International Journal of Business and Globalisation Volume 6, Issue 3-4, 2011, Pages 251-291
Measuring entrepreneurial activity in low-teledensity countries Frederick, H.a , Haslett, S.b , Wolfgramm, T.c , Finau, A.d a
Centre for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Community, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Melbourne 3125, Australia b Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4422, New Zealand c Creatrix kaha'Utonga Consulting, University of Auckland Business School, P.O. Box 693, Oneroa, Waiheke Island, Auckland, New Zealand
Abstract In 2009, a team of 38 researchers carried out the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey of social and business entrepreneurial activity in the Kingdom of Tonga. The GEM survey estimates the proportion of the population involved in business and social start-ups and new firm creation. This paper describes not the results of the survey but rather the methodology employed. Because Tonga is spread out over a swath of the Pacific Ocean, the team faced challenges in terms of survey design, field work, logistics, and quality control. To meet the standards of rigour, we designed a 'ruggedised method' for measuring entrepreneurial activity. Countries with a teledensity threshold of less than 30% (fixed lines per 100 inhabitants) present serious challenges to survey designers. The study discusses questionnaire preparation, recruitment and training of interviewers as well as survey design issues such as sample size, response rate, sampling weights, and lessons learned. The report will assist other teams in measuring entrepreneurial activity in low-teledensity countries and provides guidelines when the study is repeated elsewhere. The study also proposes a way forward to incorporate new technologies such as tablet PCs, GPS, and GIS to address the dilemmas of measuring entrepreneurial activity in low-teledensity countries. Copyright © 2013 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
Author keywords GEM; Global Entrepreneurship Monitor; Household survey; Small island developing states; Survey research methodology; Teledensity entrepreneurship; Tonga ISSN: 17533627 Source Type: Journal Original language: English DOI: 10.1504/IJBG.2011.039388Document Type: Article
References (44) 1 (2009) Gather TM AED-SATELLIFE http://www.healthnet.org/sites/default/files/GATHER.pdf 2 Annan, K. (2003) Secretary-general Launches Commission on Private Sector and Development at Headquarters Press Briefing. Cited 3 times. www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2003/UNDPbrf.doc.htm 3 Audretsch, D.B. (2002) Entrepreneurship: A Survey of the Literature. Cited 108 times. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris 4 Audretsch, D.B., Thurik, R., Verheul, I., Wennekers, S. (2002) Entrepreneurship Determinants and Policy in A European-US Comparison. Cited 100 times. Kluwer Academic, Boston 5 Bartley, J.B., Ferris, D.G., Allmond, L.M., Dickman, E.D., Dias, J.K., Lambert, J. Personal digital assistants used to document compliance of bacterial vaginosis treatment (2004) Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 31 (8), pp. 488-491. Cited 9 times. doi: 10.1097/01.olq.0000135990.21755.51
6 Bernard, H.R. (1995) Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 2nd Ed.. Cited 1242 times. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA 7 Bobula, J.A., Anderson, L.S., Riesch, S.K., Canty-Mitchell, J., Duncan, A., Kaiser-Krueger, H.A., Brown, R.L., (...), Angresano, N. Enhancing survey data collection among youth and adults: Use of handheld and laptop computers (2004) CIN - Computers Informatics Nursing, 22 (5), pp. 255-265. Cited 25 times. 8 Bosma, N., Levie, J. (2010) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2009 Global Report. Cited 417 times. Babson College (USA), Universidad de Desarrollo (Chile), Reykyavik University (Iceland) 9 Brick, J.M., Dipko, S., Presser, S., Tucker, C., Yuan, Y. Nonresponse bias in a dual frame sample of cell and landline numbers (2006) Public Opinion Quarterly, 70 (5), pp. 780-793. Cited 50 times. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfl031 10 Byass, P., Hounton, S., Ouédraogo, M., Somé, H., Diallo, I., Fottrell, E., Emmelin, A., (...), Meda, N. Direct data capture using hand-held computers in rural Burkina Faso: Experiences, benefits and lessons learnt (2008) Tropical Medicine and International Health, 13 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 25-30. Cited 17 times. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02084.x 11 Carree, M., Thurik, R. Industrial structure and economic growth (1999) Innovation, Industry Evolution, and Employment, pp. 86-110. Cited 51 times. D.B. Audretsch and A.R. Thurik (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K, New York
12 Denton, C. (2005) National Representative Report - Costa Rica/Central America 13 Dillman, D.A. (2005) Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 1st Ed., 3. Cited 9 times. Elsevier, Oxford 14 Donner, J. The use of mobile phones by microentrepreneurs in Kigali, Rwanda: Changes to social and business networks (2006) Information Technologies & International Development, 3 (2), pp. 3-19. Cited 79 times. 15 Donovan, R.J., Holman, C.D.J., Corti, B., Jalleh, G. Face-to-face household interviews versus telephone interviews for health surveys (1997) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 21 (2), pp. 134-140. Cited 33 times. 16 Escandon, I.N., Searing, H., Goldberg, R., Duran, R., Arce, J.M. The use of PDAs to collect baseline survey data: Lessons learned from a pilot project in Bolivia (2008) Global Public Health, 3 (3), pp. 93-104. Cited 2 times. 17 Finau, A. (2009) Interview with Government Statistician, Kingdom of Tonga (Interview with Government Statistician, Kingdom of Tonga Ed.) Nuku'alofa, Tonga 18 Fu, Y.-C., Chu, Y.-H. Different survey modes and international comparisons (2007) Handbook of Public Opinion Research, pp. 284-293. Cited 5 times.
W. Donsbach and M.W. Traugott (Eds.), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 19 Garritty, C., El Emam, K. Who's using PDAs? Estimates of PDA use by health care providers: A systematic review of surveys (2006) Journal of Medical Internet Research, 8 (2), art. no. e7. Cited 118 times. http://www.jmir.org/2006/2/e7/?pdf doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.2.e7 20 Greenfield, S. Medication error reduction and the use of PDA technology (2007) Journal of Nursing Education, 46 (3), pp. 127-131. Cited 44 times. Encontrar texto completo Order Document 21 Grosh, M.E., Glewwe, P. (2000) Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for Developing Countries: Lessons from 15 Years of the Living Standards Measurement Study. Cited 123 times. World Bank, Washington, D.C 22 Groves, R.M. (1988) Telephone Survey Methodology. Cited 201 times. J. Wiley, New York 23 Harkness, J.A., Vijver, F.J.R.V.D., Mohler, P.P. (2003) Cross-Cultural Survey Methods. Cited 206 times. J. Wiley, Hoboken, N.J 24 Hudson, K., Kirk, J.A., Kimmeth-Buell, M. PDAs in clinical practice (2009) Nursing Management, 40 (3), pp. 41-43. Cited 2 times.
25 (2010) Teledensity of Countries/Territories International Telecommunication Union http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/com3/focus/72404.html 26 Keeter, S. (2007) How Serious Is Polling's Cell-Only Problem?. Cited 2 times. accessed on 10 February2010 http://pewresearch.org/pubs/515/polling-cell-only-problem 27 Kempf, A.M., Remington, P.L. New challenges for telephone survey research in the twenty-first century (2007) Annual Review of Public Health, 28, pp. 113-126. Cited 166 times. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144059 28 (2001) Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2000/2001 Kingdom of Tonga, S.D. Unpublished manuscript, Nuku'alofa 29 Kish, L. (1965) Survey Sampling J. Wiley, New York 30 Krishnamurthy, R., Frolov, A., Wolkon, A., Vanden Eng, J., Hightower, A. Application of pre-programmed PDA devices equipped with global GPS to conduct paperless household surveys in rural Mozambique. (2006) AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings / AMIA Symposium. AMIA Symposium, p. 991. Cited 3 times. Encontrar texto completo Order Document 31
Leeuw, E.D., Hox, J.J., Dillman, D.A. (2008) International Handbook of Survey Methodology. Cited 88 times. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York, NY 32 (2001) OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard: Towards A Knowledge-Based Economy. Cited 66 times. OECD, 2001 ed., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Economic Analysis and Statistics Division, Paris 33 Salmon, C.T., Nichols, J.S. The next-birthday method of respondent selection (1983) Public Opinion Quarterly, 47 (2), pp. 270-276. Cited 149 times. doi: 10.1086/268785 34 Scheaffer, R.L., Mendenhall, W., Ott, L. (1990) Elementary Survey Sampling, 4th Ed.. Cited 654 times. PWS-Kent, Boston 35 Silver, N. (2008) The Cellphone Problem accessed on 10 February 2010 http://www.fivethirtyeight.com/2008/07/cellphone-problem-revisited.html 36 Thulasingam, M., Cheriyath, P.K. Telephone survey as a method of data collection in South India (2008) Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 33 (4), pp. 268-270. Cited 3 times. 37 (2008) Designing Household Survey Samples: Practical Guidelines. Cited 16 times. United Nations, Statistical Division, United Nations, New York
38 (2010) Criteria for Identification of LDCs. Cited 2 times. United Nations http://www.unohrlls.org/en/ldc/related/59/ 39 Vanden Eng, J.L., Wolkon, A., Frolov, A.S., Terlouw, D.J., Eliades, M.J., Morgah, K., Takpa, V., (...), Hightower, A.W. Use of handheld computers with global positioning systems for probability sampling and data entry in household surveys (2007) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77 (2), pp. 393-399. Cited 49 times. 40 Vernez, D., Poffet, J., Besrour, A. Handheld-assisted field data collection for occupational risk assessment (2004) International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 10 (4), pp. 399-410. Cited 4 times. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2004.11076624 41 Vicente, P., Reis, E., Santos, M. Using mobile phones for survey research a comparison with fixed phones (2009) International Journal of Market Research, 51 (5), pp. 613-633. Cited 19 times. doi: 10.2501/S1470785309200852 42 Wennekers, S., Thurik, R. Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth (1999) Small Business Economics, 13 (1), pp. 27-55. Cited 565 times. 43 Wong, P.K., Ho, Y.P., Autio, E. Entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth: Evidence from GEM data (2005) Small Business Economics, 24 (3), pp. 335-350. Cited 307 times. doi: 10.1007/s11187-005-2000-1
44 (2009) The Global Competitiveness Report. Cited 692 times. World Economic Forum, World Economic Forum, Geneva Frederick, H.; Centre for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Community, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Australia; email:
[email protected] © Copyright 2013 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
