Ottomans\' policy in Morocco in the 15th century: an overview of the Portuguese sources/ Los Orígenes de la expansión europea. Ceuta, 2015

VI Centenario de la Toma de Ceuta “Los orígenes de la expansión europea. Ceuta 1415” Facultad de Educación, Economía y Tecnología de Ceuta October 1st 2015

Ottomans’ policy in Morocco in the 15th century: an overview of the Portuguese sources

Status quaestionis • Vitorino Magalhães Godinho (1956), Christophe Picard (2014), Paula Limão (1994) e João Paulo Oliveira e Costa (1992)

• Frei João de Sousa (1790), David Lopes (1989), Joaquim Figanier (1945), António Dias Farinha (1990), Jocelyne Dakhlia (2011), Maria Augusta Lima da Cruz (2010), Jorge Correia (2008) e André Teixeira (2011)

Prolegomena • MA Thesis frontier models: zonal e perimetric • 15th century specificity: opposition/representation (territóry) composition/materiality (sociology)

a e

• Entering 1415-1578 into the diachrony of the Andalusian history – 711-1249-1340

Both sides of the Strait

Frontier Models • Zonal model: atomization, militarization and incastellamento

• Perimetric model: linearity, rigidity, poemerium – Nation-State paradigm

Two complementary vectors • Opposition/Representation: territorial negotiations between the Portuguese and local tribal leaders

• Composition/Materiality: prosopographic and intelligence network within the Saharan Mediterranean

Saharan Mediterranean

Two superstructures • Evolution of the Portuguese policy regarding Morocco: the key-moments: 1415-1437, 1437-1458, 1458-1471, 1508-1513, 1540-1547 and 1568-1578 • Global processes of territorial change in the 15th and 16th century Mediterranean, the Ottoman expansionism and the reactive measures of the Western powers

The first moment: Infante D. Pedro • What has led Infante D. Pedro to take a long voyage throughout Europe?

• Was there any strategy concerning the Turk?

Collection of charts by António Dias Farinha in his doctoral thesis 2nd volume (Farinha, 1990) Relatório de Ruy Diáz de Vega, espião de Fernando I de Aragão, acerca dos preparativos da armada portuguesa [Aragonese spy informing on the Ceuta’s preparations] ADF II 8 [23-IV-1415]

Segundo relatório de Ruy Diáz de Vega, relativo ao rumores do destino da armada, direccionados para Ceuta ou para Gibraltar portuguesa [Aragonese spy informing on the Ceuta’s preparations] ADF II 11 [24VII-1415]

The sources

Notícia histórica [Historical memory of the Portugueses’ contacts with Muslims powers] da Batalha do Salado até ao descerco de Ceuta ADF II 23 [14-VIII-1433] Carta de mercê do Infante D. Pedro [Main protagonist of 15th century Portugal] ADF II 24 [6-XI-1433] Pazes firmadas [Peace treaty after an ill-succeeded military campaign in Tangiers] após o desastre de Tânger de 1437 ADF II 29 [17-X-1437]

Razões de D. Duarte para não abandonar Ceuta [Why

should the Portuguese Crown keep Ceuta] ADF II 30 [?XI/XII-1437] Indulgência plenária [Papal plenary indulgency] de Eugénio IV ADF II 40

[10-II-1442]

The sources

The second moment: a diverted fleet (1458) • Why was the fleet diverted to Alcácer-Ceguer in 1458?

• Why the sudden overinvestment in Morocco, even with scarce advantage, like in 14631464?

The sources Archetype of the generic formulation in the cartas de perdão of 1456 as collected by Pedro de Azevedo in Alphons V’s Chancellery (Azevedo, 1915) e nos veendo o que nos assy dizer e

pedir enuyou e o perdam jeerall que

Carta a todos os senhores e justiças das terras sobre a armada contra o Turco [army against the Turk] PL 7 [28-VII1456]

Carta do Infante D. Henrique

ora fezemos per rrazam da nossa hida

ao Imperador dos Turcos

contra os turcos

[Turks’ Sultan] PL 8 [16-XII-1457]

Notícia da expedição [Alcácer-Ceguer expedition] de Alcácer-Ceguer ADF II 71 [18-X-1458] Desafio [Challenge to the Watassids by Duarte de Meneses, Ceuta’s captain] do conde Duarte Meneses a Abū ‘Asim Al-Waftas ADF II 79 [22-VIII-1459] Resposta [Wattasids’ response] de Abū ‘Asim Al-Waftas ao desafio de Duarte Meneses ADF II 80 [22/23-VIII-1459] Tréplica [Duarte de Meneses’ counter-response] de Duarte

Meneses a Abū ‘Asim Al-Waftas ADF II 81 [23-VIII-1459] Tratado de Paz [Peace treaty with the qabīla] com aldeias e tribos dos arredores de Alcácer-Ceguer ADF II 94 [?-?1463]

The sources

Collection of charts by António Dias Farinha in his doctoral thesis 3rd volume (Farinha, 1990) Carta de mercê a Mafamede, morador em Tânger, vassalo de Afonso V, de umas herdades em Anjera ADF III 69 [2-XII1473]

Carta de mercê a Mafamede, morador em Tânger, vassalo de Afonso V, de isenção de tributos a 3 mouros, seus cativos ADF III 70 [2-XII-1473]

Carta de mercê a Mafamede, morador em Tânger, vassalo de Afonso V, de 4 covas de tirar mós ADF III 72 [5-XII-1473] Carta de mercê a Mafamede, morador em Tânger, vassalo de Afonso V, para empregar 20 mouros ADF III 72 [5-XII1473]

Carta de mercê aos moradores de Anafém ADF III 74 [2-XII1473]

The sources

The third moment: John II and the suzerainty regimen • Larache and Graciosa as the main goals in John II’s Moroccan policy • The Conde de Borba’s action • Intelligence network: Pêro da Covilhã, Afonso Paiva: somehow intertwined?

Aceitação da suserania [Recognition of John II’s suzerainty] de D. João

II por parte de Azamor: ADF III 111 [3-VII-1486] Vassalagem [Qabīla’s vassalage] da qabīla de Benni Hanna : ADF III 112 [c. 3-VII-1486] Carta de Inocêncio VII [Papal authorization] avalizando a expedição à Graciosa ADF III 125 [21-IX-1489] Minuta de um apontamento secreto [Secret annotation by the Conde de Borba] para uma inquirição em Arzila acerca da conduta do conde de Borba ADF III 143 [?-?-c. 1495]

Resumo das relações [Negotiations to take Larache] entre o conde de Borba e Mulei Xeque ADF III 144 [?-?-c. 1495] Carta do conde de Borba [Negotiations to take Larache part II] sobre as negociações com Mulei Xeque acerca de Larache ADF III 158 [30-XI-

1497]

The sources

Carta do Cardeal de Portugal [Portugal cardinal in the Holy See], D. Jaime ao príncipe D. João II PL 12 [4-XI1480]

Carta de quitação de D. Manuel a Gaspar Pereira enviado a Xios (Chios) na Turquia [Portuguese agent in ottoman territory] PL 13 [14-III-1499]

Carta de seguro de um mês que El-Rei concedeu a

todos os homiziados que foram na armada contra o Turco [another army against the Turk] PL 14 [7-I-1502]

The sources

A subliminal presence? • Is there any connection whatsoever between the threat posed by the Turk and 15th century Portuguese political agents?

• Although the alarm is triggered in the early 16th century with Egypt’s conquest (1517), was there a structured plan to face the Turk?