Projected + Engineering 1D (near vertical), Engineering (horizontal 2D) + Vertical, Engineering (1D linear) + Vertical. 2.2. Coordinate System subtypes. Datum subtypes The coordinates of points are recorded in a coordinate system (CS). Each CS type may be associated with only specific types of CRS. The following types of coordinate system are distinguished: ellipsoidal, Cartesian, affine, gravity-related, linear, spherical, polar, and cylindrical. A "Datum" is a standard representation of shape and offset for coordinates, which includes an ellipsoid and an origin. A datum implies a choice regarding the origin and orientation of the coordinate system. It is the datum that makes the coordinate system and its coordinates unambiguous. We recognize three types of datum – geodetic, vertical and engineering (fig. 4).

323

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Fig. 4. The coordinate reference system (CRS) is an aggregate class with the component classes datum and coordinate system, geodetic datum, vertical datum and engineering datum are subclasses to the datum

There are a vast amount of datums, some used for measurements all over the world, and other local datums defined so they fit very well with a local area. Some common ones are: World Geodetic Datum 1984 (WGS84), European Datum 1950 (ED50) and North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) etc. The most well-known is WGS84 used by the GPS systems today. It is a good approximation of the entire world and with fix-points defined almost all over the world. When it was defined they forgot to include points in Europe though, so the Europeans now have their own ETRS89, which is usually referred to as the “realization of WGS84 in Europe”. The problem here was solely because of continental drift, so they defined some points relative to WGS84 in 1989, and keeps track of the changes. In most use-cases it is of no real importance and we can use one or the other. People often refer to having their data in WGS84, and we see now why this doesn’t make sense. All we know from that is that the data is defined using the WGS84 datum, but we don’t know which coordinate system it uses. A vertical datum defines the relationship of a gravity-related coordinate system to the earth. An engineering datum defines the relationship of a coordinate system used for engineering purposes to the earth. For both vertical and engineering types the most important attribute is the datum name, which implies the relationship. A geodetic datum defines the relationship of a geographic or geocentric coordinate system to the earth. In addition to the datum name (which again implies the relationship), essential attributes of a geodetic datum are the chosen model of the earth – the ellipsoid – including details of name and defining parameter values, together with the details of the zero or prime meridian from which longitudes are reckoned.

3. COORDINATE DATUMS Since coordinate reference systems are idealized abstractions, they can only be accessed through their physical materialization (or realization) called reference frames or datums. The datum effectively defines the origin and orientation of the coordinate reference system at a certain epoch, generally by adopting a set of station coordinates. Over time, different techniques with varying levels of sophistication have been used to define the 324

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 shape of the Earth’s surface, resulting in the adoption of many different datums. Here we briefly describe some of the datums used by spatial professionals today. The International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) is the most precise earth-centered, earth-fixed datum currently available and was first introduced in 1988. It is maintained by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) and realized by an extensive global network of accurate coordinates and their velocities derived from geodetic observations using GPS, Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) (Altamimi et al., 2007). These coordinates are based on the GRS80, a geocentric ellipsoid designed to approximate the geoid on a global scale. The ITRF is a dynamic datum and changes according to temporal variations of its network coordinates and their velocities due to the effects of crustal motion, earth orientation, polar motion and other geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanic activity (Bock, 1998). It is updated regularly in order to account for the dynamics of the Earth and now sufficiently refined to ensure that the change between successive ITRF versions is in the order of 1-2 cm. So far the following versions have been released: ITRF88, ITRF89, ITRF90, ITRF91, ITRF92, ITRF93, ITRF94, ITRF96, ITRF97, ITRF2000 and ITRF2005. A new version, ITRF2008, is anticipated to be released in the near future. Coordinates given in any of the ITRF realizations are referred to a specific epoch in order to enable appropriate consideration of the Earth’s dynamics. The most popular global coordinate system used by the GPS navigation system is WGS 84. The World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) was developed for the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), later named NIMA (National Imagery and Mapping Agency) and now called NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency), and is the nominal datum used by GPS (NIMA, 2004). It is based on the WGS84 ellipsoid which can generally be assumed identical to the GRS80. The WGS84 datum was introduced in 1987 based on Doppler observations and has since been refined several times to be closely aligned with the ITRF in order to prevent degradation of the GPS broadcast ephemerides (i.e. orbit parameters) due to plate tectonics (True, 2004). The first refinement was introduced in 1994 to align the WGS84 with ITRF91 and included a revised set of station coordinates for the tracking network, based entirely on GPS observations (Malys and Slater, 1994). It is known as WGS84 (G730) where G stands for ‘GPS’ and 730 denotes the GPS week number when NGA started expressing their derived GPS precise ephemerides in this frame, i.e. 2 January 1994. Swift (1994) estimated that the refined WGS84 agreed with the ITRF92 at the 10 cm level. The second refinement, WGS84 (G873), occurred on 29 September 1996 and resulted in coincidence with the ITRF94 at better than 10 cm (Malys et al., 1997). It should be noted that the GPS Operational Control Segment did not implement the WGS84 (G730) and WGS84 (G873) coordinates until 29 June 1994 and 29 January 1997, respectively. The latest refinement, WGS84 (G1150), was introduced and implemented on 20 January 2002 based on 15 days of GPS data collected during February 2001 at six U.S. Air Force monitoring stations, 11 NGA stations and several additional global tracking stations. After this alignment with the ITRF2000, it was shown that the WGS84 coincides with the ITRF within a few centimeters at the global level (Merrigan et al., 2002). For all mapping and charting purposes, the WGS84 and the most current ITRF can therefore be assumed identical (NIMA, 2004). However, it should be noted that the level of agreement worsens as the time gap between WGS84 (G1150) and the latest realization of ITRF grows. 325

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 In order to move to a geocentric (i.e. GPS-compatible) datum, the European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) was introduced in 1989. This datum is based on the GRS80 ellipsoid, coincident with ITRF89 at epoch 1989.0 and realized by an extensive permanent GPS station network across Europe (Boucher and Altamimi, 1992). The ETRS89 has undergone several realizations, denoted European Terrestrial Reference Frames (ETRF), relating it to more recent versions of the ITRF. The latest realization, known as ETRF2000, has been derived from the ITRF2000 through a set of known transformation formulae (Altamimi and Boucher, 2002). While many European countries continue to use their individual national datums, an increasing number of these are linked to the ETRF.

4. PROJECTION COORDINATES In practice, it is often required to express positions on a flat surface in the form of grid coordinates, i.e. in a 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system such as Easting and Northing. Here we briefly reviews map projections and introduces the principle of grid coordinates. 4.1 Map Projections Map projections are used to represent a spatial 3dimensional surface (e.g. the Earth) on a plane 2dimensional surface (e.g. a paper map) according to a recognized set of mathematical rules, resulting in an ordered system of meridians (lines of constant longitude) and parallels (lines of constant latitude). It is therefore necessary to project the Earth onto a developable surface that can be cut and flattened, i.e. a plane, cylinder or cone, resulting in an azimuthal, cylindrical or conic projection, respectively. This projection surface is located tangent or secant to the Earth and its axis is either coincident with the Earth’s axis (polar or normal aspect), at right angles to it (equatorial or transverse aspect) or at an arbitrary angle (oblique aspect). The projection parameters needed to convert curvilinear coordinates to grid coordinates are derived either geometrically or mathematically. It is impossible to convert a 3D surface into a 2D surface without introducing distortions. Several hundred map projections have therefore been developed in order to satisfy certain cartographic properties, i.e. the preservation of shape locally (conformal projection), scale (equidistant projection) or area (equalarea projection). Thus it is possible to eliminate certain distortions at the expense of others or to minimize all types of distortions, but some distortion will always remain. On a conformal map, meridians and parallels intersect at right angles, and the scale at any point on the map is the same in any direction, although it will vary from point to point. Conformal maps therefore allow the analysis, control or recording of motion and angular relationships. Two well known conformal projections are the Gauss Kryger and the Transverse Mercator projection, which are used extensively in Albania as a basis for grid coordinates. 4.2. UTM Projection The Transverse Mercator projection is mathematically derived and utilizes a cylinder that is tangent to a chosen meridian, called the central meridian (CM). The scale is therefore true along the central meridian but increases with increasing distance from it, thereby causing a growing distortion in scale. The Transverse Mercator projection is 326

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 most appropriate for regions exhibiting a large north-south extent but small east-west extent. However, by splitting up the area to be mapped into longitudinal zones of limited extent and merging the resulting plane maps, the entire world can be mapped with minimal distortion. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection utilizes a zone width of 6° and ensures that the scale is very close to unity across the entire zone by defining a central scale factor of 0.9996 for the CM which results in a scale of 1.0010 at the zone boundary located 3° away from the CM. The UTM projection divides the world into 60 zones, zone 1 having a CM at longitude 177°W, while the latitudinal extent of each zone is 80°S and 84°N, indicated by 20 bands labeled C to X with the exclusion of I and O for obvious reasons. All latitude bands are 8° wide, except the most northerly (X) which is 12° wide to allow Greenland to be mapped in its entirety. For a UTM map of the world, the reader is directed to http://www.dmap.co.uk/utmworld.htm. The increasing distortion in scale evident at high latitudes is caused by the north-south gridlines not converging at the poles, i.e. the poles would be projected as lines rather than points. The Albania is located in zone 34S and 34T. Note that while the latitude extent is generally part of the coordinate display in most GNSS receivers, in a GIS environment it is often replaced by N or S to indicate the hemisphere when a global UTM system is used. 4.3. Grid Coordinates In each UTM zone, the projected grid coordinates, i.e. Easting and Northing, are initially referenced to the origin defined by the intersection of the CM and the equator, resulting in negative Easting coordinates west of the CM and negative Northing coordinates in the southern hemisphere. In order to ensure positive coordinate values across the entire zone, the UTM system applies false coordinates to the origin by adding 500,000 m to the true Easting and, in the southern hemisphere, 10,000,000 m to the true Northing. It should be noted that variations of this global UTM convention are used in numerous national mapping datums, applying different zone widths, false coordinates and central scale factors. The Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) is a two-dimensional grid that uniquely identifies a square meter anywhere on the earth. The MGRS attempts to represent the entire surface of the Earth on a worldwide grid. The grid is based on the UTM (between 80°S and 84°N latitudes) and UPS (Universal Polar Stereographic) systems. The MGRS coordinate consists of seven parameters: Datum (as applied to MGRS), Zone number, Band letter, Column letter, Row letter, MGRS Easting and MGRS Northing

5. VERTICAL DATUM A vertical datum defines a reference for elevation comparisons and is essential for a wide range of spatial applications such as floodplain management, waterway navigation management, roadway and drainage design, agricultural management and surveying in general. Most countries utilize an approximation of the orthometric height system related to the geoid as reference for vertical coordinates. Generally, vertical datums are based on MSL. However, MSL has been specified differently in different countries, resulting in a multitude of zero-levels. The history of and the various relationships between the many existing national vertical datums is a very complex topic.

327

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 5.1. Transformation of Heights Positions obtained by GPS include heights referred to a reference ellipsoid. These heights are purely based on the geometry of the ellipsoid and therefore have no physical meaning. In practice, however, heights are generally required that correctly reflect the flow of water, e.g. for drainage and pipeline design. National height datums are therefore based on orthometric heights, referenced to the geoid or an approximation thereof. Ellipsoidal heights (h) can be converted into orthometric heights (H) by applying the geoid undulation (N), also known as geoid-ellipsoid separation, geoid height (not to be confused with the height above geoid, i.e. the orthometric height) or N value: H=h–N where h and N are measured along the ellipsoid normal, while H is measured along the curved plumb line, i.e. the direction of the gravity vector (Fig. 5).

Figure 5: Relationship between ellipsoidal height (h), orthometric height (H) and geoid undulation (N), courtesy of M. Kuhn, Curtin University of Technology

6. COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEMS (CRS) USED IN ALBANIA The ability to successfully change from one datum to another requires knowledge of: a. Geoids b. Ellipsoids c. Coordinate Systems d. Geodetic Height e. Geodetic Datums f. Coordinate Systems g. Methodology to shift from one datum to another From second half of XIX century, in Albanian territory are made some coordinate reference systems especially to support mapping of Albanian ground territory. Thus, we distinguish coordinate references following: • The Triangulation Network that was established by Military Geographic Institute of Vienna (MGIW) during 1860-1873, in the framework of the construction of the geodetic basis is done for mapping of Balkan at 1:75000 scale. We have not any detailed information about, but we know that in the 1918 the geodetic coordinates of the points of triangulation were calculated on Bessel ellipsoid (dimensions determined by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, based on several meridian arcs and other data of continental geodetic networks of Europe, Russia and the British Survey of India), Gauss-Krüger cylindrical projection, with origin the intersection of the Equator by the meridian of Ferro. 328

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

•

•

•

Reference parameters of the Coordinative Reference established by Military Geographic Institute of Vienna (MGIW) in the 1860-1873 period are: Ellipsoid: Bessel 1841, non geocentric Ellipsoid origin of north: Earthy equator, Ellipsoid origin of east: Ferro Meridian (-17.50 in west of Greenwich) Projection: Polyconic of Bonn The geodetic coordinates of the points of triangulation that carried out by Military Geographic Institute of Italy (IGM), in the 1927-1943 period, were calculated on Bessel ellipsoid, Bonn projection with central meridian Lo=20', as origin was determined the astronomical point of Lapraka, Tirana. At the same time, IGM carried out the Leveling Net (about 150-170 km). The origin for Heights System was chosen the MSI, of Adriatic Sea, determined with a temporary tide gauge very short recording time (one month). Reference parameters of the Coordinative Reference established by Military Geographic Institute of Italy (IGM), in the 1927-1943 period are: Ellipsoid: Bessel 1841, non geocentric Ellipsoid origin of North: Earthy Equator (φ = 00), Ellipsoid origin of East: Meridian λ0 = 200 Projection: Bonn False origin of North: 0.000 m False origin of East: 0.000 m Scale of deformation in central meridian (λ0 = 200): k0=1 In the 1955, the specialists of Military Topographic Group of Albania carried out the reconstruction and the densification of the IGM Net in order to grant the request for mapping at 1: 25 000 scale. At the same time, the first- order network was transformed from the IGM. System (1934) into the 1942 coordinate system, which based on Krassovsky ellipsoid, Gauss-Krüger projection with central meridian Lo=21'. Reference parameters of the Coordinative Reference established by of Military Topographic Group of Albania with Russian help in 1955 year are: Ellipsoid: Krasovski 1945, non geocentric Ellipsoid origin of North: Earthy Equator (φ = 00), Ellipsoid origin of East: Central Meridian λ = 210 Projection: Gauss-Kryger (Mercator Transversal) False origin of North: 0.000 m False origin of East: 500 000.000 m, in west of meridian λ = 210 Scale of deformation in central meridian (λ0 = 210): k0=1 The New Albanian Net, which constituted from Triangulation and Leveling was designed, rebuilt, measured and calculated from Military Topographic Institute of Albania (MTI) during 1970-1985 (fig. 6). Leveling Networks, were designed, measured and calculated at the same time as the triangulation, during 1970-1985, from Military Topographic Institute (MTI). Reference parameters of the Coordinative Reference established by of Military Topographic Institute of Albania in the 1970- 1985 period are: Ellipsoid: Krasovski 1945, non geocentric Ellipsoid origin of North: Earthy Equator (φ = 00), Ellipsoid origin of East: Central Meridian λ = 210 Projection: Gauss-Kryger (Mercator Transversal) False origin of North: 0.000 m 329

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 False origin of East: 500 000.000 m, in west of meridian λ = 210 Scale of deformation in central meridian (λ0 = 210): k0=1

KRUMA

SHKODRA

DURRESI TIRANA

ELBASANI

KORÇA VLORA

SARANDA

Fig. 6. First class of Albanian Triangulation Net The Datum of the elevation system was chosen the MSL of Adriatic Sea, determined from recordings of tide gauge for 1958-1977, which was establish since before second world war from Military Geographic Institute of Florence, Italy. From this tide gauge was establish the Fundamental Bench Mark (FBM) of the First Order Leveling (FOL). The cadastral maps that were done for about 40 years by using the classical methods (tachymetry) are a scale of 1:2500 and 1:5000. The maps were used not only for cadastral purposes but also for different considerations such as land irrigation systems, land management, and so forth. Two co-ordinate systems for cadastral maps production are applied: (1) one system based on the Bessel ellipsoid is used to produce maps at a scale of 1:2500; (2) and the other system based on the 330

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

•

Krasowski ellipsoid is used to generate maps at a scale of 1:5000. The GaussKruger projection is used for both systems; for the first system the central meridian is 20°, and for the second it is 21°. The maps at the scale of 1:2500 in the Bessel co-ordinate system are based on a map sheet layout system unique to Albania. Map sheets produced in the Krasowski system are referenced by geographic coordinates. Immovable Property Registration Office (IPRO), Ministry of Justice: IPRO, as part of its property registration scope, has produced a cadastral layer that includes coverage for all the eight cities. The cadastral borders are in AutoCAD DWG/DXF format, while the attribute data resides partly in a relational database, and partly in hard-copy format. The spatial data is acceptably accurate at scales of 1:500-1:1,000 in urban areas, and at 1:2,500 scale in rural areas. The data is spatially referenced in the Albanian National Coordinate System (Gauss-Kruger, Krasovski/Pulkovo 1942). IPRO is at present in the midst of a large-scale modernization project, which will produce a highly automated property registration updating procedure, as well as a GIS-compatible cadastral database. This database will be of vital importance for any regulatory planning initiative, and so the solving of the coordinate conversion issues is of utmost importance. A Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic control network survey was performed in Albania during October 1994 in collaboration with United States Defense Mapping Agency Aerospace Center (DMAAC). The purpose of the survey was to establish World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) positions on 35 existing stations within the Albanian geodetic control network. The selection of the stations to be included in the survey was made by M.T.I. personnel. The objective of GPS measurements campaign of February 98 in collaboration with University of Wisconsin, Florida, USA was: Connect the Albanian Geodetic Network to the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRF) and define the inter-relationship between the local and international reference frameworks. It was proposed to occupy stations included in US National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) GPS network of 1994, thus it would be possible to re-adjust the NIMA network data. The fiducially network included the IGS stations GRAZ, MATERA, SOFIA and PENC and stations KAMZA, KORCA, SHKODRA. The final coordinates are referenced to ITRF 96, Epoch 1998.0, also the final WGS 84 geodetic coordinates. The final co-ordinates for the new EUREF stations were performed by fixing the co-ordinates of four ITRF stations (Wettzell1202) and are given in the International Terrestrial The Military Institute of Albania is responsible for producing a variety of cartographic products, including hard-copy topographic maps at the following scales: 1:10,000, 1:25,000, 1:50,000, and 1:100,000. All of these products are spatially referenced in the Albanian National Coordinate System. In addition, the Institute distributes 1:50,000 scale hard-copy maps produced in collaboration with the USA agency NIMA (National Image and Mapping Agency – now called NGA: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency). These products are spatially referenced in the UTM (WGS84) coordinate system. The Institute’s 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 scale series may be suitable background cartographic material for city-based GIS projects, since they exhibit a standard graphic “language”, as well as indicate the regional context of the city. Reference parameters of the Coordinative Reference established by of Military Topographic Institute of Albania after 1994 year are: Ellipsoid name: WGS 84 Ellipsoid origin of North: Earthy Equator (φ = 00), 331

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Ellipsoid origin of East: Central Meridian λ = 210 E Map Projection name: UTM zone 34 N False northing, in grid units: 0.000 m False easting, in grid units: 500 000.000 m, in west of meridian λ = 210 Scale factor at natural origin in central meridian (λ0 = 210): k0=0.9996 Magnitude of projection zone: 60, Projection Zone: 34 Projected CRS axes units name: meter • Albanian National Grid (ANG) is the national standard CRS for land mapping in Albania. The components of the CRS are as follows: 1. Base Geodetic CRS – WGS 84 2. Geodetic Datum – WGS 84 3. Ellipsoid – WGS 84 4. Prime Meridian – Greenwich 5. Coordinate System - Ellipsoidal 6. Projection Parameters – ANG 7. Projection Method – Transverse Mercator 8. Coordinate System – Cartesian ANG was originally created using classical techniques. The geodetic datum was realized by triangulation using physical monuments (Trig Points). However, the realization of the datum is now performed through the use of the coordinate transformation. Numerous mathematical techniques have been developed to convert coordinates between Albanian System 1987 (ALB87) (Krasovski Ellipsoid and Gauss-Kryger Projection) and UTM, WGS 84. These techniques include a variety of multipleparameter and multiple-regression transformation equations.

7. CONCLUSIONS In order to facilitate the exchange and use of geospatial data by different individuals and organizations, it is important to have a common framework and structure for expressing spatial referencing information. Coordinates are the foundation of GIS, cartography, and surveying, to name just a few fields. Coordinate systems, covering ellipsoids, datums, and plane coordinates are used in GIS and GPS. There are thousands of horizontal geodetic datums and Cartesian coordinate systems currently sanctioned by governments around the world to describe our planet electronically and on paper. In Albania we distinguished coordinate reference systems that based on: • Bessel ellipsoid and Bonn polyconic projection; • Krasovski ellipsoid and Gauss-Kryger projection; • WGS 84 ellipsoid and UTM projection. The Datum of the elevation system in Albania was chosen the MSL of Adriatic Sea, determined from recordings of tide gauge for 1958-1977, which was establish since before second world war from Military Geographic Institute of Florence, Italy. From this tide gauge was establish the Fundamental Bench Mark (FBM) of the First Order Leveling (FOL)

332

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The INSPIRE theme Coordinate reference systems (CRS) provides a harmonized specification for uniquely referencing spatial information. Numerous algorithms and programs are developed to convert coordinates between Albanian System 1987 (ALB87) (Krasovski Ellipsoid and Gauss-Kryger Projection) and UTM, WGS 84. But, till now algorithms and programs are not developed to convert coordinates between coordinate reference system (Bessel ellipsoid and Bonn polyconic projection) and other coordinate reference systems.

8. REFERENCES 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18.

Doyle, D., 1992, High Accuracy Reference Networks; Development, Adjustment and Coordinate Transformation, Presented at the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, February 15 - 18. Strange, W. and Love, J., 1991, High Accuracy Reference Networks; A National Perspective, Presented at the American Society of Civil Engineers Specialty Conference - Transportation Applications of GPS Positioning Strategy, Sacramento, California, September 18 - 21. Bugayevskiy, Lev M. and John P. Snyder. 1995. Map Projections: A Reference Manual. London: Taylor and Francis. Clarke, Keith C. 1995. Analytical and Computer Cartography, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Defense Mapping Agency. 1991. World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) Iliffe, J., and Lott, R., 2008, Datums and Map Projections for Remote Sensing, GIS and Surveying, 2nd edition (Dunbeath: Whittles Publishing). Maling, D.H. 1992. Coordinate systems and map projections. 2nd ed. New York: Pergamon Press. Robinson, Arthur H., Joel L. Morrison, Phillip C. Muehrcke, A. Jon Kimerling, and Stephen C. Guptill. 1995. Elements of Cartography. 6th ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 41-58, 91-111. Snyder, John P. 1987. Map Projections: A Working Manual. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Eduart I.: The First-Order Triangulation Network of Albania, October 1993. Geodesy and Geophysics Department of DMAAC: GPS Geodetic Control Network Survey in Albania, October 1994. The Land Market Development Project, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA: Establishment of Geodetic Infrastructure and Integrated Property Surveying and Mapping, April 1998, ALTINER Y., SCHLÜTER W., SEEGER H.: BKG Frankfurt/Main: The results of the EUREF98 GPS Campaign in Albania, Symposium of EUREF99, Prague 1999. QEMAL SKUKA, NEKI KUKA: The conversion from Albanian Coordinate System to WGS84 and vice versa, Revista Gjeodezike 4/1997 Altamimi, Z., and Boucher, C., 2002, The ITRS and ETRS89 Relationship: New Results from ITRF2000. In EUREF Publication No. 10, edited by J. Torres and H. Hornik (Frankfurt: Verlag des Bundesamtes für Kartographie und Geodäsie), 49-52. Altamimi, Z., Collilieux, X., Legrand, J., Garayt, B., and Boucher, C., 2007, ITRF2005: A New Release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame Based on Time Series of Station Positions and Earth Orientation Parameters. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, B09401, doi: 10.1029/2007JB004949. Baker, L. S., 1974, Geodetic Networks in the United States. Canadian Surveyor, 28, 445-451. BKG, 2006, Quasigeoid of the Federal Republic of Germany GCG05, http://www.bkg.bund.de (accessed 9 Nov 2009). 333

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 19. Bock, Y., 1998, Reference Systems. In GPS for Geodesy, edited by P. J. G. Teunissen and A. Kleusberg (Berlin: Springer), 1-42. 20. Bomford, A. G., 1967, The Geodetic Adjustment of Australia 1963-1966. Survey Review, 19, 52-71. 21. Boucher, C., and Altamimi, Z., 1992, The EUREF Terrestrial Reference System and its First Realizations. Veröffentlichungen der Bayerischen Kommission für die Internationale Erdmessung, Heft 52, München, 205-213. 22. Bowring, B. R., 1985, The Accuracy of Geodetic Latitude and Height Equations. Survey Review, 28, 202-206. 23. Bugayevskiy, L. M., and Snyder, J. P., 1995, Map Projections: A Reference Manual (London: Taylor and Francis). 24. Collier, P., 2002, Development of Australia’s National GDA94 Transformation Grids. Consultant’s Report to the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping, University of Melbourne, Australia. 25. Craymer, M. R., 2006, The Evolution of NAD83 in Canada. Geomatica, 60, 151-164. 26. CRS, 2008, Information and Service System for European Coordinate Reference Systems, http://crs.bkg.bund.de/crs-eu (accessed 9 Nov 2009). 27. Dawson, J., and Steed, J., 2004, International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) to GDA94 coordinate transformations, http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA3795.pdf (accessed 9 Nov 2009). 28. Denker, H., Barriot, J.-P., Barzaghi, R., Fairhead, D., Forsberg, R., Ihde, J., Kenyeres, A., Marti, U., Sarrailh, M., and Tziavos, I. N., 2008, The Development of the European Gravimetric Geoid Model EGG07. In Observing Our Changing Earth, IAG Symp. Vol. 133, edited by M.G. Sideris (Berlin: Springer), 177-185. 29. EUREF, 2008, Reference Frame Sub Commission for Europe, http://www.euref.eu/ (accessed 9 Nov 2009). 30. Featherstone, W. E., 2002, Attempts to Unify the Australian Height Datum between the Mainland and Tasmania. In Vertical Reference Systems, edited by P. Drewes, A. Dodson, L. P. Fortes, L. Sanchez, and P. Sandoval (Berlin: Springer), 328-333. 31. Featherstone, W. E., 2007, Absolute and Relative Testing of Gravimetric Geoid Models using Global Positioning System and Orthometric Height Data. Computers & Geosciences, 27, 807-814. 32. Featherstone, W. E., Claessens, S. J., Kuhn, M., Kirby, J. F., Sproule, D. M., Darbeheshti, N., and Awange, J. L., 2007, Progress Towards the New Australian GeoidType Model as a Replacement for AUSGeoid98. Proceedings of SSC2007, Hobart, Tasmania, edited by V. Janssen and M. Russell, 243-261. 33. Featherstone, W. E., Kirby, J. F., Kearsley, A. H. W., Gilliland, J. R., Johnston, G. M., Steed, J., Forsberg, R., and Sideris, M. G., 2001, The AUSGeoid98 Geoid Model for Australia: Data Treatment, Computations and Comparisons with GPS-levelling Data. Journal of Geodesy, 75, 313-330. 34. Featherstone, W. E., and Kuhn, M., 2006, Height Systems and Vertical Datums: A Review in the Australian Context. Journal of Spatial Science, 51, 21-42. 35. Featherstone, W. E., and Olliver, J. G., 2001, A Review of Geoid Models over the British Isles: Progress and Proposals. Survey Review, 36, 78100. 36. Fok, H. S., and Iz, H. B., 2003, A Comparative Analysis of the Performance of Iterative and Non-Iterative Solutions to the Cartesian to Geodetic Coordinate Transformation. Journal of Geospatial Engineering, 5, 61-74. 37. Parker, W. and Bartholomew, R., Issues in Automating the Military Grid Reference System, IN: The Fifth International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Positioning, Vol. II, 903-913. 38. Parker, W.S., and Bartholomew, R.G., 1988, Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy in the DoD Standard GPS Receivers, IEEE Plans Record, 145-152.

334

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

9. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Asoc.Prof.Dr.Eng. Pal Nikolli. Graduated at the Geodesy branch of Engineering Faculty, Tirana University. In 1987 has been nominated lecturer in the Geodesy Department of Tirana University. In 1994 has been graduated Doctor of Sciences in cartography field. During this period, have taught the following subjects: “Cartography” (for Geodesy and Geography students) and “Geodesy” (for Civil engineering & Geology students). Actually he is lecturer and tutor of the following subjects: “Elements of Cartography” (for Geography students), GIS (for Geography students, diploma of first and second degree) “Interpretation of Arial Photographs” (for Geography students, diploma of first degree), “Satellite Images” (for geography students, diploma of second degree) “Thematic Cartography” (for Geography students, diploma of second degree) and “Topography-GIS (for the Geophysics students, diploma of second degree). Mr. Nikolli is the author and co-author 8 textbooks (Elements of Cartography and Topography, Elements of Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Processing of satellite images, Cartography, etc), 3 monographs (History of Albanian Cartography, Mirdita on Geo-Cartographic view, etc), more than 50 scientific papers inside and outside of the country, more 40 scientific & popular papers, etc. Has participated in several post graduation courses of cartography and GIS outside of the country (1994, 2000 - Italy), etc. Ass.Prof.Dr.Eng. Bashkim IDRIZI, was born on 14.07.1974 in Skopje, Macedonia. He graduated in geodesy department of the Polytechnic University of Tirana-Albania in 1999year. In 2004, hot the degree of master of sciences (MSc) in Ss.Cyril and Methodius University-Skopje. In 2005 he had a specialization for Global Mapping in Geographical-Survey Institute (GSI) of Japan in Tsukuba-Japan. On year 2007, he held the degree of Doctor of sciences (PhD) in Geodesy department of Ss.Cyril and Methodius University–Skopje. He worked in State Authority for Geodetic Works from May 1999 until January 2008. From October 2003 up to January 2008, he worked as a outsourcing lecturer in State University of Tetova. From February 2008, he works as a cartography& GIS Professor at the State University of Tetova–Tetova. He continu with working as outsourcing lecturer in geodesy department of the University of Prishtina-Kosova. He is the author of three cartography university books, and 56 papers published and presented in national and international scientific conferences related to geodesy, cartography, GIS & remote sensing.

335

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW IT SYSTEM FOR REAL ESTATE CADASTRE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 2

Dušan FAJFAR 1, Vasja KAVČIČ , Damijan RAVNIK

3

ABSTRACT This paper presents development and implementation of new IT system for Real Estate Cadastre of the Republic of Macedonia. The Agency for Real Estate Cadastre, Skopje (former State Authority for Geodetic Works, Republic of Macedonia) is an individual state body in charge of conducting the geodetic works and registering the real estate rights. According to the strategic business plan and Information and Communication Technology Strategy the Agency for Real Estate Cadastre started the project for new IT system for Real Estate Cadastre in 2007. The primary goal of this new system was to develop efficient system for registration of technical and legal (ownership, rights) information about real estates. The old Real Estate Registry system was very outdated, technologically very limited (based on file system) and it covered only the descriptive Cadastral and Real Estate Rights data. Not only that the new Real Estate Cadastre system is developed on modern technology based on central Oracle database and WEB Java application but also with the workflow system supporting registration procedures for maintenance of Real Estate Cadastre data. The development of the new Real Estate Cadastre system started in January 2008 and finished in May 2009 including 6 month intensive testing of the system by the project implementation group established specially for this purpose from the side of Agency for Real Estate Cadastre. Also intensive training for the end users was done with special attention to the front-desk users that works with customers. At the end of the project the extensive acceptance test was made; more than 300 different procedures covered almost all possible cases, taken from the current production, were done. Test was executed by the end users from all departments that participate in the process of Real Estate Cadastre data maintenance and data issue. From May 2009 the system is in the phase of test production where all procedures for limited number of cadastral units are performed parallel in old and new system. The results are very good, so the plan is to start production on whole territory of sector Skopje with the June 1st of 2010. Key word: Real Estate Cadastre, IT system, cadastre registration procedures, Land Cadastre, Buildings cadastre, Oracle, Java, Workflow, web application, digital certificates

1

Dušan FAJFAR, [email protected] IGEA d.o.o., www.igea.si Tel.: +386 1 2007-609, Gsm.: +386 41 371-531, Fax: +386 1 2567-867. Koprska 94, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. 2 .Vasja KAVČIČ, [email protected] e-NEP d.o.o., Tel.: +386 1 2007-618, Tičnica 24, 1360 Vrhnika, Slovenia. 3 Damijan RAVNIK, [email protected] IGEA d.o.o., www.igea.si Tel.: +386 1 2007-620, Fax: +386 1 2567-867. Koprska 94, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

336

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

1. INTRODUCTION The Agency for Real Estate Cadastre (AREC), Skopje (former State Authority for Geodetic Works, Republic of Macedonia) is an individual state body in charge of conducting the geodetic works and registering the real estate rights. Real estates are land, buildings, special parts of buildings and other objects, as well as other real estates which are registered in the real estate cadastre in compliance to the law. Real estate cadastre is a public book in which are registered the ownership rights and other real property rights, the real estate data as well as other rights and facts whose registration is stipulated by law. In the past period, the Government of the Republic of Macedonia took a loan for the reforms of the real estate cadastre from the World Bank, thus enabling additional income for the introduction of the real estate cadastre in Republic of Macedonia. This project was focused to establish efficient real estate cadastre on the entire territory of the Republic of Macedonia. In the Strategic Plan of the Real Estate Cadastre Agency 2009-2013 (Real Estate Cadastre Agency of the Republic of Macedonia, 2008) the efficient IT system for the maintenance of collected data in the real estate cadastre is one of the most important tasks to be done. The current Real Estate Registry IT system, that covers only the descriptive Cadastral and Real Estate Rights data, is very outdated and technologically very limited. Especially security of data in the current IT system is critical; while based on the file system, there is no log of transactions and no information on executed procedures. So the goal was to establish integrated electronic cadastral information system, unique in the Republic of Macedonia that enables managing, updating, distribution and access to updated data from the Real Estate Cadastre. Based on ICT Strategy (State Authority for Geodetic Works, 2007) the AREC started with the project for new IT system for Real Estate Cadastre in 2007, while public tender was published. The primary goal of this new system was to develop efficient system for registration of technical and legal (ownership, rights) information about real estates based on new modern technology.

2. FUNCTIONALITY OF THE SYSTEM The IT system for the Real Estate Cadastre was designed with the vision to obtain the next goals: • to enable registration and supervision of cadastral procedures through the appropriate workflow system, to enable clients of AREC to be informed about the status of their case through the • Internet, upgrading of existing cadastral system for maintenance of real estate cadastre data • with improved data model with data integrity and application based on central database, web application and security standards and provide integration with workflow, 337

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 • •

to check and redefine workflow of existing cadastral procedures to obtain more efficient processing and security of data, the system developed and implemented for the AREC real estate center Skopje must be prepared to be used by other offices through the whole Macedonia.

At the start of the project the data model of existing system was analyzed first. The findings were that the current data model considering real estate data content for the basic entities (parcels, building, owners, encumbrances) is good, simple and efficient and enables interoperability between technical and legal aspect of data. Within the new data model moved from the file system to the relational database all these good things were preserved. Inside of the new data model first data reference integrity was assured consistently to protect system from discrepant data on the lowest database level. More structured data was involved for the parts of buildings and for encumbrances (leases, mortgages, restrictions, easements, etc.). Beside these improvements the history of data changes was involved into the data model; the data in this tables are filled automatically with the execution of the cadastral procedures inside the workflow module. Also what is very important is that in the new data model can be migrated all data from existing system, so no data will be lost when the new system will replace the existing system. The second part of the new data model that didn’t exist in the old system is data model for the workflow that store data about cadastral procedures. In the existing system was no data about execution of cadastral procedures, so the next step was to design module for registration of these procedures. In 2008 the new Law on Real Estate Cadastre (Law on Real Estate Cadastre, 2008) was adopted that changed some existing procedures, so the analysis of current cadastral procedures and the new law was a base for design of the workflow system. All the procedures were described and visualized in flow-chart diagrams. Sample of these diagrams from Project final report (IGEA, 2009) is presented in figure 1.

338

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 1: Sample of visualization of cadastral procedures – step 1: acceptance of application from customer

The workflow system supports all current cadastral procedures and covers all steps from the acceptance of the case from a customer to preparation of a final solution. The main steps in the procedure are: • Acceptance of an application from customer at front-office; this consists of opening of a case with data about the customer, selecting of the objects (one or more parcels, part of buildings, encumbrances, etc.) and the type of procedure, calculate the tax and keep a record of the attached documents. At the end written confirmation for acceptance of the application is prepared by the system with all important data printed and paper case folder is prepared to keep all the documents linked to this procedure. • Allocation of the case for solving to a corresponding officer in back-office is based on the type of procedure and location (cadastral community) corresponding to the internal organization of working groups. By maintaining of the data the system is very opened with minimum limitations and • allows user very flexible work by entering of necessary changes in the system. The system helps user with presentation of old and new data at the same time in the very structured forms with additional controls on content, so the possibility of mistakes is minimized. The sample mask of application that presents old and new data is presented in figure 2. All changes are not entered to the valid database of the system but they are stored in database of workflow. At any moment the user can generate list of changes where old and new data are displayed and all changes clearly marked. 339

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 •

•

•

Also workflow support exchanging of the case between the officers or departments if there is more subjects that participate in solving of the case. Before confirmation of changes detailed explanation for final confirmation is entered. By confirmation of data changes at the same time the data are stored in the valid database and the old data are moved to history tables. Beside this the documents for final confirmation and list of changes are prepared. Also, these digital documents are stored in the system linked to the executed procedure. With this the formal procedure is finished and the case can be stored in archive.

Figure 2: Sample of application that shows old and new data in the process of data changing

The system has integrated powerful modules for searching and viewing both the cadastral data and data about procedures; figure 3 shows application mask for searching procedures. Both are very frequently used in all phases of work. Also statistical module is developed for supervision of execution of cadastral procedures. The customer can follows the solving of his case through the internet application.

340

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 3: Sample of application that shows searching of the cadastral procedures in different status and presentation of results

3. SYSTEM ARHITECTURE The new IT system for Real Estate Cadastre is designed and developed on modern technology based on central Oracle database and WEB Java application where special attention was put on security. Multilevel system is presented in figure 4 - Project final report (IGEA, 2009). The core of the IT system for Real Estate Cadastre is central Oracle database. The Oracle 10 Database Standard Edition is used and for high availability the Real Application Cluster is implemented with data stored on SAN. Scanned documentation and documents generated through the application are stored on file system on SAN, also. Backup and recovery plan is prepared that enable the database can be restored to the last finished transaction. Data and documents backup is provided with DLT units that stores data on magnetic tapes, additional copy of database is periodical done on SAN and Oracle mechanism is used to log all transactions. By designing of the system also graphical data were taken in mind (even they are not part of this new system); it is planned to use ESRI ArcSDE for Oracle as database storage for graphical data.

341

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 4: Generic schema of IT architecture

WEB application is developed corresponding to J2EE technology. To get high responsibility of the system all the business logic is defined through the PL/SQL procedures stored in the database itself. Oracle JDeveloper was used for developing java code that mostly cover user interface of the application. For generation of documents the Jasper report tool is used. Application is deployed on Oracle iAS servers, where Java virtual machine is created. At the moment 2 application servers runs and incoming requests are distributed between them through the HW Load Balancer. Figure 5 shows deploy of application on Oracle iAS application servers.

342

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 5: Deploy of application on Oracle iAS application servers

The security of the system is very important, so the 3 level security is included: • The first level is authorization in the Oracle database itself. Access is allowed only for the application and for oracle DBA administrators. • The second level is system of user rights management. Special system developed enable management of user and users groups and their rights into the system. Prepared interfaces return user rights to application for each user automatically recognized on the base of digital certificate and additionally verified with user password. • The third level is using of digital certificates on USB PKI keys. Digital certificates used in the system are internal certificates of AREC and generated by AREC administrators. User must insert the USB PKI key in the workstation and enter the PIN of the key for the start of work with the system. On the base of digital certificate the system recognizes the user and request to enter password. System permanently checks for USB PKI key and in the case that is removed from the computer, the application stop to work. All IT infrastructure that is designed to support 24x7 work is located at the AREC Head Quarters. Access to the system for the end users all around Macedonia is assured through the rented communication lines. For sector Skopje optical line capacity of 10 Mbit is provided. Because of reliability additional backup communication is provided through the internet that will still enable work but with lower performance. In figure 6 physical configuration of the IT infrastructure is presented - Project final report (IGEA, 2009).

343

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 6: Physical configuration of the IT infrastructure

4. IMPLEMENTATION In the project the implementation was focused only to sector Skopje. Implementation of IT system for Real Estate Cadastre practically started with final testing and verification of developed system. For this purpose project implementation group was established from the side of Agency for Real Estate Cadastre. This group participates in the testing of the system from the first versions of developed system in the end of 2008 and on daily base communicates with the development team. In April 2009 intensive training for the end users was done with special attention to the front-desk officers that works with customers. Training of the end user was done on selected typical procedures that ware taken from real cases that were in solving at this time. At the end of the project in May 2009 the extensive acceptance test was made; more than 200 different real cases with more than 300 different procedures that covers almost all possible cases, taken from the current production, ware done. Test was executed by more than 60 end users from all departments that participate in the process of Real Estate Cadastre data maintenance and data issue. The result of this verification shows that only 5 procedures can not be done through the system and some small upgrades to the system must be done through the regular maintenance of the system. From May 2009 the system is in the phase of test production where all procedures for limited number of cadastral units are performed parallel in old and in new system. Through this entire time AREC project implementation group supports users in test production and executes additional training of new and existing users. The longer work 344

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 in test production shows that before the real production some upgrades to the system should be done, to make system more efficient and more user friendly. These changes are linked primary on more detailed structure of mortgage, encumbrance and loads of real estates, some simplification in execution of cadastral procedures, new document templates and searching the history data. The development of these upgrades were finished in May 2010, so the start production on whole territory of sector Skopje was started on May 31st of 2010. After successful start of production in sector Skopje, that covers almost 40% of all cases, the implementation of the system will start in other offices all around Macedonia.

5. CONCLUSIONS The development and implementation of IT system for Real Estate Cadastre is long term process that starts in 2007 and as the situation stands at the moment it will be finished in 2011 with implementation of the system in all offices around Macedonia. The new system with detailed structure of all information, integrity of data, storing data about cadastral procedures, security of data and transactions, etc. means important step forward to the trustworthy of the Real Estate Cadastre in the Republic of Macedonia. Used modern web technology based on Oracle database and application servers, Java application and powerful IT infrastructure gives an assurance for the long term reliable work of the system and easy upgrading to the new requests. Also, the system is designed in the open way so that the further integration with the other systems and changes of cadastral procedures can be made very easy. In the future integration with central register of physical and legal subjects is planned and integration with graphical module for maintenance of graphical data must be done in very near future. Also integration of work of notaries and survey companies in part of preparation of data changes for the system is planned.

6. REFERENCES Real Estate Cadastre Agency of the Republic of Macedonia, 2008, Strategic Plan of the Real Estate Cadastre Agency 2009-2013 State Authority for Geodetic Works (Agency for Real Estate Cadastre), 2007, ICT Strategy IGEA d.o.o., 2009, Information system for electronic cadastre for the needs of AKN – Project final report Law on Real Estate Cadastre, Official Gazette of R. Macedonia #40/08, 2008

7. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Dušan Fajfar, M. Sc. of Computer and Information Science, is IT Expert with more than 20 years experiences working on state level projects in Slovenia and international projects. As a project manager or project member there were conducted works in area of road management, public transport, real estate registers, emergency planning, civil protection and 345

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 disaster relief and other areas connected to spatial management like spatial planning, spatial data infrastructure, etc. Main responsibilities are IT architecture, top level system design with solution based on Oracle database and Java web technology, geographic information system, IT system implementation and project management. Vasja Kavčič, B. Sc. of Geodesy, works more than 15 years in the field of spatial data, especially real-estate cadastres in Slovenia and internationally. He worked as a consultant in the fields of land management and administration, and also as expert in the projects of informatization of land cadastre, building cadastre, and other registers of spatial data.

Damijan Ravnik is IT specialist working primary with Oracle from Database and Spatial Data to pl/sql and Java development for past 15 years. He is working in different parts of the world as a programmer, system analyzer and as a consultant. His specialty is public transport and real estate register, especially land cadastre and building register. Today main responsibilities are leading IT development groups, system design, IT infrastructure, database model design, data migration, Oracle pl/sql and Java programming, testing and IT system implementation.

346

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE FOR REAL ESTATE ADMINISTRATION BASED ON SATELLITE DATA Subija IZEIROSKI 1, Igor NEDELKOVSKI 2, Pece GORSEVSKI 3, Kujtim XHILA 4 ABSTRACT This paper explores the methodology for creating a model of integrated RS/GIS system for administration of urban geospatial data connected to attribute data. The main objective of such kind of RS/GIS system is efficiently to manage and query the geospatial data connected with attribute tables. The main goal of this paper is to be created an easy to use integrated RS/GIS system for managing of real estate data and to be made also an efficient decision making system regarding such kind of issues. The proposed modelling approach is illustrated using a case study. The study area is an urban settlement in the city of Bitola, Republic of Macedonia. The mentioned urban settlement consists of about 260 parcels with constructed individual objects on them. An existing and scanned old map in raster format of the urban settlement and a preprocessed Google Earth mosaicing raster image have been used as a raw data for developping of the proposed GIS. Both of them have been digitized (vectorized) with the open source RS/GIS software ILWIS. The digitized geospatial data represent polygons of parcels and objects built on them. The obtained data of parcels and objects are represented with polygons, segments and labeled points, and all of them are connected with two attribute tables with alphanumerical informations of parcels and objects in an unique SDI database. After completing of spatial data infrastructure of the setlement it is obtained a comprehensive GIS application which is ready to use as a practical tool for easy and visually effective representing of urban data . After completing, the GIS application is rendered on the Internet in order to be accessible for public use. This has been done with the aim of Map Server. It was used Map Server for Windows (MS4W) for this purpouse. With the Map Server have been created map images with use of CGI script using the geospatial data and attribute tables of the application. The application was set on the local host on the WEB in order to show how it works.

1

MSc. Subija IZEIROSKI, [email protected] Public enterprise Makedonija Pat, Section in Struga, Phone.: +389 46 788-781, Gsm.: +389 70 212-211, Fax: +389 46 781-578. Str. Crni Drim, 7, 6330 Struga, Macedonia. 2 PhD. Igor NEDELKOVSKI, [email protected] Faculty of Technical sciences, St. Kliment Ohridski university Bitola, www.tfb.edu.mk Phone.: +389 47 207-723, Gsm.: +389 75 237-626, Fax: +389 47 203-370. Str.Ivo. L. Ribar, bb, 7000 Bitola, Macedonia. 3 PhD. Peter V. GORSEVSKI, [email protected] Bowling Green State University,Bowling Green, OH, USA, www.bgsu.edu. Phone.: 419-372-7201, Fax: 419-372-7205. 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH, U.S.A. 4 Kujtim XHILA, BSc [email protected] Secondary school ,,Niko Nestor,, - Struga Phone.: +389 70 464 449 Str. Proleterski Brigadi 49, 6330 Struga, Macedonia.

347

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Tre results shows some geometrical distorsions regarding the accuracy of parcels and objects. This is because we used Google Earth immage. In order the application to be more accurate we should use satellite or ortophoto immages which should be geometrically corrected. With use of high resolution satellite images (IKONOS, QUICK BIRD and others) can be monitored also Land Use and Land Cover changes on parcels which have been occurred in certain period of time. Monitoring changes can serve furthermore as a good decision-making tool for efficient management of parcels in the future. Key words: Remote Sensing, GIS, Spatial data, Attribute data, ILWIS, Map Server for Windows, Cadastral parcels.

1. INTRODUCTION This research focuses on how an integrated Remote Sensing/GIS system has been applied to establish, maintain, and analyse urban and land use information of local government at municipality level. The common understanding of real estate administration is, that it is a form of land information system-LIS (Turker&Kocaman, 2003). Such system provides information about the land, resources and objects on it and can also refers to changes made on the land parcels. An old cadastral map usually shows the shapes of land parcels and their attribute data (such as ID number, owner,s name, area etc). It is drawn on A3/A4 size paper and only presents the cadastral information of small parcel blocks. The purpose of this paper is to develop the method of integrated Remote sensing/GIS system for efficient establish of the Spatial Data Infrastructure(SDI) for managing of real estate properties for public use. The diversity of data brings the complexity in data management and requires using a realational database management system-RDBMS (Turker&Kocaman,2003). The research is focused on method for establish and implementation of SDI in the integrated RS/GIS system as a general tool for public use. In this paper SDI is composed of geographical spatial data for land parcels and attribute data regarding the owners, area of parcels as well as a set of other useful data. Such infrastructure of spatial data is integrated in a RS/GIS system enabling efficient management and visualisation of real estate . Data that may appear in a land information system include geometric data (coordinates, maps), land use, property adresses, information of real property, the nature of the tenure, details about the constructed buildings on parcels, land taxation values and many others depending of the needs (ESRI,2006). For this purpose have been used two sources of data: old scanned cadastral map and mosaicing image obtained with Google earth. As a case study is taken the settlement ,,Lavcanska naselba,, in the city of Bitola, south-west part of Republic of Macedonia . The settlemnt as an urban part of the city consists of about 260 land parcels. With the digitizing of raster map (either old cadastral scanned map or raster mosaicing immage) can be obtained a vector geospatial dataset, which is connected with two tables with attribute data regarding the parcels and their owners. With such integrated GIS database, can be easily edited and updated all kind of changes which has been occured at the parcels or their owners. The geospatial vector database of the study area is set up with use of the open source GIS software ILWIS. The detailed 348

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 attribute data of the owners are fictitious (due to the law for protection of personal information). Two different attribute tables are created and used inside the ILWIS GIS software package. As a geospatial data is used an old cadastral map of the study area wich was scanned and imported into ILWIS . Also is used an mosaicing Google raster image of the study area. Both are used as a backgroung images for digitizing of parcels in order to be made vectorized segment map of the parcels and objects separatelly. The attribute database is connected to the spatial vectorized data. With the integration of spatial and attribute data has been made infrastructure of spatial data as an integral part of a RS/GIS application for managing of real estate property. With the established infrastructure of spatial data in the RS/GIS application can also be made a plenty of querry procedures regarding the shape of a land parcels, ownership changes on land parcels, changes regarding the tax collection of parcels and others.

2. MODEL OF INTEGRATED REMOTE SENSING/GIS SYSTEM FOR MANAGING OF REAL ESTATE 2.1. Study area The city of Bitola is located in the south-west part of Republic of Macedonia. As a case study is taken the settlement ,,Lavcanska naselba,, in the city of Bitola. As a background layer is used a scanned map of the settlement which is of poor graphic quality, and a mosaicing Google earth image, Figure.1. and Figure 2.

Figure 1. The scanned cadastral map of Lavcanska Settlement in Bitola (Izeiroski,2008)

349

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 2. Mosaicing image of Lavcanska settlement in Bitola (Izeiroski,2008) The settlement is located at the west part of the city on the foot base of the Pelister mountain. It has not large elevation differences and is with a relatively flat hozonatal terrain at the altitude of around 700m above sea level. The settlement is one of the newer ones in the city, and is also well urbanised. Therefore the study area in this paper is mentioned as a tipical case for a modern urban settlement as a part of the city. Both immages were first appropriatelly preprocessed and saved in uncompressed .tiff format, and then imported in the GIS software for further analysis. 2.2. Establish of the SDI A spatial database is a regular database with support for geometry data types. It typically contains functions to manipulate the geometries and perform spatial queries (Sherman E.Gary , 2008) Spatial database design is very important in the development of planning support systems, since GIS must be built on standard components, starting with spatial database as the foundation, then editing, analysis, simulation and visualisation (Putra et all., 2003). The Spatial data Infrastructure used in an intergrated RS/GIS aplication is a combination of geospatial data (usualy satellite images, aerial orthophotos or scanned old hard copy maps) and different attribute data in many tables which are connected in a unique relational database management system (RDBMS). Using a scanned hard copy map or satellite raster image of an area of interest as a background layer, with digitization (vectorisation) can be made a vector graphic file of the area. The obtained vector file represents different geospatial entities or feature classes: land parcels, objects, forest area, watershed area, streams, road and railway infrastructure and others. On the other hand, the attribute data can be obtained administrativelly at the municipality level . These data usually refers to the owners of parcels with their personal ID numbers , personal data, residental adresseses, phone numbers and others. Beside these can also be made or calculated other attribute data regarding the geometrical features of parcels and real estate such: area and perimeter of parcels, area 350

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 of objects, type of built objects on parcels, approximate marcet values of parcels, amount of tax collection for parcels and objects etc. On the basis of the above mentioned concept, the Spatial data Infrastructure (SDI) is composed of two main integral part of data: geospatial SDI and attribute SDI : Figure 3.

Scanned paper map

Google earth raster image

Table 1

Geospatial SDI

Table 2

Table 3

Attribute SDI

Real estate Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)

Figure 3. Schematic representation of integrated Real estate SDI. The geospatial SDI composed of scanned map and Google earth raster image can be easily vectorized with use of GIS software. With the digitizing of geospatial data of a raster map or image can be made many vector files composed of points, lines and poligons. The digitized files are presented as point, segment, or polygon maps, and represent different kind of geospatial data entities (land parcels, objects, roads, rivers and other feature items). The geometrical, morphological and other geographical features of entities are described in separate attribute tables. It can also be used separate attribute tables with ownership rights, personal data of the owners of parcels, their adresses as well as other usefull information data. The geospatial SDI and attribute SDI are then joined in a integrated unique Spatial Data Infrastructure of the area. The Spatial Data Infrastructure then can be implemented in an integrated RS/GIS application for managing of real estate. In the GIS system the geospatial SDI is connected to the attribute SDI in a unique Spatial database or Spatial Data Infrastructure . With the implemented SDI into GIS can be obtained many kinds of querry procedures of the data in order to get a plenty of useful informations about land parcels, objects, owners, and many others. Usually these querry procedures are made with script commands inside the GIS application. The output procedures of such querry procedures can be shown graphically in separate layers or with alphanumeric values.

351

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 2.3. Spatial Data Modelling Methodology 2.3.1. Defining of the coordinate system for the study area All locations on the earth are defined with a coordinate system. A geographical coordinate system (GCS) uses a three dimensional spherical surface to define locations on the Earth (ESRI, 2004). Each point in the earth is referenced by its longitude and latitude value. Longitude and latitude are angles measured from the earth,s center to a point on the earth,s surface. The Geographic coordinate system and Cartesian coordinate system used on the Earth,s surface are most common examples of coordunate systems. To correctly represent the curved earth,s surface on a flat map we need a map projection which is a method of portraying the curved surface of the earth on a flat surface (ILWIS, 2001). A map projection defines the relationship between the map coordinates and the geographic coordinates, latitude and longitude. With the help of a map projection, geographic coordinates are converted into a two dimensional metric coordinate system, measuring the X and Y coordinates in meters (ILWIS,2001). Each map projection has a set of parameters that should be defined. The parameters specify the origin and customize a projection for a particular area of interest. Angular parameters use geographic coordinate system units, while linear parameters use the projected coordinate system units (ESRI,2004). Today , one of the most used system is the Universat Transverse Mercator coordinate system which is a specialized application of the Transverse Mercator cylindrical projection (ESRI,2004). The globe is divided into 60 north and south zones, and each spanns 6 degrees of longitude from west to east direction. The UTM system is very suitable for representation of small shapes of area. It has also minimal distorsion of a larger shapes within the same zone. Moreover, because the maps or images obtained with Google Earth are mostly defined with latitude-longitude coordinates or metric coordinates, it is suitable to be used the UTM for both images (the scanned cadastral map and Google Earth mosaicing image). The zone number for the study area is 34-Nord, the Datum is WGS 1984, and Elipsoid WGS84. The use of the UTM coordinate system causes in the study area some distosions and errors regarding the spatial accuracy of the parcels and objects of the urban settlement. Therefore, the use of this SDI GIS application should be mostly for public use, and can not be used for accurate cadastral planning (Izeiroski,2008). If we want to use the application professionally for cadastral purposes at municipality level we should obtain maximum spatial accuracy of the geospatial entities (parcels, objects and other resources). In such case we should use more acurate ortorectifyed airphotos or satellite images with high resolution and precision (less than 0.5m which can be purchased ). For such professional aplication furthermore we should use also the state co-ordinate system of Republic of Macedonia based on Bessel,s elipsoid and Gauss-Kruger map projection ).

2.3.2. Georeferencing of the raster images Before starting with vectorisation (digitization) of parcels, it is necessary the map to be georeferenced. The georeference is a service object, which stores the relation between 352

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 the rows and columns in raster map and the ground-coordinates X,Y (ILWIS 3.0, 2001). In the study area it is used method for georeferencing with tiepoints (ground control points). With GPS receiver or directly in Google Earth are peciselly defined several points (usualy around 10) with their X and Y coordinate values. For each tiepoint, the values of X and Y are written in the table of the georeference editor. Beside X and Y values, for each point is also defined in which row and column is located, and with mathematical calculation it is calculated the value of distorsion for each point in the procedure of georeferencing. The correction of distorsion can be done with different type of mathematical transformation. Mainly it is used the s.c. affine transformation of first order (ILWIS 3.0, 2001) which is given with the equations (1) and (2):

x = a0 + a1rn + a 2 cn y = b0 + b1rn + b2 cn

(1) (2)

Where: rn is the number of row, cn is the number of column, and x,y are coordinates of the point in the map. The accuracy of the transformation is defined with Sigma parameter which is defined with the RMSE (Root mean square error). After the georeferencing of the immage, when the mouse is moved around on the display, at the status line in the bottom of the screen are shown X and Y or Lat-Lon coordinate values of the pixels. Fig. 4.

Figure.4. Georeference editor in ILWIS . (Izeiroski,2008) After the defining of projection and making georeferencing of the scanned paper map or mosaicing immage, the parcels, roads and all objects can be digitized (vectorized).

353

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 2.3.3. Creation of Geospatial SDI For the study area has been used the open source GIS software ILWIS (Integrated land and water information system). It is a GIS system with possibilities of image processing. It allows input, managing, analysis and presentation of image geographic data (ILWIS 3.0, 2001). The settlement “Lavcanska” consists of parcels, constructed objects on them as well as other infrastructure objects: streets and other geospatial entities. The workflow operations of the vectorization encompasses the following steps: 1. Creating of segment map of the parcels. In this phase all contours of the parcels have been vectorized with aim of the scanned paper maps as a background layer. First have to be defined the name of segment file and the domain, then ILWIS opens the segment editor, and with manual on screen digitizing have been digitized all parcels. After the finishing of digitizing, the segments are checked for errors (self overlaps, dead ends and intersections). 2. Creating of point map with ID numbers of Parcels. In this phase has been created a point map with ID numbers of all parcels in the settlement . This point map is connected to poligons of parcels. 3. Creating of polygon map of parcels. Now all segment parcels have to be poligonized in order to be connected with the point map. On the basis of the point map, all poligons will be labeled with the same ID number as the label points in the point map. In the similar way and order is formed also the segment map, point map and polygon map of the all objects which are on parcels. Some parcels are empty because there is no any object built on them. After finishing of the vectorisation of all parcels and objects it is obtained a final vector file of the settelement with parcels, objects and streets , Figure. 5 & Figure. 6.

Fig 5. Map window in ILWIS with segment files of parcels, objects and roads. (Izeiroski,2008)

354

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Fig 6.

Map windopw in ILWIS with polygons of Parcels and objects. (Izeiroski,2008)

2.3.4. Creation of the attribute SDI The creation of attribute tables in ILWIS is simple and easy for updating and editing of data records. A table in ILWIS can be created directly with the command “create table” from operation list in the main window. In the case study have been created two attribute tables, one for parcels and one for objects with personal data of the owners. The table of parcels consists of main ID column with ID numbers of parcels same as in the scanned cadastral map and three additional columns: Type of parcel, Area, and Value of the parcel. The second table of object has the same main column with ID numbers of parcels, and the following additional columns : Type of object, Owner, Adress, Personal ID number of the owner etc. There can be also added more columns according to the need for additional data. With ILWIS is possible automatically to be calculated the area of each parcel in square metres. In order to be made this, all vectorized polygons of parcels have to be rasterized with the operation “Polygon to Raster” and then with the operation “Area numbering” automatically ILWIS creates a table with calculated values of the area of all parcels in square metres (m2). The error in calculating of the area of parcels depends on the choosen cell resolution during the rasterization process of the parcels. If it is used smaller cell resolution the accuracy of the calculation of the area will be more precise. The column with the ID numbers of parcels is fullfiled with the same numbers of parcels as in the existing cadastral map. The column with values of parcels is fictitious and should serve just as a formal information. We can easily add more columns in the table of parcels depending of the needs for additional attribute informations regarding the parcels.

355

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The second table of objects consists of the same main ID column with ID numbers of parcels same as in the scanned cadastral map. The information of the other columns in this table describe the type of objects which are built on each parcel, the owner with personal identity number, adress and other informations depending of the purpose of use of the spatial data infrastructure of both tables. All information of owners can be obtained from municipality and cadastral institution at the local level. The information of owners in the case study are fictitious and are used just for description of possibilities of use of such data for different purposes. After the creation of the attribute SDI with both tables, there can be made a plainty of querry procedures in order to be obtained useful informations. In order to be made query procedures with data on both attribute tables, they have to be joined. For joining of tables it is necessary to have at least two or more tables. It is important for both tables that have to be joined to have a common column with same domain of values. In such case the domains of both tables serv as a keys for joining of the tables and make a relational database system. In the proposed case of study, the table of parcels and the table of objects have the same ID domain. Both tables are joined through the column with ID numbers of the parcels, which is main column of each table, Figure 7.

Fig 7.

Joining tables with same domain (ID of parcels are used as key columns). (Izeiroski,2008)

356

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Besides automatic calculation of the area of Parcels, also can be made many other calculations with the atribute data in both tables. We can use many arithmetic, relational, logical and other operators as well as many conditional IFF functions with the values in columns of the both tables. For example, the area of a parcel can be expressed also in hectares . For this reason it can be used the equation (3) Value=Area/10000

(3)

Using many different operators can be created new columns with information of interest. For example, if has to be defined: Which objects are garages, this can be done with the following expression in the command line of the table window in ILWIS, equation (4) Result1=IFF(object type=,,Garage”, object type,?) Enter

(4)

With the command (4) is formed a new additional column in the table of objects with records showing garage objects only, in all other cases stands the sign “?” in the column. In order to be determined, which object(s) belongs to certain owner, this can be done with the following equation (5) Result2=IFF(owner=,,Nikolov Nikola”, owner,?) Enter

(5)

In such a way there is shown only the name of that person which is owner of hisown real estate (house, garage or something else). If we like to know, if some owner has exactly defined type of object, this can be done with the following equation (6) Result3=(vidobjekt=”kukja-1kat”)and(sopstvenik=”Izeiroski Subija”) Enter

(6)

The use of operations and functions is endless. Hier are given only a few examples of such query procedures for extraction of useful data. After completing of the above mentioned querry procedures in the basic table of parcels are added additional columns of informations according to the executed querry procedures and functions Figure 8.

357

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Fig 8.

The table of parcels with additional columns:Result1,Result2,… (Izeiroski,2008)

ILWIS has also a special tool for simoultaneously exploring of data of particular locations in the polygon maps which are connected to attribute tables. This useful tool of ILWIS is so called Pixel information window. Fig. 9. This tool allows an interactive view of coordinates, class name, ID number of the particular parcel as well as other information of the marqued parcel on the display.

Position of the mouse and display of informations with pixel information window.

Fig.9. Display of the polygon map of parcels with pixel information window. (Izeiroski,2008) 358

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 With additional statistical functions can be made also more complicated analyses with the spatial data such as: Regression, Corealtion and Convolution analysis in order to get more specific informations from the relational spatial database infrastructure. As it is seen from above explanations, ILWIS delivers a wide range of features including import/export of files with different file extensions, digitizing, editing, geospatial analysis, and eficient display of data as a base for appropriate decision making regarding land record issues.

3. SETTING UP OF THE SDI APPLICATION ON THE WEB 3.1. Setting up the Map Server The Map Server is a software tool for rendering of GIS and other Geospatial applications (as a specific complex graphic database consisted of graphical and attribute files) on the WEB. Map Server works in WEB environment as a CGI-common gateway interface script and also through the application based on other programming languages (Perl, Python, PHP) (Bill Kropla,2005). Map Server creates map images using geospatial data in digital form from other GIS packages. It supports many raster and vector formats of graphic files. It can work in two ways, as a CGI or as a map script. The Map Server is based on templates. At the background it has support by a WEB server. Usually at the installation it is installed together with the Appache WEB server. The principle of work of the Map Server is shown in Figure 10 (Tyler Mitchell , 2005). First the WEB server receives a map request for presenting of graphical maps with data. Such request send the WEB server to the Map Server. Then the Map Server reads the configuration map file created with CGI script commands in the Map Server. With this map file are described all layers with geospatial data as well as all other data of the map which schoul be presented. The Map Server reads then one or more HTML templates which are defined in the map file .

Map request

Resulting map

WEB Server

Databases Map Server Program

Map file

Databases Remote data

Fig.10.

A diagram showing the basic operations of a MapServer application (Tyler Mitchell , 2005)

359

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 In the Map Server are used also other templates for efficient execution of querry procedures in order to be extracted all necessary attribute data from the graphical maps. Such defined map images with implemented templates determines and forms a complete geospatial database set on the WEB environment, which can be viewed and used through the Internet. Before can be used, the Map Server should be first configured for the platform of the operating system (Tyler Mitchell , 2005). Because most used operating system today is Windows , Map Server has to be configured to work properly in the Windows platform. The Map Server for Windows is known as MS4W. Map Server together with the Appache WEB server and other accompanied tools is installing mainly on a separate folder C:\ms4w\ . After installation is executing test of the proper functionality of the Map Server. 3.2. Preparation and Setting up of the SDA GIS application on the WEB. As it is seen previously, the spatial data infrastructure was creadet in ILWIS software. Because ILWIS use itsown format extensions for data, first there have to be exported all spatial and nonspatial data in appropriate format which can be used by the MapServer. All spatial data in vector and raster format have been exported to separate folder C:\ms4w \apps\lavci with extension .shp for vector and .tiff, .gif, or .jpg format for raster data. All attribute data from tables have been exported and defined with .dbf format. After that has been created a map file with CGI script language together with the basic HTML templates which is used for initialisation of the application on the WEB and for defining of other parameters of the application. With a separate group of templates will be executed querry procedures for extraction of data from different data layers. All templates are located in C:\ms4w \apps\lavci\templates . It is also defined s.c. Alias name for access to all files, which shows the WEB server where the URL adress of the application is located. This should be defined in C:\ms4w \Apache\conf\httpd location. The alias is defined with enter of the following settings in the httpd.conf file: Alias /lavci "/ms4w/apps/lavci/" AllowOverride None Options Indexes Multiviews Order allow,deny Allow from all

With properly executed configuration, the Map Server is ready for use for the application. The setting of the application is done at the local host: http://127.0.0.1/lavci/index.html. The initial display of the application is shown in figure 11.

360

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Fig.11.

Initial start of the application with Microsoft Internet Explorer (Izeiroski,2008)

After clicking on the Lavci Demo button , the MapServer reads all data from the map file, HTML templates, as well as HTML templates for query procedures. Then sends Map Server the content of template files to the Appache WEB server, and this sends them further to the browser. The map file is initialising on the basis of the URL location, and it is shown then the application on the display, figure 12.

Fig.12.

Display of the application in WEB environment (Izeiroski,2008)

At the left side is shown the frame of vectorized spatial data including parcels, objects and streets of the settlement. On the right side of the display is shown a small raster image of the settlement, the map scale, map extent in the determined coordinate sytem as well as x and y coordinate values of a certain location on the map. All spatial data are defined with four layers which can be put on or off depending of the user needs. There are also created couple of tools for manipulation with the spatial part of the application (pan. zoom in , zoom out etc.). In the map mode beside the browsing through the spatial part of the map, there can be made also a lot of query procedures. After the activation of a query procedure with a single click on some object or parcel on the map it is shown at the display the particular object in different colour and is shown also the particular row with atttribute data of the selected parcel or object , figure 13.

361

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Fig.13.

Display of the particular parcel with attribute data in WEB environment

(Izeiroski,2008) Beside this , in Map Server can be made a plenty of more specific querry procedures for obtaining of different informations which are subject of interest. With the support of other programming languages can be also made any SDI/GIS application with more sophisticated graphic user interface with a plenty of additional tools for browsing, querrying and manipulation with the spatial data infrastructure on the WEB.

4. CONCLUSIONS In this paper has been developed methodology for creation of integrated RS/GIS system for administration of real estate. The proposed aerial RS image based real estate GIS information querry system has a character of low cost, short constructing period and simple practical function in the area of administration with the spatial data infrastructure. The raster RS image and old cadastral map have relativelly good matching with the digitized vector layers of parcel, object and roads of the settlement. For more accurate and professional use of spatial data regarding the real estate should be used ortorectifyed aerial photos and sattellite images with high resolution, high accuracy and best matching with the geometry boundaries of parcels and objects. The future researches of the spatial data for real estate managing based on satellite data should be directed toward the development of complete solutions for spatial selecting and clipping the data in the perspective space, with capabilities for managing large volume of spatial information as a real-time application. The future application in this area should also ensure an eficient change detection of spatial entities in real time with comparation of remote sensing satellite images of the same area in two time sequence intervals. Further application should not be limited only to real estate, but also applicable toward the eficient city planning, environmental resource detection etc.

362

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

5. REFERENCES Bill Kropla, 2005, Begining Map Server–Open source GIS Development, Apress ESRI, 2006. GIS best practices - Land Records and cadastre. www.esri.com/cadastre [acessed May-2008] ESRI, 2004. Understanding Map Projection , Esripress ILWIS 3.0 Academic User's Guide, May 2001, Unit Geo Software Development, Sector Remote Sensing & GIS IT Department - International institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) Enschede, The Netherlands, www.itc.nl/ilwis [acessed March-2008] Izeiroski Subija, 2008. Raster based integrated Remote Sensing GIG system gor managing of real estate , Master thesis, University ,,St.Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola, Faculty of technical sciences – Bitola . Putra Simon Yanuar, Li Wenjing, Yang Perry Pei-Ju, 2003. Object-oriented GIS Data Modelling for Urban Design, Map Asia Conference 2003. Shahab Fazal, 2008. GIS Basics , New age Limited International publishers. Sherman E.Gary , 2008. Desktop GIS, Mapping the Planet with Open Source Tools, The Pragmatic Bookshelf Turker Mustafa & Kocaman Sultan, 2003. The Design and Implementation od a Cadastral Database with a Spatiotemporal Modeling Approach in Turkey, Map Asia Conference 2003. Tyler Mitchell , June 2005 ,Web Mapping Illustrated :– O’Reilly William E Guxhold, Eric M. Fowler, Brian Parr,2004.ArcGIS and the Digital city- A hands on approach for local government, EsriPress http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu.[acessed May-2008] .

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS M-r. Subija Izeiroski, was born on 05.09.1964 in Struga, Republic of Macedonia. He graduated at the Faculty of electrical engineering & computer sciences at the University in Ljubljana, Slovenia in 1990. From 1990 to 1993 worked in Ljubljana in a company specialized for measurements of electric supply and projecting of alarm systems and sensors. Since 1995 posess hisown agency for translating from Slovenian, German & English language into Macedonian language and viceversa. In 2008 he received degree of master of sciences (MSc) at ,,St.Kliment Ohridski,, University in Bitola. His master thesis was ,,Raster web based integrated Remote Sensing/GIS system for managing of real estate,,. Since the beginning of 2008 is employed in the public enterprise ,,Makedonija pat,, section in Struga as a leader engineer for technical and investment tasks. He is author of two papers presented in national scientific meetings, and during the year 2009 has also made two applications for scientific projects (one between Macedonia and Slovenia, and the other IPA project Macedonia-Albania). Currently he is a Ph.D candidate at ,,St.Kliment Ohridski,, University in Bitola. Dr. Igor Nedelkovski received a Ph.D degree in Technical sciences in 1997 from the University "St. Kliment Ohridski"-Bitola, Faculty of Technical sciences-Bitola, Macedonia / Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Heat Engineering – Warsaw, Poland , Master of Technical Sciences in 1993 from the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering - Belgrade, Serbia, and B.S. Graduate Mechanical Engineer (dipl.ing) in 1990 from the University "St. Kliment Ohridski" - Bitola, Faculty of Technical Sciences - Bitola, Macedonia. He is currently Professor of Computer graphics and Multimedia, Engineering Expert Systems, at the Faculty of Technical Sciences - Bitola. His research interests include also GIScience Analysis and Spatial Modeling, and CAD/CAM. 363

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Dr. Peter Gorsevski received a Ph.D. degree in Natural Resources from the University of Idaho (2002), an M.S. in Forest Engineering from Oregon State University (1996) and a B.S. in Forestry from Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Republic of Macedonia (1992). He is currently an Assistant Professor in Geospatial Sciences at the Bowling Green State University in the School of Earth, Environment & Society. His research interests include GIScience Analysis and Spatial Modeling, Terrain and Watershed Modeling, Spatial Decision Support Systems and Remote Sensing and Airborne Sensor Development. Kujtim Xhila is geodetic engineer. He graduated at the University ,,St.Kiril i Metodij,, in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Currently is employed in the midle school ,,Niko Nestor,, in Struga as a teacher of the subjects in the area of geodesy .

364

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

MULTIPURPOSE LAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS - AN ALBANIAN PERSPECTIVE Pal NIKOLLI1, Bashkim IDRIZI2, Ismail KABASHI3, Sonila PAPATHIMIU4

ABSTRACT The need for more, better, and integrated land information and the availability of technology to meet this need, have set the stage for the development of Multipurpose Land Information Systems (MPLIS). In the paper we note that the cadastral maps being produced in Albania would be part of the graphic material of an MPLIS and the property register information (such as registry books, tapi, etc) would be included as part of the attribute record in text form. The MPLIS is a relatively complex system, but it covers many needs of both government and the private sector. We recognize the current need to focus on cadastre as part of Land Market Action Plan. The Government of Albania has begun planning for the future as the needs for an MPLIS are increasing and the free trade economy is making such a system economically feasible. Therefore, we suggest the development of an MPLIS for Albania. Key word: Albania, Land Information Systems, Multipurpose Land Information Systems, cadastre, cadastre maps, reference frameworks.

1. INTRODUCTION Vital components for human life are land, access to land and managing the land. The land is fundamental for humankind because it carries all things on it such as; roads, buildings, animals, the air above, the water and the minerals within its surface. The land means to many people the space for their activities and the different forms of holding and managing its resources. 1

Prof.Dr.sc. Pal NIKOLLI, [email protected] Tirana University, Department of geography, www.fhf.edu.al Gsm.: +355 69 2472-451 Elbasan street, Faculty of History and Philology, Tirana, Albania. 2 Prof.Dr.sc. Bashkim IDRIZI, [email protected] State University of Tetova, www.unite.edu.mk, Tel.: +389 2 2612-492, Gsm.: +389 75 712-998, Fax: +389 44 334-222 Str. Xhon Kenedi, 25-4-20, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. 3 Dr. Eng. Ismail KABASHI, [email protected] University of Pristina, Dept. of Geodesy, Pristina, Kosovo; 4

Msc. Sonila PAPATHIMIU, [email protected] Tirana University, Department of geography, www.fhf.edu.al Gsm: 00355693754033 Elbasan street, Faculty of History and Philology, Tirana, Albania.

365

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Conventionally cadastral systems have supplied spatial information for land administration, spatial planning, billing for cost recovery from services etc. New approaches to spatial information and land information management are required to upgrade and manage cadastral parcels. Automated land information systems are being proposed and developed throughout world. Because many, if not most, of these systems are being developed with public funds, it is essential that methodologies be developed that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of these expenditures. We use the term Multipurpose Land Information Systems to refer to a system in which “the fundamental means of organizing data is the cadastral parcel or proprietary land unit”, which main objective is “the provision of institutional data concerning land ownership, value and use”. It is built to support a wide variety of applications. The underlying data should be accurate enough to support the envisioned applications, compatible so that data sets can be used in combination with each other and comprehensive so that current and appropriate data are available when they are needed. A fully implemented Multipurpose Land Information System should be incorporated into an environment that provides: 1. The fundamental land base; 2. Data features on or near the Earth’s surface; 3. The means to interpret and manage these data – increasingly computer software; 4. The media upon which data and management techniques reside, increasingly computer hardware; 5. The means to represent and disseminate data and information; 6. People organized to oversee the system operations; 7. Procedures for using and maintaining the system. Such a system would permit data to be used conveniently and accurately through spatial analyses, such as polygon overlay, area and distance calculations. It would also use interrelationships among data sets for tying maps to a common spatial reference system and for linking records through common identifiers. The variety of land necessitates a system capable of integrating different information and improving the flow of information between different organizations. This different information can be classified into four major categories: - environmental or natural information, - infrastructure/utility information, - legal/fiscal, “cadastral” information; concerned with land tenure and land use, - socio-economic information. A Multipurpose Land Information System is capable of integration these different kinds of information and serves different purposes. This different information can be viewed as different layers within an MPLIS. The types of information mentioned above, have been created and developed also in Albania, but only in some particular institutions and departments, working apart from each other and for their own purposes. In the absence of a consolidated Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) and when the standardized geographic information does not exist, it emerges the obligation to improve and stabilize the use of SIG in the institutions and departments that do manage this information, on purpose to build and develop MPLIS also in Albania. In Albania, it constitutes a basic and critical resource at the economical, social and affective levels. Investors consider that among economic speculations the land is 366

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 seen as the most profitable and secured investment. The relationship between Albanian owners and lands is the ownership. The study of Albanian cadastre enables a discussion of beneficial aspects of this system to support land management matters. The establishment of a cadastral system, in Albania, is widely linked to the progress of the activities of three fundamental components: juridical cadastre, national cadastre, and national land agency. The objective of this paper is to note the role of the components to establish the Albanian Multipurpose Land Information System.

2. IMMOVABLE PROPERTY REGISTRATION IN ALBANIA The need for a registration and cadastral information system has a long history. Since the Assyrian – Babylonian and ancient Egyptians eras, the concept of “publicity” of a transaction was important. The Roman emperor, Diocletianus, mandated an imperial cadastre for fiscal purposes. Similar projects took place in China (circa 700 AD) and in southern India, under Raja the Great in 1000 AD. In England, William the Conqueror created a written national inventory in 1085 which resulted in the creation of the “Doomsday Book”, which is considered the origin of the concept of the “cadastre”. Incredibly, that work was completed in only one year. It was not until the end of the 16th century, however, that technologies for land surveying and mapping were developed. In Western Europe, all the cadastres are based, on the French system (l’ancient cadastre), defined by Napoleon at the beginning of the 19-th century. The cadastres contain two principal elements. One is the written description. The other is a map which shows the location and the boundaries of all units of land. Each unit has an individual cadastral number in order to join the two sources of information. Originally, the cadastres were used for tax collection The historic evolution of the land structures in Albania has passed through the Turk land organization (timar and çiflik). After the independence proclamation, the land structures has not changed very much in spite the several efforts done by the governments in charge during the period 1912 -1945. Before and during the Second World War 27% (or 106300 ha) of the arable land was latifudndial property, and the main land owners were the farmers. We should underline that in this big group, we can find many cases and sub groups, the forest and pasture land were generally property of the community. The main turnover in the land structures of the country has happened after the second war with the power of the Communist Party. The agrarian reform has been begun on 1945 with the approbation of the law “About the agrarian reform”. During the application of the reform was distributed a surface of 147.340 ha, to the poor families and beneficent 145.000 families. The main arable land was organized in little farms with a surface in average of 2.2 ha. The land surface of the ex owners in the first version of the law were limited on 40 ha and in the second version in 5 ha. The impact of the reform were not very long lasting because in 1946 the communist Party, begun the socialization of the agriculture that meant also the forced socialization of the land. After an intensive and very hard policy of collectivization, the private land was reduced only in house yards, in 1967. The main land organizations during the period 1970-1990 were the state farmers and the socialist cooperatives. These organizations presented respectively 24.1% and 71.6% of the arable land. It is important to underline the role and the organization of the socialist cooperatives. Legally these organizations were group property but in their activity the group didn’t had the possibility to decide

367

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 the economic policy and to establish the agricultural plants and the market where to place the production. Since the late 1980’s, a massive transformation of land management is occurring in Eastern Europe including Albania, and Eurasia. Prior to 1989, State institutions were responsible for the management of land, that is, State agencies made the decisions about how to use the land and about who would profit from that use. In Western market economies, special institutions to deal with the identification of “true owners” have existed for hundreds of years, but in the completely “socialized” countries as was nearly the case in Albania after 1975, there was no use of such entities, since land and buildings were not privately owned. Land administration agencies registered the use of properties such as land and buildings for the state users (different ministries and institutions), or private occupiers, such as apartments and houses. But even during the “socializing” period of property ownership following World War II, land administration institutions from the previous political economic model continued to operate, such as the “Hipoteka” offices in most cities which recorded deeds of sale when sales were allowed, as well as deeds of mortgage and inheritance arrangements when these transactions occurred. In the 1920’s, Albanians had adopted the French institution of “Hipoteka” offices, which recorded deeds of mortgage and sale and inheritance documents pertaining to land, houses, and businesses, but only for the main urban areas of the country. Similarly, the Cadastral Offices recorded the results of the 1948 land reforms which distributed much of the agricultural lands previously held by the large landowners to the peasantry. Following the adoption of the 1975 Constitution in Albania, which recognized only State and collective ownership of land and buildings, the Hpoteka offices gradually closed. The cadastral offices had already shifted from the recording of rights to land, to recording of the uses of agricultural land in support of the collective agricultural enterprises established after 1950. With the end of private property in 1975, there was no reason to keep the Ipoteka offices open, and the last one, in Tirana, was closed in 1980. Land distribution done during 1991, faced the Albanian agriculture with different problems of farm organization as well as land structures. The main problems of land structures can be summarized on these points: - The extreme land fragmentation - The security, “ insecurity about the property” - The land policies and the confrontation of the agriculture versus the other economic activities (tourism and urbanization) Originally the Eastern Europe countries had traditional cadastres, but these have been used recently for environmental purposes or for agricultural land management. Currently there is a movement to “re-invent” the cadastres, with projects such as the one in Albania. Albanians decided to make the transition to a market oriented political economy, based on the private ownership of land and buildings. Private ownership rights include the right of the owners to sell their properties to other private persons through contractual agreements between buyers and sellers. Markets in land linked to markets in capital and labor are central to market economies. Land markets in the market oriented economies are important mechanisms for deciding who has access to land and how the land is used, instead of the planned political economy's State institutions which has exercised these functions for previous decades.

368

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 As the management of land becomes privatized, the institutions of land administration (understood as the processes of recording and disseminating information about the ownership, use and value of land) must also change from serving the needs of State agencies, to serving the needs of private managers of land. Privatization of land and buildings does not happen overnight. Land of different types have different requirements for shifting into private ownership, according to the policies of the transition. In Albania, the privatization of immovable property was carried out through a variety of programs, including: (1) the distribution of the ex-cooperative agricultural land to rural households, mostly in 1991 and 1992; (2) the distribution of ex-state farm land also to households, approved in November, 1992; (3) the sale of business sites mostly in 1991-92 to individual owners; (4) the sale of housing units in state constructed apartment buildings to adult residents begun in 1993; (5) the restitution of mostly urban properties to their owners prior to state acquisition, or to their heirs, also begun in 1993; (6) the privatization of enterprises; (7) transfer of artist studios to their artist occupants in ownership. De facto privatization of agricultural land began in 1990, as rural people began taking land previously managed by cooperatives. The Immovable Property Registration (IPRO) in Albania was designed as a unified, comprehensive and parcel based title registration system because of its applicability to a defined parcel of immovable property and the flexibility it has in being able to be utilized for a multitude of immovable property and mapping related purposes. The procedures for immovable property registration attempted to establish the technical and organizational basis for the future development of computer based information systems which unify geographic (map) and attribute (kartela) information, and linking these components of a registration information system which opens the door for the creation of a Geographical Information System that could be of significance for the future development of Albania. Central concepts used in the construction of the IPRO in Albania are the following: Kartela: A page of information prepared for each immovable property, including information about its: a) geographical location; b) general description, such as area, type of property, whether within urban boundaries or not, and whether a part of a building; c) who holds different ownership rights over the property; d) who rents, leases, uses, has a servitude, or holds a restrictive agreement over the property; and e) what mortgages, court decisions, or other restrictions on changing ownership exist. A paper kartela is filled out for each property, and a digital copy made of the information recorded on the paper kartela. Registry Index Map: A comprehensive map of all parcels of land with kartelas. Scales of maps include 1:2500 for most agricultural parcels and 1:1000 for most urban parcels. A digital copy of the Index Map is produced, following the completion of the field surveys. Registration Zone: A geographically defined area, usually a District, which is the administrative responsibility of an Immovable Property Registration Local Office (also known as a local Registry). A zone may be smaller than a District such as in the case of a large city (originally Tirana had two local Registration Local Offices), or may include two or more Districts if the Chief Registrar determines that there are not enough properties or transactions in a District to justify a Registration Local Office in each District. Cadastral Zone: A geographically defined area, usually a village in rural areas, or a neighborhood in cities, which is small enough to be able to locate parcels relatively 369

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 easily, usually containing no more than 1500 immovable properties. There are no more than 200 Cadastral Zones in any Registration Zone, and usually fewer. Immovable Property Number: Each immovable property in Albania has a unique number, composed of the Cadastral Zone number and within that zone, a unique number. For agricultural parcels this unique number within a zone is usually composed of the old field number followed by a “slash” and a subdivision number. For example, the number 1289 11/32 refers to subdivision 32 of old field 11 in Cadastral Zone 1289. For apartments, the number is composed of the Cadastral Zone number and within that zone a unique number, which is usually the old building number, stairway number and apartment number. The Albanian IPRO manages a combination of paper based information and digital information. The IPRO in Albania is composed of Registration Local Offices in each District which record and display information about the rights that people and/or agencies hold in immovable properties. The IPRO (and the laws that protect such rights) should provide significant psychological security to the holders of property rights, and is, thereby, a central institution for assuring societal stability. The IPRO also enables people and agencies to engage in transactions involving such properties without physically exchanging them (a necessity for “immovable” properties!). That characteristic of the IPRO distinguishes it from market institutions which structure transactions in reference to commodities and to labor, and even fundamentally the institutions, which structure the market transactions involving capital (money). Digital copies of the Kartelas and Index Maps are supposed to be produced for archival purposes and for supporting the operations of the Registration Local Offices (for example, owner name indices, the production of updated Index Maps). In those Registration Zones with proper conditions, more of the registration operations can be gradually computerized. Any action which changes the information contained on a kartela or on the index map by law must be registered, that is, the parties responsible for the change must apply to have the change introduced into the kartelas and/or index maps which comprise two of the most important elements of the IPRO information system. This means that if the change has to do with information on the Kartela, the change must be made in the physical kartela and should also be made in the digital database copy of that Kartela. If a change involves a boundary change (subdivision of an existing parcel or merging of two existing parcels, or correction of an error on the index map), it must be recorded on the physical index map and should also be incorporated into the digital copy of that index map.

3. CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND CADASTRAL MAPS IN ALBANIA The production of cadastral maps was done for about 40 years by using the classical methods (tachymetry) at a scale of 1:2500 and 1:5000. About 1,070,000 hectares, or about one-third of the entire area of the country, were surveyed with this method, including 629,000 hectares of cultivated agricultural land, or 90 percent of all agricultural land. These surveys were mainly in the lowland areas of the country. The maps were used not only for cadastral purposes but also for different considerations such as land irrigation systems, land management, and so forth. Two co-ordinate systems for cadastral maps production are applied: - one system based on the Bessel ellipsoid is used to produce maps at a scale of 1:2500; 370

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 - and the other system based on the Krasowski ellipsoid is used to generate maps at a scale of 1:5000. The Gauss-Kruger projection is used for both systems; for the first system the central meridian is 20°, and for the second it is 21°. The maps at the scale of 1:2500 in the Bessel co-ordinate system are based on a map sheet layout system unique to Albania. All the Albanian territory is covered with map sheets starting from each side of the 20° central meridian and all the sheets are referenced by their orthogonal grid values. Map sheets produced in the Krasowski system are referenced by geographic coordinates. All surveying at the scale of 1:2500 and 1:5000, which is used for producing cadastre maps, is done using the tachymetry method with different kinds of instruments. Most of the maps for urban areas were done using the Krasowski system. These maps cover 42 cities surveyed at a scale of 1:500 with a total area of about 14,400 hectares. Maps produced at Military Topographic Institute (today-Military Geographic Institute) are, in general, at a small scale and are not suitable for the production of cadastre base maps. However, some of these maps, at a scale of 1:10,000 and 1:25,000, will serve for the registration of forests, pastures, and other large parcels of land. In Albania there are considerable and useful mapping data which vary in quality and availability. This information is used to speed up the map-producing process in places where project work is under way. The data come from three main resources: - cadastre maps of agricultural land produced by the Land Research Institute at a scale of 1:5000; - maps of urban areas produced by the Geology and Geodetic Enterprise, Ministry of Construction, at the scale of 1:500 or 1:1000; and - small-scale maps produced by the Military Topographic Institute. Unlike many other less developed countries, Albania has a dense network of geodetic control points (approximately 4 Km density) which in many instances are clearly demarcated by means of tall tripod signals. Provisional tests using GPS (MSI 1992) confirm that this network has been surveyed to a high degree of accuracy. In previous years all surveying work was done through the government and there is no private sector surveying industry. The substantial set of maps that currently exist in Albania, especially at larger scales (1:500 - 1:10,000), provides a valuable base of land information on which to build an effective cadastre. The cadastral surveying approach that is currently being followed is to enlarge the 1:5,000 base maps to a scale of 1:2,500. The individual land parcels are then mapped relative to topographic map features with the aid of taped field distances. Very few monuments are used to define parcel boundaries and for the most part small water furrows or crop lines are used to differentiate adjacent parcels. Most of cadastre maps that are currently used in Albania are based on the Krasowski ellipsoid and Gauss-Kruger projection. The UN Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Cadastral Surveying and Land Information Systems reached the following conclusion: Cadastral maps and other land information systems should always be based on a network of homogeneous control points, preferably connected to the national geodetic control. Although the primary concern is that the position of each parcel must be correct relative to its immediate surroundings, longer-term considerations indicate that it also should be correct in its absolute position in space in respect of the national co-ordinate system.

371

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The national triangulation network covers the entire nation’s territory and is composed of three orders. The standard error between the positions of the two closest points is less than 0.125 meter, which satisfies normal accuracy specifications for maps at a scale of 1:2000. The national triangulation network is densified in order to provide the survey control for maps at a scale of 1:2500 and 1:5000. The frequency of point densification corresponds with mapping scale; the distance between points varies from 0.7 kilometer to 1.7 kilometers. The proportional accuracy of fixation of adjacent control points is better than one part in 700, which means they provide adequate control for vertical-staff tachymetry. The privatization process has resulted in extensive land fragmentation that is difficult to depict on the existing 1:5000 scale cadastral maps. Therefore, it was decided that all the cadastre maps for intensive agriculture areas, which will be managed by the registration offices, will be at a scale of 1:2500. Cadastral maps for both city-urban and village-urban areas will be at a scale of 1:500 and 1:1000. The transformation of cadastral maps at a scale of 1:5000 to 1:2500 will be done by photographic enlargement of 1:5000 sheets dividing them into four parts. The new cadastral maps consist of a combination of the original topographic maps and the updated, traced copies prepared by the district cadastre offices. The maps for urban areas of villages are integrated with the base index maps of properties depending on the density of buildings and other features. Maps with a scale larger than 1:2500 are used in those cases where greater clarity is needed to show the boundaries and positions of parcels. In urban areas, index maps are at a scale of 1:500 using existing maps. These maps have not been up-dated so they often do not show the current situation. Since they were produced 20–25 years ago, field up-dating together with identification of owners is required. Most of the western lowlands, about 4000 kilometers2 are photographed using aerial photography at a scale of 1:10,000. Aerial photography are used for the production of new photo maps at a scale of 1:2500 for rural areas. Urban areas included in the area are photographed at a scale of 1:2500 so that 1:1000 maps can be prepared. Aerial photography is also taken in those areas where maps are very old and were done under the Bessel system. This includes one of the most intensively cultivated agricultural areas and one of the main areas for tourism and infrastructure development. Since new technology permits the production of photo maps at a scale of 1:2500 from photographs taken at a scale of 1:20,000, photographs that were produced by the Military Topographic Institute during 1980–1990 is used for map production in those mountain areas where changes have been minimal and where little fieldwork is needed. A combination of photogrammetric surveying and field surveying is used Aerial photography does not show all property elements, only those that are visible from the air on the photograph; this does depend on the scale of the photography. In those cases where physical boundaries are not visible and where the land is all cultivated with the same crops, fieldwork will be needed in order to complete the survey.

372

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

4. MULTIPURPOSE LAND INFORMATION SYSTEM - THE ADEQUATE TOOL TO SUPPORT REFORM PROCESS IN ALBANIA. 4.1. The Multipurpose Cadastre Over the last hundred years, cadastral systems have been increasingly developed. The evolution of modern systems began in Europe in the 19th century to serve taxation and fiscal purposes. The Napoleonic cadastre in France is a prime example. Since then, other countries, particularly in the English-speaking world, such as Canada, USA, and Australia, started to establish their specific systems. In the mid-1970, cadastral systems began to assume a more diverse role. In 1998, the working group attached to the commission 7 of the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) elaborated a vision for a future cadastral system, called cadastre 2014, for the next 20 years. This project emphasizes the role of cadastral systems being multipurpose and responding all public and private interests. The multipurpose cadastre is defined as a system implemented by the following steps: − Establishment of a cadastral survey base consisting of two interrelated elements, which are a spatial control framework and a graphical base, − Establishment of a cadastral survey system that permits to create and maintain a series of cadastral maps showing the size, shape, and location of parcels, − Establishment of a cadastral records system that contains two kinds of information, which are information concerning public and private ownerships legally recognized in lands and information concerning the historical development of these rights. In 1980, the US Committee on Geodesy, in the National Research Council, established a new project concerning the urgent need of implementing a multipurpose cadastre for the USA. The study asserted that the multipurpose cadastre is a framework supporting continuous, readily and comprehensive land information at the parcel level by implementing the followings components: − A reference framework consisting of a geodetic network, − A series of current, accurate large-scale maps, − A cadastral overlay delineating all cadastral parcels, − A unique identifying number assigned to each parcel that is used as a common index of all land records in information systems, − A series of land data files, each including a parcel identifier for information retrieval and links to other data files. The multipurpose cadastre provides comprehensive information on land and presents all information at the parcel level. It is built around a reliable and accurate spatial framework: base maps, a cadastral overlay linked to juridical information of properties, and a linkage to land information generated by many offices and users. It supports both the legal and fiscal purposes. Data are used for facilities management, base mapping, value assessment, land use planning and environmental impact assessment. The significant advantage of the existing cadastral system in Albania is the nature of its registration and titling regime and administrative structure. The registration and titling process and the surveying activities are performed actually at the local level by a unique agency called The Immovable Property Registration (IPRO). This structure guarantees the best co-ordination between the Service of Cadastre and the Service of 373

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Land Registry responsible for all cadastral functions. The basis of all surveying operations is a unique reference geodetic network in spite of its several difficulties regarding its update and maintenance. Geographical information systems enable to modernize all operational and functional processes of the cadastre. New approaches and methodologies are conceived to modernize the existing systems. The government administration, as a landowner, needs to establish an efficient system of cadastre to increase the security on landownership and facilitate land administration. This will permit the monitoring of land market, the improvement of planning in urban and rural areas, the regulation of legal framework and statutes of land, and the introduction of new technology to maintain land reform such as redistribution, consolidation, valuation, and assessment. In addition, the multipurpose cadastre will ensure within the society a minimum level of quality and establish a uniform land information system based on properties and parcels.

4.2. Multipurpose Land Information System The goal of the Land Market Action Plan is to create dynamic land markets that are socially and environmentally sustainable. Land markets based on the private ownership of tradable rights to land and buildings function more fluidly within an Immovable Property Registration System (IPRS). The IPRS provides security to potential buyers that the sellers are indeed the true owners with rights to sell the immovable property. The IPRS also enables the linkage of capital and immovable property markets by providing opportunities and guarantees for the mortgaging of immovable property, thereby facilitating property owners’ access to long-term investment capital. The first model of Multipurpose Land Information System was essentially basic. Its purpose was to launch the development of a multipurpose cadastre for North America. The second model, developed by the committee on Geodesy, was adapted to the new conditions of the USA cadastral system. This project determined the responsibilities of each organization concerned by land data and defined the role of the federal government in establishing this system. The committee established guidance in terms of cooperation, organization, and standards at federal, state, and local levels. The first configuration seems not adequate to Albanian conditions for the two following reasons. Firstly, the Albanian cadastral system has its national geodetic network as a cadastral survey base. Secondly, the land titling system is the unique reference enabling the registration of land ownerships and the historical development of these rights. The cadastral system and land titling system deal together with cadastral records and cadastral operations such as delineation and demarcation of properties and parcels. Many cadastral maps are created and maintained in each cadastre to report titled properties. In the second model, we retain the second and third components add two new characteristics. The first one is the production of a series of current, accurate largescale maps keeping the new cadastre continuously updated. The second characteristic is a generalized cadastre across the USA to serve as a land information system. From the analysis of the two visions developed in Albania, the two approaches in North America, the statements of the new visions cadastre 2014, and the current, nature, and needs of the Albanian cadastre, the following components are proposed to serve as the basis of a new vision to develop and implement a multipurpose cadastre and Multipurpose Land Information System: 374

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 − A global geodetic network as a reference framework, − A series of regular cadastral sections located and monumented as a basic cadastral grid for cadastral overlays, − A series of large-scale maps of natural and physical features, − A unique judicial cadastre dealing both with titling, registration, and surveying tasks, − A computerized cadastral information system. The development of a multipurpose land information system requires the contribution of many different departments to execute the fundamental components of the system. Both the governmental and private institutions are involved concurrently to integrate all items of the new system. The implementation of each component belongs to a specific institution at national, regional, and local level. The multipurpose land information system provides not only land ownerships and property information but also a large variety of land information such as land use, land zoning, infrastructure information, building, property, and address. The new multipurpose land information system enables progressively a systematic registration and overcome difficulties of the ancient system such as long time to update registers, high registration costs per property, and absence of an exhaustive overview of existing parcels and properties within an area. The new system aims to support land planning, land administration, land taxation, and agricultural development projects. The Albanian government as well as the private sector has an important role in the implementation of a multipurpose land information system. According to the five components of the multipurpose land information system and to the five requirements discussed above, the future organization of the Immovable Property Registration (IPRO) focuses on a hierarchical structure including three fundamental levels: national, regional, and local. At the national level, all different departments, offices, and agencies contribute to develop a wide multipurpose cadastre. The first basic component, the global geodetic network, is a national activity. The responsibility of a series of regular cadastral sections located and monumented as a basic cadastral grid for cadastral overlays and a series of large-scale maps of natural features is assigned to the regional level. At the local level, a unique judicial cadastre deals with titling, registration, and surveying tasks and the development of a computerized cadastral information system. This system requires important efforts and commitments from the government. Moreover, the IPRS provides security to owners of immovable property that they or their heirs will benefit tomorrow from investments made today, thereby providing those people with entrepreneurial motivation and incentive to acquire properties or to use more intensively those they already possess. This security in a psychological sense will emerge only after people acquire confidence in the new institutions and learn what the practical limits of their new rights to land are. However, the very act of creating the IPRS in the ways devised in Albania is a stabilizing influence, as will be shown below. Land markets built on a solid base of accurate and legally protected registration of rights to properties should function efficiently to encourage market dynamism as well as productive investments. Yet, in reality, other phenomena can condition and re-direct the expected effects, giving rise to problems: - under conditions of unequal accessibility of capital, those with such access will be able to acquire properties while the disadvantaged sectors of the population will be excluded from access through the markets, leading to wider gaps between the rich and the poor;

375

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 -

under conditions of cultural and political inequalities of access to immovable property, discriminated groups (ethnic groups as well as women in some countries) will not be able to experience the benefits of immovable property markets; - under conditions of economic or political risk, when formal security may be inadequate to produce subjective feelings of confidence, even formally secure owners may decide to extract the maximum economic benefits in the shortest amount of time, leading to environmental degradation and loss of a sustainable economic base; and - with political or historical factors that eliminate valuable and valued immovable properties from the market (such as restrictions on the buying and selling of certain types of property, declarations of protected areas for parks or environmental preserves, or pending but unresolved claims of ex-owners to urban land), people who strongly desire land for housing or business may be driven to illegally acquire land outside of areas designated for these purposes, thus leading to the loss of productive agricultural land and increased costs of infrastructural services as well as environmental and public health degradation. Multipurpose Land Information Systems (MLIS), including the cadastral component, are intended to coordinate and integrate all routinely maintained records concerning the land such that they can be identified and accessed with respect to the unique portion of the earth to which they refer. Such systems are beginning to appear in Albania and indications are that the rate of their adoption is increasing. This is a function of (1) the increasing responsibilities placed upon local government for land management, and (2) the application of new technologies to meet these responsibilities. The creation of a functional MLIS, although promising effective benefit/cost rations in the long term, represents a potentially significant investment. Because these systems are often public, methods of evaluation need to be developed. A land cadastre of Multipurpose Land Information System/Geographic Information System (MPLIS/GIS) is the adequate tool to support reform process of property registry system in Albania. For a variety of purposes, policy makers need to have reliable data such as: 1. Topography, 2. Land tenure, 3. Location of boundaries, 4. Location of roads, 5. Right to public access and public roads, 6. Availability and location of electric cables, 7. Availability and location of telephone wires, 8. Water, gas and sewage pipes, 9. Size of lots, 10. Zoning, 11. Address information, 12. Location of police services, 13. Access to educational and health sevices, 14. Location of natural water and rivers, 15. Soil quality, 16. Current lot owner. Unfortunately, a central source of information related to all of the above mentioned data generally does not exist. Managers require time to collect all necessary data, for 376

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 example, to create a strategy for a new (urban) housing development or to renovate a pre-existing one. Policy makers need the basic information to: 1. Identify limitations and opportunities, 2. Monitor a project’s progress, 3. Evaluate progress and failure, 4. Correct problems as soon as possible, 5. Provide transparency of transactions, 6. Increase level of public participitation in the community and the private sector, 7. Create public – private associations (network, guilds) to stimulate access to land, 8. Prevent public and private land invasions. In Albania there are some GIS data, especially about Country Border, Communes, Castles, Churches, Mosques, Temples, Rivers, Roads, Sites, Villages, Water-major, etc., but is need to integrate this data to create the Multipurpose Land Information System.

5. CONCLUSIONS The need for more, better, and integrated land information and the availability of technology to meet this need, have set the stage for the development of Multipurpose Land Information Systems (MPLIS). The cadastral maps that are produced in Albania would be part of the graphic material of an MPLIS and the property register information (such as registry books, tapi, etc) would be included as part of the attribute record in text form. The production of cadastral maps was done for about 40 years by using the classical methods (tachymetry) at a scale of 1:2500 and 1:5000. The maps were used not only for cadastral purposes but also for different considerations such as land irrigation systems, land management, and so forth. In Albania there are considerable and useful mapping data which vary in quality and availability. In other hand, most of the western lowlands, about 4000 kilometers2 are photographed using aerial photography at a scale of 1:10,000. Aerial photography are used for the production of new photo maps at a scale of 1:2500 for rural areas. Urban areas included in the area are photographed at a scale of 1:2500 so that 1:1000 maps can be prepared. In Albania there are GIS data about Country Border, Communes, Castles, Churches, Mosques, Temples, Rivers, Roads, Sites, Villages, Water-major, etc. Multipurpose Land Information Systems (MLIS), including the cadastral component, are intended to coordinate and integrate all routinely maintained records concerning the land such that they can be identified and accessed with respect to the unique portion of the earth to which they refer. Such systems are beginning to appear in Albania and indications are that the rate of their adoption is increasing. A land cadastre of Multipurpose Land Information System/Geographic Information System (MPLIS/GIS) is the adequate tool to support reform process of property registry system in Albania.

6. REFERENCES 1.

Barnes, G., D. Moyer, B. Chaplin, M. Sartori, R. Shrestha and E. DesRoche (1994). "The Design and Comparative Evaluation of a GPS Methodology for 377

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Cadastral Surveying and Mapping in Albania." Final Report prepared for the Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 87p. 2. Barnes, G., M. Sartori and B. Chaplin (1995). "A GPS Methodology for Surveying and Mapping Cadastral Parcels in Albania." Proceedings of ACSMASPRS Annual Convention, Charlotte, N.C. 3. Barnes, G., M. Eckl and B. Chaplin (1996). "A Medium Accuracy GPS Methodology for Cadastral Surveying and Mapping." Surveying and Land Information Systems Journal, 56 (1), pp. 3-12 4. Barnes, G. and M. Eckl (1996). "A GPS Methodology for Cadastral Surveying in Albania: Phase II." Final Report submitted to Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 26p. 5. MSI (1992). "Geodetic Overview for Land Registration/Mapping in Albania." Report prepared for Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 10p. 6. Isufi, Eduard. 1993. “Boletino di geodesia e scienza affini” / The first new order triangulation in Albania. Revista dell Instituto Geografico Militare, no. 4. 7. Larsson, G. 1991. Land Registration and Cadastral Systems: Tools for Land Information and Management. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific and Technical. 8. Cowie, T. (1999) The development of a local land records system for informal settlements in the Greater Edendale Area, MSc thesis, University of Natal (forthcoming). 9. Dale, P. and J. McLaughlin (1988) Land Information Management , Clarendon. 10. Fourie, C. (1996) The Role of Local Land Administrators and Land Managers in Decentralisation, Land Delivery, Registration and Information Management in Developing Countries, Paper presented at International Conference on Land Tenure and Administration, Orlando, Florida, USA (12-14 November, 1996). 11. Groot, R. (1997) Spatial data infrastructure (SDI) for sustainable land management, ITC 3(4).

7. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Asoc.Prof.Dr.Eng. Pal Nikolli. Graduated at the Geodesy branch of Engineering Faculty, Tirana University. In 1987 has been nominated lecturer in the Geodesy Department of Tirana University. In 1994 has been graduated Doctor of Sciences in cartography field. During this period, have taught the following subjects: “Cartography” (for Geodesy and Geography students) and “Geodesy” (for Civil engineering & Geology students). Actually he is lecturer and tutor of the following subjects: “Elements of Cartography” (for Geography students), GIS (for Geography students, diploma of first and second degree) “Interpretation of Arial Photographs” (for Geography students, diploma of first degree), “Satellite Images” (for geography students, diploma of second degree) “Thematic Cartography” (for Geography students, diploma of second degree) and “Topography-GIS (for the Geophysics students, diploma of second degree). Mr. Nikolli is the author and co-author 8 textbooks (Elements of Cartography and 378

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Topography, Elements of Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Processing of satellite images, Cartography, etc), 3 monographs (History of Albanian Cartography, Mirdita on Geo-Cartographic view, etc), more than 50 scientific papers inside and outside of the country, more 40 scientific & popular papers, etc. Has participated in several post graduation courses of cartography and GIS outside of the country (1994, 2000 - Italy), etc. Ass.Prof.Dr.Eng. Bashkim IDRIZI, was born on 14.07.1974 in Skopje, Macedonia. He graduated in geodesy department of the Polytechnic University of Tirana-Albania in 1999year. In 2004, hot the degree of master of sciences (MSc) in Ss.Cyril and Methodius University-Skopje. In 2005 he had a specialization for Global Mapping in Geographical-Survey Institute (GSI) of Japan in Tsukuba-Japan. On year 2007, he held the degree of Doctor of sciences (PhD) in Geodesy department of Ss.Cyril and Methodius University–Skopje. He worked in State Authority for Geodetic Works from May 1999 until January 2008. From October 2003 up to January 2008, he worked as a outsourcing lecturer in State University of Tetova. From February 2008, he works as a cartography& GIS Professor at the State University of Tetova–Tetova. He continu with working as outsourcing lecturer in geodesy department of the University of Prishtina-Kosova. He is the author of three cartography university books, and 56 papers published and presented in national and international scientific conferences related to geodesy, cartography, GIS & remote sensing. Ass.Prof.Dr.Eng. Ismail KABASHI, was born on 08.08.1965 in Prishtina, Kosova. He graduated in geodesy department of the University of Saraevo-Bosnia and Hercegovina in 1992year. In 2003 year, he held the degree of Doctor of sciences (PhD) in Geodesy engineering department of TU Wienn–Vienna. Currently he is employee in Vermessung ANGST GmbH ZT as project manager for Planning and execution of Cadastre and Geomonitoring Projects. From year 2004, he works as a geodesy engineering Professor at the University of PrishtinaKosova. He is the author of many papers published and presented in national and international scientific conferences related to geodesy and engineering geodesy, as well as the author of script for students in geodesy engineering field. MA. SONILA PAPATHIMIU Pedagogue, Master in Human Geography. She is author and coauthor of some papers (Tourism and environment in Divjaka-Karavasta area, a contradictory relationship or a supplementary one, The importance and the management of the wetlands (study case “The Karavasta wetlands”), The impact of the industrialization in the socio-economic and environmental developments of Lushnja town, The sustainable development of the Karavasta & Narta wetlands (tourism, agriculture & fishing), The impact of post-communist reforms to the use of agricultural land in municipality of Divjaka and commune of Qendër, etc

379

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

THE CREATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE UNFINISHED LAND CONSOLIDATION OF 1983/89 IN KOSOVO Murat MEHA1, Bashkim IDRIZI 2 ABSTRAKT First preparations for land consolidation in Kosovo had started in 1979. Land consolidation program was one of the main activities in order to raise the production capacities in agricultural lands, that directly were related to the irrigation system which also was a system increasing. The implementation of land consolidation started in 1983 and continued up to 1989. During this period, 100 cadastral zones were involved in the territory of 8 municipalities of Kosovo. In 1989 the project was aborted without a definite finalization. Since year 2000, new circumstances for Kosovo’s economical development enabled a special treatment to agricultural development. Important factors to agricultural development were treatment and analysis of the unfinished land consolidation during years 1983/89. The research of unfinished land consolidation condition, was done through ALUP project (Agriculture Land Utilization Project – EU founded project), during 2006-2008. Through ALUP3 project, experts Niels O. Haldrup and Murat Meha researched and presented the actual condition of the unfinished land consolidation from terrain. Changes registered of the terrain condition and between the foreseen conditions were various. Completed researches for property’s condition in land consolidation of 1983/39 project proved that: according to land consolidation none of the properties were registered in cadastral documentation, the property work is done according to consolidation maps and records, meanwhile the ownership remains with the old documentation before land consolidation; property exploitation is back again in the old state which means land consolidation is ruined. Property exploitation and its documentation are partially with land consolidation and partially with the state before land consolidation, the lack of information system for cadastral data from land consolidation. These researches have encouraged the Ministry of Agriculture in Kosovo to undertake safe steps for the improvement of conditions and for the clarification of juridical property reports of farmers for their lands in unfinished land consolidation. If land consolidation in Kosovo was developed during 1983/89, now approximately after 25 years should be done definitely anything for it to be applicable or to be removed entirely from the agenda. GIS creation for the unfinished land consolidation through the project which the Ministry of Agriculture is developing, offers property exploitation and clarification of juridical ownership reports, by registering it in IPRR. This will be a part of the cadastral information system of lands in Kosovo, based on the law of immovable property registration. Until now there has not been any information system for land consolidation in Kosovo. The article presents the development of land consolidation in Kosovo, its legislation, beginning of its implementation after 25 years and creating the information system for land consolidation. Key word: land consolidation, GIS, KCLIS,IPRR

1

Prof.Dr.sc. Murat MEHA, [email protected], University of Prishtina, www.uni-pr.edu Gsm.: +377 44 120-958. Prishtina, Republic of Kosova. 2 Prof.Dr.sc. Bashkim IDRIZI, [email protected] State University of Tetova, www.unite.edu.mk, www.geocities.com/hartografia/ut.html Tel.: +389 2 2612-492, Gsm.: +389 75 712-998, Fax: +389 44 334-222 Str. Xhon Kenedi, 25-4-20, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.

380

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

1. INTRODUCTION Land consolidation is a technical agrarian process with the purpose to regulate the form of land parcels, providing the road system to create possibilities of land’s rational exploitation. Land consolidation is directly related to land administration (Meha 2004). Agriculture in Kosovo is not much developed, parcels are extremely small for this purpose, and this is why the term existential agriculture dominates over the agricultural development strategy. The change in agricultural land use, especially the transition of agricultural land into building land until now has been a vulnerable process. Efforts to control the process until now have been unsuccessful. This has resulted in unnecessary loss of large surfaces of agricultural lands and on inefficient urban development. Except agricultural lands in Kosovo, there are also other lands that need land consolidation especially forest lands, for example in Scandinavian states: Sweden, Norway, etc.

2. LEGAL BASIS OF LAND CONSOLIDATION IN KOSOVO Legal basis for land regulation and land consolidation in Kosovo has started since 1976, with law 32/76. In 1987 land consolidation law was compiled, meanwhile it is a fulfillment and elaboration of a unique segment of the prior law 32/76. Land consolidation law was declared in Kosovo’s one newspaper on October 3d 1987 and it has strengthened and has regulated land consolidation issues, which at that period of time was developed only in some cadastral zones of Kosovo’s municipalities. This land consolidation lasted until 1987 but, because of the political circumstances it was not registered in the cadastral documentation and, the new ownership remained unconfirmed after land consolidation. Having the focus over land consolidation in ALUP project which was financed by EAR (European Agency for Reconstruction) 2006-2008, MAFRD has declared land consolidation as a priority for Agriculture in Kosovo See “ARDP-2007-2013” at www.mbpshr-ks.org. It was necessary to prepare the Law of Agricultural Land (LAL) 2006, developed during 2004-2005 from MAFRD – approved by UNMIK (July 2006). In this law is the new basis for a first land consolidation in Kosovo. - Administrative Instructions (AI) are developed by detailing further the LAL. AI 35/2006 describes rules and procedures for land consolidation and the explanatory that are developed for all the AI, including even an annex in land consolidation management. - Law article 27.2 of LAL, with the administrative instruction issued by the ministry regulates the activities and works of land consolidation commission, review and observation of agricultural lands’ regulation projects, electing the mayor, members and their substuition. - With the law of IPRR UNMIK reg. 2002/22 is regulated the registration manner of immovable properties rights. - The cadastre law L-35/2003 foresees measurements and the way of property’s creation. According to property creation by any kind must be based on the frameworks of cadastral measurements. 381

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 MAFRD based on the framework of legal work has developed the national strategy for land consolidation which is considered as its politics. Considering that land consolidation in Kosovo could be developed through two types as a peroration of the unfinished land consolidation and the development of voluntary land consolidation has prepared the law project for consolidation. This law project – draft must be approved in Kosovo’s Assembly to be strengthened for consolidation’s implementation. The new law for land consolidation foresees the purpose, objectives, strategy and implementation of land consolidation as a whole. Some explanations about land consolidation taken from the law with some little improvements are shown in the following. -

2.1. The purpose of land consolidation in Kosovo Land consolidation of agricultural land, forests, forest land and other lands that are related with land consolidation (in the further text: lands) it is implemented with the reason of regulating land surfaces to create big parcels by grouping small parcels. Grouping the parcels is done to regulate the agricultural land for rational and economical exploitation of land, creating better conditions of dwellings with agricultural character, building agricultural roads and other roads, hidormeliruese objects and equipments for developing other works in land implementation. 2.2. Implementation field Land consolidation law regulates the procedures for implementation of land consolidation, implementation time, and conditions for implementation, competent authorities of implementation, manners and conditions of separation creating of the involved complex in land consolidation, investment expenses for consolidation and other important issues for land consolidation implementation. 2.3. Reasons for land consolidation Land consolidation priorities in Kosovo are agricultural lands, but always with the possibility of continuance of land consolidation with other lands. In land consolidation law are given the reasons of implementing land consolidation, shown in the following: - Because of great segmentation of parcel and irregular forms of cadastral parcels, - Because of the construction of irrigation system and land drainage, - Because of the construction of road field network, - Building large infrastructural objects (public roads, railways, irrigation accumulations, etc) - Regulating of river bed. These reasons and other ones about land consolidation clarify that land regulation in general should be extended as for its maintenance and also for its increase of production and employment. Land consolidation impact in Kosovo’s economical development is multidimensional (Meha, 2005). Reasons and procedures of land consolidation development throughout agricultural lands and, its importance in country’s economical development are shown also in FAO manuals (FAO 2006). In order to ensure that land consolidation will solve problems in rural areas in the sustainable way see Land Consolidation Strategy 2010-2020, it is advisable that

382

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 during implementation of land consolidation projects the following measures are considered: • Rational sustainable use of natural resources. • To create conditions for the use of land for public needs. • To ensure the planning and implementation of measures for a sustainable environment. • To plan development of local infrastructure. • To create conditions for preservation of biodiversity, to strengthen conservation of cultural heritage and typical landscapes for the area. • To develop alternative agricultural activities. • To coordinate land consolidation projects with the selection of comprehensive plans or spatial planning documents for that territory (Municipal Development Plans). • The implementation of land consolidation projects can also include projects such as: (roads, water supply, sewage, electricity lines, spaces for public needs and in some cases protective areas).

3. DATA BASE CREATION FOR LAND CONSOLIDATION In some cases, the data are missing because they have been taken away or were never prepared, and some data are uncompleted. In recent years progress has been made in the process of systematic property registration. Now the system has been established for identification and registration of property rights. Projects are underway to increase the efficiency of property records and to improve data quality, even though the quality of current data still remains generally poor. Cadastral maps and possession lists, yet in many places reflect the situation in the 80’s. Some cadastral maps dating back to 1959 have been digitalised and there are ortophotos of the end of 2004 showing current situation on the ground. The creation of new land administration system, are clarified and solved many irregularities which help the agrarian reform and land privatization. The cadastral information system of lands where the data from land consolidation will be registered, simplify land administration as a process where land and information about land are managed effectively. Land Property as it is registered in cadastre in the Immovable Property Rights Register (IPRR) is not updated on the required level, and so it remains inappropriate for the present transactions. Properties that have been involved in land consolidation during 1983/89 were presented only in analogue basis, but also in the old coordinate system of Gauss-Kruger projection. This initially has created difficulties in the process of data incorporation from land consolidation in Kosovo’s digital cadastre that was created after 2003. The lack of accurate data basis for agricultural land has lead to land market impoverishment. The lack of cadastral digital data, the assessment and determination of agricultural land price are not transparent and do not reflect the production capacity. For more, the land lease system of land is not functional and transparent. The tax for rural land does not exist, with which the farmers disagree and they consider it unwanted. After all the tax would increase the use of agricultural land and would help the municipalities to have budget for rural development. The presence of taxes 383

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 (appropriate and modest ones) is a good tool of the land to stimulate the use of agricultural land, land market and to create the cadastral information system of agricultural lands. In table 1 are presented systemized data from each municipality where during the years 1983/89 land consolidation was developed. These data are registered during the period of ALUP project from the authors Murat Meha and Niels O. Haldrup. In table 1 is shown the lack of data which in some cases must be impregnated with new geodesic measurements in order to create the documentation of actual condition. Completion of the data from properties in land consolidation has influence in further development of the cadastral information system (Niels, 2007). The data system for each property of the owner is done according to the condition “before” and “after” of land consolidation with the draw of surfaces shown in Table 2. The owners have agreed about this during the period of public discussions. The condition of properties, their form and their size before land consolidation are shown in Figure 1. Meanwhile the data basis is created with its all features after land consolidation which is shown in Figure 2. This data basis should also be in Kosovo’s WebGIS.

1

1

2

Drenas

No of Owners

Field situation is based on LC

Cadastre issues P.L and Copy plan from LC or not.

Status of documentati on in LC

Area in LC

CZ in LC

MUNICIPA LITY

Table 1. Colected data from unfinished land consolidation of period 1983/89

No

ha

%

By year

%

%

3

4

5

6

8

7

21

5266

80 usable

by LC

7 by LC . 9 before LC

12 CZ (over 90%) 7 CZ (70 80%) 2 CZ about 40%

2700

10 CZ (100%) 5 CZ ( 80%) 1 CZ without LC

1000

2

Gjakova

16

7375

3

Kastriot

6

?

?

?

?

4

Mitrovica

4

?

old situation

Partially

?

2 CZ ( 100%) 4 CZ ( 80%)

1300

5

Prizreni

6

930

90 usable

2 by LC 4 from 1965&1984

Entirely usable

384

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

6

Rahoveci

11

3115

95 under LC 4 CZ before LC.

7

Viti

10

3954

Documents partially usable

8

Vushtrri

23

5204

90 usable

Total

97

25844

7 by LC 4 before LC,

4 CZ (100%) 3 CZ (70 90%) 4 CZ without LC

2300

Documentation before LC

7 CZ (90%) 2 CZ (75%) 1 CZ (35%)

1300

?

?

5000 13600

Table.2. Data “before ” and “after” land consolidation

Fig. 1. Field situation before land consolidation 385

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Fig. 2. Arranged data “after”land consolidation

4. THE IMPACT OF CADASTRAL INFORMATION SYSTEM ON POLITICAL IMPLEMENTATION FOR RURAL LAND MANAGEMENT MAFRD has prepared the strategy for political implementation of rural development in Kosovo’s territory. Based on the previous projects of MAFRD and challenges with which has been confronted because of the lack of the cadastral information system in this article, the objectives are given for coordination between the cadastral system and MAFRD. Updates of cadastral information system especially updates of IPRR are very necessary. This process requires systematical time and investments. Land consolidation should necessarily be combined and coordinated with the cadastral update of IPRR and KCLIS. Such a process has started to be applied in three municipalities (Rahovec, Prizren, and Gjakove) and then to continue with the municipality of Vushtrri. This program is still continuing in 2010. By studying the issue of judicial procedures associated with Municipal Courts, follows that the judicial procedures are more complicated than cadastral update itself. However, having the attempt to complete the unfinished land consolidation of years 1980/89, and with the attempt to create KCLIS (CADASTRAL INFROMATION SYSTEM OF LANDS IN KOSOVO) with actual data, the coordination is done: - Land consolidation commission o With the municipal cadastre o With the municipal assembly and o With ministry,

386

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 in order that every property registration to be a transparent process, approved by farmers themselves and with the actual data about the property. Cadastral data as an integral part of KCLIS are shown in Table 1 and 2, also in Figures 1 and 2 of this article. The main areas of good land management based on IPRR and KCLIS would reflect positively with quick results as: - The reduction of unplanned constructions in rural zones where a real activity is needed because there is no sufficient matching between the Law of Spatial Planning and the Law of Agricultural Land, related with land management to change the use of agricultural land. - Village zoning in limitation of properties for construction and no construction. This was proven in pilot in Klina (Zajm Village). However, at the beginning of 2008 the efforts to make MAFRD and the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning (MESP) to create a mutual work group in order to develop this tool further and, then to apply it into national scale were unsuccessful. - Privatization or selling of agricultural land as large properties must be oriented more at farmers that wanted to increase the size of their possession more than to investors. - Environmental pollution from industrial/mine wastes, plastics, wastewater discharge and other wastes could be registered in land information system that could be controlled at every moment. Inventory in KCLIS requires validity in a central level (MAFRD) and in a local level (Municipality-community) even for polluted rural land surfaces, production of management plans of rural lands, action plans for environment and preparations for their exploitation. The realization of a model works even in Kosovo’s integrated WebGIS, would be a great institutional step for both public and private land management.

5. CONCLUSIONS Kosovo aims entering the EU, which requires approximation of its legislation and in land consolidation’s field to be ranged with acquis communaitaire. The legislation has been completed and improved, but still some additions are required especially of land consolidation law and for land registration from consolidation itself. In a specific manner it is required “the regulative politic and framework to be prepared in support of land sustainable reform, meanwhile agricultural land protection to be done from the unplanned urban development”. Planning rural land is a priority as an addition of urban planning. Through this, many big family farm businesses will be influenced and the existential agriculture will be reduced. This requires an improved structure of the farm, including land concentration and increase size of the farm. In this context MAFRD has declared land consolidation as a first priority. On the other hand, rehabilitation and improvement of irrigation is a second priority of the ministry. Security of efficient management of immovable property, transparent planning as well as environmental and natural resource protection is done by listing the digital data inside of the public administration framework. Defining legal and technical standards for spatial data infrastructure in general, where also land consolidation takes place it completes the national infrastructure of spatial data (National Spatial Data Infrastructure – NSDI). Property registration from the unfinished land consolidation of years 1983/1989 in the information system must be updated urgently. This process is ongoing in some cadastral zones of some municipalities as: Gjakova, Prizren, Rahovec, and Vushtrri where land consolidation has remained unfinished until now. The ongoing land 387

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 consolidation in Kosovo should necessarily be according to the law but with the possibility of voluntary land consolidation. However, the cadastral information system must be completed with another addition from land consolidation.

6. REFERENCES FAO Land Tenure Training Materials on Land Consolidation Pilot Projects, Version 1.0. May 2006. Rome, Italy. Law on Agriculture Land 02/L26 /2006, Law on Land arondation, consolidation and parcels fragmentation (“Official Gazette KSAK” 32/1976, Law on Land Consolidation (“Official Gazette KSAK” 31/1987, Law on Cadastre L-2003/25 Law on IPRR, UNMIK Reg. 2002/22. Land Consolidation Strategy 2010-2020. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development. Draft version, Prishtina 2009. Meha, M. 2004.: Land Administration Before and After The War (1999) in Kosovo. Symposium on Land Administration In Post Conflict Areas, FIG. Commission 7. Geneva 2930th April 2004. www.fig.net Swiss. Meha, M. 2005.: Analysis of Economic Influence of Land Consolidation in Kosovo. International Land Consolidation Conference. CELKCenter, Budapest, Hungary. 1-2 December 2005. Niels O.H. Meha M. Andersen N. 2007: Completing Unfinished Land Consolidations, - Main Activities, ALUP Technical Paper nr 31, www.mbpzhr-ks.org “ARDP-2007-2013”

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Murat Meha is a University Professor and Deputy Head of the state Border Demarcation Commission. He has been teaching at the University of Prishtina - Kosovo since 1988. He has also taught for ten years at Tetova University (FYR of Macedonia). He worked for five years as Manager of SEO Ferronikeli, for three years as a CEO of Kosova Cadastre Agency, in different funded EAR projects, USAID project, KTA etc. His teaching and research concern survey, cadastre, Land Administration and Land management. and related educational and capacity building activities. He is currently the member of Kosova Surveyor Association. Main publications of Mr Meha are on survey, cadastre, Land Administration and Land management. He published two University books, two books for Kosovo Cadastre Agency, one book translated, and several school geographic atlases and maps. More than 80 professional and science papers in different professional magazines, symposiums, conferences etc. Most of those articles are available on Internet at: FIG, ICC, Euro Geographic, WPLA, CELKCenter, FAO GIM International etc. Bashkim IDRIZI, was born on 14.07.1974 in Skopje, Macedonia. He graduated in geodesy department of the Polytechnic University of TiranaAlbania in 1999year. In 2004, hot the degree of master of sciences (MSc) in Ss.Cyril and Methodius University-Skopje. In 2005 he had a specialization for Global Mapping in Geographical-Survey Institute (GSI) of Japan in TsukubaJapan. On year 2007, he held the degree of Doctor of sciences (PhD) in Geodesy department of Ss.Cyril and Methodius University–Skopje. He worked in State Authority for Geodetic Works from May 1999 until January 388

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 2008. From October 2003 up to January 2008, he worked as a outsourcing lecturer in State University of Tetova. From February 2008, he works as a cartography& GIS Professor at the State University of Tetova–Tetova. He continu with working as outsourcing lecturer in geodesy department of the University of Prishtina-Kosova. He is the author of three cartography university books, and 56 papers published and presented in national and international scientific conferences related to geodesy, cartography, GIS & remote sensing.

389

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

ADMINISTRATIVE PROTECTION OF THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF SPATIAL INFORMATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Тemelko RISTESKI1 ABSTRACT The protection of the confidentiality (secrecy) of the spatial information have a great importance in the prevention of maleficent activities from the part of the unasked persons against security of the Republic of Macedonia, defense, public security, security of the citizens, economy and other social values. It is generaly regulated by Law on Classified Information. In the paper the problems linked with the classification of the spatial information, and its administrative protection according the degree of the confidence (secrecy) will be analyzed, as: receipt and recording of classified data; storing, handling and control of classifieed information; reproductions, translations and extracts making from the documents which contains classified information; distribution and dissemination of documents; transmission of documents: disposal and destruction of classified information and measures which should be taken in the cases of compromises, unauthorized release and breaches of security of documents which contains classified spatial information. Administrative protection of spatial information is regulated by the Decree on Administrative Security of Classified Inforamtion Special Law (Lex specialis) which contains the enactment for protection of the spatial inrformation is the Law on Real Estate Cadastre. Acording this Law, competent state body for the protection of those information is the The Agency for Real Estate Cadastre. Acording the Law, the Agency shall undertake legal, organizational and technologic procedures and measures to secure the paper and electronic GeodeticCadastral information System (GCIS) information in order to prevent illicit acquisition, processing, safeguarding, use or transfer of data, accidental or intentional change or destruction of the data, as well as illegal reallocation of the data outside the Agency’s premises. The Law does not contain any enactment wnich refer to use the Law on Classified Information and the Decree on Administrative Security of Classified Inforamtion. But, autor consider that this Law and Decree can be used in as general regulation (lex generalis) of administrative protection of the confidentiality of spatial information Key words: directive, law, decree, confidentiality, degree of confidentiality, classification, spatial information, documents, evidence, protection, security. 1

Prof. Temelko Risteski, PhD [email protected], FON University, www.fon.edu.mk, tel. +389 2 2445 568, mob. +389 71341 508, Bulevar Vojvodina, b.b. Skopje. 390

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

INTRODUCTION The protection of the confidentiality of the information is very important for the security of the social activities when the confident information are used. All of those information are of the interest of the state. Information of the interest of Republic of Macedonia are is “any information produced by a state body, body of a unit of the local self-government, public enterprise, public institution and service, legal entity and natural person, as well as foreign state body, foreign legal entities and natural persons, related to the security and defense of the state, its territorial integrity and sovereignty, constitutional order, public interest, freedoms and rights of the human and the citizen”.2 The spatial information are especially of the great importance for national defense and security system of the state. As such information those are legally protected by law. That is the Law on Classified Information All confident spatial informations of the interest of the Republic of Macedonia are subjected to clasificaition which is regualte by national Law on Clasified Information. Before the Law on Classfied Information was passed, the issue on proteciotin of classified inforamtion was mainly regulated by by-laws related to defence and security, as well as to other areas of particular interest to the national security of the State. The passing of the Law on Clasisfied Information with by-laws regulation on the protection of the confidentiality of the information signify the finalization of the legal and sublegal framework conserning the potection of the clasified information in the Republic of Macedonia. The standard of the directives on the European Union have been properly built in all of that regulation and they correspond to the related regulation in most of the European countries. Among other European Union directives, in macedonian Law’s and by-laws normative regulation, the standards of the Directive 200/2/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on establilshing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) are incorporated. Acording article 13 of the Directive, Member States may limit public acces to many spatial data sets and services where such access would adversely affect any of the foloving state or social vallues: the confidentiality of proceedings of public authorities where such confidentiality is provided by law; international relations, public security or national defence; the course of justice, the ability of any person to receive a fair trail or the ability of a public authority to conduct an enquiry of a criminal or disciplinary nature; the confidentiality of commercial or industiral information, where such confidentiality is provided by national or Community law to protect a legitimate economic interest, including the public interest in maintaining statistical confidentiality and tax secrecy; intellectual property rights; the confidentiality of personal data and/or files relating to a natural person where that person has not consented to the disclosure of the information to the public, where such confidentiality is provided by national or Community law; the interests or protection of any person who suplied the information requested on a voluntary basis without being under, or capable of being put under, a 2

Definition from the Law on Classified Information, Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia” no. 9/2004. 391

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 legal obligation to do so, unless that person has consented to the release of the information conserned; the protection of the environment to which such information relates, such as the location of rare species. Acoridng the Law of Classified Information by link with Law on Real Estate Cadastre (article 33) the protecction of the confident spatial information include the measures on administrative security, measures on physical security, measures of personal security, measures on information security, and measures on industrial security.3 The Law on Real Estate Cadastre proscribe legal security of information. Administrative security is a form of legal secuirty. It contains the normative regulation on the measures of the protection of confidential information, and the measures on administrative security.

1. Normative regulation on the measures of the proteciotn of confidential information Normative regulation on the measures of the protection of confidential information in the Republic of Macedonia is in the competence of the Gowerment of the Republic as a higher political, executive and adminsitrative state body.4 The Govwerment is empowered by law to pass decrees on administrative security of classified information, on physical security, on personal security,on information security and decree on industirial security on classified information. The Gowerment have pased this normative acts. By Decree on Administrative Security of Clasified Information,5 the measures and activities for administrative security of classified information, to be implemented by the state bodies, public institutions and services, organs of the units of the local selfgovernment and other legal entities and natural persons are regulated. Those measures are elaborated by this paper. Decree on Physical Security of Classified Information6 regulates the measures and activities for physical security for protection of classified information, such as assessment of the possible security infringement of classified information with intrusion and unauthorized access to, use and disposal of the classified information; establishing a security area around the facility; definition of security and administrative zones; organizing physical security and application of technical and other security devices for buildings and rooms where classified information is held; issuing clearances for access to buildings and rooms; control of entry, movement and exit of individuals and vehicles for transportation of classified information and transportation of those information outside the security zones. Decree on Personal Security of Classified Information7 is dedicated to regulation on the measures and activities for security of personnel using classified information, such as, identification of authorized persons for work and handling 3

Article 25 – 29 of the Law on Classified Information Ibid, Article 30. 5 “Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia”, no.84/04 6 Ibid. 7 “Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia”, no.84/04 9. Ibid, no. 16/05. 4

392

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 classified information; responsible handling of classified information; security vetting; issuing security clearances; issuing access permits for classified information; and verifying and evaluation of the ability to handle classified information. By Decree on Information Security8 (INFOSEC) the Government regulates the measures and activities for information security of classified information in electronic forme, as: certification of communication and information systems and processes; assessment for possible security infringement of the classified information by intrusion in the information system, and use and destruction of the classified information processed and stored in communication and information systems; definition of methods and security procedures for reception, processing, transmission, storing and archiving of electronic classified information; protection of the information in the course of the processing and storing of classified information in the communication and information systems and suchlike Decree on Industrial Security of Classified Information9 regulates the measures and activities for industrial security of those information, such as protection from misplacing or compromising of classified information contained in industrial agreements; protection from misplacing or compromising of classified information in consortia and mixed enterprises with foreign legal entities and natural persons; ensure protection during transportation of classified information etc.

2. Administrative security of spatial information Administrative security of the conffidentiality of spatial information in the Republic of Macedonia bases on the general norm in article 33 of the Law on Real Estate Cadastre10 and on the special norms of the Law on Classified Information and on the Decree on Administrative Security of Classified Information.11 Acording to the Law on Classified Information and the Decree, administrative security contains the measures of clasification of the confidential information and mesures of protecting of the clasified information.

2.1. Classification of the information Clasification of the information is administrative proces with whom the level of protection of the information that should match the degree of the damage that would result for the Republic of Macedonia from unauthorized access to that information or its unauthorized use.12 Direct result of the clasificiation of the confidential information are 8

Ibid.

10 According this article the Agency for Real Estate Cadastre shall undertake legal, organizational and technologic procedures and measures to secure the paper and electronic GCIS data in order to prevent illicit acquisition, processing, safeguarding, use or transfer of data, accidental or intentional change or destruction of the data, as well as illegal reallocation of the data outside the Agency’s premises. 11 “Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia” no. 87/04. 12 See, Article 3, of the Law on Classified Information, “Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia”, no. 9/04. 13. Article 5, point 3. 393

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 the information with a legal status of clasified information. Acording the Law, clasified information is any information determined to require protection against unauthorized access or use and which has been so designated by a security classification.13 Object of the clasification are the information that particularly refer to: public security; defense; foreign affairs; security, intelligence and counter intelligence activities of the state administration bodies of the Republic of Macedonia; systems, devices, projects and plans of importance for the public security, defence, foreign affairs; scientific research; technological, economic and financial affairs of importance for the Republic. According the Law, the classification of confidential information are granted according to its contents. The levels of classification are follows: “Top Secret”, “Secret”, “Confidential” and “Restricted”. The information classified “Top Secret” is an information the unauthorized disclosure of which would put in jeopardy and cause irreparable damage to the permanent interests of the Republic of Macedonia, such as: to threaten directly the constitutional order, independency and territorial integrity of the Republic; to threaten directly the internal stability of the Republic; to lead to massive loss of human lives; to cause irreparable damages to the operative efficiency or security of the Republic or to the efficiency of particularly valuable defense, security or intelligence related operations or to operations conducted to handle unconventional threats, especially terrorism; irreparable damages to the basic freedoms and rights of the man and the citizen, the democracy and rule of law; irreparable damages to the development and progress of the economy in the Republic, to the protection of property, freedom of markets and entrepreneurship, humanism, social justice and solidarity; irreparable damages to the protection and development of the living environment of the Republic; to inflict severe and long consequences to the promotion and development of the local self-government in the Republic; and to impose a direct threat against the achievement of the aims of the international politics of the Republic or to cause irreparable damages to the international relations of the Republic or to the relations of a foreign country or an international organization with the Republic of Macedonia. Competent state bodies for classification the information with a level of “Top Secret” are the President of the Republic of Macedonia, the President of the Assembly of the Republic, the President of the Government of the Republic, the President of the Constitutional Court of the Republic, the President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Macedonia, the ministers within their sphere of activity, the Public Prosecutor of the Republic of Macedonia, the Chief of the General Staff of the Army of the Republic, the Director of the Intelligence Agency, the Director of the Directorate for Security of Classified Information and the persons authorized by them in written.14 Information classified by the level “Secret” can be the information whose the unauthorized disclosure or use of which would damage the vital interests of the Republic, such as: to cause exceptionally serious damages to the independence and territorial integrity of the Republic; exceptionally serious damages to the state identity of the Republic by free expression of the ethnical identity of all citizens; to threaten directly the life or to affect exceptionally seriously the public order or the personal

14

Article 10 of the Law on Classified Information. 394

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 security and freedom of the man and the citizen; to cause exceptionally serious damages to the operative efficiency or security of the Republic or to the efficiency of particularly valuable defence, security or intelligence related operations or to operations conducted to handle unconventional threats, especially terrorism; exceptionally serious material damages to the financial, monetary and economic interests of the Republic; exceptionally serious damages to the living environment in the Republic; exceptionally serious damages to the promotion and development of the local self government in the Republic; exceptionally serious damages to the achieving of the aims of the international politics or the international relations of the Republic or to the relations of a foreign country or an international organization with the Republic of Macedonia; and to cause pressure by the international community on the Republic.15 The classification of the information with the level “Secret” is in the competence of state bodies, bodies of the units of the local self-government and other institutions that is of interest to the public security, defence, foreign affairs and the security, intelligence and counter intelligence activities of the state administration bodies of the Republic of Macedonia. The information classfied “Confidential” is an information created by the state bodies, bodies of the units of the local self gowermment and other institutions that is of interest to the public security, defence, foreign affairs and the security, inteligence and counter intelligence activities of the state administration bodies of the Republic of Macedonia. The unauthorized disclosure of those information would result in serious damage to the interests of importance for the Republic of Macedonia. With a classfication level “Confidental” can be classified informaiton the unauthorized disclosure or use of which would damage the important interests of the Republic of Macedonia, such as: to cause serious damages to the peace, democratic foundations of the legal state and the development of the multiethnic society; to the life, health, property and personal security or the freedom of the man and the citizen; to the operative efficiency or security of the Republic or to the efficiency of valuable defence, security or intelligence related operations or to operations conducted to handle unconventional threats, especially terrorism; serious damages or to be significantly in contradiction with the financial, monetary and economic interests of the Republic; serious damages to the living environment in the Republic; to the promotion and development of the local selfgovernment in the Republic; serious damages or to be significantly in contradiction with the political and defence integration of the Republic in NATO, with the economic and security integration in the European Union or in other collective defense systems; to prevent seriously the development or the operations determined in the international agreements that the Republic has concluded with foreign countries or international organizations; to cause serious material damages to the international relations of the Republic, by initiating formal demonstrations or other sanctions; and to stop or significantly prevent in other way the important activities of the Republic at the international sphere or the activities of a foreign country, of an international organization related to the cooperation with the Republic of Macedonia.16 The information classified “Restricted” are information the unauthorized disclosure of which would result in damage of the work of the state bodies, bodies of the units of the local self-government and other institutions that is of interest to the 15

Article 2, paragraph 4 of the Decree on Administrative Security of Classified Information 16 Article 2, par. 5 of the Decree. 395

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 public security, defense, foreign affairs and the security, intelligence and counter intelligence activities of the state administration bodies of the Republic of Macedonia. The restricted clasification level can be be assigned only to the information the unauthorized disclosure or use of which would damage the work and efficiency of the organs in the Republic of Macedonia, such as: to cause damages or to affect the conditions for enhancing and maintaining the internal political stability, security and operational efficiency of the Republic; significant suffering of people; to damage the developing of a righteous, social state with equal possibilities for all citizens; to downgrade the political, financial, monetary, economic and commercial negotiations of the Republic; to stop the development or the operations determined with the bilateral or multilateral agreements that the Republic has concluded with foreign countries or international organizations; to cause financial losses or enable inappropriate achievements or advantages of the legal entities or natural persons; to have a negative influence on the preserving and protection of the living environment; to undermine the activities of the Republic related to the maintaining and enhancing peace, stability, security and all other forms of cooperation with the neighbours, in the region, in Europe and in the world, as well as the activities related to the prevention and development of instruments for early warning of tensions and crises in order to enable their timely and efficient resolution by peaceful means; to undermine the activities of the Republic for preserving and development of the international order based on righteousness, mutual respect of the international order founded on the international law, as well as the political and economic equality of the countries; and to have a negative influence on the international relations of the Republic or on the relations of a foreign country or international organization with the Republic of Macedonia.17 The clasification for the informaiton and the assignement of the level of clasification exercise by the proposal of its immediate originator. All users of the information have to be informed about the classification of the unclassified information, as well as about the reclassification and declassification of the classified information. About it, on the classified document, the originator of the classified information has to indicate the date or the period after which the contents of the classified information contained therein may be reclassified or declassified. The Law on Classified Information proscribe legal possibility for protecting information which can not be classified according above named criteria for classification, but the disclosure of those information can result in decreased efficiency of the work of the state bodies. Those inforamiton shall be marked with “For Limited Use”. We can nominate those posibility as aditional level of clasification. In cadastral working with a spatial information there are a number of information for which are not intended for public use, and which can not bi classified acording criteria for classification.The officials in cadastrial area can use this legal posiblitty to create an administrative base for protection those information.

17

Article 2, paragraph 6 of the Decree on Administrative Security of Classified Information 396

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

2.2. information

Measures

of

administrative

protecting

of

classfied

Measures of administrtive protecting of clasified information in the Repubic of Macedonia are enumerated bu the Law on Clasified Informtion and detaily prescribed by the Decree of Administrative Security of Classified Information. The Law on Real Estate Cadastre did not proscribe special measures for administrative protecting of clasified spatial information. Using the metod of extensive interpretation of the article 33 of this law We can use the norms contained in the Law on Classified Information and in the Decree on Administrative Security of Classified Information Acoridnig the Law on Clasified Information those measures are folowing: receipt and recording of the classified information; safekeeping of and handling; reproductions, translations and excerpts of the classified information and designation of the number of copies and the users; control and handling of the classified information during its dissemination and distribution; prevention of unauthorized takeout, disclosure and security breaching; prevention of compromises and disposal and destruction of the classified information.

2.2.1. Receipt and recording of the classified information Acording the Decree, receipt and recording of classified information produced in the Republic of Macedonia shall be done by the organizational units of the organs authorized to work with classified information. Receipt and recording of classified information released to the Republic by foreign countries or international organizations or the one that the Republic has released to foreign countries or international organizations shall be done by the Directorate for Security of Classified Information and the registries and control points as organizational units of the organs (“organizational units”). Classified information have to be registered in a special log-book, which is a book for keeping basic records. The “Top Seccret” and “Secret” information should be registered in one logbook, and the information classified “Confidetnial” and “Restricted” in another logbook. Besides in the log-book, classified information should also be registered in supplementary record books. Supplementary record books are: inventory of documents, register, internal delivery book, book for registered mail and book for location. The unclassified information produced in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as the foreign unclassified information, shall be recorded in a separate logbook, set aside from the other information without classification level.

2.2.2. Storing, handling and control of classified information Classified information produced in the Republic of Macedonia or released to the Republic by a foreign country or an international organization or which the Republic has released to a foreign country or an international organization, shall be handled, stored and controlled by the organizational units of the competent state bodies. The organizational units shall keep records of the receipt, transmitting and destruction of the classified information that they have been authorized to handle. 397

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 The title of the organizational unit or the name of the natural person in possession of that classified information should be indicated in the log-book. Classified information may be stored in paper copy, as microfilm or on computer storage media. Natural persons and juristic persons who use and handle shall to have a security clearance for using and handling confidential information. Directorate for Security of Classified Information issues security clearances to natural and juristic persons for an appropriate level of classified information after submitted a written request to the Directorate and after previous security vetting.18 Information classified by“Top Secret” have a special regime for handling, storing and control. Those information shall be handled with, stored and controlled by the competent organizational units, particularly authorized for handling, storing and control of such classified information. The organizational units authorized to handle, store and control information classified “Top Secret” shall appoint authorized persons to control the classified information. According to the special regime of storing and control to those information at least once a year, the organizational units shall make an inventory of all information classified “Top Secret” at their availability. Availability of a document classified “Top Secret” means: such document to be physically present in the organizational unit and to contain the precise number of pages; to have a receipt confirmation by another competent organizational unit to which the document has been transmitted; and to have a confirmation about the change of classification level or the declassification of the document, or about its destruction. Annual report of the inventory results concerning the foreign information classified “Top Secret” should be submitted to the state’s Directorate for Security of Classified Information.

2.2.3. Reproductions, translations and extracts of classified information (documents) The Decree regulate that copies, reproductions and translations of documents classified “Secret” and below may be produced by the user and under his constant supervision. The number of copies, reproductions and translations shall be determined under observation of the need-to know principle. Security measures laid down for the original document should be applied to such copies, reproductions and translations. If classified “Secret”, each copy shall be marked with identifying copy numbers. The

18

Security clearance for access to and use of classified information of any level of classification, without previous security vetting, for the purpose of accomplishing the official function from the day of election until the end of the mandate, shall be issued to: the President of the Republic of Macedonia, the President of the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia, the President of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia, the Deputy of the President of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia, the President of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Macedonia and the President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Macedonia. 398

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 number of reproductions and/or translations and their copy numbers shall be recorded as well. Acording to special regime of storing, handling and control, Information classified “Top Secret” shall not, except in exceptional cases, be copied. Extra paper copies of such information shall normally be obtained, in paper copy, from the originator. In exceptional cases, paper copies or translations of information classified “Top Secret”, including extracts and copies to or from machine readable media may be made for urgent mission purposes, provided that the copies or translations: are authorized by the authorized person for control of information classified “Top Secret” in the organizational units authorized to handle such classified information; are reported for recording to the organizational units authorized to handle such classified information; bear the reference and copy number of the original information together with the title/name of the originating authority and the title of the organizational unit authorized to handle such classified information where the copy of the information has been made; are marked with an identifying reproduction copy number locally assigned by the element making the reproduction or translation; display the “Top Secret” marking of classification and all other markings of the original information; and are brought under control of the authorized person in the organizational unit authorized to handle such classified information, and reported in the annualinventory along with other “Top Secret” information.

2.2.4. Distribution and dissemination of classified information. Acording the Decree, classified information shall be distributed to individuals who have a personnel security clearance at least commensurate to the classification level of the information made available to them, according to the need-to-know principle. For this aim the originator shall make the initial list of identified users for distribution of the classified information. The authorized persons in the organs responsible for the security of the classified information shall make lists of users, including higher officials and employees to whom, due to the nature of their official duties and based on the acts on the systematization of the positions in the organs, information classified “Secret” and above shall be distributed, according to the need-to-know principle. Regarding documents classified “Secret” and lower those documents may be distributed from the initially indicated addresses, i.e. users, according to the need-toknow principle. All possible restrictions on further distribution of such classified information shall be marked on the document itself. The marking of the caveat for further distribution shall be added immediately under the classification level, separated by a line. In case of such a caveat, the initially identified users may distribute the documents to other users, provided authorization by the originator has been obtained. Documents classified “Top Secret” shall be distributed through the competent organizational units that meet the standards required and that have been authorized to work with information classified “Top Secret”.

399

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

2.2.5. Transmission of classified information Transmision is very dangerous activity for the security of clasified information. It shall be: internal (within sites or establishments); external (outside sites or establishments); in the country and outside the country. To prevent undesirable events Decree prescribe that documents classified “Restricted” and above shall be transmitted in opaque cover, put in double envelopes. The inner envelope shall be marked with security classification commensurate to the classification of the document and, if possible, it shall be appended with complete information on the position of the user and the address. A receipt for the document to be distributed shall be prepared and placed in the inner envelope. The receipt, which shall not be classified, shall quote the reference number, date and copy number, but no reference to the contents of the document. The inner envelope shall be placed in an outer envelope that shall bear the designation and the address of the addressee and the dispatch number of the letter/package. The outer envelope shall not indicate the security classification of the document to be transmitted. Beside that, Decree prescribe a control measures on the packages with clasified documents.The person authorized to control the letters/packages shall exercise control of the letters/packages containing classified information in the organizational unites and that person may open the inner envelope and the receipt for the documents being transmitted, except in cases when the letter/package is addressed to personal name. The person authorized to control the letters/packages may open only the outer envelope, while the inner envelope and the receipt for the documents may be opened only by the addressee. The receipt of the letters/packages containing information classified “Restricted” and above shall be confirmed in a delivery book of the couriers and delivery officers with a signature of the person authorized for receipt, under the reference number of the letter/package. In a site or an establishment, internal transmission of a classified document shall be done in a sealed envelope that quotes only the name of the addressee and it shall be carried by a person who has a security certificate for access to classified information with a security level at least commensurate to the classification level of the document being transmitted. Inside the country, information classified “Top Secret” and lower, duly packed, shall be transmitted through an official delivery service or through persons with authorized access to information classified “Top Secret” and lower, who have a special authorization for transmission of such information. Acording the special regime of the protecting, the delivery service for transmission of information classified “Top Secret” should be manned appropriately to ensure that the transmission of letters/packages is under constant and direct supervision by the persons authorized for transmission. In exceptional cases, documents classified “Top Secret” shall be transmitted outside a site or establishment by other officials, who are not couriers or who do not belong to an official delivery service, when there is a need for their use by other organs with a seat in the same location, provided: the deliverers of the classified information have authorized access to information classified “Top Secret”; the transmitting is in line with the regulations on transmission of such classified information; that person 400

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 constantly escorts the classified information; and arrangements are designed for transmission of the classified documents to the organs authorized to handle such classified information in order to regulate their storage and recording in the log-books and to check the recorded data when the classified documents are returned back. Outside the country, documents classified “Top Secret” and lower shall be transmitted through: diplomatic pouch, military courier, official service of the Directorate or via electronic means, for information classified “Top Secret”. Personal carriage of such classified information outside the country shall be prohibited; diplomatic pouch, military courier, official service of the Directorate, another specially authorized delivery service, personal carriage or via electronic means, for information classified up to “Secret”.19 The person carrying the classified documents has to be briefed on the internal instructions of the organ for transmission of classified information.

2.2.6. Disposal and destruction of classified information Decree ragulated the measures for elimination of clasified information about those are not need od posibility to be in use. Acording the Decree classified information which is no longer required for official purposes, including surplus or superseded information or physically damaged that cannot be used any longer, have to be destroyed according to the list of classified documented material with timelines for its storage. Classified information should be destroyed in such a manner as to ensure that it cannot be reconstructed. Before destruction it should to prepare them. The preparation for destruction and the procedures for it should be done in accordance with the Law on Classified Information, the Law on Archive Material and other related regulations. An inventory list have to be made for the classified documented material prepared for destruction that will quote all the relevant data for identification of the classified information. The destruction should be confirmed by a certificate to be kept together with the destruction inventory list. This certificates and inventory lists should be made in a manner to enable possible damage assessment or conduct a security investigation into the compromise or loss of classified information.

19

Transmission of classified document outside the country requires: official stamp on the package, i.e. the package to be packed in a manner to indicate that it is an official consignment and it should not undergo customs or security scrutiny; the courier shall carry a courier certificate recognised by the nation(s) where he is travelling through, clearly identifying the package and authorising him to carry the package; the courier’s travelling arrangements shall ensure avoidance of countries that represent a risk for his life or personal security and for the package, as well as of risky transportation and transportation means. In exceptional cases, those restrictions may be waived if urgent operational requirements cannot be otherwise met. 401

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

2.2.7. Measures in the case of compromis, unauthorized release and breches of security of information All breaches of security of classified information should be reported in written form to the authorized person in the organ responsible for protection of such information - the Security Officer. There are specialised security offiicers in the organizational structure of the Ministry of Defense and of the Ministry of Interior, but there are not in other state bodies. State bodies in the area of Defencde use for those issues securituy officers from the Ministry of Defence, other state bodies use security officers from the Ministry of Interior. The Security Officer shall immediately inform the official/head of the organ responsible for protection of such information for the breach of security of the classified information. Consequently the official shall decide on the determination of the degree of the breach of security of the classified information and the possible unauthorized disclosure, compromise or release. The determining of the degree of the breach of security of the classified information shall be investigated by individuals who have security and investigative experience, and who are independent of those individuals immediately concerned with the breach of security of the classified information. If the procedure for determining the degree of the breach of security of the classified information confirms that the breach of security of the information has not caused damages, the official/head of the organ responsible for protection of such information, may decide to stop further investigations for the breach of security of the information. The breach of security should be reported to the originator at the same time. If the originator is not known, or it is difficult to be determined, the obligation to inform him shall be transferred to the official/head of the organ responsible for protection of the classified information that has been subject to the breach, i.e. the Directorate for Security of Classified Information. The final report on the breach of security of the classified information shall be forwarded to the official/head of the organ responsible for protection of the classified information subject to compromise, i.e. to the Directorate. The report to the originator of the classified information for its compromising, unauthorized release and breach of security shall be comprehensive in order to enable him to make a threat assessment and to undertake the necessary or regular remedial activities. The report of the assessment of the type and extent of the damage and of the taken remedial activities and corrective measures shall be forwarded to the official/head of the organ responsible for protection of the classified information subject to compromise, i.e. to the Directorate. When the final report of the investigation shows that a classified document has been irretrievably lost and that has not caused any damages, the official/head of the organ responsible for protection of the classified information, may grant relief from accountability to the persons responsible for the protection of the classified information.

402

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Conclusions The proteciotn of the confidental spatial information is very complex and very important activity in the cadastrial working. It contains very complexe end very composed measures, such as measures for regular classification of the spatial information, according the degree of the confidentiality (secrecy), measures for secure receipt and recording of classified data; secure storing, handling and control of classifieed information; secure reproductions, translations and extracts making from the documents which contains classified information; secure distribution and dissemination of documents; secure transmission of documents disposal and destruction of classified information and measures which should be taken in the cases of compromises, unauthorized release and breaches of security of documents which contains classified spatial information. Administrative protection of the confidentiality of the spatial information contains the administrative procedures of of those measures which the competent state bodies undertake acording the Law on Classified Inforamtion and The Decree on Administrative Security of Classified Information. The standards for adminstrative protection of the confidential information proscribed by Law and the Decree are quiite compatible with standards have been prescribed by a number of regulation and ratified international documents, especialy with a directives of the European Union such is Directive of the European Parliamnet and of the Council for Establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial information in the European Community (INSPIRE). In the Law and Decree, Republic of Macedonia has very quality normative regulation for an effective administrative protection of the clasified information from all areas of social life, and normaly for effective protection of spatial information. There are many confidential spatial information, especialy in the area of public security and national defence. The regulations for administrative protection contained in the Law and Decree is completely acorded with the needs for porotection of confidential information in those areas of social life in the Republic of Macedonia, registered by relevant cadastres. The Law of Real Estate Cadastre contains the normes for protection of the informaiton contained in it. Those norms enable completely use of the regulations contained in the Law and Decree for adminsitrative protection of the cofidential spatial information. Having in wiew above exposed statements, we may conclude without doubt, that Republic of Macedonia has a completely aranged normative regulation system for administrative protection of the confidential information in the area of the cadastral evidence of the spatial informaiton.

LITERATURE 1 Ѓорѓиев В.: Современ катастар, Градежен факултет, Скопје, 2006. 2. Idrizi B., Meha M., Skenderi F., Hamiti R., Skenderi R.: Developing of National Spatial Data Infrastructure of Macedonia According to Global Standardization (INSPIRE & GSDI) and Local Status, International Scietific Conference,- Proceedings, “Importance of Developing National Spatial Data Infrastructure of the Republic of

403

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Macedonia Based on INSPIRE Directive, 27 narch 2009, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia. 3. Directive 2007/2/EC of the Europeen Parliament and of the Council, of 14 march 2007, for establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE), “Official Journal of the European Union, from 25. 4.2007. 4. Дирекција за безбедност на класифицирани информации, Збирка на прописи од областа на класифицираниtе информации, Скопје, 2005. 5. Кузев С.: Збирка на документи од областа на безбедноста и одбраната, Југореклам, Скопје, 2002. 6.Oxford dictionray of Law, Oxford University Press, Fifth Edition, 2002. 8.Ристески Т.: Специфичностите на управната функција во областа на одбраната, докторска дисертација, Правен факултет, Скопје, 1998. 9. Ристески Т.: Правните аспекти на компатибилноста на националната инфраструктура на просторни податоци на Република Македонија со инфраструктурите на земјите членки на Европската унија, International Scietific Conference,- Proceedings, “Importance of Developing National Spatial Data Infrastructure of the Republic of Macedonia Based on INSPIRE Directive, 27 narch 2009, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia. 10. Pusić E.: Društvena regulacija, Globus, Zagreb, 1989. 11. Vojna Enciklopedija, Tom -10, Vojna Tajna, Redakcija Vojne Enciklopedije, 1975. 12. Закон за катастар на недвижности, „Службен весник на РМ“, број 40/2008. 13. Закон за класифицирани иинформации 13. Закон за одбрана, „Службен весник на РМ“, број 42/01

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHOR Dr. Temelko Risteski is professor of administrative law and normative activities at the Law Faculty of the FON University, Skopje. Before that, as an active officer (colonel) worked on command and administrative duties in the Army, was a judge of the court-martial and a longtime professor of Military Law (administrative, criminal, civil, humanitarian) of the Military akadmija in Skopje. His interest is subject to problems in administration (the administration) as well as problems in the area of legislation. So far has published over fifty scientific papers and equally applicable professional articles in various journals, collections and scientific meetings. It uses English, French and all South Slavic languages.

404

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

SPATIAL CLASSIFICATION OF LAND PARCELS IN LAND ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS Halil Ibrahim INAN1, Arif Cagdas AYDINOGLU2, Tahsin YOMRALIOGLU3 ABSTRACT Types of land parcels in Land Administration Systems (LAS) are mostly classified differently in different countries or in different regions of the same country. Different classification systems may be caused by the related legal framework, the parties involved in the process or even different customs. However, they are mainly caused by the fact that there is no standardization for such a classification. Standardization of classes of land parcel type may be possible and may increase its multipurpose use. In fact, in Turkey, it is strongly needed to separate land use/cover classes and annexes of the land parcel in the classification of land parcel types. However, this will not be a complete resolution in terms of multipurpose use within spatial data infrastructures (SDI). In this study, a new style of spatial classification is proposed. The proposed solution requires further development of land administration systems towards the basic building block of SDI. The solution proposes to store different land use/cover classes with permanent boundaries within land parcels with their own geometries which are topologically dependent on the land parcel. The solution is especially functional for agricultural policy implementation in rural areas and has the potential to be effective also for other multi-purposes such as the production of precise descriptive statistical data, planning, land development, construction of engineering structures and other land management activities. Key word: Land administration, land management, land parcel type, land use/cover, classification, standardization.

1. INTRODUCTION Land Parcels which is accepted as the basic spatial unit for Land Administration Systems (LAS) (Dale and McLaughlin, 1988; 1999), in the majority of cases, cannot easily be used for other applications or especially SDIs as the basic spatial unit. There may be several reasons responsible for this. Yet, one of the most important reasons among these is the so-called idea that land parcel boundaries represent only legal situation and cannot appropriately be used for other purposes. In accordance with that 1

Dr. Halil Ibrahim INAN, [email protected] Institution, www.ktu.edu.tr Tel.: +90 462 3773653, Gsm.: +90 536 3039398, Fax: +90 462 3280918. KTU, Muhendislik Fak., Harita Muh. Bol., 61080 Trabzon, Turkey. 2 Dr. Arif Cagdas AYDINOGLU, [email protected] Institution, www.itu.edu.tr Tel.: +90 212 2853782. ITU, Ayazaga Kampusu, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey. 3 Prof. Dr. Tahsin YOMRALIOGLU, [email protected] Institution, www.itu.edu.tr Tel.: +90 212 2853782. ITU, Ayazaga Kampusu, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.

405

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 idea, types of land parcels are classified differently in different countries or even in different regions of the same country. More interestingly, this type of classification is done by mixing/piling/considering both the type of land use (arable land, grass land, olive, none productive etc.) and the annexes (3 storey house, pool, garage, etc) existing in a land parcel. This may be caused by the facts that land parcels in LAS is only subject to homogenous rights (UN-ECE, 2004) and there is no need to register different objects in a land parcel in a robust way which makes possible to reach information on each object in a land parcel. For a possible multipurpose use of land parcel information in LAS, especially for the establishment of SDI, considering land parcel conventionally as the only basic spatial unit may hinder proper classification of land parcel types and separation of annexes from the classification. If it is strongly needed, traditional classification of land parcels may be preserved in LAS, yet some advancement is needed for the multipurpose use of spatial data in LAS. In this context, establishing a new classification method by defining appropriate spatial land cover/use classes (sub-parcels) within land parcels may be a good solution.

2. LAND PARCEL AND ITS MULTIPURPOSE USE Land parcel is the most important spatial component of a LAS. It may be defined as a single closed area (or volume) that is determined geographically by its boundaries, contains land under homogeneous property rights and is held in one ownership. With homogeneous property right, all types of property rights apply to all shareholders proportionate to their share (all shares in a land parcel forms one single ownership). So, determination or registration of different rights specific to one share holder is not required to secure the right. This may be interpreted that, in LAS, there is no need for the identification of different objects or land use types in a land parcel for the management of property rights. Yet, it may be required for other purposes within or outside LAS. In reality a land parcel is a volume of space (a 3D object) subject to different rights on, above and below the surface (Figure 1). However, in the majority of cases, it is spatially represented by its surface area as a polygon feature in LAS. Only when it is strongly required (for the management of urban land) and technically possible it is represented as a 3D space as a volume feature.

406

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

Figure 1. The Land Parcel (Dale and McLaughlin, 1988)

In the last decade, during the implementation of agricultural policy in the European Union (EU), the possibility of use of land parcels (cadastral parcels) in LAS was raised in the majority of the countries in the EU. However, together with many other reasons, the so-called different philosophy or complexity of LAS prevented the use of land parcel data for the implementation of agricultural policy (see Milenov and Kay, 2006; Zielinski and Sagris, 2008). Similarly, land parcel as the basic spatial unit of LAS cannot also be used as the basic spatial unit for the implementation of the initiative Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE), rather it is included as an independent (or partly integrated) spatial unit specific to LAS. The relation between INSPIRE and land parcels (cadastral parcels) are explained in detail in INSPIRE Data Specification on Cadastral Parcels (see INSPIRE, 2010). This recently published document demonstrates possible spatial relation with land parcels for the management of environmental data within the scope of INSPIRE and also addresses potential problems with this relation. LAS may be regarded as complex systems with many different aspects (technical, legal, social, economical, administrative etc.). However, there is no need to mix up all aspects together; rather, every aspect should be threaded separately when needed. For example, technically, the basic spatial unit (land parcel) of LAS can be threaded differently for different purposes. Beyond that, representation of land parcels, its boundaries, land use/cover types and annexes should technically be represented, stored and managed in a simplified way, rather than managing a land parcel as one single complex object. Any possible simplification will increase the use of spatial data for other purposes inside or outside LAS.

407

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010

3. CLASSIFICATION OF LAND PARCEL 3.1. Traditional Classification Land parcels in LAS are traditionally classified for the specific needs within LAS. In some cases, even a real classification method is not applied, only types of land parcels are determined with mixing up main land use type and annexes in a land parcel (as in Turkey). This type of classification makes impossible to distinguish different types of land parcels. For example, in a study conducted in Macka county of Trabzon Province in Turkey by Uzun and Inan (2007), about 1400 different types of land parcels out of 30000 land parcels is determined. With that study, it is also determined that many types of land parcels are very similar, but classified differently due to the lack of standardization in classification. 3.2. Classification for Multipurpose Use In this study, the classification of land parcels is focused. In this context, it is a fact that certain standardization is required in order to increase the multipurpose use of land parcel data. However, an overnight dramatic advancement in the classification of land parcel should not be expected because LAS is a living system which has long been affected by the type of administration, social life and also traditions. Therefore, a gradual advancement in the classification of land parcels in LAS should be expected, and measures should be done accordingly. In this context, two stages of advancement are approved in this study. One is the standardization on the classification of land parcel types and the other is the standardization on the classification of land parcel spatially by defining spatial sub-parcels with different land use/cover type in land parcels. 3.2.1. Classification of Land Parcel Type Land Parcel Type may traditionally be determined as a combination of all different land use/cover types and, in some cases, also some annexes (natural or manmade features except for land use/cover) in land parcel. For this study, however, it is defined as a single dominant or generalized land use/cover type of a land parcel. If it is strongly required, it may also be very well defined combination of multiple land use/cover. As the first stage of standardization on the classification of land parcels; • defining standardized domains for the determination of land parcel types, • developing methods for the registration of annexes in land parcels as independent objects from land parcel types will be a vise/practical solution to the problem. However, this will not be a complete solution in terms of multipurpose use within spatial data infrastructures (SDI) because this first stage will only make the differentiation of main/basic land parcel type of land parcels and their annexes. This first stage of standardization may contribute to the multipurpose use of land parcel data in some extent. In fact, INSPIRE Data Specification on Cadastral Parcels suggests this solution. However, this may be regarded as an interim solution. So, a robust solution is still required.

408

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 3.2.2. Spatial Classification of Land Parcel It is a fact that land parcels may include one or several land use/cover types. The determination and registration of every single land use/cover type in land parcels may not be technically possible. Yet, a standardized method for the classification of basic land use/cover classes in land parcels and their registration may be possible. For such a classification, the classes should be meaningful in terms of the possibility of their registration and their maintenance/update.

Building

(a) and (d): Non Agricultural Area (b): Permanent Crop (c): Arable Land : Land Parcel Corner Point : Sub Parcel Corner Point Cadastre Parcel*: The area composed of connecting Land Parcel Corner Points. Sub Parcel*: Each area composed of connecting Land Parcel Corner Points and/or Sub Parcel Corner Points. The total area of sub parcels equals to the area of the land parcel. * Parcels are defined by boundaries, which are specified by connecting corner points.

(a)

(c) (b) (d)

Figure 2. Land Parcel (Cadastre Parcel) and Sub-Parcel Data Model

In this study, each standardized class of different land use/cover types in land parcels is called as Sub-Parcel (see Figure 1). So, Sub-Parcel is defined as a basic subdivision of a land parcel in LAS. The term sub-parcel is used in previous literature for the implementation of agricultural policy with a slightly different meaning (see Perez, 2003). Similarly, this concept was presented as a general classification of land parcels by Inan et al. (2008). That classification included only three basic classes – Cultivated, Planted and NonAgricultural. In the classification of sub parcel types, special attention is given to the permanence of boundaries considering the previously defined basic rule of the possibility of their registration and their maintenance/update. In fact, relatively few changes in the boundaries of the seven main sub-parcel types (see Table 1) are expected. Sub-Parcel data model and spatial representation (geometry and topology) of sub-parcel boundaries is defined in Figure 2, the data model is also shown in Figure 3 as UML class diagram. Establishment of such boundaries may be done during cadastral surveys or it may be done later in time using ortho photography/imagery by the responsible authorities.

409

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 class Land Use/Cov er Types_for_SDI_Skopj e20...

+ + + + + + +

arableLand permanentCrop permanentPasture semiNaturalGrassLand oliveTrees otherTrees nonAgricultural

LA_SpatialUnit

ReferenceParcel VersionedObject

«CodeList» SubPARCEL:: SubParcelType

«FeatureType» SpatialU::LA_Parcel

«FeatureType» SubPARCEL::SubParcel + + +

spID: Oid area: Measure typeSubParcel: SubParcelType

0..*

1

Figure 3. UML diagram of Sub-Parcel Data Model

The sub-parcel data model provides the functionality to register some important land use/cover classes as independent objects in relation (topologically) with the land parcel where they coincide. These independent objects as the basic land use/cover classes may be used for different purposes inside or outside the scope of LAS. They can especially be used for SDIs as important spatial environmental information on land use/cover. These independent objects may be used directly for large scale applications (1:1000 – 1:10000) and may be generalised for other small scale applications. As for the topological structure of sub-parcels, they must be inside land parcels, they cannot overlap, and there must be no gaps between them. Registered buildings and other main annexes must be inside nonagricultural sub-parcels. Sub-parcel corner points can not cause any splits along the edges of land parcels (see Figure 2). This topological structure should be maintained dynamically by checking topological rules after every related maintenance/update. This check operation should be operated mutually (in each direction – parcel to sub-parcel or sub-parcel to parcel). As a result, topological consistency and thus spatial data integrity in the system can be guaranteed. In this study, seven types of sub-parcels are classified only for rural areas and especially for the application of agricultural policy. Names of main sub-parcel types and their description are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Main land use types for sub parcels Main Types

Descriptin of the Type

Arable Land

Includes agricultural areas cultivated with yearly crops. Types of agricultural products within these areas are quite varying. Vegetable gardens and set-aside areas (fallow land) are also included in this type of agricultural land. Permanent greenhouses may be classified as a separated main type. Includes agricultural areas planted with some kind of agricultural permanent crops except for threes (e.g. Vineyards) Grazing land in private or public ownership whose land cover has not changed over years.

Permanent Crop Permanent Pasture

410

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Semi Natural Grass Grazing land in private ownership whose land cover is changeable Land over years. Olive Trees Olive Groves Other Trees Fruit Orchards, and Forests Non Agricultural The areas not subject to any agricultural production. Urban land, rocky areas, areas with brushwood, roods are some examples.

4. DISCUSSION and CONCLUSIONS Sub-parcel data model proposed with this study provides a spatial classification of land use/cover within land parcels, and clearly distinguishes annexes as different types of objects which should be registered independently from land use/cover classes. The application of sub-parcel data model is proposed with this study, especially, in order to increase the potential multipurpose use of land parcel data of LAS in different areas of application. The proposed data model adds power to land parcel data in terms of spatial representation of different objects within the boundaries of a land parcel. The model also suggests dynamic data integrity by defining and checking topology rules, which makes possible to keep a constant spatial relation between land parcels and sub-parcels (land use/cover data). Beyond that, the model removes the notion that land parcel data represents only legal situation. In fact, sub-parcels are beyond the legal situation, they represent different main land use/cover types within land parcels which, in legal terms, are homogeneously shared by shareholders. Currently the sub-parcel data model is especially functional for agricultural policy implementation in rural areas and has the potential to be effective also for other multipurposes such as the production of precise descriptive statistical data, planning, land development, construction of engineering structures and other land management and environmental activities. The model may also contribute to INSPIRE Data Specification on Cadastral Parcels. However, it is in its development stage and should be further shared with scientists and adequately discussed. The implementation of proposed sub-parcel data model may not easily be possible in current conventional LAS. So, at the first stage, standardization of land parcel types may be an interim solution. This will help the distinction of annexes and initiation of standardization initiative for the classification of land parcels. At, the second stage, application of sub-parcel model requires both the advancement of LASs and other systems (SDIs) needing information from LAS. So, instant implementation will not be possible. Instead, pilot applications should be carried out in order to discover the applicability of the proposed data model, which gives the chance to further develop to proposed model before a fully fledged implementation. The registration and/or update of sub-parcels may be either within LAS or in another system which properly communicate with LAS. In either case, the capacity (technical, staff, managerial etc.) of responsible authority should be increased by collaborating with main potential user organizations.

411

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Seven sub-parcel types as the basic land use/cover classes which are determined in this study are specific to rural areas and agricultural policy implementation. Therefore, for the implementation of the presented data model further study is required for the refinement of the classes to cover urban areas and other areas of application. With this proposed method, contribution to the multipurpose use of LAS data is aimed. National or international initiatives for the modernization and standardization in the area of LAS and also initiatives for integrating separate data infrastructures may be used as good opportunities to implement this spatial classification method.

5. REFERENCES Dale, P. F. and McLaughlin, J. D., 1988. Land Information Management, Clarendon Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-858404-0. Dale, P. F. and McLaughlin, J. D., 1999. Land Administration Systems, Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, ISBN 0-19-823390-6. Inan, H. I, Yomralioglu, T., van Oosterom, P. and Zevenbergen, J., 2008. On the Level of Cooperation between Agricultural and Cadastral Parcel Registration, FIG Working Week 2008, 14-19 June 2008, Stockholm, Sweden. INSPIRE, 2010. D2.8.1.6 INSPIRE Data Specification on Cadastral Parcels – Guidelines. Milenov, P and Kay, S., 2006. Status of the Implementation of LPIS in the EU Member States, Proceedings of the 12th MARS PAC Annual Conference, Toulouse, 27-29 November, 2006. Perez, J. M., 2003, The Use of Spanish Cadastre for the Control and Monitoring of EU-CAP Subsidies, WPLA Workshop, Athens 28-31 May 2003. UN-ECE, 2004. Guidelines on Real Property Units and Identifiers, New York and Geneva, 68 p. Uzun, B. and Inan, H. I., 2007. Kadastral Verilerin CBS Ortamına Aktarılması ve Parsel– Mülkiyet Analizleri, TMMOB CBS Kongresi 2007, Trabzon, 30 Ekim – 02 Kasım 2007. Zielinski, R. and Sagris, V., 2008. Summary Results of the LPIS Survey 2008, Workshop 'LPIS Application and Quality', Sofia, 17-18 September 2008. http://mars.jrc.it/mars/BulletinsPublications/Summary-results-of-the-LPIS-survey-2008, accessed on 18 May 2010.

6. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF THE AUTHORS Halil Ibrahim INAN worked and completed his MSc (in 2004) and PhD study (in 2010) at the Department of Geomatics Engineering Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey, and recently moved to the same department at Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey. His research interests are agricultural policy, land administration, SDI and GIS. Arif Cagdas AYDINOGLU works at the Department of Geomatics Engineering of Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Turkey. He completed his MSc study in 2003 and his Phd study in 2009. His research interests are GIS, GDI, and Semantic Interoperability of geo-data. 412

International Conference SDI 2010 – Skopje; 15-17.09.2010 Tahsin YOMRALIOGLU works as a professor at the Department of Geomatics Engineering of Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Turkey. He completed his Phd study in 1994. His research interests are GIS, GDI, land administration and land management.

413

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES 2010” 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com; [email protected]

General sponsors: FON University – Skopje, Macedonia Evkartenn – Thessaloniki, Greece

Silver sponsors: Intergraph ESRI

Media sponsors: Geoconnexion International Magazine GIM International Vector1Media Evkartenn– Thessaloniki, Greece

Sponsors: Geoinformatika – Skopje, Macedonia NIKO computers – Skopje, Macedonia

Remark: The last update of the list of all type of sponsors is 15/08/2010. 414

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES 2010” 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com; [email protected]

CIP – Каталогизација во публикација Национална и Универзитетска библиотека „СВ. Климент Охридски ‘’ Скопје

91(063) INTERNATIONAL conference on spatial data infrastructures (2010, Skopje) Proceedings / INTERNATIONAL conference on spatial data Infrastructures 2010, 15-17 September 2010, FON University, Skopje, Macedonia; editors Bashkim Idrizi, Dimo Todorovski., - Skopje : Alfa 94, 2010 – 415стр,: илустр.; 25cm фусноти кон текстот ISBN 978 – 9989 – 936-32-6 1. Гл. Ств. Насл. а) Географија – собири COBISS.MK-ID 84544010

South-East European Research Association on Geo Sciences “Geo-SEE” www.geo-see.org [email protected] str. Dzon Kenedi, 25/1-d3; 1000 Skopje; MACEDONIA.

415