Hurto de automotores y estrategias contra el delito: una mirada desde la academia, el victimario y la Policía
Descripción
Hurto de automotores y estrategias contra el delito: una mirada desde la academia, el victimario y la Policía* Automobile theft and strategies against crime: a glance from the academy, the offender, and the Police Roubo de veículos automotores e estratégias contra o crime: um olhada da academia, do vitimário e da Polícia Fecha de recepción: 2013/03/12 Fecha concepto evaluación: 2013/04/29 Fecha de aprobación: 2013/05/14
Ervyn Norza-Céspedes
Yeizon Andrés Duarte-Velásquez
N&,#*+%2!%$!@2(J($3/3,#&!L![(-+(J3/3,#&G @&?(+X$!'%!/&!S3/(-#&!(%$!U&!K32+&/%-('3!/&!($->2*(.$!'%/!%P%2-(-(3!&-&'VJ(-3!%$!%/!'(*%M3!'%!%*+2&+%,(&*!L!&--(3$%*!-3$+2&!%/!'%/(+3G! :,>&/J%$+%Q!&/!'3-+32!@&J(/3!0/&L&Q!'%!/&!H$()%2*('&'!'%!/3*!W$'%*Q!L!*>!%T>(?3!'%!+2&1&P3Q!-3$!T>(%$%*!*%!%*+X!&'%/&$+&$'3!>$&!($)%*+(,&-(.$!%$!%*+&! J(*J&!/#$%&Q!'%$3J($&'&!5'($XJ(-&!'%!*(*+%J&*!%$!%/!U>2+3!'%!&>+3J3+32%*FG ISSN 1794-3108. Rev. crim., Volumen 55, número 2, mayo-agosto 2013, pp. 49-78, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
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Ervyn Norza-Céspedes; Luisa Fernanda Castillo-Romero; Yeizon Andrés Duarte-Velásquez; Giovanny Aurelio Torres-Guzmán
Abstract RU%!)&2(&1/%*!+U&+!*U3>/'!1%!&??23&-U%'!($!+U%!*+>'L!3K! &>+3J31(/%!+U%K+!32!2311%2L!&2%!('%$+(i!%'Q!&*!l%//!&*!+U%! *+2&+%,(%*!'%*(,$%'!+3!i!,U+!&,&($*+!+U(*!-2(J%G m32! *>-U! ?>2?3*%Q! &! *L*+%J&+(-! *%&2-U! l&*! -&22(%'! 3>+! +U23>,U! '(n!%2%$+! *-(%$+(i!-! '&+&1&*%*Z! &! *%J(I*+2>-+>2%'! interview was applied with people convicted in Colom1(&!K32!&>+3J31(/%!+U%K+Q!&$'!(+!l&*!%g&J($%'!($!-3$+2&*+! l(+U! +U%! %J?(2(-&/! %)('%$-%! 31+&($%'! +U23>,U! '()%2*%! &$&/L*(*! &$'! i!%/'! l32k! -&22(%'! 3>+! 1L! +U%! 06789I4:;:/+Q!
eleven variables involved in the occurrence were identii!%'b!&a!?23i!+&1(/(+LQ!1a!+%-U$3/3,LQ!-a!%&*L!/%,&/(Y&+(3$Q!'a! -2(J($&/*o!32,&$(Y&+(3$&/!/%)%/Q!%a!*%->2(+LQ!Ka!($K32J&/!*>2I )%(//&$-%Q!,a!&-+()(+L!$3'%*Q!Ua!*?%-(&/!-3$'>-+Q!(a!?%$&/+LQ! Pa! +2&$*I$&+(3$&/(+LQ! &$'! ka! ($*+2>J%$+&/(Y&+(3$Z! &! U3/(*+(-! -2(J($3/3,(-&/!)(*(3$!($+%,2&+($,!+U%!%/%J%$+*!-3$$%-+%'! +3!+U%!3-->22%$-%!l&*!i!$&//L!%g?3*%'Q!&/3$,!l(+U!-3$+23/! &-+(3$*!*>,,%*+%'!&*!&!2%*>/+!3K!+U%!J>/+()&2(%'!&$&/L*(*!3K! +U%! -2(J%G! RU%! &2+(-/%! -3$-/>'%*! l(+U! 2%-3JJ%$'&+(3$*! +U&+!J&L!1%!>*%'!($!-2(J($&/!?3/(-%!($!-3>$+2(%*!32!+%22(+3I 2(%*!&n!%-+%'!l(+U!+U(*!k($'!3K!-2(J($&/(+LG
Key words RU%K+Q!2311%2LQ!K&/*(i!-&+(3$!3K!)%U(-/%!?/&+%*Q!K&/*(i!-&+(3$!3K!)%U(-/%!'(*+($-+()%!%J1/%J*Q!-2(J($&/!?3/(-L!^73>2-%b!R%*&>23! '%!S3/#+(-&!@2(J($&/!"&+($3&J%2(-&$&!I!:"W%!'%)%J!&132'&2I*%!$3!%*+>'3!'3!K>2+3!3>! 23>13! '%! )%#->/3*! &>+3J3+32%*! %! 3! ?23P%+3! '&*! %*+2&+VI ,(&*!-3$+2&!&!%*+%!-2(J%!*p3!('%$+(i!-&'3*G!S&2&!+&/!?23?.I *(+3Q!>J&!1>*-&!*(*+%JX+(-&!K3(!K%(+&!%J!'(K%2%$+%*!1&$-3*! '%!'&'3*!-(%$+#i!-&*Q!>J&!%$+2%)(*+&!*%J(I%*+2>+>2&'&!K3(! feita a pessoas condenadas na Colômbia pelo crime do roubo de veículos automotores e foi contrastada com a %)('q$-(&! %J?#2(-&! 31+('&! %J! &$X/(*%*! '(K%2%$+%*! %! $3*! +2&1&/U3*! '3! -&J?3! K%(+3*! ?%/3! 06789I4:;:$('&'%! K3(! >*&'&! -3J3! 3! %$T>&'2&J%$+3! +%.2(-3! ?&2&! &! &$X/(*%G! @3J3! 2%*>/+&'3Q!3$Y%!)&2(X)%(*!T>%!($+%2)qJ!$3!K%$sJ%$3!K3I
2&J! ('%$+(i!-&'&*b! &a! 2%$'&Q! 1a! +%-$3/3,(&Q! -a! K&-(/('&'%! '3!/%,&/(Y&rp3Q!'a!$#)%/!32,&$(Y&-(3$&/!'3*!'%/($T>%$+%*Q! %a! *%,>2&$r&Q! Ka! )(,(/t$-(&! ($K32J&/Q! ,a! $.*! '&! &+()('&'%Q! Ua!-3$'>+&!%*?&-(&/Q!(a!?%$&/('&'%Q!Pa!+2&$*$&-(3$&/('&'%Q! ka!%!($*+2>J%$+&/(Y&rp3Z!i!$&/J%$+%Q!%g?u%!*%!>J&!)(*p3! U3/#*+(-&! -2(J($3/.,(-&! %! ($+%,2&'32&! '3*! %/%J%$+3*! )($I ->/&'3*!&3!K%$sJ%$3Q!%!&!*>,%*+p3!'&*!&ru%*!'3!-3$+23I /%!*>2,('&*!'3*!'(K%2%$+%*!+(?3*!'%! &$X/(*%!'3!-2(J%G!8J! -3$-/>*p3!*%!&?2%*%$+&J!2%-3J%$'&ru%*!T>%!?3'%J!*%2! >*&'&*!$&!?3/#+(-&!-2(J($&/Q!$3*!?*%*!3>!$3*!+%22(+.2(3*! -3J!&K%+&rp3!'%*+%!+(?3!'%!-2(J($&/('&'%G
Palavras-chave m>2+3Q!23>13Q!K&/*(i!-&rp3!'&*!?/&-&*!'%!('%$+(i!-&rp3!'%!)%#->/3*Q!K&/*(i!-&rp3!'3*!*#J13/3*!?&2&!)%#->/3*Q!?3/#+(-&!-2(J($&/! ^K3$+%b!R%*&>23!'%!?3/#+(-&!-2(J($&/!/&+($3&J%2(-&$&!I!:"W,&2%*!T>%!?32!*>*!-&2&-+%2#*+(-&*!J%'(3&J1(%$+&/%*!K&-(/(+&$!/&!-3I misión del delito.
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7%,j$!/3!2%*%M&!73/&$3!^BeDhaQ!%/!U>2+3!'%!&>+3J3+32%*!%$!@3/3J1(&! ?>%'%!>1(-&2*%!U(*+.2(-&J%$+%!%$!/&!'V-&'&!'%!/3*!-($->%$+&Q!/3!->&/! *(,$(i!-&!T>%!*%!+2&+&!'%!>$!?231/%J&!T>%!'&+&!'%!JX*!'%!hA!&M3*G
Con el propósito de avanzar en la comprensión del fenómeno de hurto de automotores se realiza >$&!2%)(*(.$!*(*+%JX+(-&!'%!'(K%2%$+%*!%*+>'(3*!-2(I J($3/.,(-3*Q!'%!-32+%!$&-(3$&/!%!($+%2$&-(3$&/Q!?&2&! ('%$+(i!-&2! /3*! ?2($-(?&/%*! U&//&Y,3*! '%! -&'&! >$3! L! *%/%--(3$&2!/&*!)&2(&1/%*!-3$!J&L32!*(,$(i!-&$-(&!%$! /&!-2(J($3,V$%*(*!L!-2(J($3'($XJ(-&!'%/!'%/(+3G!S3*I teriormente se contrastó dicha construcción teórica con evidencias del comportamiento del delito en @3/3J1(&Q! &! +2&)V*! '%! '3*! K>%$+%*b! ?2(J%23Q! -(K2&*! L! &$X/(*(*! '%/! 01*%2)&+32(3! '%/! 4%/(+3! '%! /&! 4(2%-I -(.$!'%!:$)%*+(,&-(.$!@2(J($&/!%!:'(3!'%!/3*!K%$.J%$3*!'%/(-+()3*!L!/&!?23?3*(-(.$! '%!?23,2&J&*!'%1%$!%$-3$+2&2*%!*>*+%$+&'3*!%$!/&! %)('%$-(&Q! -3$! '%/(+3*! J%'('3*! -/&2&J%$+%! L! &$&/(I Y&'3*!&!?&2+(2!'%!'(*+($+&*!-&2&-+%2#*+(-&*!L!&-+32%*Q! 2&Y.$! ?32! /&! ->&/! *%! ($+%,2&23$! K>%$+%*! ?2(J&2(&*! ?&2&!&*%,>2&2!/&!?2%)%$-(.$!'%/!'%/(+3!&!?&2+(2!'%!/&! evidencia. 8/!%*+>'(3!*%!%$J&2-&!%$!%/!S23,2&J&!S0S!^S3I /(-#&! 02(%$+&'&! &! /3*! S231/%J&*aQ! %/! ->&/! ?23?3$%! T>%! /&*! ?3/#+(-&*! 5'%1%$! &13-&2*%! '%! J&$%2&! K>$I '&J%$+&/! &! -&J1(&2! /&*! -3$'(-(3$%*! T>%! '&$! />,&2! &!/3*!?231/%J&*!2%?%+(+()3*!'%!/&!'%/($->%$-(&Q!L!$3! simplemente a responder a los llamados cuando /3*!'%/(+3*!3->22%$F!^W?&2(-(3Q!%!-322%*?3$'%!&!>$&!&?>%*+&!'%/!06789I4:;:1/(-&'3*!%$!2%I )(*+&*!-(%$+#i!-&*Q!BA!&!/(123*!3!-&?#+>/3*!'%!/(123*Q!L! las 14 restantes forman parte de otros documentos ^($K32J%*Q!$3+(-(&*Q!/%L%*aG
ISSN 1794-3108. Rev. crim., Volumen 55, número 2, mayo-agosto 2013, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
4%/! +3+&/! '%! '3->J%$+3*! 2%)(*&'3*Q! ``! *%! %$I ->%$+2&$!%*-2(+3*!%$!($,/V*Q!L!*>!32(,%$!%*!?2($-(?&/I mente estadounidense o australiano. En Colombia *3/3!*%!%$-3$+2&23$!+2%*!&2+#->/3*!&-&'VJ(-3*!?>1/(I -&'3*!%$!2%)(*+&*!($'%g&'&*!L!>$!/(123Q!2%K%2('3*!&/! +%J&!%*?%-#i!-3!'%!U>2+3!&!&>+3J3+32%*G
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W*(J(*J3Q! *%! >+(/(Y&23$! '3->J%$+3*! '%! +2&1&P3! '%/!06789I4:;:/+&'3!'%!'(K%2%$+%*!&$X/(*(*!L! +2&1&P3!'%!-&J?3!-2(J($3/.,(-3!'%*&223//&'3!%$!/3*! j/+(J3*! +2%*! &M3*! *312%! %/! K%$.J%$3! '%/! U>2+3! '%! &>+3J3+32%*Z!-3$! %//3! *%! 12($'.! %/! -3$+2&*+%! '%! /&! %)('%$-(&! %J?#2(-&! '%/! '%/(+3! -3$! /&! /(+%2&+>2&! L! /&*! entrevistas a victimarios realizadas en el estudio. W!?&2+(2!'%!/&!2%)(*(.$!'%!/3*!'(K%2%$+%*!'3->J%$I +3*Q!*%!%*+&1/%-(%23$!/&*!-&+%,32#&*!JX*!2%->22%$+%*! L!&?/(-&1/%*!&/!-3$+%g+3!-3/3J1(&$3Q!L!%$!-&'&!>$&! '%!/&*!)&2(&1/%*!*%!($+%,2&23$!/3*!&?32+%*!'%!'(*+($I +3*!&>+32%*!*312%!*>!-3J?32+&J(%$+3Q!(J?32+&$-(&! o posibilidades de intervención. • Entrevistas:! %/! 31P%+()3! '%! %*+&! *%,>$'&! K&*%! J%+3'3/.,(-&! K>%! -3$+2&*+&2! /3*! 2%*>/+&'3*! '%! /&! 2%)(*(.$! 1(1/(3,2Xi!-&! -3$! /&! 2%&/('&'! '%/! K%I $.J%$3!%$!@3/3J1(&!L!U&//&2!$>%)&*!'($XJ(-&*! ?23?(&*G! S32! /3! +&$+3Q! *%! 2%&/(Y&23$! %$+2%)(*+&*! semiestructuradas a personas4 condenadas por
En total se realizaron trece entrevistas5Q!?32!>$! %T>(?3! '%! $>%)%! ?%2*3$&*! %g?%2+&*! %$! ($)%*+(,&I -(.$!-2(J($3/.,(-&Q!T>%!>+(/(Y&23$!%/!'(&2(3!'%!-&J?3! de los entrevistadores6!L!/&!*3-(&/(Y&-(.$!'%/!+2&1&P3! realizado como los insumos principales en esta se,>$'&!K&*%G "&*!-&+%,32#&*!T>%!-3$*+(+>L%23$!/&*!?2%,>$+&*! '%!/&*!%$+2%)(*+&*!K>%23$!'(2(,('&*!&b!&a!J3'>*!3?%I 2&$'(!'%/!U>2+3Q!1a!J3+()&-(.$!'%/!'%/(+3Q!-a!J%-&$(*I J3*!>+(/(Y&'3*!?&2&!%/!U>2+3Q!'a!K&-+32%*!K&-(/(+&'32%*! '%/!'%/(+3Q!%a!32,&$(Y&-(.$!'%!/&!%*+2>-+>2&!-2(J($&/Q! Ka!K&-+32%*!T>%!'(i!->/+&$!%/!U>2+3Q!,a!-&2&-+%2#*+(-&*! %*?&-(&/%*!?&2&!%/!U>2+3Q!Ua!U(*+32(&/!'%/($->%$-(&/!L! -&2&-+%2#*+(-&*!($'()('>&/%*!'%/!)(-+(J&2(3Q!(a!i!$%*!'%/! U>2+3Q!Pa!K&-+32%*!T>%!($U(1%$Q!'(*>&'%$!3!?2%)(%$%$! %/!U>2+3Q!ka!?%2-%?-(.$!'%!(J?>$('&'Q!/a!&--(3$%*!'%! /3*!32,&$(*J3*!'%!?%2*%->-(.$!P>'(-(&/!L!?%$&/G La socialización7 posterior a la aplicación de las entrevistas se estructuró alrededor de las once va2(&1/%*! U&//&'&*! %$! /&! 2%)(*(.$! 1(1/(3,2Xi!-&Q! -3$! %/! propósito de profundizar en características especíi!-&*Q!&-/&2&2!&*?%-+3*!'%!/3*!'(&2(3*!'%!-&J?3Q!-3I nocer las conclusiones de los entrevistadores frente &!-&'&!>$&!'%!/&*!)&2(&1/%*!%!($'&,&2!?32!/&*!&i!2J&I -(3$%*! 3! &-+(+>'%*! '%! /3*! -3$'%$&'3*! T>%! *%! 2%/&I -(3$&1&$!-3$!-&'&!>$&!'%!%//&*G!:,>&/J%$+%Q!-3J3! ?23'>-+3!'%!/&*!%$+2%)(*+&*Q!*%!2%'%i!$(%23$!&/,>$&*! )&2(&1/%*! L! '3->J%$+&23$! 3+2&*Q! *%,j$! /&! ($K32J&I ción aportada por los entrevistados. m($&/J%$+%Q! ?&2&! %/! &$X/(*(*! '%! /&! ($K32J&-(.$! 2%-3/%-+&'&!*%!%J?/%.!%/!*3K+l&2%!?&2&!&$X/(*(*!'%!
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Hurto de automotores y estrategias contra el delito: una mirada desde la academia, el victimario y la policía
Teorías marco del análisis: teoría de la oportunidad y teoría de la elección racional S&2&! %/! &$X/(*(*! '%! /&*! )&2(&1/%*! ('%$+(i!-&'&*! %$! %/! U>2+3! '%! &>+3J3+32%*Q! T>%! *%! '%*-2(1%$! %$! /&! ($)%*+(,&-(.$Q!*%!%J?/%&23$!/&*!+%32#&*!'%!%/%--(.$! 2&-(3$&/!L!'%!/&!3?32+>$('&'Q!?32!*>!?%2+($%$-(&!?&2&! %/! &$X/(*(*! '%! '%/(+3*! -3$+2&! /&! ?23?(%'&'! L! /&! ?3*(I 1(/('&'!'%!($+%,2&2!'()%2*3*!K&-+32%*!($x!>L%$+%*!%$! %/!'%/(+3Z!?32!+&$+3Q!+&J?3-3!($-/>L%$!/&!?3*(1(/('&'! de intervenir en el fenómeno delictual por la vía de /&!?3/#+(-&!?j1/(-&G!"&*!'3*!+%32#&*!*%/%--(3$&'&*!*%! '%*-2(1%$!&!-3$+($>&-(.$b a) Teoría de la oportunidad o teoría de las actividades rutinarias:! ?23?>%*+&! ?32! @3U%$! ]! m%/*3$! ^BeCeaQ! ?23?3$%! ($'&,&2! ?32! /&*! -(2->$*+&$-(&*! %$!/&*!T>%!*>2,%$!/3*!&-+3*!-2(J($&/%*!?2%'&+3I 2(3*G! "&! ?2($-(?&/! -3$-/>*(.$! &! /&! T>%! //%,&$! /3*! &>+32%*!%*!T>%!%/!'%/(+3!3->22%!?32!/&!-3$x!>%$-(&! %$!%/!+(%J?3!L!%/!%*?&-(3!'%!+2%*!K&-+32%*!?2($I -(?&/%*b!(a!>$!($'()('>3!J3+()&'3Q!((a!>$!31P%+()3! '%*%&1/%!L!(((a!/&!&>*%$-(&!'%!>$!,>&2'(X$!3!?23I +%--(.$!%i!-&YG !
R%$(%$'3! %$! ->%$+&! /3! &$+%2(32Q! /3*! &>+32%*! ?3*+>/&$! T>%! /&! %*+2>-+>2&! *3-(&/! ?23'>-%! %*+&! -3$)%2,%$-(&Q!T>%!?%2J(+%!&!/&*!&-+()('&'%*!(/%I ,&/%*! &/(J%$+&2*%! '%! /&*! &--(3$%*! /%,&/%*! %$! /&! )('&! -3+('(&$&G! 8$! ?&2+(->/&2Q! *3*+(%$%$! T>%! 5la dispersión de las actividades lejos de los hogares incrementa la oportunidad para el crimen y genera cifras más altas de los delitos”. El principal aporte de esta teoría se centra en el -3$+%g+3! T>%! ,%$%2&! /&! 3?32+>$('&'! ?&2&! T>%! *%! -3J%+&! >$! '%/(+3Q! L! *%! 32(%$+&! U&-(&! *>! ?2%I )%$-(.$Q!?32!J%'(3!'%!/&!($+%2)%$-(.$!%$!>$3!^3! JX*a!'%!/3*!%/%J%$+3*!'%!($P%2%$-(&G
b) Teoría de la elección racional (TER): aborda el ?23-%*3!'%!'%-(*(.$!'%!/3*!($'()('>3*Q!1&P3!/&!*>I ?3*(-(.$! '%! T>%! 5las decisiones de una persona comparten dos propiedades generales: intencionalidad y racionalidad”.
"&! ($+%$-(3$&/('&'! '%! /&! &--(.$! *%! 2%i!%2%! &! /3*! objetivos de la persona al momento de tomar deci*(3$%*Q!L!/&*!-2%%$-(&*!T>%!+(%$%!*312%!/&!-&>*&/('&'! %$+2%!/&*!&--(3$%*!T>%!%J?2%$'&!L!*>*!-3$*%->%$I -(&*G!S32!3+23!/&'3Q!/&!2&-(3$&/('&'!*%M&/&!/&!1j*T>%I '&! '%! /&! J&g(J(Y&-(.$! '%! /&! >+(/('&'! %*?%2&'&Q! '%! J&$%2&!T>%!>$&!&--(.$!2&-(3$&/8!%*!&T>%//&!T>%!*%! %/(,%!?32T>%!*>!&,%$+%!-2%%!T>%!/3*!1%$%i!-(3*!'%!/&! J(*J&!*>?%2&$!/3*!-3*+3*!^W1(+13/!]!63+%23Q!_AAcQ! pp. 134-135). "&!&?/(-&-(.$!'%!/&!R89!&/!&$X/(*(*!-2(J($3/.,(-3! profundiza en el primer elemento propuesto por @3U%$! L! m%/*3$Q! L&! T>%! /&! %g(*+%$-(&! '%! >$! ($'()(I '>3!J3+()&'3!'%?%$'%Q!%$!/&!J&L32#&!'%!/3*!-&*3*Q! '%!/3*!-3*+3*!L!1%$%i!-(3*!%*?%2&'3*!'%!>$&!&--(.$! determinada. Esta aplicación fue ampliamente ex?/32&'&!?32!@32$(*U!]!@/&2k%!^BeDhaQ!T>(%$%*!&2,>I J%$+&$!T>%!'>2&$+%!%/!?23-%*3!'%!+3J&!'%!'%-(*(.$! %/!&,2%*32!-3$*('%2&!'()%2*3*!%/%J%$+3*Q!-3J3!/3*! 1%$%i!-(3*!L!/3*!-3*+3*!?3+%$-(&/%*Q!%/!J%P32!'#&!?&2&! -3J%+%2!>$!-2(J%$Q!%/!2(%*,3!&*3-(&'3!&!-(%2+3*!/>I ,&2%*Q!%$+2%!3+23*Q!L!i!$&/J%$+%!+3J&!>$&!'%-(*(.$! 1&*&'3!%$!/&!,&$&$-(&!$%+&!3!?V2'('&!&*3-(&'&!-3$! todos estos factores. W/! 2%*?%-+3Q! N(-U&%/Q! O>//! ]! y&UJ! &$3+&$! T>%! /&!-3$'>-+&!-2(J($&/!%*!2&-(3$&/!L!+#?(-&J%$+%!*(,>%! &-+3*!'(*-%2$(1/%*!L!-&2&-+%2#*+(-3*Q!%$!/3*!T>%!*%!31I serva el ajuste de las acciones a los objetivos (tanto %*?%-#i!-3*! '%/! &-+3Q! -3J3! ,%$%2&/%*! '%! J($(J(Y&2! %*K>%2Y3!L!2(%*,3!L!J&g(J(Y&2!/&!2%-3J?%$*&aQ!-3$I '>-+&!T>%!5parece seguir siendo cierta, incluso cuan!"#!$" %#&'()%'*%$"+)%,!'"&'-")%'(&. !$"/!," ,!0.$” ^_AABQ!?G!`D_aG Los dos elementos principales del marco teórico seleccionado colocan en evidencia la presunción %$J&2-&'&! %$! T>%! /3*! -2(J($&/%*! ^?32! +2&+&2*%! '%! '%/(+3*! -3$+2&! /&! ?23?(%'&'a! &-+j&$! 2&-(3$&/J%$+%! ^&$X/(*(*!-3*+3I1%$%i!-(3aQ!%$!%/!J&2-3!'%!>$!-3$+%gI +3!%$!%/!T>%!*>!J3+()&-(.$!-3$x!>L%!-3$!>$!31P%+3! '%*%&1/%! L! /&! &>*%$-(&! '%! >$! ,>&2'(X$! %i!-&Y! ^-3$I +23/! K32J&/! 3! ($K32J&/aG! S32! /3! +&$+3Q! T>%'&$! ?32! K>%2&!'%/!&$X/(*(*!^&/!J%$3*!'%!J&$%2&!($(-(&/a!&T>%I //3*! K&-+32%*! &*3-(&'3*! &! ?&+3/3,#&*! 3! '%*.2'%$%*! ?23?(3*!'%!/3*!'%/($->%$+%*!T>%!?3'2#&$!%g?/(-&2!/&! conducta por sí mismos.
D!
"&!2&-(3$&/('&'!'%!>$&!%/%--(.$!$3!//%)&!$%-%*&2(&J%$+%!&!T>%!*>*!2%I *>/+&'3*!*%&$!/3*!'%*%&1/%*!3!T>%!2%*?3$'&$!&!>$!.?+(J3!*3-(&/G!8*+&! ('%&!*%!&J?/#&!%$!O%-U+%2!]!z&$&Y&l&!^BeeCaG
ISSN 1794-3108. Rev. crim., Volumen 55, número 2, mayo-agosto 2013, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
($K32J&-(.$! ->&/(+&+()&! W+/&*GR:Z! *%! +2&$*-2(1(%23$! /3*!'(&2(3*!'%!-&J?3!?32!*>1-&+%,32#&*!($-/>('&*!%$! %/!X213/!'%!-&+%,32#&*!'(*%M&'3!?&2&!%*+&!($)%*+(,&I -(.$Q!2%/&-(3$&'3!%$!/&*!-3$-/>*(3$%*!'%/!&2+#->/3G
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Ervyn Norza-Céspedes; Luisa Fernanda Castillo-Romero; Yeizon Andrés Duarte-Velásquez; Giovanny Aurelio Torres-Guzmán
Variables críticas para la comprensión del fenómeno “hurto de automotores” R3J&$'3! -3J3! 2%K%2%$+%! /&*! '3*! +%32#&*! %gI ?>%*+&*! &$+%2(32J%$+%Q! %*+&! *%--(.$! *($+%+(Y&! /&*! )&2(&1/%*!3!%/%J%$+3*!T>%!'%1%!+%$%2!%$!->%$+&!>$! &$&/(*+&! 3! ($)%*+(,&'32! -2(J($3/.,(-3! %$! %/! %*+>'(3! L! ?2%)%$-(.$! '%/! U>2+3! '%! &>+3J3+32%*Q! *%,j$! /3*! U&//&Y,3*! 31+%$('3*! %$! %/! -3$+2&*+%! '%! /&! 2%)(*(.$! '3->J%$+&/Q! %)('%$-(&! %J?#2(-&! '%/! 06789I4:;:$&!-/&*(i!-&-(.$!%*I +2>-+>2&'&Q!T>%!-3$'%$*&!J>-U&*!'%!%//&*Q!L!+(%$%$! >$!K>$'&J%$+3!%$!/&!+(?(i!-&-(.$!?%$&/!'%/!'%/(+39.
54
Modalidades más recurrentes descritas desde los victimarios • 5{>(%+3F! ^&+2&-3ab! -3$! %/! >*3! '%! &J%$&Y&*! *%! 31/(,&!&/!-3$'>-+32!&!&1&$'3$&2!%/!)%U#->/3Z!%*+&! '%$3J($&-(.$!?23)(%$%!'%!/&!K2&*%!'%!5T>V'%*%! T>(%+3!L!1XP%*%FQ!3!*(J(/&2%*Q!T>%!*3$!+#?(-&*!%$! esta modalidad. • 56&P3$&Y3F! 3! ($+(J('&-(.$! ^&+2&-3ab! K2%->%$+%! %$! )%U#->/3*! '%! *%2)(-(3! ?j1/(-3! ^+&g(*aQ! ?>%*+3! T>%!*%!//%)&!&/!-3$'>-+32!U&*+&!>$!*(+(3!&(*/&'3!3! ?%2(KV2(-3!L!*%!/%!31/(,&!-3$!&J%$&Y&*!&!1&P&2*%! del vehículo. • O&/&'3b! *%! 2%&/(Y&! ->&$'3! %/! -&223! %*+X! *($! ?&I *&P%23*Q! ?&2T>%&'3! %$! 1&U#&*! 3! %$! /&! -&//%Z! J%I '(&$+%! '(*+($+&*! +V-$(-&*! ^&/,>$&*! '%! /&*! ->&/%*!
e!
7%!U&$!('%$+(i!-&'3!'(*+($+&*!J3'&/('&'%*Q!/&*!->&/%*!*%!*%M&/&$!%$+2%! ?&2V$+%*(*!K2%$+%!&!/&*!J3'&/('&'%*!('%$+(i!-&'&*!?32!/3*!)(-+(J&2(3*Z! estas se reducen al uso o no de la violencia como connotaciones fun'&J%$+&/%*! %$! /&! +(?(i!-&-(.$! ?%$&/! '%! /&*! -(2->$*+&$-(&*! '%! &,2&)&I ción del delito. Las modalidades se corroboran o amplían en cada una de las variables analizadas en ese documento.
se describen en el escrito) los delincuentes se llevan el automóvil. • 58*+>-U%! 3! ?/>J&F! ^//&)%! J&%*+2&ab! %/! -&223! *%! &12%!L!%$-(%$'%!-3$!>$&!?/>J&!^//&)%*!U%-U(Y&*! %/&132&'&*!-3$!*%,>%+&*Q!'%*+32$(//&'32%*!3!'%! carbón). • 8$+2%,&! 3! '%! -3$i!&$Y&b! *%! '&! ?32! '%*->('3! '%! /3*!-3$'>-+32%*Q!->&$'3!&1&$'3$&$!%/!&>+3!'%I P&$'3!/&*!?>%2+&*!&1(%2+&*!L!%/!-&223!%$-%$'('3!3! con las llaves puestas. Esta situación es aprove-U&'&!?&2&!&132'&2!%/!)%U#->/3!L!U>(2!-3$!V/G • 58/!+&-3Fb!*%!>*&!>$!J&2+(//3!3!+&-3!?&2&!23J?%2! %/! %$-%$'('3! '%/! -&223Q! %/! ->&/! *%! %$-(%$'%! U&I -(%$'3!(,$(-(.$!-3$!/3*!-&1/%*G • @3$!1>P#&b!*%!%J?/%&!>$&!1>P#&!UjJ%'&!^/3*!'%/($I cuentes la ponen en su boca para humedecerla) L!*%!/&$Y&!-3$+2&!>$!)('2(3!?&2&!K2&,J%$+&2/3G • W>+322313! 3! &*%,>2&'3b! ->&$'3! >$&! ?%2*3$&! T>(%2%! '%*U&-%2*%! '%/! )%U#->/3! ^?32! /3! ,%$%2&/! ?&2&! -312&2! >$! *%,>23a! L! -3$+&-+&! &! /3*! '%/($I cuentes para planear el hurto del carro con la -3J?/(-('&'!'%/!?23?(%+&2(3G!O&L!>$!&->%2'3!'%! '($%23! T>%! ?&,&! %/! ?23?(%+&2(3! &! /3*! '%/($->%$I +%*Q!L!&->%2'&$!2%&/(Y&2!/&!'%$>$-(&!12($'&$'3!&! /3*!'%/($->%$+%*!%/! +(%J?3!*>i!-(%$+%!?&2&!3->/I +&2Q!)%$'%2!3!'%*?(%Y&2!%/!&>+3G • 4%!-3$+23/!^*>?/&$+&-(.$!'%!&>+32('&'ab!%$!%*+&! modalidad los delincuentes emplean distintivos 3!'(*K2&-%*!'%!/&!&>+32('&'!?&2&!%$,&M&2!&!)#-+(I J&*! i!$,(%$'3! >$! 2%+V$! 3! 2%T>(*&Q! ($)(+X$'3/3*! &!&1&$'3$&2!%/!&>+3J.)(/!L!&?23)%-U&$'3!?&2&! U>(2!-3$!V/G • :$(-(3b!%$!%*+&!J3'&/('&'!*%!+(%$%!>$!J&L32!+2&I 1&P3!?2%)(3Q!*%!>1(-&!%/!)%U#->/3!T>%!*%!)&!&!U>2I +&2!L!*%!1>*-&!/&!-3J?/(-('&'!'%!)(,(/&$+%*!3!%$I -&2,&'3*!'%!/&!*%,>2('&'!'%/!)%U#->/3G!R&J1(V$! *%!'&!?32!-3J?/(-('&'!'%!/&)&'%23*!L!?&2T>%&'%I ros donde los propietarios dejan las llaves de los -&223*Q! L! /3*! '%/($->%$+%*! ?&,&$! ?32! /&*! -3?(&*! de las llaves10!?&2&!/>%,3!U>2+&2!/3*!)%U#->/3*G • 5R3J&*(&'3! 3! +3J&*%2&F! ^>*3! '%! *>*+&$-(&*! ?*(-3&-+()&*ab! %*! /&! J3'&/('&'! JX*! -3Jj$! %$! las zonas de entretenimiento nocturno (bares o
10! !7%!?&,&$!%$+2%!|cAAGAAA!L!|BGAAAGAAA!?32!-&'&!//&)%!-3?(&'&G
Hurto de automotores y estrategias contra el delito: una mirada desde la academia, el victimario y la policía
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11
Los cuales tienden a facilitar al delincuente la creación de mercados '%!(/%,&/('&'!2%/&-(3$&'3*!-3$!&>+3?&2+%*!U>2+&'&*!3!-3J%2-(3!'%!)%I hículos de manera ilícita.
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La incapacidad de las instituciones para hacer un efectivo control del U>2+3!L!'%/!-3J%2-(3!(/%,&/G
14
El comprador de autopartes o vehículos usados tiende a buscar las JX*! &/+&*! -&/('&'%*Z! ?32! /3! +&$+3Q! &$+%! /&! ($-&?&-('&'! '%! &*>J(2! /3*! ,&*+3*!^?3'%2!&'T>(*(+()3aQ!2%->22%!&/!J%2-&'3!(/%,&/G
ISSN 1794-3108. Rev. crim., Volumen 55, número 2, mayo-agosto 2013, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
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55
Ervyn Norza-Céspedes; Luisa Fernanda Castillo-Romero; Yeizon Andrés Duarte-Velásquez; Giovanny Aurelio Torres-Guzmán
!"#$%&$'( Variables para el análisis del hurto de automotores Compra-venta de autopartes Vehículos de segunda
Encargo
Rentabilidad Crimen Organizado
Tecnología
Principal Motivación
Instrumentalización
Ofrece seguridad
Incide en modelos de vehículos más hurtados
Altos precios Autopartes originales
Otros delitos
Empleada por los delincuentes
Otras motivaciones
Aumenta el valor de vehículos hurtados
Coordinación
Salvamentos
Cooperación
Legalización
Trasnacionalidad
Cambio VIN Estafa
Legislación
Co
Puede afectar la modalidad
Penalidad
s
Corrupción
I Mo ndiv tiv . ad o
HURTO DE AUTOMOTORES HURTO DE VEHÍCULOS
Compartimentadas Tendencia a la organización
Nivel Organizativo Especialización
$%& '(
"# "
Efectividad sist. judicial
Falso Leasing
sto
ardián No Gu *+ )
%$Objet . Deseable
Países Fronterizos
Denuncia
Depende de modalidad
!
ISSN 1794-3108. Rev. crim., Volumen 55, número 2, mayo-agosto 2013, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
Experiencia previa Conocimiento de rutas
56
Conducta Espacial
Factor humano Endógena
Seguridad
Características -!&'!.%/!012*&(-) Relacionada con Seguridad Prevención situacional
Exógena !"#$%"&'() activ. Legales e ilegales Hotspots o áreas crimípetas
Nodos de Actividad
Parqueaderos
Prevención situacional Dependen de modalidad
Solidaridad
Autocuidado
Control Informal
Vigilancia Informal
Responsabilidad social Temor
!"*("+()%"),(-) instituciones
Fuente:!06789I4:;:%!,2&)(+&$!&/2%'%'32!'%/!U>2+3!%!($-('%$!%$!/3*! %/%J%$+3*!'%!/&!3?32+>$('&'!'%/!'%/(+3!L!/&!%/%--(.$!2&-(3$&/!'%/!'%/($->%$+%G
*($3! T>%! &'%JX*Q! %$! -(%2+&*! 3-&*(3$%*Q! /3*! &>+3*! U>2+&'3*!*3$!>*&'3*!?&2&!3+23*!'%/(+3*!,%$%2&'32%*! '%!J&L32%*!($,2%*3*!?&2&!/3*!'%/($->%$+%*Q!-3J3!%/! *%->%*+23Q! +2Xi!-3! '%! '23,&*Q! +2Xi!-3! '%! ?%2*3$&*Q! %$+2%! 3+23*! ^7+&>n!%2! ]! 63$K&$+(Q! _AAhZ! "3$,J&$Q! _AAhQ!:N[RS@Q!_AB_aG W'(-(3$&/J%$+%Q! -3J3! ?&2+%! '%! /&! 2%$+&1(/('&'! '%/!U>2+3!'%!&>+3J3+32%*Q!%*!$%-%*&2(3!+&J1(V$!+%I ner en cuenta los costos económicos15Q!T>%!?>%'%$!
15! 7%! 2%-3$3-%! /&! %g(*+%$-(&! '%! -3*+3*! T>%! $3! *%! %$->%$+2&$! '(2%-+&I J%$+%!&*3-(&'3*!-3$!/&!2%$+&1(/('&'!'%/!U>2+3Q!-3J3!/&!?231&1(/('&'!
afectar la motivación de los delincuentes o incidir en la manera de participación en la comisión del delito16G!8$!%*+%!?>$+3Q!*%,j$!6%/+2X$!]!7&/-%'3b El capital de trabajo de una organización dedica." .#" 1),*!" %" 2%13()#!$" *%' ,3." 4)%" 5"'.'(&.," %#"
'%! -&?+>2&Q! /&! *&$-(.$! &/! '%/(+3Q! %$+2%! 3+23*Q! T>%! *%2X$! %g&J($&'3*! JX*!&'%/&$+%G 16! 8$!/&!'($XJ(-&!-2(J($&/!'%/!U>2+3!'%!&>+3J3+32%*!%g(*+%$!2%*?3$*&1(I /('&'%*!&*(,$&'&*!&!-&'&!*>P%+3!T>%!?&2+(-(?&!%$!%/!'%/(+3!^%/!T>%!U>2I +&Q!%/!2%-%?+&'32!'%/!31P%+3!U>2+&'3!E%*-3$'%!%/!31P%+3EQ!%/!'%*,>&I Y&'32!3!'%*&2+(->/&'32!'%/!)%U#->/3Q!%/!-3J%2-(&/(Y&'32!3!)%$'%'32Q! entre otros).
Hurto de automotores y estrategias contra el delito: una mirada desde la academia, el victimario y la policía
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