Pragmatica sobre los diez dias del ano (1584)

Guide to Documentary Sources for Andean Studies, 1530-1900 Volume III M-Z

Edited by Joanne Pillsbury

University

ef Oklahoma Press : Norman

In collaboration with the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, N ational Gallery of Art

ADVISORY BOARD

Elizabeth Boone• Thomas B. F. Cummins • Teresa Gisbert • Craig Morris Franklil! Pease • Frank Salomon • Santiago Uceda EDITORIAL BOARD

Catherine Julien Kenneth]. Andrien •Eric Deeds

Senior Editors Thomas Abercrombie • Rodolfo Cerr6n Palomino • Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar Saenz Jean-Fram;:ois Millaire •Monica Barnes• Teodoro Han"lpe Martinez Lisa DeLeonardis • Mary E. Pye TRANSLATIONS

Roland Hamilton George Shivers Magali Morlion

Assistant Editor

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guide to documentary sources for Andean studies, 1530-1900 I edited by Joanne Pillsbury. p.cm. Includes index. "In collaboration with the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art." ISBN 0-8061-3817-3 (v. l : alk. paper) - ISBN 0-8061-3820-3 (v. 2: alk. paper) ISBN o-806I-382I-1 (v. 3 : alk. paper) - ISBN 0-8061-9963-6 (set: alk. paper) 1. Incas-History-Sources. 2. Incas-Antiquities-Sources. 3. Indians ofSo uth America-Andes Region-History-Sources. 4. Indians of South America-Andes Region-Antiquities-Sources. 5. Andes Region-History-Sources. 6. Andes Region-Antiquities-Sources. I. Pillsbury, Joanne. II . Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts (U.S.) F3429.G845 2008 98 5' .02-dc22 2006033978

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources, Inc. oo Copyright © 2008 by the National Gallery of Art. Published by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University. All rights reserved . Manufactured in the U.S.A. r23456789ro

PRAGMATICA SOBRE LOS DIEZ DIAS DEL ANO (I 584)

Monica Barnes

l 584 reform of the Julian calendar in South America, but also as the first work certain to have come off the earliest press in South America. By the late sixteenth century, it

We know the details ofthis transition in the Andes fi:om the very rare surviving copies of King Philip's command as it was circulated in the Viceroyalty of Peru. The first printing press in South America had just been established in Lima by Antonio Ricardo, an Italian who had

was obvious that the Julian calendar, established in Rome during the first century B.C. and modified for Christian use by Dionysius Exiguus in what is now the sixth century

previously worked as a printer in Mexico (Medina 1904, l: xix-xxxiii; Rodriguez 1968: 38). In August of 1584 Ricardo was typesetting his first book published in Lima,

had fallen slightly out of synchronization with the Northern Hemisphere seasons. Some ecclesiastical feasts were occurring at inappropriate times of the year. Christmas, for example, was being celebrated before the winter solstice. To reset the calendar it was necessary to jump ahead ten days and to increase slightly the frequency ofleap years, so that problems could be avoided in the future. Pope

a Spanish-Quechua-Aymara catechism ordered by the

The four-page document Pragmatica sabre Los diez dfas def aiio (see text section) is important not only as a record of the

A.D.,

Gregory XIII ordered that this adjustment be made in October of 1582. The fifth of October would become the fifteenth. Salaries and rents for October were to be decreased in proportion to the lost time. Days in the first half of October were probably skipped because no major Holy Days fell during this period. At first the change was not universal. Although the scientific basis for calendric reform was very solid, the pope's authority was not recognized in Protestant countries and many of these resisted the adoption of the Gregorian calendar for years. In England and its colonies, for example, the change was not made until 1752. The time necessary to send royal orders to Spain's overseas colonies meant that neither New Spain (Mexico) nor the Viceroyalty of Peru received King Philip II's instructions to follow the pope's command in time to make the transition in l 582. Aware of this problem, on 14 May 1583 King Philip issued an order

(cedula) commanding that the change be made in Spanish America in October of 1583 (text, 1584: 1). The change occurred in Mexico, as ordered by the new instructions. They were not received in Peru until 19 April 1584, however (Rodriguez 1968: 38), and the reform was delayed until October of that year, an eventuality anticipated by King Philip in his order.

536

Third Lima Council of 1583 (Barnes 1992: 67-72). This project was interrupted so that shortly after 14 July 1584, the royal cedula and the history of its receipt and proclamation in Lima could be printed on a four-page folio folder. According to a note in a contemporaneous scribal hand on the copy of the Pragmatica now in the John Carter Brown Library, Providence, R.I., the orders were received in Huarochiri on 17 August 1584 (Rodriguez 1968: 39,not in Quito as stated by McMurtie 1926; Medina 1916; and Winship l 9 I 2: 6). A copy in Harvard's Houghton Library bears a marginal note indicating that it was announced by the town crier in the Peruvian coastal town of Canete on 27 September 1584.

TEXT

Pragmatica sabre los diez dfas del aiio, 1584 Published Editions l 584 Pragmatica sabre Los diez dfas de/ ano. Ciudad de los Reyes (Lima): Antonio Ricardo. 1916 La primera muestra tipografica salida de las pre11Sasdell America def Sur. With a brief prologue by Jose Toribio Medina. Santiago, Chile: lmprenta elzeviariana. Facsimile of tlre l 584 edition. 1926 The First Printing in South America. Edited by Douglas C. McMurtrie. Providence, R.I.:John Carter Brown Library. Facsimile ed. l 984a Pragmatica sob re Los diez dfas def ano. Lima: Biblio-