7th IWA International Conference on Efficient Use and Management of Water (Efficient 2013) Paris, France. 22-25 October 2013
Integrating water efficiency into energy programmes – a case study from policy to implementation Aaron Hugh Burton1* 1*
Ricardo-AEA, 14th Floor Marble Arch Tower, 55 Bryanston Street, London, W1H 7AA,
[email protected]
ABSTRACT Water is a key medium through which we feel the impacts of climate change as well as a key driver through emissions from supply, use and disposal. Water and energy are clearly linked, however these policy areas have evolved separately in the UK and internationally. Heating hot water in the home (excluding central heating) accounts 5% of annual carbon dioxide emissions in in the UK. This correlates with findings from Australia, the USA and Canada. A policy cycle approach has been utilised to present the development of evidence and policy options through to implementation of joint water and energy efficiency programmes in Wales. The challenge of influencing policy and programmes to integrate water and energy efficiency in Wales and actions taken are discussed. Results of cost-benefit modelling and the pilot studies are presented. Future options and the implications for both the UK and internationally of enabling the carbon dioxide mitigation potential of combined water and energy efficiency are discussed. KEYWORDS: behaviour change, climate change, energy efficiency, retrofit, water efficiency, water policy
INTRODUCTION Water has been recognised as a key medium through which we will feel the effects of climate change (SIWI 2009). This is true even for a traditionally water rich country such as Wales, with predictions of 50-80% less river flows in summer by 2050 and an increase in household demand of 2.8% from climate change alone (Environment Agency 2009). Further pressures include 200,000 new homes by 2025 and 80% of existing less-efficient homes remaining by 2050 (Burton 2011). The latest draft Water Resources Management Plan prepared by Dwr Cymru Welsh Water has identified several water resource zones where there will not be enough supply to meet demand due to climate change risks and improved forecasting. Additionally, the water resource zone supplying the population centres of the capital city Cardiff and surrounds supplying 1.5million people is only marginally in surplus (Dwr Cymru Welsh Water 2013). A key contributor to climate change is water supply, use and disposal. Recent research in the UK and internationally is identifying the clear links between water, energy use and carbon emissions with significant mitigation potential that can help promote adaptation through combined water and energy efficiency.
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The links between water and energy efficiency The Water Resources Strategy for Wales identified that 89% of carbon emissions from the water supply-use-disposal system occur through heating water in the home (excluding central heating). This is equivalent to 5% of UK emissions (Environment Agency 2009) and around 25% of household bills are spent on heating water. This compares with international aviation accounting for 6% of UK CO2 emissions (Clarke et al. 2009). A comparison of emissions from water in the home with emissions external to the home is illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Carbon emissions associated with domestic water consumption (Environment Agency Wales & Energy Saving Trust 2012)
This research correlates with findings in Australia that the provision of urban water services uses relatively little energy compared to heating water for residential and non-residential purposes. The report also observed that the energy used by water utilities in 2006/07 could have been offset by a 15% reduction in residential hot water use (Kenway et al. 2008). This has been taken forward in Western Australia with the Water Forever Strategy identifying that five times more energy is used heating residential water than for provision of all water and wastewater services to metropolitan Perth. The target to reduce water use by 15% by 2030 was seen as contributing to reducing energy use (Water Corporation 2010). Additional research on indirect water-energy links in Australia found water-related energy use accounted for 13% of total electricity use and 18% of natural gas use. Residential water use accounted for 45% of water-related energy use in cities and 35% of household greenhouse gas emissions (Kenway 2013). An extensive literature review describing macro-level links between water and energy as well as micro-level issues related to demand management options, which includes several US case studies, was undertaken for the CSIRO (Monique Retamal et al. 2008). A more recent study identified that water-related energy use is equivalent to 13% of electricity use and 5% of US carbon emissions or equivalent to 62 coal fired power plants (Griffiths-Sattenspiel, B. & Aaron Burton, Integrating water efficiency into energy programmes – a case study from policy to implementation, 2
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Wilson, W. 2009). Additionally, a Canadian study has observed that 40% of Ontario’s natural gas and 12% of electricity use is associated with generating steam and pumping, treating, and heating water (Mass 2010). What does this link mean for policy and practice? The UK Climate Change Act 2008 set a target of an 80 per cent cut in greenhouse gas emissions from a 1990 baseline by 2050. Under this Act the Welsh Government have developed a 3% annual carbon emission reduction target for areas of devolved administration, including water and household energy use (Wales & Welsh Assembly Government 2010). Fuel poverty, spending more than 10% of net income on energy costs, affects 30% of households or 360,000 homes in Wales (Welsh Government 2013). Water and energy are clearly linked, however policy development and operational issues for these two areas have evolved separately. The carbon emission mitigation potential of combined water and energy efficiency can enable adaptation responses through more cost effective delivery of water efficiency using existing energy and household retrofit programmes. Therefore a key policy issue in Wales has been how to best integrate water and energy efficiency within retrofitting, communication and broader climate change strategies and programmes.
METHODS Policy Cycle Approach Integrating water and energy efficiency is a multi-actor problem that presents many challenges from a policy development perspective and even more so when seeking to create partnerships to deliver joint programmes. The policy cycle approach can provide useful framework for assessing the progress towards this aim, however the reality of the process is that it is iterative and does not occur as presented. The UK Government guidance favours a ROAMEF (rationale, objectives, appraisal, monitoring, evaluation, feedback) approach (HM Treasury 2011). However, I have presented the progress on water and energy efficiency policy in Wales according to the Australian Policy Cycle as this provides several additional stages in which to break down the elements of the approach (Bridgman & Davis 2003). The key policy cycle stages with documents and events within these leading towards greater integration of water and energy efficiency in Wales are presented in Figure 2. This paper provides a high level narrative of developing integrated water and energy efficiency rather than a policy or programme evaluation. Further information on specific pilots and programmes is available from the references.
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7th IWA International Conference on Efficient Use and Management of Water (Efficient 2013) Paris, France. 22-25 October 2013
Figure 2. Policy cycle approach to developing integrated water and energy efficiency in Wales
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Identify Issues Initial findings indicating 90% of emission being related to heating hot water in the home arose in the research module The greenhouse gas implications of future water resources for the Environment Agency Water Resources Strategy development (Environment Agency 2008). The Water Resources Strategy for Wales Action Plan included the following actions to further integrate water and energy efficiency (Environment Agency 2010): Work with the Energy Saving Trust to advise the Welsh Assembly Government and others to ensure that water and energy efficiency are considered together in future retrofit programmes such as the Home Energy Efficiency Scheme and the Welsh Housing Quality Standard Look to work with other organisations to encourage behavioural change as a way of increasing water efficiency and at the same time reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the home Advise the Welsh Assembly Government on the options for retrofit programmes in new and existing buildings to reduce the amount of water used in the home Policy Analysis Aaron Burton, Integrating water efficiency into energy programmes – a case study from policy to implementation, 4
7th IWA International Conference on Efficient Use and Management of Water (Efficient 2013) Paris, France. 22-25 October 2013
Following the initial identification of carbon emissions from heating hot water in the home, additional research was commissioned jointly by the Environment Agency and the Energy Saving Trust. A major issue identified is that as energy efficiency is addressed in homes, heating hot water becomes a proportionally greater source of emissions that will need to be addressed at a later stage (Clarke et al. 2009). With the focus on energy retrofit programmes only at the Wales and UK level this had the potential implication that once savings from space heating are attained another round of visits will be required to address heating hot water and also water efficiency requirements linked to projected water scarcity. Energy and water policy has evolved separately and the potential for combining retrofit programmes was investigated in a joint report by the Environment Agency and the Energy Efficiency Partnership for Homes (Environment Agency & Energy Efficiency Partnership for Homes 2011). The separate policy, regulation, financial incentives, retrofit and labelling programmes, and home information auditing schemes for energy and water were assessed. This analysis identified areas where there is already integration (e.g. the Market Transformation Programme) or potential for better integration (e.g. Arbed area based energy retrofit programme in Wales). The Independent Review of Charging for Household Water and Sewerage Services (Walker Review) includes several recommendations to improve the links between water efficiency and energy use. A key recommendation was extension of the Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (HEES) addressing fuel poverty and the Welsh Housing Quality Standard (WHQS) for social housing refurbishment to provide targeted water efficiency measures and benefit entitlement checks to low income customers (Walker Review 2009). The Sustainable Homes housing strategy (2009) identified a range of issues related to energy efficiency, however these also apply strongly to water efficiency: “Only a small proportion of the current 1.3 million homes in Wales have a full set of energy efficiency measures such as double glazing and cavity wall insulation.” “Only 0.6% of the housing stock in Wales is replaced with new-build every year, making a focus on the existing stock essential.” “There is scope to improve the environmental sustainability of the 17% of all housing stock that is social housing.” Water companies in Wales have baseline water efficiency targets of 1 litre per property per day (e.g. 1.31Ml/d for Welsh Water). More recently a flexible mechanism has been announced allowing water companies to contribute to a joint fund for water efficiency research to reduce their target (Ofwat 2012b). A major limiting factor for water companies is that they often have little contact with customers beyond billing and this increases the costs on in-home water efficiency projects can lead to simple mail-out programmes only. Therefore, working in partnership with others already in the home may improve cost effectiveness of water efficiency. Policy Instruments The Welsh Government’s Fuel Poverty Strategy (Welsh Assembly Government 2010a) and Sustainable Homes Strategy (Welsh Assembly Government 2010b) further identified the need Aaron Burton, Integrating water efficiency into energy programmes – a case study from policy to implementation, 5
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to address energy affordability. These strategies provided for retrofit programmes in Wales to address this problem whilst reducing carbon emissions. The Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (HEES) as well as the arbed phase 1 area based retrofit programmes were identified as key programmes for potential water and energy efficiency integration. However, there was a need to influence the policy development and regulations behind these schemes before procurement and implementation in order to enable water efficiency. As a result the focus moved to the new fuel poverty scheme (Nest) and arbed phase 2. Social housing accounts for 17% of all properties in Wales. The Welsh Housing Quality Standard is driving a high level of refurbishment activity in social housing across Wales. Between 2012 and 2015, approximately 32% of social housing in Wales will be assessed and refurbished as part of this standard, presenting an opportunity to visit over 70,000 homes and implement cost-effective water and energy efficiency measures (Environment Agency Wales & Energy Saving Trust 2012). Building regulations were also identified as being devolved to the Welsh Government in December 2011. PART L (conservation of fuel and power) would be devolved first with changes to support targets low carbon homes. This was recognised as a key opportunity to improve the baseline standard for the 5,500 new homes built annually (Tucker 2012). Consultation Welsh Government Energy Programmes (Nest and Arbed) The WEMLite model (Clarke et al. 2009) was used to develop a cost-benefit analysis of water efficiency within energy programmes in Wales. The modelling included assumptions based on the energy supply mix of Welsh housing stock. Table 1 outlines the significant savings in household water and energy bills that could be achieved by integrating water efficiency into arbed and the new fuel poverty scheme. The reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from heating less water in the home and from the supply, treatment and disposal of less water are also presented. The headline result was that a saving of £80-120 per year could be attained by metered households based on water and energy efficiency with a payback period for the Welsh Government of around 2 years (Burton 2012). Table 1. Costs and benefits of water efficiency within energy retrofit programmes Nest or Arbed Phase 2 Assumed number of homes targeted
5,000
Potential water and energy bill savings per household (home with water meter)
£80-£120 / yr
Potential energy bill saving per household (home with no water meter)
£25-43 / yr
Approximate investment required per household (advice and water retrofit) Total potential bill savings
£95 £220,000/yr
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Total potential household CO2 reduction Water supply benefits Potential water company emissions saving Estimated programme cost Payback period
580 tCO2/yr 96 mega litres water/yr (52.6 litres/property/day) 100 tCO2e/yr £475,000 2.2 years
This modelling was presented to Welsh Government policy officials from the energy efficiency and fuel poverty teams. Subsequently they asked for this information to be conveyed in a letter to the Minister for Environment Sustainability and Housing (then Jane Davidson). The Ministers’ response was “I was very interested to see your figures on the potential savings that can be achieved on energy bills and the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions through the provision of water efficiency advice and retrofit measures” (Burton 2011). Devolved Building Regulations A similar modelling exercise was undertaken to make the case for increased water and energy efficiency in the devolved building regulations. The Low/Zero Carbon Hub and Construction Excellence Wales were funded to support the evidence base and consultation around the building regulations (Construction Excellence Wales 2013). As such the modelling was presented to the LZCH board and subsequently at a business breakfast including the heads of department for building regulation and energy efficiency. Based on the Water Energy Model current regulation in Wales of Code for Sustainable Homes level 3 would reduce energy and water costs by £24/yr. However moving to AECB Best Practice fittings based approaches would save £48/year increasing to £182 with behaviour change. Annual savings of £260,000 a year or £11.8m by 2020 could be achieved if all 5,500 new homes per year met higher standards. With changes to water using behaviours also this could reach £44m by 2020.This could save 20,000 tonnes CO2e by 2020 with best practice standards and 87,000 tonnes if behaviour change is included also (Tucker 2012). The difference between behaviour and technology measures correlates with Kenway (2013). Coordination Housing Association Pilot Study. A need to trial implementation of an integrated water and energy efficiency approach was recognised. The Energy Saving Trust was already piloting this through an EU funded programme (Energy Saving Trust 2012) and the Environment Agency in partnership with Dwr Cymru Welsh Water co-funded application of this at the household level in Wales. Social housing was identified as it makes up 17% of total housing in Wales and there would be dual benefits of carbon and water savings as well as reducing bills for vulnerable customers. Between January and July 2011 the project delivered advice on water and energy use links to 125 tenants using the EST Water Energy Calculator (Energy Saving Trust 2013), 101 follow-up visits, retrofitted 55 homes and 15 of these received an advice visit also (13 had a second visit).
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A key lesson from this project was on engagement approaches and take-up with less than 1% for letters, 7% for door-knocking, 11-7% with phone appointments, and 27% for retrofit and behaviour change. The EST Water Energy Calculator was used to provide both baseline data and modelled results. Average consumption was 135 l/p/d, averaged metered water costs were £333 per household, and the cost of energy to heat hot water was £138 per year. Based on actions identified an average saving of 31 l/p/d could be achieved with an average bill saving of £34 and total savings of £4472 for all households in the project. This was awarded the runner-up Exemplar Project in Wales for the UK Water Efficiency Awards 2012 (Waterwise 2012). A key outcome of the wider project in Wales, England and Scotland was that although in-home advice reached fewer householders it achieved far greater reductions in water and energy use (Energy Saving Trust 2011). LivingWise Cardiff. Following the lessons learned on engagement approaches an individualised marketing based approach was selected based on results in Australia (Government of Western Australia 2012) for water and wider benefits achieved in the UK. A 76% uptake rate on the 1000 households engaged was based on the approach of offering choice and segmenting within the project rather than pre-segmenting and targeting specific changes. Another feature of this project was targeting based on water and energy use, which resulted in a more affluent area of Cardiff being selected based on high use on both metrics. Decision Follow-up work with policy officials led to the inclusion of water efficiency within the Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (Wales) Regulations 2011. This includes under the purposes for which a grant may be approved (Welsh Government 2011): 6. –(1) An application for a grant may be approved if it relates to one or more of the following purposes— …(N) THE PROVISION OF WATER-SAVING MEASURES; Implementation Arbed Phase 2. Meetings were held with policy officials, programme managers, water companies and delivery organisations for both Nest and Arbed. This enabled an open discussion of approaches for water companies to work with these programmes to more costeffectively meet their water efficiency targets. Additionally, delivery organisations felt these measures added value to their programmes. It was agreed that the water companies would provide water efficient devices to the programmes as long as it was reported where they were being fitted. Another complexity was the stage that they were to be delivered in the programme – initial site visit, installation, or check and evaluation visits. Welsh Housing Quality Standard. The delivery of water and energy installations during this large-scale refurbishment programme could save up to £120 on household bills annually by specifying water-efficient equipment and installing simple water saving measures, like water-efficient taps and showers (based on the Water Energy Model). This could see a £3.5m annual saving on water and energy bills is all social housing had water-efficient taps, toilets and showers fitted. Emissions may be reduced by 22,000 tonnes CO2e/yr. As such a guidance document was produced on water and energy efficiency for WHQS retrofit programmes covering “why save water?” and Aaron Burton, Integrating water efficiency into energy programmes – a case study from policy to implementation, 8
7th IWA International Conference on Efficient Use and Management of Water (Efficient 2013) Paris, France. 22-25 October 2013
“what can social housing providers do?” (Environment Agency Wales & Energy Saving Trust 2012). The Energy Saving Trust were funded by the Welsh Government to launch this guidance and roll it out across Wales in 2012/13. Evaluation The projected savings utilised in policy development within these programmes have been primarily based on the Water Energy Model. A range of limitations arise in terms of targeting metered customers only in order to be able to assess savings (since only 30% of households are metered in Wales). Issues also arise in terms of who is responsible for evaluation and who can claim the water and energy savings. Reporting for Ofwat’s water efficiency targets only required the number of devices to be installed matched against assumptions on the volume of water saved (Ofwat 2012a). Policy strategies and transitions There is a growing literature around policy strategies for water transitions. One approach that has been applied considers policy entrepreneurs as critical in this process with five generic strategies identified around (1) developing new ideas; (2) building coalitions and selling ideas; (3) recognising and exploiting windows of opportunity; (4) orchestrating and managing networks; and (5) recognising, exploiting, creating and/or manipulating multiple venues in modern societies (Huitema et al. 2011). This alternative view of the policy transition process also fits with the case of integrating water and energy efficiency in Wales. The building of a coalition between the Environment Agency and the Energy Saving Trust and subsequently Welsh Water and Construction Excellence Wales was a key enabler for this wider policy area to be investigated, pilots to be undertaken and to reach a wider audience than traditionally targeted for water efficiency (i.e. the construction industry, housing associations etc.). Huetima et al. (2011) also raise the concept of the policy window and rather than extreme events such as drought or flooding or even changes of Ministers, the joint actions in this case study were directed towards fuel poverty and carbon emission reduction as Government priorities. An alternative approach has been presented in relation to transitions to Water Sensitive Urban Design in Australia. This has been developed into nine key enabling factors as adapted for the case of integrating water and energy efficiency in Table 2 below. This identified several areas that could have been improved upon, including more direct inclusion of the costs and benefits for accountability within programmes at an earlier stage and ensuring binding targets and the cost/ benefits of this are understood and shared between stakeholders. Additionally, the actions of champions within the Environment Agency and the Energy Saving trust were essential to drive forward this key policy issue in Wales to enable water efficiency and the wider benefits this brings. Table 2. The nine key enabling factors for fostering technological diffusion – adapted from (CRC for Water Sensitive Cities 2013) 1. Socio-political capital 6. Bridging organisations Community, media and political capital on Construction Excellence Wales and the Low/ issues brought in from wider than water (fuel Zero Carbon Hub Aaron Burton, Integrating water efficiency into energy programmes – a case study from policy to implementation, 9
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poverty, carbon emissions). 2. Champions Environment Agency, Energy Saving Trust, Welsh Government (Fuel Poverty and Energy Efficiency) 3. Accountability Undertaken within the government policy and planning context. 4. Trusted and reliable science Joint Environment Agency and EST published research and modelling 5. Market receptivity Business case developed for Government as well as informally when negotiating with energy retrofit scheme providers.
7. Binding targets Water Efficiency Targets and Energy Company Obligations/ Retrofit programme targets. 8. Strategic funding points Home Energy Efficiency Scheme, Arbed, Supporting Sustainable Living Grant Scheme 9. Demonstration projects Housing Association Pilot Project LivingWise Cardiff
CONCLUSIONS This paper provides a high level overview of the policy development and implementation of approaches to integrate water and energy efficiency in Wales. A number of lessons can be learned from this experience that not only apply in the UK/ Europe but also in the USA, Australia and more widely. Overall the process achieved integration of water efficiency into energy programmes at a policy level and within the arbed phase 2 programme. From the perspective of influencing policy development it was essential to be able to provide the evidence in a suitable form for policy makers. In the case of integrating water efficiency within existing/ proposed energy retrofit programmes this requires a sufficient cost benefit assessment within this context. Additionally, the key benefits of reducing fuel poverty and carbon emissions have been effective at driving these wider benefits of water efficiency programmes. A lack of ownership of water efficiency has been a generally recognised issue in the UK (Walker Review 2009). This also occurred within the policy and programme in terms of the lack of support for more thorough evaluation beyond modelled results, joint branding and partnerships, and setting a wider message from government. The pilot results were of particular interest and support the greatest behaviour change and water and energy efficiency from in-home programmes. Further lessons for integrating water and energy efficiency have been developed in relation to the Green Deal, a UK level energy retrofit programme (Waterwise & Energy Saving Trust 2012). Integration needs to begin earlier to gain greater buy-in and avoid it being a less effective addition to current programmes. A wider level of integration can be considered by the concept of Water Sensitive Cities, initially developed in Australia (CRC for Water Sensitive Cities 2013) and gaining in strength in the UK (CIRIA 2013). However this raises additional questions on the role of water (and energy efficiency) measures compared with new decentralised supplies. The overall carbon balance of Water Sensitive Urban Design and water sensitive cities should be further considered for both retrofit programmes and new developments. Aaron Burton, Integrating water efficiency into energy programmes – a case study from policy to implementation, 10
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT I’d like to acknowledge Environment Agency Wales (now Natural Resources Wales) for funding evidence programmes to support policy changes in this area (Bob Vaughan, Alun Attwood and Ceri Davies). I’d also like to thank my partners at the Energy Saving Trust including Dilys Burrell for our joint advice to the Welsh Government and Andrew Tucker on co-funding evidence projects and modelling for the devolved building regulations. Also, Ricardo-AEA for funding the opportunity to present this paper.
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7th IWA International Conference on Efficient Use and Management of Water (Efficient 2013) Paris, France. 22-25 October 2013 50dc802554eb38a24458b98ff72d550b.r19.cf3.rackcdn.com/geho0511btsr-e-e.pdf [Accessed August 12, 2013]. Environment Agency Wales & Energy Saving Trust, 2012. Guidance on water and associated energy efficiency for the Welsh Housing Quality Standard for retrofit programmes, Government of Western Australia, 2012. Living Smart Households (Sustainability program) - Monitoring and Evaluation (January 2012), Available at: www.transport.wa.gov.au/mediaFiles/marine/AT_LS_P_Monitor_Eval_Summary_Report.pdf [Accessed September 4, 2013]. Griffiths-Sattenspiel, B. & Wilson, W., 2009. The Carbon Footprint of Water. Available at: http://www.rivernetwork.org/sites/default/files/The%20Carbon%20Footprint%20of%20WaterRiver%20Network-2009.pdf [Accessed January 7, 2010]. HM Treasury, 2011. The Magenta Book - Guidance for Evaluation, London: HM Treasury. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/220542/magenta_book_c ombined.pdf [Accessed August 6, 2013]. Huitema, D., Lebel, L. & Meijerink, S., 2011. The strategies of policy entrepreneurs in water transitions around the world. Water Policy, 13(5), pp.717–733. Kenway, S.J. et al., 2008. Energy use in the provision and consumption of urban water in Australia and New Zealand. Available at: http://www.clw.csiro.au/publications/waterforahealthycountry/2008/wfhc-urbanwater-energy.pdf [Accessed September 11, 2010]. Kenway, S.J., 2013. The Water-energy Nexus and Urban Metabolism-Connections in Cities, Available at: http://www.urbanwateralliance.org.au/publications/UWSRA-tr100.pdf [Accessed August 16, 2013]. Mass, C., 2010. Ontario’s Water-Energy Nexus. Available at: http://poliswaterproject.org/sites/default/files/nexus-exec_final_2.pdf [Accessed December 2, 2010]. Monique Retamal et al., 2008. Water Energy Nexus - Literature Review. Available at: http://www.isf.uts.edu.au/publications/retamaletal2009wenlitreview.pdf [Accessed March 6, 2011]. Ofwat, 2012a. Estimated savings and uptake rate table. Available at: http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/regulating/gud_pro1204weffsavings.pdf [Accessed September 2, 2013]. Ofwat, 2012b. Water efficiency targets and the collaborative fund. Available at: http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/regulating/gud_pro1204weffcollaborative.pdf [Accessed August 19, 2013]. Tucker, A., 2012. Water & Energy Links. Available at: http://www.cewales.org.uk/cew/wpcontent/uploads/Presentation-Andrew-Tucker.pdf [Accessed August 16, 2013]. Wales & Welsh Assembly Government, 2010. Strategaeth Cymru ar y newid yn yr hinsawdd = Climate change strategy for Wales., Caerdydd: Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru. Walker Review, 2009. Water Charging Review : Report. Available at: http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/industry/walkerreview/documents/merthyrreport.pdf [Accessed October 23, 2011]. Water Corporation, 2010. Water Forever – towards climate resilience: Summary, Perth. Available at: http://www.thinking50.com.au/files/Water_Forever__Towards_Climate_Resilience_SUMMARY_%28web%291.pdf [Accessed September 11, 2010]. Waterwise, 2012. Energy Saving Trust, Environment Agency Wales, Dwr Cymru Welsh Water, Aqualogic, Wales and West Housing Association, Valleys To Coast Housing Association – Housing Association Water Efficiency Pilot, Available at: http://www.waterwise.org.uk/data/Documents/WEA_2012_Case_Studies/Housing_Association_Water_ Efficiency_Pilot_Wales.pdf. Waterwise & Energy Saving Trust, 2012. Green Deal Guidance for the Water Sector, Available at: http://www.waterwise.org.uk/data/resources/55/Green-Deal-Guidance-for-the-Water-Sector-EST-andWaterwise-November-2012.pdf [Accessed August 16, 2013]. Welsh Assembly Government, 2010a. Fuel Poverty Strategy 2010: The Draft Home Energy Efficiency Schemes (Wales) Regulations 2010. Available at: http://wales.gov.uk/consultations/environmentandcountryside/heesregs10/?lang=en [Accessed June 8, 2011]. Welsh Assembly Government, 2010b. Improving Lives and Communities - Housing in Wales, Available at: http://wales.gov.uk/docs/desh/publications/100421housingstrategyen.pdf [Accessed September 2, 2013].
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7th IWA International Conference on Efficient Use and Management of Water (Efficient 2013) Paris, France. 22-25 October 2013 Welsh Government, 2013. Fuel poverty research reports. Available at: http://wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/energy/fuelpoverty/researchreports/?lang=en [Accessed September 6, 2013]. Welsh Government, 2011. The Home Energy Efficiency Schemes (Wales) Regulations 2011. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2011/656/regulation/6/made [Accessed August 12, 2013].
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