Paradise Reclaimed

September 14, 2017 | Autor: J. Borda-Pedreira | Categoría: Art History, Visual Culture, Visual Arts
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Paradise Reclaimed

Paradise Reclaimed Galleri NordNorge Harstad 21 juni - 09 august 2014 Ditte Ejlerskov Johan Furåker Olav Christopher Jenssen Toril Johannessen Pipilotti Rist Redaktør og kurator: Joakim Borda-Pedreira Medvirkende skribenter: Magnus Bons, André Gali Forsideillustrasjon: Johan Furåker, Idleness, 2012. Olie på mdf. Design: Designmäklaren Catalogue Editor and Exhibition Curator: Joakim Borda-Pedreira Contributors: Magnus Bons, André Gali Cover illustration: Johan Furåker, Idleness, 2012. oil on mdf.

Innhold Content Introduktion – Återkomsten till paradiset.........................…… s. 6 Introduction – Revisiting Paradise……………………………… p. 10 Idéer om perfeksjon………………………………………………s. 20 Ideas of Perfection…...…………………………………………...p. 24 «Ett Jordiskt Paradis»………………………………………………s. 26 ‘An Earthly Paradise’………………………………………………p. 30 Kunstneren som Demiurg………………………………………...s. 42 The Artist as Demiurg……………………………………………..p. 48 Kunsten å se……………………………………………………….s. 57 The Art of Seing……………………………………………………p. 64 In The Female Gaze………………………………………………p. 72

Ah, then it was indeed when first I knew,
 When all our wildest dreams seemed coming true,
 And we had reached the gates of Paradise And endless bliss, at what unmeasured price
 Man sets his life, and drawing happy breath,
 I shuddered at the once familiar death. William Morris, The Earthly Paradise (1868), p. 35.

Philip Medhurst, Adam & Eve. Genesis cap 2 v 25. Copper plate engraving, 17th century.

Introduktion – Återkomsten til paradiset

Så skarp var glansen av den klara strålen, att som jag tror, jag skulle hafva bländats, I fall jag hade vändt från den mitt öga. Och jag kan minnas, att däraf mer dristig Jag vardt att härda ut, så att min syn jag Förbandt med denna kraft, som är oändlig. Dante, Paradiset, canto XXXIII:76-79

Så länge som människan har funnits, har hon skapat sig bilder av en

idealisk plats där alla vardagens problem och tillvarons tillkortakommanden inte existerar. I denna plats, som vi känner som Paradiset, råder harmoni och där är människan förnöjd. Här råder fred och upplysning råder. Oavsett kultur, epok eller religion finns dessa tankar konkretiserade i symboliska platser som Shangri-La, El Dorado eller Edens lustgård. Men vilken funktion har dessa platser i vårt allmänna medvetande och hur förhåller vi oss till paradisets idé idag? Festspillutstillingen 2014 tar utgångspunkt i olika föreställningar om ”paradiset” och undersöker dem

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som metaforer för människans självförverkligande, för hennes begär och för vår eviga längtan efter kunskap. Utställningen har fått titeln Paradise Reclaimed och iscensätter olika aspekter förknippade med människans paradisiska strävanden genom ett urval konstnärer som arbetar i olika medier som måleri, skulptur och video. I likhet med tidigare år blir det ett internationellt konstnärsmöte, men denna gång med ett särskilt nordiskt fokus. Den Europeiska litteraturhistorien är full av berättelser som skildrar paradisets olika skepnader. I den sista volymen av medeltidspoeten Dante Alighieris diktepos Den Gudomliga Komedien (1308-1321), kallad Paradiso, skildras resan till paradiset genom nio olika kretsar. Varje krets har sin särskilda funktion, särskilda karaktärsdrag och går under benämningar som Vishetens krets, De ambitiösas krets och De älskandes krets. Titeln på utställningen är en parafras på ett annat berömt diktverk, Paradise Regained (1671) av den engelske diktaren John Milton. Den danska konstnären Ditte Ejleskov (f. 1982) utforskar populärkulturella bilder av paradismiljöer från livsstilsmagasin och popvideor, medan svenske Johan Furåker (f. 1978) intresserar sig för hur lustgårdar har iscensatts i slottsträdgårdar, offentliga parker och som mönster på persiska mattor. I likhet med i fjol presenterar utställningen också ett spännande konstnärskap med rötter i regionen. Toril Johannessen (f. 1978) kommer ursprungligen från Harstad, men har aldrig tidigare ställt ut i Nord-Norge. Hon har däremot de senaste åren vunnit stort internationellt erkännande och har nyligen deltagit i betydande konstbiennaler som Performa 13, dOCUMENTA (13) och den 13:e Istanbul-biennalen. Johannessen intresserar sig för vetenskap och perception i sina arbeten och deltar i utställningen med en serie fotografiska arbeten som speciellt skapade för Festspillene i Nord-Norge. Den norska samtidskonstens vitala nestor Olav Christopher Jenssen (f. 1954) var Festspillkunstner i 2004, men gör i år ett återbesök i sitt 10-årsjubileum. Jenssens monumentala ställning i norskt konstliv gör att det blir allt mer relevant att försöka se hans verk från nya synvinklar och i dialog med andra konstnärskap.

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I utställningen Paradise Reclaimed har vi valt att fokusera på Jenssens organiska keramiska skulpturer, som delvis har hamnat i skuggan av de mer berömda målningarna och ännu inte har fått den uppmärksamhet som de förtjänar. Hans konstnärskap sätts i ett dynamiskt möte med en av världens mest kända videokonstnärer, schweiziska Pipilotti Rist (f. 1962). Hon är representerad i konstmuseer över hela världen och har i sina arbeten en tydlig feministisk grundton. En stor del av hennes arbeten berör kvinnlig frigörelse, sexualitet och kroppslighet, något som i hög grad gäller det verk som deltar i utställningen. Avslutningsvis, det är med stolthet och glädje som vi i år firar Festspillenes 50 årsjubileum. Nu är tiden mogen att se tillbaka och konstatera att Festspillene har varit och är alltjämt av stor betydelse för inte bara regionens kulturliv, men hela landet. Samtidigt är det viktigt att också påminna sig att en kulturinstitution som Festspillene är och bör vara en dynamisk organism som ständigt utvecklar sig, såväl i innehåll som till utseende. Konsten och kulturen kan inte bli statisk utan att förtvina. När vi nu går in i vårt femte decennium är det i en uppdaterad form som rustar oss för framtiden, samtidigt som vi i detta jubileumsår firar vår historia. Festspillene i Nord-Norge 2014 blir än en gång mötesplats för konst av världsklass och visar att Nord-Norge är de stora kulturupplevelsernas destination. Väl mött!* Joakim Borda-Pedreira Katalogredaktør og Ansvarlig kurator for Festspillene i Nord-Norge

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* Den engelske introduksjonen til denne katalog skiller seg til innholdet og må leses som en selvstendig tekst . 9

Revisiting Paradise

’So my mind gazed, fixed, wholly stilled, immoveable, intent, and continually inflamed, by its gazing. Man becomes such in that Light, that to turn away to any other sight is beyond the bounds of possibility. Because the Good, which is the object of the will, is wholly concentrated there, and outside it, what is perfect within it, is defective.’ Dante, Paradiso. Canto XXXIII:76-79

Rarely does anyone hold up Paradiso, the final volume of Dante’s

epic poem The Divine Comedy (1308 – 1321), as a work of great interest. Having travelled through the exciting environments of hell and purgatory, it may seem that Dante’s descriptions of his journey through heaven is a boring affair. The same can be said of John Milton, who’s dark epic Paradise Lost (1667)has been much more appreciated than the follow up Paradise Regained (1671). It would 10

appear that we are much more concerned with the grimmer sides of life, which unfortunately also has been the main force in human life, as war, poverty and loneliness have been the defining experiences of most people throughout history. No wonder then, that artists are more inclined to explore the many horrors of life, rather than the few instances of bliss. And yet, few things have exercised more attraction to our desires and imagination than the many cultural notions of Paradise, which have appeared in all human cultures at all times. From the Biblical Garden of Eden, to the Oriental Shangri-La or the El Dorado of 16th century America – lands of milk and honey inhabit metaphorical space as projections of deeply seated desires. Different times have also different priorities, ranging from gardens of eternal happiness and never ending enjoyment to more prosaic utopias such as cities paved with gold. For John Milton, the lost paradise had more to do with Man’s inner qualities. In times of great material and social change, something in the social fabric is undeniably lost. When Industrialisation was at its peak, many artists and thinkers sought for more contemplative and spiritual ways of life. The American writer Henry David Thoreau found his paradise in a remote country forest, by a pond called Walden. His account of a simple life in nature is a story of liberation and self-realisation, which still today is remarkably valid. Paradise can also be a place where we are liberated from material needs, every day stress and the pressures of consumer society. Undoubtedly Thoreau’s ideas appeal more to us, than to his contemporaries who welcomed industrialisation and urbanisation as signs of human progress. The idea of paradise is trans-cultural and seems to transmute over time and geography. Between the biblical gardens – idealisations produced by the scarcity of water in the Middle East – to the technological utopias of the 20th century there are an infinity of metaphorical fantasies that explain human aspiration. Common for all however, is the dramaturgy of mythology. When Adam and Eve are in Eden they supposedly ought to be contended as their every need is attended to, and yet they are not. They lack the challenge of knowledge and subconsciously they begin to yearn for another life. They want wisdom, experience and change. Eden is after 11

all the Utopia of utopias – static and undemanding. The exhibition Paradise Reclaimed explores these themes through a symbolic path, which takes us back and beyond of our ideas of paradise, whether they are visualised as the gardens of Eden or the tropical paradises of travel magazines. Artists Ditte Ejlerskov and Johan Furåker examines the representations of paradise in contemporary imagery and popular culture in our surroundings, tracking the roots back in history. The work of Pipilotti Rist is marked by a refusal to acknowledge the limitations of culture and society’s institutionalised forms of repression, whether they are expressed as misogyny, racism or social exclusion, celebrating in stead sensuality, femininity and playfulness. Toril Johannessen on the other hand, is driven by that thirst of knowledge that weaves the metaphorical fabric of mythologies: By what invisible laws is the world governed, she asks, turning her art work into methods of gaining knowledge of the world. In his works, Olav Christopher Jenssen embodies the very idea of the Maker, or Demiurg, with a vast creative energy that is unstoppable like an eternal fountain. He is an Artist. This year The Arts Festival of North-Norway celebrates 50 years since being founded by a group of enthusiasts in the small town of Harstad. Today it is one of the leading cultural institutions in the region, and indeed the country. During these five decades the ambitions of the festival have only grown to encompass all cultural expressions and uphold an international appeal. The official exhibition of the festival have always been a central element, and perhaps more so today as the visual arts are in the foreground of globalisation. In line with the growth and development of the festival and the region it is important that we not only bring impulses from the world, but also engage in creating new art as well as contribute to the making of art history. During my tenure as curator of the Arts Festival, I have made it my particular ambition to draw the lines of connection between North Norway and the rest of the world. This means increasing the visibility not only of the region as vital cultural arena, but also of its cultural practitioners. In 2013 we showed that the artists in the arctic region have always been in tune with international avant-garde movements and expressions. 12

This year continue to follow our ambition to stage encounters between artists from various countries and generations. The artists participating in this year’s exhibition transcend cultural or geographic limitations, as they are all world artists. Nonetheless I have purposely expressed a Nordic focus in this year’s exhibition since 2014 is a year when Norway looks at its own history while celebrating its constitution. Many of our cultural institutions are taking the opportunity to examine, in some cases criticise, the nature of Norwegian national identity. Much of the 200 years of history since the birth of the Norwegian constitution has been defined in opposition to the neighbouring countries of Denmark and Sweden, which for centuries dominated Norway politically and economically. Now however, is the time to view the historical relationships of Scandinavia as platforms for the future. Recent political developments in our proximity show that the forecasted death of the national state was greatly exaggerated. On the contrary, the geo-political landscape seems to retrocede to what it was like during the Cold War. As the world grows unstable there are tendencies towards extreme nationalism and isolationism, with fascist parties marching the streets and nations threatening to abandon the EU. What better time then, to revive the notion of Scandinavian unity? At the very least it is an attempt to find common ground, rather than cultivate differences. If we manage to make friends with our neighbours we might perhaps have easier to accept those that are even more foreign. In anticipation of that ideal scenario, I sincerely hope that the exhibition Paradise Reclaimed will make it feasible that the world can be a better place – perhaps even a version of Paradise.

Joakim Borda-Pedreira Catalogue Editor and Exhibition Curator of The Arts Festival of North-Norway

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Ditte Ejlerskov Født 1982 i Fredrikshavn, DK. Born 1982 in Fredrikshamn, DK.

Barbados Tourism Campaign (My Bajan Letters series) 2013, oil on several canvases weaved together, 55 x 50 cm. Following pages: Beyonce Goes Bananas 2013, copperplate etching ed 1/15, 80 x 80 cm.

Ideer om Perfeksjon

Siden 2004 har Ditte Ejlerskov bodd i Malmö, men hun ble født og vok-

ste opp på den andre siden av sundet. Hun kom til Malmö for å studere ved Konsthögskolan, til tross for at hennes drøm lenge hadde vært å komme inn på Det kongelige Kunstakademi i København. Når tiden var moden ble hun tatt opp på begge utdanningssteder, men tvang seg selv til å velge Malmö konsthögskola. – Jeg kunne merke at jeg ikke hadde ryggrad til å motstå de maleriske trender som jeg følte jeg ble oppmuntret til å følge. Jeg orket bare ikke å være ennå et ekko av Kobra gruppen som var trenden den gang. Og ettersom jeg er meget autoritetstro så hadde jeg vanskelig med å skille mellom oppmuntring og regler. Men jeg var bevisst om at jeg var autoritetstro. Derfor kunne jeg ikke velge det kongelige. På det tidspunktet var ikke Malmö konsthögskola kjent for maleri, de fleste studentene arbeidet med video og installasjoner. Den unge kunsthøyskolen var fra starten sterkt profilert som en teoretisk skole med røtter i det konseptuelle kunstmiljøet på kontinentet. Alt for mye teori, lød kritikken fra noen, intellektuelt nyskapende, sa andre. De fleste lærerne 20

var internasjonalt kjente kunstnere, men da Ditte Ejlerskov studerte der var det nesten ingen som arbeidet med maleri. – På kunsthøgskolen følte jeg alltid at maleri ble motarbeidet. Der er sikkert ingen av professorene der vil innrømme det, men mange av mine medstudenter hadde samme opplevelse. Maleri var ikke et språk, men en levning fra historien som man ikke kunne anvende idag. Ditte Ejlerskov brukte sine studieår på å finne en rettferdiggjørelse for maleriet som kunstnerisk språk. Hun begynte på et leksikalsk prosjekt der hun samlet alt en maler kunne trenge av referanser og studiemateriale. Resultatet ble en installasjon som til avgangsutstillingen fikk tittelen Unbreak My Heart, Say You’ll Love Me Again (Filed in Alphabetical Order). – Jeg ville definere hva som var sant for meg som kunstner. Men noen ganger når jeg satte en ferdigskrevet bog inn i den alfabetiske orden i mitt atelier oppdaget jeg at jeg hadde skrevet en annen bok med samme tittel noen måneder tidligere. Det kunne for eksempel være boken “Blue” eller boken “How to deal with Luc Tuymans”. Hun forteller at der i hyllen sto det en bok som kunne inneholde det motsatte av den boken hun nettopp hadde skrevet. – Jeg lærte meg at min hjerne og mitt hjerte hele tiden endrer seg i forhold til konkrete tema og problemstillinger. Det var litt frustrerende å oppleve, men også litt morsomt og symptomatisk for hele idéen om hva en kunstner er. – Sett i retrospektiv tror jeg at hele encyklopediprojektet var en måte å overbevise meg selv om at maleriet hadde en berettiget plass i samtiden. Mine verk fra den perioden og også nå handler ofte om å se på maleriet nærmest indekskalt. Å finne ut hva maleriet er og hva dette begrepslige rom kan brukes til. Fra det leksikale har Ditte Ejlerskovs prosjekter tatt ett steg i retning det performative, der maleriet blir ett medium for å iscenesette egne og kollektive forestillinger om kultur, natur og identitet. Prosjektet My African Letters begynte med en email fra en mann som utga seg for å væra en advokat fra Benin. Han lette etter slektninger av en danskfødt gullmagnat ved navnet Gabriel Ejlerskov som hadde dødd i en bilulykke med hele sin familie. Advokaten hadde mulighet til å få en del 21

av den store arven på $ 10 millioner om han bare kunne finne noen som kunne passere som slektning – akkurat noen som Ditte Ejlerskov. Opplegget er et klassisk internettbedrageri som ofte kalles Nigeriabrev”, og som mange av oss utsettes for ved jevne mellomrom. Men i motsetning til de fleste av oss svarte Ditte Ejlerskov på mailen og i en lang korrespondanse som fulgte utviklet det seg en lang rekke av drømmer, forestillinger, fordommer og håp – I begynnelsen var jeg ”offeret” men så smått begynte jeg å kjenne at maktbalansen skiftet. Jag visste jo at han var en bløff, men han trodde på det jeg skrev. Jeg ba ham stadig om å sende flere bilder som bevis på sine løfter, og han sendte bilder av seg selv, av Gabriel Ejlerskovs franske hus, eksotiske dyr og av afrikanske artefakter. Prosjektet tok en avgjørende vending når hun forsøkte å finne et alibi og en moralsk rettferdiggjørelse for det faktum at hun utnyttet sin brevvenn. Det gikk så langt at jeg funderte på forskjellige sett å frelse ham fra sin uverdige situasjon som bedrager. Tilslutt kjente jeg meg som en koloniherre eller en prest fra 1800-tallet. My Afrikan Letters ble til en bok publisert våren 2012 og en utstilling på Larm Gallery, København, som samlet hele emailkorrespondansen samt en serie av malerier basert på brevene og bildene som ”advokaten” sendte. Høsten 2012 tilbragte Ditte Ejlerskov på Mallorca til sammen med sin kjæreste Johan Furåker, der de sammarbeidet om en utstilling som ble vist på kunsthallen Centro Contemporaneo de Arte Andratx. Det var første gang de arbeidet sammen kunstnerisk, men prosjektet gav mersmak. Til Festspillene i Nord-Norge tar de fruktene av dette samarbeid videre. – Vi oppdaget at vi var interessert i det samme tema men fra 2 forskjellige vinkler. I vår kunst har vi hver for oss vært interessert i hvordan mennesket blir tiltrukket av ideen om perfeksjon. I dette prosjektet ser vi på hvordan vi igjennom tidene har intellektualisert og beskrevet idéen om Eden. Vi er interessert i nettopp det sted hvor faktum møter idéen om Eden, forteller Ditte Ejlerskov.*

Joakim Borda-Pedreira

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Sexy Rihanna and Pinapples (My Bajan Letters series) 2013, oil on several canvases weaved together, 50 x 50 cm. Courtesy of AnnaElle Gallery, Stockholm.

* En lenger versjon av teksten er publisert i KUNSTforum #3/2012

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Ideas On Perfection

Since 2004, Ejlerskov has lived in Malmö, but she was born and raised

across the strait [in Denmark]. She came to study at Malmö Art Academy, despite her long-held dream of acceptance at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. When time came, she was accepted at both institutes, but forced herself to choose Malmö Art Academy. ‘I could feel that I didn’t have the spine to resist the painterly trends I felt I was being encouraged to follow. I couldn’t bear to be just another echo of the CoBrA movement, which was in vogue at the time. And being a very compliant sort, I had difficulty distinguishing between encouragements and rules. But I was aware that I was compliant. So, I couldn’t choose the Royal. At the time, Malmö Art Academy was not known for painting, most students worked with video and installation. The young art academy was from the outset heavily outlined as a theoretical school, with roots in the continental conceptual art scene. Too much theory, some criticised, intellectually innovative, claimed others. Most of the teaching staff was internationally known artists, but when Ejlerskov studied there, there 24

was almost no one who worked with painting. ‘At the Academy, I always felt that painting was actively opposed. There probably aren’t any of my professors who would be willing to admit it, but many of my classmates had the same experience. Painting wasn’t a language, but a remnant from history that you couldn’t use nowadays.’ Ejlerskov spent her years at university trying to find a justification for painting as an artistic language. She began a lexical project wherein she collected everything a painter might need in the way of references and study matter. In the shape of 350 books and 25 paintings which she made, the result was an installation, which for her graduation exhibition was titled Unbreak My Heart, Say You’ll Love Me Again (Filed in Alphabetical Order). ‘I wanted to define what was true to me as an artist. But sometimes I’d put a book I’d finished writing in alphabetical order at my studio, only to discover that I’d written another book with the same title some months earlier. It might be the book Blue or How to deal with Luc Tuymans. She tells us that, on the shelf, there would be a book that might contain the very opposite of what she had just finished writing. ‘I learned that my brain and my heart constantly change in relation to concrete themes and issues. It was a little frustrating to experience, but also a little funny and symptomatic of the whole idea of what an artist is. ‘Looking back, I think the whole encyclopaedia project was a way of convincing myself that painting had a warranted place in our time. My work in those days and now, too, often deal with looking at painting nearly as an index. Finding out what painting is and what this conceptual space might be used for.’ From the lexical, Ejlerskov’s endeavours have taken a step in the direction of the performative, where painting becomes a medium to stage personal and collective notions on culture, nature, and identity. The project My African Letters began with an email from a man masquerading as a lawyer from Benin. He was looking for relatives of a Danish-born gold magnate by the name of Gabriel Ejlerskov, who had died in a car crash with his entire family. The lawyer had a chance at part of the sizeable inheritance of ten million dollars, if only he could find someone who could pass as an heir – precisely like Ditte Ejlerskov. 25

This scheme is a classic internet scam, often called ‘Nigerian letters’, to which many of us are routinely exposed. However, unlike most of us, Ejlerskov replied to the email and through the lengthy correspondence which ensued, a long series of dreams, ideas, prejudices and hopes developed. ‘To begin with, I was the “victim”, but bit by bit I felt a shift in the balance of power. After all, I knew he was a fraud, but he believed what I wrote. I kept asking him for pictures to prove his word, and he sent pictures of himself, of Gabriel Ejlerskov’s French house, exotic animals, and African artefacts.’ The project took a decisive turn when she tried to find an alibi and a moral justification for the fact that she was exploiting her penfriend. ‘It went so far that I pondered different ways of saving him from his degrading situation as conman. In the end, I felt like a colonial landowner or a priest from the 19th century.’ My African Letters was made into a book published in spring 2012 and an exhibition at the Larm Gallery, Copenhagen, which collected the entire email correspondence and a succession of paintings based on the letter and pictures the “lawyer” sent. The autumn of 2012, Ejlerskov spent some months at a residency in Majorca, together with boyfriend Johan Furåker. There they collaborated on an exhibition at the art hall CCA Andratx. This was their first real collaborative effort, but the project gave them a taste for more. For the Arts Festival of North-Norway they will take their artistic collaboration further. ‘We discovered that we were interested in the same theme, but from two different angles. In our art, we have independently been interested in how humans are drawn to the idea of perfection. In this project, we see how we through the ages have intellectualised and described the idea of Eden. We’re interested in precisely that point where fact meets the idea of Eden.’* Joakim Borda-Pedreira Translated by David Almnes

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*This text is an edited version of an interview originally published in KUNSTforum #3/2012.

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Johan Furåker Født 1982 i Uppsala, SE. Born 1982 in Uppsala, SE.

Idleness, 2012, oil on mdf, 60 x 90 cm. Private collection.

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Colour Chart I, 2012, oil on mdf, 42 x 46 cm. Courtesy of LARM Gallery, Copenhagen.

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Ett jordiskt paradis

Föreställningen om ett jordiskt paradis har gamla rötter. Tanken

leder ända tillbaka till den persiska antiken och till ordet paridaeza som betyder ”inhägnad” eller ”park”. Här finns upprinnelsen till vårt paradis. Den persiska trädgården hade en kvadratisk form och var omsluten av murar. Den var en ideal plats för kontemplation avskiljd från det prosaiska livet. Som en grönskande oas omgärdad av det torra ökenliknande landskapet skulle den ge en föraning om vad som väntade den rättrogne efter livets slut. Trädgårdens korsform har sitt ursprung i Koranens beskrivning av hur paradisets fyra floder för med sig en evig ström av vatten, mjölk, vin och honung. Allt det man behöver. Den inneslutna kvadraten blir ett heligt grundmönster som via antiken lever vidare i renässansens privata parker. Trädgården blir en modell av en plats som ligger bortom vår jordiska tillvaro. Ett av verken i Johan Furåkers svit Paradisus Terrestris tar upp den dubbla innebörden av ett annat persiskt ord. Ferdós betyder både ”grön trädgård” och ”paradis”, och i en av de mindre målningarna har Furåker textat ordet på persiska och angett dess dubbla betydelser med latinska

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bokstäver. Finns paradiset någonstans bland ordens rottrådar? Flera av de andra målningarna avbildar grönskande italienska trädgårdar eller paradisisk växtlighet i allmänhet. Alla är delar i en noggrann och utvidgande kartläggning av begreppet ”det jordiska paradiset”. Den betydligt större målningen Retelling Persian Paradise (2012), som Johan Furåker gjort tillsammans med Ditte Ejlerskov, är en saklig återgivning av mönstret i en persisk matta. Vi ser den typiska kvardatiska avdelningen i mitten som i sig rymmer fyra mindre kvadrater. Ett abstraherat paradis i ett geometriskt landskap. Vad är det egentligen Johan Furåker undersöker i sviten Paradisus Terrestris? Vad ser vi framför oss när vi tänker på paradiset som en inhägnad grön trädgård? Tankarna går osökt till dagens geopolitiska situation där Europa blivit ett alltmer kringgärdat mål för människor på flykt. Vi möter dagligen den europeiska gemenskapens egna nödställda invånare som sökt sig till unionens mer grönskande områden. Johan Furåkers utforskande och utpräglat konceptuella metod innehåller absolut politiska lager. Det är tydligt även i hans senaste projekt A Poet in Need of an Empire (2014) som rör sig kring den italienske poeten och protofascisten Gabriele d´Annunzio. Men hos Furåker ligger den politiska laddningen infogad i omsorgen över måleriet och i det medvetna urvalet av bildkällor. Han skriker inte i protest, utan söker sig bakåt i historien. Kanske för att där finna exempel – ofta i excentriska personligheter – som bär på likheter med dagens situation? Johan Furåker konstruerar sina målerisviter till ett pussel av bilder som han överlåter till betraktaren att foga samman till en kritisk helhet. Hans målningar syftar till eftertanke men är befriade från didaktisk likriktning. Istället betonar de detaljens rikedom på associationer. Paradisus Terrestris innehåller en fantasifull variation av fascinerande exakta exempel, som tillsammans bildar ett mångfacetterat yttrande. Här finns till exempel ett diagram där idyllen anges som en statistisk konstant. Tabellen beskriver en utopisk situation, men liknar mer än något annat verklighetsbeskrivningen i en diktatur. Den eviga lyckan lär nog vänta på sig. Andra verk består av målade färgkartor eller collage av färgprover i olika gröna toner. Ett slags slumpmässig systematisering av måleriets

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grundläggande komponent – kommersiellt fabrikstillverkad färg. Målningarna framställer färgen i sin renaste form, så att säga direkt ur tuben. Färgkartornas organisering kan därför ses som måleriets motsvarighet till idealbilden av det jordiska paradiset. Naturligtvis anspelar Furåker även direkt på Gerhard Richters Colour Charts, samtidigt som han indirekt formulerar en kritik gentemot det abstrakta måleriets tradition. För hundra år sedan menade man sig hittat måleriets ”ideala form”. Kanske pekar också färgproverna på måleriet självt som ett ”inhägnat paradis”? Johan Furåkers målningar är bilder av bilder, som genom det kontrollerade utförandet tycks samla sig i ett relativt smalt register. Begränsningen blir en tillgång. Magnus Bons

Retelling Persian Paradise, 2012, Oil on canvas, 264 cm x 205 cm (Painted in collaboration with Ditte Ejlerskov). Courtesy of LARM Gallery, Copenhagen

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An Earthly Paradise

The thought of an earthly paradise has ancient roots. The idea leads back to Persian antiquity and the word paridaeza, meaning ‘compound’ or ‘park’. Here lies the origin of our paradise. The Persian garden had a square form that was surrounded by walls. It was an ideal place for contemplation, secluded from prosaic life. A green oasis surrounded by arid desert landscape, it was supposed to give the faithful a premonition of what was expecting in the after-life. The cross-division of the garden has its origin in a description found in the Quran of how the four rivers of Paradise flow of water, milk, wine and honey. Everything one could need. The closed square becomes a sacred basic pattern that passes from antiquity to the private parks of the Renaissance. The garden becomes a model of a place that lies beyond earthly existence. 36

One of the works’s in Johan Furåker’s suite Paradisus Terrestris picks up the double meaning of another Persian expression. Ferdós means both ‘green garden’ and ‘paradise’, and in one of the smaller paintings Furåker has texted the word in Persian and spelled out it’s double meaning in Latin letters. Is paradise to be found in linguistic roots? Several of the other paintings depict lush Italian gardens or paradise-like greenery in general. Each is a part of a careful and expansive mapping of the concept of an ‘earthly paradise’. The much larger painting Retelling Persian Paradise (2012), excecuted together with Ditte Ejlerskov, is a thorough rendition of the pattern from a Persian carpet. We see the typical square partitioning in the middle, dividing itself in four lesser squares. It is an abstracted paradise within a geometrical landscape. What exactly is it that Johan Furåker examines in the suite Paradisus Terrestris? What do we see before us when we think of paradise as a secluded green garden? Our thoughts wander inevitably to the current geo-political situation that has turned Europe into a walled target for refugees. Daily we encounter the less fortunate inhabitants of the EU, that have moved to the more lush parts of the Union. The explorative and highly conceptual method of Johan Furåker certainly contains political dimensions. This is clear also from his latest project A Poet in Need of an Empire (2014), that deals with the Italian poet and proto-fascist Gabriele d’Annunzio. With Furåker, however, the political charge is inlaid in the careful painting and the conscious selection of images. He does not shout in protest, but traces back in history. Perhaps to find examples – often in eccentric personalities – which bear similarity to the situations of today? With his paintings Johan Furåker constructs puzzles of images that he leaves the spectator to decipher to a critical unity. His works engenders reflection, while remaining free from didactic conformity. Rather they underline the associative possibilities of details. Paradisus Terrestris is an imaginative selection of fascinating examples, which together make a multi-facetted statement. One example is a diagram where idyll is illustrated as a static constant. The graphics describe a utopian situation, but resemble more than anything the reality of dictatorship.

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Eternal bliss is unlikely to occur. Other works consist of colour charts or collages of colour samples in various green hues. A sort of random systematising of the basic component of painting – commercially manufactured paints. These paintings depict colour in its purest form, straight out of the tube. The organisation of the colour charts can thus be regarded as the equivalent of painting to the ideal image of earthly paradise. Furåker naturally refers also to Gerhard Richter’s Colour Charts, while indirectly formulating a critique of the tradition of abstract painting. A hundred years ago it was assumed one had found the ‘ideal form’ of painting. Perhaps the colour charts point towards painting itself as a ‘walled paradise’? Johan Furåker’s paintings are images of images which, through its controlled execution seems to gather in a relatively narrow register. The limitations become an asset. Magnus Bons

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Fountain of the Moors, 2013, oil on mdf, 60 x 90 cm. Noco Collection, Stockholm.

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Olav Christopher Jenssen Født 1954 i Sortland, NO. Born 1954 in Sortland, NO.

Kunstneren som demiurg

Få norske kunstnere er så kosmopolitiske og internasjonalt orienterte

som Olav Christopher Jenssen. Født på Sortland i Nord-Norge, er han like høyt verdsatt og føler seg like hjemme i Tyskland eller Sverige som i sitt hjemlige Norge. Olav Christopher Jenssen er en usedvanlig produktiv kunstner, noe som har ført til en rekke utstillinger, og han er representert i flere betydelige samlinger, som MoMA – Museum of Modern Art i New York, Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art i Helsingfors, Astrup Fearnley Museet i Oslo, British Museum i London og mange flere. Våren 2014 donerte kunstneren en stor samling av sine verker til Nordnorsk Kunstmuseum, som planlegger å vie en del av den faste utstillingen til Jenssen. Olav Christopher Jenssen er først og fremst kjent som maler i det monumentale format, en mester i farge og gestus. Men i de senere årene har noen utstillinger fokusert på hans improviserte tegninger i olje og kull, som utgjør en stor andel av kunstnerens oeuvre gjennom flere tiår. Det spontane og intime i disse små arbeidene på papir har forbløffet både kritikere og publikum. En stor, retrospektiv utstilling på Henie 42

Onstad Kunstsenter våren 2013, Journal – Works on Paper 1979–2012, demonstrerte betydningen av hans tegninger. Kritikeren Stian Gabrielsen bemerket i en anmeldelse (07.02.13 Kunstkritikk.no) at utstillingens intensjon var å fremheve tegningene som en distinkt og betydelig del av kunstnerens oeuvre, som noe annet enn de mer kjente maleriene, som kan ha overskygget andre aspekter av Olav Christopher Jenssens kunst. Det samme kan vi si om kunstnerens skulpturelle arbeider, som inntil nå bare har vært sett i forhold til hans malerier. En serie gipsskulpturer i stor skala, kalt The Limboes (2007–2008), er ved flere anledninger blitt stilt ut sammen med den like monumentale, koloristiske maleriserien The Protagonist (2008–2009). Ett av resultatene er kanskje at skulpturene er blitt undervurdert. På et tidlig stadium under planleggingen av Festspillenes jubileumsutstilling, besøkte jeg kunstneren i hans atelier i Syd-Sverige og fikk da anledning til å bli nærmere kjent med noen av hans skulpturelle arbeider. Allerede da hadde jeg tenkt at Jenssen ville være en naturlig deltager i jubileumsutstillingen, siden han hadde vært Festspillkunstner i 2004. Det blir således et dobbeltjubileum. Senere, da det var klarlagt at temaet for utstillingen Paradise Reclaimed skulle være kulturelle metaforer for Paradis og utopier, ble det åpenbart hvilke verk av Jenssen som måtte inkluderes: Serien Rigoletto fra 2007–2009. Disse små figurene er utført i leire og gir assosiasjoner til små mennesker skapt av en demiurg eller gammel gud. I den abrahamittiske mytologi – kristen, jødisk og muslimsk – trodde man at mennesket var skapt i leire, formet av Guds hånd. Tilsvarende skapelseshistorier forekommer i mange kulturer og perioder. I for eksempel gresk mytologi ble det første mennesket formet i leire av kjempen Promethevs, mens man i det gamle Egypt trodde at guden Khum hadde skapt menneskene med leire fra Nilen. Rigoletto-skulpturene bærer tydelig vitnesbyrd om kunstnerens hånd – og fremstår som lekne og spontant utført. Noen ser ut som små mennesker, andre minner om trær eller dyr. Kunstneren – demiurgen – tar opp konkurransen med gudene ikke bare om å skape mennesket, men om å forme alt som finnes i verden. Disse verkene kan også sees som forsøk på å finne en vei til røttene av menneskeheten og av kunsten. Ar43

keologisk forskning fra den senere tid har fastslått at leiren faktisk representerer kunstens fødsel: Små, menneskeformede leirfigurer er de eldste av alle kunstobjekter i historien, endog eldre enn de tidligste hulemaleriene. Det er derfor passende at Olav Christopher Jenssen vil utforske dette materialet, siden hele hans kunstneriske virke har vært viet til å mestre håndens skapende kraft.

Joakim Borda-Pedreira

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Following pages: Rigoletto/Generation 3 (2007-2008). Glazed ceramic. Variable dimensions. Photo: Dorothea Schrattenholz/ Nordnorsk kunstmuseum, Tromsø.

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The Artist as Demiurg

Few Norwegian artists are as cosmopolitan and truly interna-

tional as Olav Christopher Jenssen. Although born in the small North-Norwegian community in Sortland, his life and work are not confined to any particular region. In Germany he is as appreciated and naturalised as he is in Sweden or his native Norway. Olav Christopher Jenssen’s prolific output has resulted in countless exhibitions and he is represented in many important collections, such as the Museum of Modern art in New York, the National Museum of Art in Oslo and the Museum of Modern Art Kiasma in Helsinki, to name a few. In spring 2014, the Northern Norway Art Museum received a major donation of works from the artist and pledged to dedicate a permanent display to them. Olav Christopher Jenssen is mostly known as a painter of monumental canvases, a master of colour and gesture. A few exhibitions in recent years, however, have focused on his improvised drawings in oil and charcoal, which form a considerable body of works than span over several decades. The immediacy and intimacy of these small paper works astounded both audience and critics alike. In particular the

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retrospective exhibition Journal – Works on Paper 1979-2012 shown at Henie Onstad Art Centre in spring 2013 propelled the importance of his drawings. Critic Stian Gabrielsen notes in a review (07.02.13 Kunstkritikk.no) that the exhibition intended to show the drawings as a distinct and important body of work, different from the more known paintings that may have overshadowed other aspects of Olav Christopher Jenssen’s art. A similar argument can be made of his sculptural works, which until now has only been regarded in relation to his paintings. A series of large-scale plaster sculptures entitled The Limboes (2007-2008) have repeatedly been exhibited together with the equally monumental colourfield painting series The Protagonist (2008-2009), perhaps being underestimated as a result. The early stages of planning the jubilee exhibition of The Arts Festival coincided with a visit to the artist’s summer studio in southern Sweden and a close encounter with some sculptural work. Already the idea had occurred to me that Jenssen would be a natural participant in this year’s exhibition as he had been Festival Artist in 2004, thus marking a sort of jubilee within the jubilee. And later, when the exhibition theme of Paradise Reclaimed was developed as an exploration of the cultural metaphors of paradise it became clear which works would be included: The Rigoletto series of 2007-2009. Made from clay these small figures resemble little men formed by the hand of a Demiurg or ancient God. In the Abrahamitic mythology – Christian, Jewish and Moslem – it is supposed that man was created from clay by the hand of God. A similar history of creation appears in many cultures and times. In Greek mythology for instance, the first man was modelled from clay by the giant Prometheus, while in ancient Egypt it was thought that the God Khum created humans with clay from the Nile. The Rigoletto sculptures bear clear witness of the artist’s hand and seem playfully and spontaneously shaped. Some look like little men, others resemble trees and animals. The Artist/Demiurg does not contend with only the creation of man, but sets out to shape all things in the world. These works can also be regarded as attempts at delving into the very roots of humanity and art. Recent archaeology shows that clay as a material in fact represents the birth of art, with small man-shaped clay objects pre-dating 49

even the earliest cave paintings in history. It is therefore fitting that Olav Christopher Jenssen would explore this material, as his whole artistic trajectory has been about mastering the gesture of the hand.

Joakim Borda-Pedreira

Previous pages: Rigoletto/Generation 3 (2007-2008). Glazed ceramic. Variable dimensions. Photo: Dorothea Schrattenholz/ Nordnorsk kunstmuseum, Tromsø. Opposite: Detail.

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Toril Johannessen Født 1978 i Harstad, NO. Born 1978 in Harstad, NO.

Kunsten å se

I

Toril Johannessens kunstnerskap møter vi fotografier, grafiske trykk, skulpturer og installasjoner som på ulike måter springer ut av naturvitenskaplige fenomener. Hun har laget kunstverk som diskuterer og undersøker metoder for stjerneforskning, fotografiets materialitet, hvordan man måler tid, hyppigheten av ulike begreper og ord i vitenskapelige tidsskrifter, sammenhengen mellom astrofysikk og økonomi, for å nevne noen tematikker hun har berørt i sin mangfoldige og komplekse kunstpraksis. Med bakgrunn som fotograf og en grunnleggende forståelse for (det før-digitale) fotografiets bestanddeler som linser, film og kjemisk fremkalling, har hun utviklet en nysgjerrighet for vitenskapelige prosesser og en interesse for å overføre modeller fra naturvitenskapen til andre felt. Søken etter kunnskap er en sentral drivkraft i Johannessens kunstnerskap. I kunsten hennes finner vi en pågående undersøkelse av hvordan abstrakte teorier er med på å forme måten vi tenker om verden på, samt en stadig tilbakevendende interesse for hvordan vitenskapelige verktøy som fotografiet (og tilstøtende fenomener som teleskopet) har vært med på å endre hvordan vi ser og oppfatter verden og virkeligheten på. 57

På mange måter kulminerer noen av Johannessens tematikker i boken Unseeing, som Hordaland Kunstsenter publiserte våren 2014 som bind to i serien Dublett. Boken, som er todelt, består, foruten tekster om Johannessens kunstnerskap, av et kunstverk i bokform der Johannessen selv i en lærebokaktig eller pseudo-vitenskapelig språkdrakt (med tilhørende illustrasjoner) diskuterer muligheten av å endre måten vi tenker på ved å endre måten vi ser på rent fysisk. Dette foreslår hun kan skje gjennom at man «avlærer» optiske illusjoner. I boken ser hun også på hvordan tankeprosesser er knyttet til det å se, og hvordan modeller og metaforer for lys brukes for å beskrive tenkning. Fra Unseeing henter hun bakgrunnen for verket Unlearning Optical Illusions, som også er tittelen på kapitel to i boken. Optiske illusjoner var på 1800-tallet et aktivt vitenskapelig felt der det hersket ulike teorier om hvordan synsbedragene fungerer og hvorfor de oppstår. Flere optiske illusjoner ble oppdaget og beskrevet på denne tiden, og Johannessen trekker i kapitlet frem noen eksempler som knytter seg til geometriske figurer. Den mest kjente av disse, Müller-Lyer-illusjonen, ble oppdaget av den tyske sosiologen Franz Carl Müller-Lyer (1857–1916) i 1889. Den består av to like lange linjer med enten innadvendte eller utadvendte piler. Det er vanlig at man ser linjen med utadvendte piler som lengre enn den andre, selv når man vet at de er like lange. Det oppstår en konflikt mellom hva individet opplever på et subjektivt plan og hva objektive målinger viser, noe som Johannessen knytter til forholdet mellom det private og det offentlige rom. I datidens teorier dreide spørsmålene seg blant annet om hvorvidt det er sansene som tar feil, eller om det er hjernen som ikke klarer å prosessere informasjonen riktig. Eksperimenter gjort i ettertid har vist at kulturelle forskjeller kan ha betydning for hvordan, og om, man oppfatter illusjonene. For eksempel kan folk med bakgrunn fra områder med liten forekomst av rettvinklet arkitektur oppleve illusjonene forskjellig fra folk som har vokst opp i urbane områder. Mot denne bakgrunnen foreslår Johannessen at det å bli utsatt for arkitektur og billedspråk kan bidra til å endre oppfattelsen man har av en illusjon, noe som leder opp mot det Johannessen ønsker å utforske i dette verket; nemlig om det lar seg gjøre

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å trene opp øyet til å se på andre måter for dermed å kunne forstå verden på andre måter. Det konkrete verket er en installasjon som består av 7 fotografier, tekster og markeringer på gulvet i utstillingslokalet. Bildene som har en størrelse på 120x170 cm er avbildninger av tekstile trykk i forholdet en til en. Trykkene viser fargerike mønstre der ulike optiske illusjoner er inkludert i utformingen. Mønstrenes farger og former er inspirert av en variant av vokstrykk som er kjent både som afrikanske trykk og som Wax Hollandaise eller Dutch Wax Print.Trykketeknikken til slike tekstiler har utgangspunkt i indonesisk voksbatikk. Med industrialiseringen av trykketeknikken i Nederland på 1800-tallet ble teknikken eksportert til Vest-Afrika og har siden gjerne blitt oppfattet som en typisk afrikansk teknikk, og et uttrykk for afrikansk identitet. Med referansene til tekstilindustrihistorien knytter verket seg til spørsmål om kulturell identitet, global kapitalisme og vestens eksotisering av Afrika gjennom et kolonialt blikk. Verket går på den måten også inn i systemer som ikke har direkte med persepsjonspsykologi å gjøre men mer med kulturelle forestillinger. Verket har også en dimensjon som går direkte inn i publikums fysiske og visuelle møte med kunsten. Johannessen ber publikum om å stå på spesielle steder i rommet når man ser på bildene, og å derfra se på de med kun ett øye. Fra disse punktene kan man ikke både se fotografiet og de tilhørende tekstene samtidig. Fra de angitte synsvinklene havner tekstene i den blinde flekken på retina, noe som indikerer at publikums fortolkning av verket kan skje på bakgrunn av den visuelle informasjonen alene. Ulike historier og referanser i verket presenteres på en pedagogisk, museal måte, men instruksjonen til publikum er samtidig med på underminere betydningen av denne informasjonen. Alt etter som du ønsker å se det - tolkningsrommet er enten lite eller stort.

André Gali

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Pages 58 - 59: Following pages: Unlearning Müller-Lyer Illusion, 2014, photographic print, 100 x 70 cm. Following pages: Unlearning Herman Grid Illusion, 2014, photographic print, 100 x 70 cm.

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The Art of seeing

The work of Toril Johannessen consists of photo, graphic prints,

sculptures and installations that in various ways spawn from phenomena of natural science. She has produced works that address and explore astronomical methods, the materiality of photography, measurement of time, the frequency of certain concepts in scientific journals, the relationship between astrophysics and economy – to mention a few of the themes of her multifaceted and complex artistic practise. With a background as a photographer and a fundamental understanding of the elements of (pre-digital) photography, such as lenses, film and photographic processing, she has developed an interest in scientific methods, that she expands from natural science onto other fields. The search for knowledge is a central preoccupation in the art of Toril Johannesson. In her work we encounter an on-going research in how abstract theories shape our understanding of the world, as well as a fascination with how scientific tools such as photography and telescopes has influenced the ways in which we perceive the world and reality itself. Some of Johannessen’s themes culminate in the book Unseeing, published in spring 2014 by Hordaland Kunstsenter as the second volume of the series Dublett, The book, which is divided in two parts, consists 64

of texts on Johannessen’s practise as well as an artwork in book form, in which Johanessen in a teacherly and pseudo-scientific rhetoric discusses the possibilities of changing our way of thinking by influencing our view physically, though ‘unlearning’ optical illusions. In the book she also investigates which thought processes are connected to vision and how different models and metaphors for light are used for describing thinking. The work Unlearning Optical Illusions is founded in the book, and takes its name from chapter two. During the 19th century, optical illusions were an active scientific field of various theories of how such illusions function and where they occur. Several optical illusions were discovered in this time, and Johanessen mentions some examples connected to geometric figures. The most famous of them, the Müller-Lyer-illusion was discovered by the German sociologist Franz Carl Müller-Lyer (1857–1916) in 1889. It consisted of two equally long lines with arrows pointing either inwards or outwards. It is common to perceive that the line with outward pointing arrows is longer than the other, even if you know they are equally long. A conflict arises between what the individual experiences subjectively and what objective measuring will show, a fact that Johannessen connects to the relationship between public and private space. In the theories of the day, questions surrounded whether it is the senses that are mistaken or the brain that is not able to process the information correctly. Posterior experiments show that cultural differences may influence how, and if, the illusions are perceived. For example, people with little experience of straight angled architecture may experience the illusions differently from those grown up in urban areas. With this as background, Johannessen suggests that to be exposed to certain architecture and visual language may alter the perception of an illusion. This leads to the central issue of the work Unlearning Optical Illusions: if it is possible to train the eye to see in other ways in order to understand the world differently. The work itself consists of seven photographic prints, texts and floor markings. Each image of 120 x 170 cm depicts textile patterns in a scale of 1:1. These prints illustrate colourful patterns made of optical illusions. The colours and graphic style are inspired by a kind of wax print known as 65

African prints, or alternatively Wax Hollandaise and Dutch Wax Print. The printing technique of such textiles comes from traditional Indonesian batik printing. With the industrialisation of textile printing in the Netherlands during the 19th century, this technique was exported to West Africa and has since become synonymous with African culture as an expression of African identity. Referencing industrial textile history, the work touches on matters of cultural identity, global capitalism and the exoticising of Africa through the colonial gaze of the West. In that sense the work engages also in issues that have less to do with perception psychology and more with cultural attitudes. The work also has a dimension that cuts straight into the audience’s physical and visual encounter with art. Johannessen instructs the audience to place themselves on specific points in the room and view the images with only one eye open. From these points it is impossible to see both the photograph and de adjoining texts simultaneously. The texts remain in the blind spot of the retina, indicating that the audience’s interpretation of the work can be based on the visual information alone. Different stories and references within the work are presented in a didactic, museum-like manner, and yet the instructions to the audience undermine this information. In any way you may like to look at it – the space for interpretation is either large or small.

André Gali

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Pippilotti Rist Født 1962, CH Born 1962, CH

In The Female Gaze

Few contemporary artists have such a wide and appreciating audience as

the Swiss-born artist Pipilotti Rist. Her popularity might be explained in part with the fact that she pioneered video art in a time when television was the most dominating form of media. In the early 1990s Internet was still young and as many European broadcasting monopolies were broken, we saw the birth of a new and colourful broadcasting aesthetic that represented a bright contrast to the grey public service television we were used to. In the recently reunited Germany the change was even more marked, something that was felt in all of the German speaking regions. Pipilotti Rist adhered to the new visual language as well as the transgressive spirit of the times. From the late 1980s and throughout the following decade she developed a humorous and slightly surrealist visual language in a number of video-works that are both sensually poetic and psychedelic. Her celebration of female body and sexuality has gained her a reputation as feminist artist, and this is certainly a key element of her practise. Through her camera the ‘female gaze’ is given the subjective position and with the use of special effects the artist makes a point of the fact that there 72

is no neutral way of looking at the world, our perception of it is always distorted by the prisms of gender, class and ethnicity. In her videos Rist often uses coloured filters, kaleidoscopic special effects and music collages. The work Pickelporno (1992) is often credited as a seminal work that marked the artist’s breakthrough onto the international art scene. It is an intensely lyrical film where the artist enacts an erotic play that references the biblical story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. The woman in the film, played by the artist herself, engages in a playful sexual chase of the man, who like Adam is naked except for the symbolic fig leafs. In Pickelporno, however, the protagonists are not stricken by shame. Rather they allow themselves to explore their erotic potential. It cannot be denied though, that the film also offers a reversal of roles, as the man becomes the passive object of the female gaze. It is an intentional circumvention of the patriarchal conventions that Laura Mulvey has explained as follows:

”In a world ordered by sexual imbalance, pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female. The determi- ning male gaze projects its phantasy on to the female form which is styled accordingly. In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness. Woman dis played as sexual object is the leit-motif of erotic spectacle: from pin-ups to striptease, from Ziegfeld to Busby Berkeley, she holds the look, plays to and signifies male desire.” Laura Mulvey, Visual and Narrative Cinema (1976), p. 7. It can be understood then that Pickelporno is an attempt at creating a Female Gaze that undermine male domination. But in doing so the artists also shows that a mere reversal of positions is not a solution and that it is possible to imagine less exploitative relationships between the genders. Pipilotti Rist remains today as one of the world leading artists working with multi-media. She is represented in many public collections, such as 71

Museum of Modern Art, New York, Guggenheim Museum, New York, Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, and the National Museum of Art, Design and Architecture, Oslo. She represented Switzerland in the Venice Biennale 2005.

Joakim Borda-Pedeira

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Images on pages 70-71: The Tender Room, 2011, video still. Photo: Courtesy the artist, Hauser & Wirth, and Luhring Augustine, New York. Following pages: Lobe Of The Lung, 2009, video still. Photo: Courtesy the artist, Hauser & Wirth and Luhring Augustine,

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Medvirkende skribenter Contributing writers Magnus Bons Kunstkritiker og forfatter. Art critic and writer. André Gali Kunstkritiker og chefredaktør for KUNSTforum. Art critic and Editor in Chief of KUNSTforum.

Takk til Thanks to All participating artists AnnaElle Gallery, Stockholm Galleri Arnstedt, Östra Karup Galleri Ping-Pong, Malmö Electronic Arts Intermix, New York LARM Gallery, Copenhagen Lunds Kommun Nordnorsk Kunstmuseum, Tromsø Noco Collection, Stockholm OSL Gallery, Oslo Private collections

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